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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reductionism and Systems Theory in the Life Sciences : Some Problems and Perspectives (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400910034
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (190p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 10
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Preface -- Organisms, Vital Forces, and Machines: Classical Controversies and the Contemporary Discussion ‘Reductionism vs. Holism’ -- Epistemological Reductionism in Biology: Intuitions, Explications, and Objections -- Sociobiology an Reductionism -- The Mind-Body Problem: Some Neurobiological Reflections -- Is the Program of Molecular Biology Reductionistic? -- The Variance Allocation Hypothesis of Stasis Punctuation -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The present volume aims at giving a discussion ot the problems ot reductionism in contemporary life sciences. It contains six papers which deals with reduction/reductionism in different fields ot biological research. Also, the holistic perspective, 1. e. the systems view, is discussed in some ot the papers. The message ot this discussion Is that - whereas reductionism is indeed an important strategy - the systems approach is needed. It is argued by some ot the authors that organisms are complex systems and not just heaps of molecules, 50 that the analytical method does not suffice. Recent developments in systems theory offer the possibility to install a more comprehensive view ot living systems what can be seen particularly in the field ot evolutionary biology. It is true that any organismic activity is molecular, this is to say that it is based on molecular mechanisms. But it is also true that the whole organism displays certain patterns ot behavior which are not just molecular. Any organism can be described as a system ot different levels ot organization different levels ot order and complexity - and it is important, theretore, to study all ot the organizational levels and to see their peculiarities. It should be obvious, however, that there is not one problem ot reduction/reductionism, but that there are many problems linked together and that these problems appear at different levels ot biological research and bio­ philosophical reflections.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1003-4
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    What the Philosophy of Biology Is : Essays dedicated to David Hull (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400911697
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (348p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: David Hull Through Two Decades -- Rethinking the Propensity Interpretation: A Peek Inside Pandora’s Box -- Species as Entities of Biological Theory -- Individuality, History and Laws of Nature in Biology -- Interaction and Evolution -- Picturing Weismannism: A Case Study of Conceptual Evolution -- Replicators and Interactors in Cultural Evolution -- Darwin’s Theory and Darwin’s Argument -- Some Puzzles About Species -- The Rational Weight of the Scientific Past: Forging Fundamental Change in a Conservative Discipline -- Individuals, Species and the Development of Mineralogy and Geology -- Attaching Names to Objects -- From Reductionism to Instrumentalism? -- Systematics and Circularity -- David Hull’s Conception of the Structure of Evolutionary Theory -- Kinds, Individuals and Theories -- Evolvers are Individuals: Extension of the Species as Individuals Claim -- A Function for Actual Examples in Philosophy of Science -- Publications of David L. Hull -- Authors’ Index.
    Abstract: Philosophers of science frequently bemoan (or cheer) the fact that today, with the supposed collapse of logical empiricism, there are now ;;10 grand systems. However, although this mayor may not be true, and if true mayor may not be a cause for delight, no one should conclude that the philosophy of science has ground to a halt, its problems exhausted and its practioners dispirited. In fact, in this post­ Kuhnian age the subject has never been more alive, as we work with enthusiasm on special topics, historical and conceptual. And no topic has grown and thrived quite like the philosophy of biology, which now has many students in the field producing high-quality articles and monographs. The success of this subject is due above all to the work and influence of one man: David Hull. In his own writings and in the support he has given to others, he has shown true leadership, in the best Platonic sense. It is now twenty years since Hull fnt gave his seminal paper 'What the philosophy of biology is not', and to mark that point and to show our respect, gratitude and affection to its author, a number of us who owe much to Hull decided to produce a volume of essays on and around themes to which Hull has spoken.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1169-7
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  • 3
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    Evolutionary Theory in Social Science (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400940055
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 4
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Basic Structures in Human Action. On the Relevance of Bio-Social Categories for Social Theory -- I. The Problem -- II. Some Preconditions of Behavioural Patterns -- III. Taking Phenotypes Seriously: Critical Remarks on Sociobiology -- IV. Secondary Type Explanations do not Explain away Primary Type Explanations -- V. Biosociology: A Levels Model of Man -- VI. The Incest Taboo: A Biosociological View -- VII. The Human Biogram and the Role of Cultural Institutionsl -- VIII. Conclusion -- Notes -- Evolutionary Models and Social Theory. Prospects and Problems -- I. Introduction -- II. Social Darwinism -- III. Animal Sociobiology -- IV. Human Sociobiology -- V. The Evolution of Morality -- VI. The Status of Morality -- VII. Relativism? -- VIII. Relatives, Friends, and Strangers -- IX. Prospects -- X. Conclusion -- Evolution, Causality and Human Freedom. The Open Society from a Biological Point of View -- I. Introduction -- II. The Systems-Theoretic Approach to Evolution: Darwin and Beyond -- III. The Evolution of Man: Beyond Determination and Destiny -- IV. The Evolution of Man: Beyond Physicalism and Mentalism -- V. Evolution and the Open Society -- VI. Conclusion -- Notes -- Collective Action and the Selection of Rules. Some Notes on the Evolutionary Paradigm in Social Theory -- I. On the Genesis of the Social Theory of Evolution -- II. The Logical Structure of a Theory of Structural Selection -- III. An Action-Theoretical Interpretation of the Theory of Structural Selection -- IV. The Heuristics of the Theory of Structural Selection -- V. Conclusion -- Notes -- Learning and the Evolution of Social Systems. An Epigenetic Perspective -- I. Evolution and the Role of the Epigenetic System -- II. Epigenesis and Evolution in Sociological Theorizing -- III. Epigenetic Developments and Social Evolution -- IV. An Epigenetic Theory of the Formation of the State -- V. Conclusion -- Notes -- Evolution and Political Control. A Synopsis of a General Theory of Politics -- I. Introduction -- II. The Theoretical Problem -- III. Evolutionary Causation -- IV. Functional Synergism -- V. The Cybernetic Model -- VI. A General Theory of Politics -- VII. Some Theoretical Implications -- VIII. Conclusion -- Media and Markets -- I. Introduction -- II. The Selectionist Program -- III. Money and Language: Two Models for General Media of Interaction -- IV. The Institutionalization of the Media Codes: Structural Requirements -- V. Communities, Hierarchies and Markets -- VI. Political, Socially Intergrative and Scientific Markets -- VII. Concluding Remarks: Media Between Inflation and Deflation -- Notes -- The Self as a Parasite. A Sociological Criticism of Popper’s Theory of Evolution -- I. Introduction -- II. Dualism, Trialism or Pluralism ? -- III. Descarters1 Problem -- IV. Propensities as Collective Social Forces: Durkheim -- V. The Self as a Parasite -- VI. Epistemology and the Knowing Subject -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In retrospect the 19th century tmdoubtedly seems to be the century of evolutionism. The 'discovery of time' and therewith the experience of variability was made by many sciences: not only historians worked on the elaboration and interpretation of this discovery, but also physicists, geographers, biologists and economists, demographers, archaelogists, and even philosophers. The successful empirical fotmdation of evolutive processes by Darwin and his disciples suggested Herbert Spencer's vigorously pursued efforts in searching for an extensive' catalogue of prime and deduced evolutionary principles that would allow to integrate the most different disciplines of natural and social sciences as well as the efforts of philosophers of ethics and epistemologists. Soon it became evident, however, that the claim for integration anticipated by far the actual results of these different disciplines. Darwin I s theory suffered from the fact that in the beginning a hereditary factor which could have his theory could not be detected, while the gainings of grotmd supported in the social sciences got lost in consequence of the completely ahistorical or biologistic speculations of some representatives of the evolutionary research programm and common socialdarwinistic misinterpretations.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4005-5
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  • 4
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    Naturalistic Epistemology : A Symposium of Two Decades (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937352
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 100
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 100
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Psycholinguistics ; Science—Philosophy. ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Historical Figures -- Immanuel Kant and the Greater Glory of Geometry -- Comment -- Peirce’s Conception of Truth: A Framework for Naturalistic Epistemology? -- The Philosophical Significance of Piaget’s Researches on the Genesis of the Concept of Time -- Comment -- Reply -- Konrad Lorenz as Evolutionary Epistemologist: The Problem of Intentionality -- Wilfrid Sellars on the Nature of Thought -- II / The Use of Cognitive Psychology in Epistemology -- Neurological Embodiments of Belief and the Gaps in the Fit of Phenomena to Noumena -- Causal Relations in Visual Perception -- Why Ideas are Not in the Mind: An Introduction to Ecological Epistemology -- Comment -- Naturalized Epistemology and the Study of Language -- Quine on Psychology -- Comment -- Comment -- Integral Epistemology -- III / Criticisms of Naturalistic Epistemology -- Naturalistic Epistemology and the Harakiri of Philosophy -- Comment -- Comment -- Naturalistic Epistemology: The Case of Abner Shimony -- Comment: -- Epistemology Historicized -- Comment -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: 1. AIMS OF THE INTRODUCTION The systematic assessment of claims to knowledge is the central task of epistemology. According to naturalistic epistemologists, this task cannot be well performed unless proper attention is paid to the place of the knowing subject in nature. All philosophers who can appropriately be called 'naturalistic epistemologists' subscribe to two theses: (a) human beings, including their cognitive faculties, are entities in nature, inter­ acting with other entities studied by the natural sciences; and (b) the results of natural scientific investigations of human beings, particularly of biology and empirical psychology, are relevant and probably crucial to the epistemological enterprise. Naturalistic epistemologists differ in their explications of theses (a) and (b) and also in their conceptions of the proper admixture of other components needed for an adequate treatment of human knowledg- e.g., linguistic analysis, logic, decision theory, and theory of value. Those contributors to this volume who consider themselves to be naturalistic epistemologists (the majority) differ greatly in these respects. It is not my intention in this introduction to give a taxonomy of naturalistic epistemologies. I intend only to provide an overview which will stimulate a critical reading of the articles in the body of this volume, by facilitating a recognition of the authors' assumptions, emphases, and omissions.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3735-2
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  • 5
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    Sociobiology and Epistemology (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400953703
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 180
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Prologue -- Gene-Culture Coevolution: Humankind in the Making -- I. Sociobiological Conceptions -- Sociobiology and the Information Metaphor -- Phenotypic Plasticity, Cultural Transmission, and Human Sociobiology -- Sociobiology and Human Culture -- Evolutionary Biology, Human Nature, and Knowledge -- Love and Morality: The Possibility of Altruism -- II. Epistemological Reflections -- Biological Reductionism and Genic Selectionism -- Adaptationalist Imperatives and Panglossian Paradigms -- Methodological Behaviorism, Evolution, and Game Theory -- Sociobiological Explanation and the Testability of Sociobiological Theory -- Science and Sociobiology -- Epilogue -- Evolutionary Epistemology: Can Sociobiology Help? -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The papers presented in this special collection focus upon conceptual, the­ oretical and epistemological aspects of sociobiology, an emerging discipline that deals with the extent to which genetic factors influence or control patterns of behavior as well as the extent to which patterns of behavior, in turn, influence or control genetic evolution. The Prologue advances a compre­ hensive acco/unt of the field of gene-culture co-evolution, where Lumsden and Gushurst differentiate between "classical" sociobiology (represented especially by Wilson's early work) and current research on human socio­ biology (represented by Lumsden and Wilson's later work), which emphasizes interplay between genes, minds, and culture. The specter of genetic deter­ minism, no doubt, has created considerable controversy, some of which may be laid to rest by Hanna's analysis of the (ambiguous) notion of a "genetic program", which indicates the necessity for distinguishing between descriptive and prescriptive dimensions of this complex concept. Brandon offers a framework for assessing the respective contributions of nature and of nurture by advancing a means for measuring genetic and cultural influences upon "inheritance", which supports the conclusion that evolving patterns of behavior do not always maximize inclusive fitness, contrary to what socio­ biologists have claimed. The influence of culture upon genetic evolution, of course, can be adequately appraised only when a suitable account of culture itself has been found, a desideratum Smillie attempts to satisfy by utilizing the notion of "cinfo" as culturally transmitted ecological informa­ tion, a resource other species tend not to exploit.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5370-3
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