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  • 1
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    Productivity and innovation at the industry level : what role for global value chain integration? (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 19 (October 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Productivity growth has declined in most advanced economies in the past two decades and there are signs that the pace of global value chain (GVC) integration has slowed in the post-crisis period. This paper explores the role of GVCs - international trade in intermediate inputs - for multi-factor productivity growth using a range of cross-country industry-level data sources. We find that greater participation in GVCs is associated with faster domestic productivity growth at the industry level. We estimate that if GVCs had continued to grow at their pre-crisis trend, productivity growth would have been around 1 percentage point faster over the subsequent five years in both manufacturing and services. We also find that the productivity-enhancing direction of trade differs between sectors. For manufacturing sectors, greater use of intermediate inputs from foreign sources (backward participation) is linked with faster productivity growth, reflecting the beneficial effects of having access to better quality or cheaper inputs. For services sectors, it is more the sales of intermediates (forward participation) that is associated with productivity gains, in line with the traditional role of services in foreign trade as providing inputs to other activities. Looking by partner country, GVC participation with higher productivity countries is particularly productivity enhancing. We also find that GVC integration spurs greater domestic innovation activity.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/a5cec52c-en
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  • 2
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    Digital dividend : policies to harness the productivity potential of digital technologies (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 26 (February 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.26
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Informationstechnik ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Technologiepolitik ; Industriepolitik ; Qualifikation ; Wettbewerb ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a range of policies to enhance adoption of digital technologies and firm productivity. It quantifies illustratively the effect of policy changes by combining the results of two recent OECD analyses on the drivers of adoption and their productivity benefits. Increasing access to high-speed internet, upgrading technical and managerial skills and implementing product and labour market reforms to facilitate the reallocation of resources in the economy are found to be the main factors supporting the efficient adoption of a selection of digital technologies. The most productive firms have benefitted relatively more from digitalisation in the past, contributing to a widening productivity gap with less productive firms. Policies should create the conditions for efficient adoption by less productive firms, which would help them to catch up, achieving a double dividend in terms of growth and inclusiveness. Enhancing skills has a key role to play in this area since less productive firms suffer relatively more from skill shortages.
    DOI: 10.1787/273176bc-en
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  • 3
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    Sectoral and regional distribution of export shocks : what do two hundred thousand UK firm oservations say? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1501
    Keywords: Export ; Schock ; Wirtschaftsstruktur ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Lohn ; Großbritannien ; EU-Staaten ; Education ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study explores the impact of export shocks on firms and re-aggregates results to derive distributional effects on sectors and regions. In a first step, firm level data are used to assess the empirical relationship between exports and three outcome variables – labour productivity, employment and wages. In a second step, an illustrative set of changes in trading relationships generate sectoral export shocks, which are simulated with the OECD METRO model of trade and subsequently fed into micro-level estimates. The method developed in this study can be applied to other countries, conditional on the availability of data. As an initial case study, the analysis is for the United Kingdom which has weak regional productivity outside London, partly related to sectoral and trade specialisation. In particular, the most productive regions are specialised in knowledge-intensive services and are more intensive in tradable services. The results suggest limited impacts of export shocks on sectoral employment, except for car and truck manufacturing, consistent with a high integration of the sector with European value chains. Labour productivity and wages are negatively affected across most sectors, but the effects are smaller on the services sector relative to the goods sector. Given that services activities are concentrated in more productive regions, these regions are more resilient to shocks. The United Kingdom has a strong comparative advantage in services sectors and promoting the opening of global services markets would be an important way to offset potential negative impacts of export shocks on the other sectors of the economy.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/e5f21088-en
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  • 4
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    Reducing regional disparities in productivity in the United Kingdom (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1456
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Regionalentwicklung ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Dezentralisierung ; Großbritannien ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The United Kingdom displays large regional disparities in productivity compared to most other OECD countries, with a large gap between London and most other regions. This holds back aggregate productivity and growth, and contributes to regional differences in living standards. To make the lagging regions more attractive to companies and workers, transport links between and within cities should be improved by increasing infrastructure investment outside London. Another policy priority is to improve the local business environment through more spending on innovation and increased support for investment and skills. Also, local authorities should have more freedom in setting education and training goals and the land-use planning system has to be more responsive to meet housing needs in cities. The role of subnational government is sub-par relative to the OECD average, but more devolution has recently been introduced in several city-regions. Such efforts towards more decentralization need to continue to cover larger parts of the country and involve greater transfers of powers and responsibilities at the local level.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/54293958-en
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  • 5
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    The quantification of structural reforms : introducing country-specific policy effects (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1487
    Keywords: Strukturwandel ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Regulierung ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Investition ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents country-specific effects of structural reforms. It discusses how sizeable and interesting country-specific effects can be identified in a panel setting by conditioning the impact of individual policies on their own level or on the stance of other policies and institutions. This approach allows for the incorporation of a potentially large set of additional policy areas including institutions and policy areas with limited time-series availability (e.g. sub-components of the Product Market Regulation indicator, housing market regulations and policies, Doing Business indicators and the quality of institutions such as the rule of law indicator or the efficiency of the legal system). Results suggest that for instance, when more stringent product market regulation hurts more in more open economies. Better institutions amplify the positive effect of R&D spending. Tax wedge reduction leads to less employment gains when EPL is not very stringent.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/885727c3-en
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  • 6
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    A genie in a bottle? : globalisation, competition and inflation (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1462
    Keywords: Globalisierung ; Wettbewerb ; Inflation ; Marktmacht ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Declining inflation in many countries over the past few decades at the same time as rising global competition has led to a debate on the importance of globalisation for domestic inflation. This paper explores the implications of global value chain (GVC) integration and market contestability for inflation using a range of industry-level and micro-data sources. We provide evidence that rising participation in GVCs has placed downward pressure on producer price inflation, by increasing the ability of firms to substitute domestic inputs with cheaper foreign equivalents. We investigate the channels, which suggests that increased GVC participation contributed to lower inflation via downward pressures on unit labour costs – by raising productivity and reducing wages – in the importing country, especially when low-wage countries are integrated in supply chains. We then present industry-level evidence to support the conjecture that a higher level of GVC integration dampens producer price inflation by accentuating the impact of global economic slack on domestic inflation. However, we also find an increasing trend in mark-ups, suggestive of rising market power, particularly in services sectors. Thus, looking forward, there is a risk that stalling globalisation since the crisis, coupled with stronger aggregate demand and declining market contestability, could lead to inflationary pressures in the medium term, thereby letting the inflation genie out of the bottle.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/deda7e54-en
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  • 7
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    Operationalising selected reporting and flexibility provisions in the Paris Agreement (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2018/03
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: An enhanced transparency framework is a central component of the Agreement, and will apply to all Parties, with flexibility for developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities. This paper examines how such flexibility might be operationalised when reporting information under the future enhanced transparency system for greenhouse gas inventories and for progress towards the mitigation component of NDCs under Article 4. The paper also highlights how improvements over time in reporting of adaptation, and support needed and received could be encouraged. For each individual reporting element in these four areas, the paper identifies possible ways that countries with a range of different capacity levels could provide information for specific elements under the four reporting areas examined in the paper.
    DOI: 10.1787/315131cc-en
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  • 8
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    Reporting on capacity-building and technology support under the Paris Agreement : Issues and options for guidance (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2018/01
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The enhanced transparency framework for climate action and support envisaged by the Paris Agreement is to “build on and enhance” current transparency arrangements under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This paper draws lessons from current reporting by Annex I and non-Annex I countries both within and outside the UNFCCC reporting framework to provide options that might inform the development of modalities, procedures and guidelines (MPGs) for reporting of technology transfer and capacity-building support under the Paris Agreement. The paper offers six options for consideration by Parties, with an emphasis on reporting by developing country Parties, given that very limited guidance has been available to these Parties to date. The options include how Parties might provide more guidance for reporting separately on financial, technology and capacity-building support; frame reporting of support needs and support received in the context of nationally determined contributions (NDCs); and facilitate more consistent use of key terminology and clearer reporting.
    DOI: 10.1787/f5330a47-en
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  • 9
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    Where to get the best bang for the buck in the United Kingdom? : industrial strategy, investment and lagging regions (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1426
    Keywords: Industriepolitik ; Technologiepolitik ; Investition ; Kapitalintensität ; Arbeitsproduktivität ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftliche Konvergenz ; Großbritannien ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The United Kingdom is preparing a modern industrial strategy to boost labour productivity across the whole country and to narrow regional gaps in living standards. This raises the question of the optimal allocation of scarce resources in meeting these targets. This study identifies industrial strengths of each region and scope to boost regional productivity through the channel of higher capital intensity. Overall regional investment ratios appear weakly linked to regional productivity, but the sectoral composition of regions and their type of investment are more important determinants. Each region has productivity leaders, but the concentration of such firms is the highest in the south of England. Differences in the representation of the most productive firms in regions are strongly related to differences in regional productivity. The empirical methodology quantifies the productivity effects of raising the capital intensity in each sector-region, focusing on viable firms falling behind the national productivity frontier in all but the finance and insurance sectors over 1995-2014. To enhance labour productivity of lagging regions, the industrial strategy should promote the catch up of firms with the national best performers in services sectors, in particular knowledge intensive services such as ICT and business services, but also wholesale and retail trade. This finding is consistent with the UK’s leading global position in high value-added services sectors. The type of investment matters: boosting research and development in the manufacturing sector in some lagging regions would also be effective in stimulating productivity. Manufacturing investment cannot be a substitute to investment in services given the small size of the manufacturing sector and its high exposure to competition from rapidly emerging global hubs. However, this study does not quantify the effects of skills, the benefits of greater industrial diversification and the positive impact that larger cities would have on agglomeration effects.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/2d01150c-en
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  • 10
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    The quantification of structural reforms in OECD countries : a new framework (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1354
    Keywords: Strukturwandel ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This document describes and discusses a new supply side framework that quantifies the impact of structural reforms on per capita income in OECD countries. It presents the overall macroeconomic impacts of reforms by aggregating over the effects on physical capital, employment and productivity through a production function. On the basis of reforms defined as observed changes in policies, the paper finds that product market regulation has the largest overall single policy impact five years after the reforms. But the combined impact of all labour market policies is considerably larger than that of product market regulation. The paper also shows that policy impacts can differ at different horizons. The overall long-term effects on GDP per capita of policies transiting through capital deepening can be considerably larger than the 5- to 10-year impacts. By contrast, the long-term impact of policies coming only via the employment rate channel materialises at shorter horizon.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/2d887027-en
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  • 11
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    Structural policy indicators database for economic research (SPIDER) (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1429
    Keywords: Strukturpolitik ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Datenbank ; Wirtschaftsforschung ; Schwellenländer ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This document describes the OECD’s new Structural Policy Indicators Database for Economic Research (SPIDER). The database compiles data from various existing databases. It contains indicators capturing structural policies (including institutions, framework condition policies and policies specifically related to labour markets and drivers of productivity and investment such as trade, skills and innovation). It also contains some basic macroeconomic indicators. The main idea of the database is to provide all the data needed for empirical analysis on structural policies in one place to facilitate empirical investigations. The indicators collected comprise three types of data: data with long-time series covering OECD countries, data covering a larger set of countries for a varying number of years, and finally a set of time-invariant indicators. The paper illustrates the use of the database on the basis of different growth regressions employed in the literature.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/39d69dff-en
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  • 12
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    Possible structure of mitigation-related modalities, procedures and guidelines for the enhanced transparency framework (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2016/05
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Article 13 of the Paris Agreement, agreed at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2015, calls for the adoption of an enhanced transparency framework for both mitigation action and support. This note presents a possible structure for the modalities, procedures and guidelines for the mitigation-related aspects of the enhanced transparency framework. The scope of the note includes reporting, technical expert review and multilateral consideration of progress, taking into account lessons learned from experience with reporting, review and other relevant processes under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. The note aims to serve as a helpful reference for UNFCCC transparency negotiators, by flagging issues that will need to be addressed when Parties develop modalities, procedures and guidelines in this area, and by providing links to existing provisions or guidance for each topic.
    DOI: 10.1787/e070e176-en
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  • 13
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    Enhancing mitigation and finance reporting : Building on current experience to meet the Paris Agreement requirements (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2017/06
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The future enhanced transparency framework outlined in the Paris Agreement and its accompanying Decision is to build on, enhance and eventually supersede the existing measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system established under the Cancún Agreements. This paper explores the issues of “building on” and “enhancing” as they relate to the biennial reporting of information on mitigation and finance, by drawing lessons from the existing MRV system and examining the Paris Agreement’s provisions. It examines four areas: greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, reporting on progress with the mitigation component of nationally determined contributions (NDCs), finance provided and mobilised, and financial support received and needed. The paper also highlights the challenges met by Parties while reporting information for these areas to date, and provides suggestions on how forthcoming modalities, procedures and guidelines (MPGs) might reduce these difficulties.
    DOI: 10.1787/5e354935-en
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  • 14
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    Enhancing transparency of climate finance under the Paris Agreement : Lessons from experience (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2016/03
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: An enhanced transparency framework will be a central component of the post-2020 international climate policy regime under the Paris Agreement. This paper explores the issue of transparency of climate finance information in the context of climate finance goals under the United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The transparency framework of the Paris Agreement covers only a subset of climate finance, i.e. finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries, climate finance provided and mobilised by “other” countries for developing countries, as well as climate finance received by developing countries. This paper focuses on data collection, reporting and review of these elements, and explores how the transparency of information on climate finance provided and mobilised could be improved from current arrangements in order to meet the aims set out in the Paris Agreement.
    DOI: 10.1787/469d7fec-en
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  • 15
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    Enhancing transparency of climate change mitigation under the Paris Agreement : Lessons from experience (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2016/04
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: An enhanced transparency framework will be a central component of the post-2020 international climate policy regime under the Paris Agreement, underpinning the dynamic process of updating nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and providing input to the global stocktakes of progress towards the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. The enhanced transparency framework will apply to all Parties, with flexibility in light of capacities. This paper highlights lessons learned from the existing transparency framework for mitigation that can help inform the development of modalities, procedures and guidelines for the enhanced transparency framework under the Paris Agreement. It outlines how clearer and more detailed reporting guidelines could be developed for communication of the mitigation components of NDCs and reporting on progress in their implementation and achievement, based on NDC type.
    DOI: 10.1787/a634dc1f-en
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  • 16
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    Information needed to facilitate the clarity, transparency and understanding of mitigation contributions (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2017/01
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are currently developing the operational elements of the Paris Agreement, including guidance for information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (CTU) when Parties communicate their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Drawing on Party submissions from 2016 and April 2017, and discussions held during the CCXG Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change in March 2017, this paper synthesises and discusses views on guidance for CTU in four areas: the purpose of the guidance; where further guidance is needed; the elements of the guidance; and the relationship between guidance for CTU and other operational elements of the Paris Agreement. The paper then suggests ways for Parties to consider selected issues, namely: the structure and content of the guidance; its status; the scope of NDCs; and links between sets of guidance, including timing issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/757cb062-en
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  • 17
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    The short-term impact of product market reforms : a cross-country firm-level analysis (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1311
    Keywords: 1998 - 2013 ; Strukturwandel ; Kreditrationierung ; Wettbewerb ; Unternehmensgründung ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the effects of product market reforms in the short and medium term across 10 regulated industries and 18 advanced economies for the period 1998-2013 using internationally comparable firm-level data based on Orbis. It provides four key insights. First, product market reforms have positive effects on capital, output and employment and their effects increase over time. After two years, they raise capital by 4%, output by 3% and employment by 1.5%. Second, differences in production technology and the nature of product market regulations across sectors generate important differences in the mechanisms through which reforms operate. In network industries, reforms tend to benefit small firms, while the opposite is observed in retail trade. Product market reforms also promote firm entry, particularly those that reduce entry barriers. Third, credit constraints can play an important role in weakening the positive impact of product market reform on investment. Fourth, product market reforms also tend to have positive effects on firms in downstream sectors—both at home and abroad—that make intensive use of intermediate inputs from deregulated sectors.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlv2jm07djl-en
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  • 18
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    The best versus the rest : the global productivity slowdown, divergence across firms and the role of public policy (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 77 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 05 (November 2016)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: firm dynamics ; regulation ; knowledge diffusion ; technological change ; productivity ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In this paper, we aim to bring the debate on the global productivity slowdown – which has largely been conducted from a macroeconomic perspective – to a more micro-level. We show that a particularly striking feature of the productivity slowdown is not so much a lower productivity growth at the global frontier, but rather rising labour productivity at the global frontier coupled with an increasing labour productivity divergence between the global frontier and laggard (non-frontier) firms. This productivity divergence remains after controlling for differences in capital deepening and mark-up behaviour, suggesting that divergence in measured multi-factor productivity (MFP) may in fact reflect technological divergence in a broad sense. This divergence could plausibly reflect the potential for structural changes in the global economy – namely digitalisation, globalisation and the rising importance of tacit knowledge – to fuel rapid productivity gains at the global frontier. Yet, aggregate MFP performance was significantly weaker in industries where MFP divergence was more pronounced, suggesting that the divergence observed is not solely driven by frontier firms pushing the boundary outward. We contend that increasing MFP divergence – and the global productivity slowdown more generally – could reflect a slowdown in the diffusion process. This could be a reflection of increasing costs for laggard firms of moving from an economy based on production to one based on ideas. But it could also be symptomatic of rising entry barriers and a decline in the contestability of markets. We find the rise in MFP divergence to be much more extreme in sectors where pro-competitive product market reforms were least extensive, suggesting that policy weaknesses may be stifling diffusion in OECD economies.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/63629cc9-en
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  • 19
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    Unpacking provisions related to transparency of mitigation and support in the Paris Agreement (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2016/02
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The agreement of an enhanced transparency framework was a key outcome of the COP 21 climate change conference in Paris. This enhanced transparency framework will play an important role in tracking progress towards the individual and collective goals agreed at COP 21 and in understanding achievement of nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement. This paper unpacks the transparency-related provisions within the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 relating to mitigation and support. It also explores the relationship between the existing and future transparency framework, information required to track progress towards nationally determined contributions for mitigation, and fulfilling reporting provisions on finance provided, mobilised and received.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en
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  • 20
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    Frontier firms, technology diffusion and public policy : micro evidence from OECD countries (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 02
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Technische Effizienz ; Allokation ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the characteristics of firms that operate at the global productivity frontier and their relationship with other firms in the economy, focusing on the diffusion of global productivity gains and the policies that faciliate it. Firms at the global productivity frontier – defined as the most productive firms in each two-digit industry across 23 countries – are typically larger, more profitable, younger and more likely to patent and be part of a multinational group than other firms. Despite the slowdown in aggregate productivity, productivity growth at the global frontier remained robust over the 2000s. At the same time, the rising productivity gap between the global frontier and other firms raises key questions about why seemingly non-rival technologies do not diffuse to all firms. The analysis reveals a highly uneven process of technological diffusion, which is consistent with a model whereby global frontier technologies only diffuse to laggards once they are adapted to country-specific circumstances by the most productive firms within each country (i.e. national frontier firms). This motivates an analysis of the sources of differences in the productivity and size of national frontier firms vis-à-vis the global frontier and the catch-up of laggard firms to the national productivity frontier. Econometric analysis suggests that well-designed framework policies can aid productivity diffusion by sharpening firms’ incentives for technological adoption and by promoting a market environment that reallocates resources to the most productive firms. There is also a role for R&D tax incentives, business-university R&D collaboration and patent protection but trade-offs emerge which can inform the design of innovation-specific policies.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrql2q2jj7b-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 21
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    Establishing Cycles for Nationally Determined Mitigation Contributions or Commitments (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2015/06
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are currently negotiating a climate change agreement scheduled for adoption at the 21st Conference of the Parties in December 2015. At the centre of the new agreement are nationally determined contributions (NDCs). These are the objectives and actions relating to mitigation or other aspects of climate change responses that countries are willing to put forward internationally and be bound by in some way. This paper seeks to clarify and discuss ideas contained in the draft agreement and draft decision text for the 2015 agreement that may serve to enhance the dynamism and ambition of nationally determined mitigation contributions or commitments (NDMCs). Provisions for ambition and dynamism are included in the procedures framing NDMCs, namely common, regular communications and the requirement that NDMCs become more ambitious over time. Several multilateral processes are also proposed, which might influence the ambition of NDMCs in terms of their content and implementation. The paper discusses proposals for a clarification exercise, a regular global stocktake, and individual assessment and review processes contained with the transparency system and a potential facilitative compliance and implementation system. There are implementation challenges associated with all proposals, though overall these could encourage countries to maximise effort, and provide an opportunity for countries to revise and update their contributions and commitments at regular intervals.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm56w6q7n8t-en
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  • 22
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    Assessing Options to Increase Climate Support (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2015/03
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Climate support will be an important element in reaching a post-2020 climate agreement at COP 21 in December 2015. To further increase and mobilise the levels of climate support post-2020, a number of proposals have been made in the negotiating text produced in the Geneva session of the Ad-hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in February 2015. This paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of several of these proposals, focusing on those that are clear and specific. The paper assesses proposals on mobilising climate finance using the following criteria: (i) the level of financial flows that they could generate; (ii) how much of this could be mobilised in the UNFCCC context; (iii) the ease of implementation of the proposal; (iv) if and how such increased mobilisation could be monitored; and (v) whether the proposal would fill a specific gap in the context of climate support within the UNFCCC. The paper undertakes a similar assessment for proposals in the Geneva text on enhancing the level of technology development and transfer, as well as capacity building. It discusses whether the proposals could potentially increase technology development and transfer, capacity building and development, as well as whether they are likely to do so in practice, based on current experience and ease of implementation. The proposals vary significantly in the amount of climate support they could mobilise (or enhance, in the case of technology and capacity building), for a range of reasons. These include the particular wording of the proposals, their sensitivity to national implementation, uncertainty in measuring progress towards objectives, and in some cases the limited role the UNFCCC plays as an institution in a given area of climate support.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw65rp0pg8-en
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  • 23
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    Strategic Review: Implications of Proposals to Date for Mitigation Contributions (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2015/02
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) produced a negotiating text in February 2015, which forms the basis for negotiations toward a climate change agreement scheduled for adoption at the 21st Conference of the Parties in December 2015. This document aims to better understand proposals in the Geneva negotiating text related to the notion of strengthening nationally determined contributions (NDCs) over time, contained under the headings “strategic review of implementation”, “aggregate ambition assessment” and “enhanced ambition mechanism”. This paper focuses on how key elements of these proposals might apply to mitigation contributions or the mitigation component of NDCs: The document examines the main proposals in terms of their relevance, coherence, assumptions, scope, and feasibility, in the context of a cycle of mitigation contributions that seek to become more ambitious over time. It also explores whether the proposals are likely to be effective in achieving their foreseen outcomes, the majority of which involve changes to NDCs. In general, it finds that there is significant overlap between proposals for various “review” processes in different parts of the Geneva negotiating text, as well as overlap with monitoring, reporting and verification processes under the UNFCCC. The document also presents some broad messages on the subject of “strategic review” expressed during the CCXG Global Forum in March 2015. It is currently unclear what a review or assessment process would comprise, largely because it relates to an overarching process – a cycle of contributions – for which there is not yet an agreed vision or scope.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxg3st7x6d-en
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  • 24
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    Identifying and addressing gaps in the UNFCCC reporting framework (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2015/07
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: There are many reasons why the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reporting framework requests information from countries. These include understanding and tracking progress with individual or collective commitments or pledges, providing confidence and enhancing accountability in quantified information measured and reported, and providing background information on the scope and ambition of national climate responses. This paper highlights the gaps, inconsistencies and uncertainties in the current reporting framework, which was developed for both long-standing obligations and mitigation pledges for the period to 2020. The paper also identifies possible improvements in the UNFCCC reporting framework in the context of the post-2020 transparency framework and nationally determined contributions (NDCs) for the post-2020 period.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm56w6f918n-en
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