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  • Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques  (58)
  • Cournède, Boris  (39)
  • de Mello, Luiz  (30)
  • Svobodová, Vlasta
  • Economics  (122)
  • Czech Republic
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Home, green home: Policies to decarbonise housing (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1751
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The housing sector is one of the main sources of CO2 emissions in OECD countries, accounting for over a quarter of the total. Robust and rapid action is required to reach the net zero emission target by 2050. Decarbonising housing involves halting the use of fossil fuels in homes, ensuring that electricity is generated from carbon-free sources, using high-energy-efficiency appliances and heating systems, ensuring effective insulation and encouraging behavioural changes. This paper discusses which policy instruments can prompt this transformation of the housing sector, ranging from carbon pricing through energy labelling requirements to green housing finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/cbda8bad-en
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Do governments re-prioritise spending? : First insights from COFOG data on public spending reallocation in OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1785
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study investigates the capacity of governments to reallocate spending across different functions of the government. It mobilises the COFOG dataset for the period 1996 - 2017, which allows comparing public spending mixes at detailed levels in ways that are consistent across countries and over time. Three main empirical findings are established. Firstly, countries differ in their propensity to reallocate public spending across functions and countries that reallocate more are also countries with sounder governance and tighter fiscal rules in place. Secondly, obstacles to reallocation are identified, with governments avoiding nominal cuts, especially in health and social expenditures. Thirdly, while the analysis underlines some degree of convergence among OECD countries in terms of public spending allocation, this convergence is not universal. A cluster of Nordic countries persists, and Greece is identified as diverging from the rest of countries included in the sample.
    DOI: 10.1787/56dda017-en
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  • 3
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    Urban house price gradients in the post-COVID-19 era (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1756
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant shift in the way people work, with an increasing number of individuals opting to work from home. Fewer commutes allow people to live further away from the city centre, where jobs typically concentrate. Against this background, this paper tests the hypothesis of a shift in housing demand away from the city centre towards the suburbs using a novel granular house price data set covering 16 OECD countries. The results indicate a flattening of the house price gradients in most large urban areas with profound consequences for housing policies and the city of the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/3c94ca85-en
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  • 4
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    Changes in the geography housing demand after the onset of COVID-19: First results from large metropolitan areas in 13 OECD countries (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1713
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper introduces a novel, granular house-price dataset sourced from a network of public and private data providers. It offers the first results of investigations into changes in the urban geography of housing markets following the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapid rise of working from home practices is likely to incentivise many people to seek more space and accept living further away from city centres as commuting requirements are reduced. The paper's results indicate that housing demand might have indeed shifted away from the centres to the peripheries of many large urban areas. These early results also show that such a shift has been neither universal nor uniform. It is typically stronger in cities where pre-COVID-19 house price disparities were larger and where moving to the periphery provides significantly better access to green space while still allowing easy access to high-speed internet and/or where COVID-19 restrictions were more stringent. The paper concludes by discussing implications for policy, including the benefits of flexible settings that allow supply to adjust smoothly to new demand patterns and outlining avenues for future work planned to improve and capitalise on the new dataset.
    DOI: 10.1787/9a99131f-en
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  • 5
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    Improving subnational governments’ resilience in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.37
    Keywords: Economics ; Governance
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating effects on lives, the economy, and the public finances worldwide, drawing attention to the need to enhance resilience to future shocks. This paper focuses on subnational governments, given their important and growing role in the provision of essential public goods and services worldwide. The paper discusses key aspects of subnational resilience, in particular the sensitivity of subnational finances to macroeconomic cycles and shocks and the availability of fiscal buffers; the main factors influencing subnational governments’ ability to provide essential services during crises; and their ability to anticipate and prepare for future shocks, especially those related to climate change. The paper also discusses policy and institutional reform options for both national and the subnational governments to strengthen subnational resilience.
    DOI: 10.1787/6b1304c8-en
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  • 6
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    Mortgage finance across OECD countries (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1693
    Keywords: Hypothek ; Immobilienfinanzierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics
    Abstract: The landscapes of housing loan markets vary considerably across OECD countries, reflecting differences in preferences and policy settings. This paper first draws a topography of disparities in mortgage structure, documenting considerable variation across OECD countries in key features such as in use of fixed vs variable interest rates and typical maturities. The paper then discusses policies that can influence these outcomes. It highlights the scope for encouraging inclusive access to housing through tax-and-spending programmes that are neutral between renting and owning rather than through often very costly tax advantages for mortgage borrowing. The paper finally proposes a novel indicator to measure the balance between the rights of borrowers and lenders. Mortgage markets are deepest in countries where the index shows that creditor and borrower rights are balanced rather than severely tilted to one side.
    DOI: 10.1787/f97d7fe0-en
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  • 7
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    The future of housing : policy scenarios (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1624
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: By combining fresh estimates of housing supply and prices with recent long-term projections for their fundamental drivers such as population, income and interest rates, this paper produces scenarios for residential investment and real house prices up to 2050. For half of the covered countries, projected increases in house prices are large enough to outpace real incomes, thereby further eroding housing affordability. The paper illustrates and quantifies how housing policies can make a difference. Removing mortgage interest relief eases price pressures and can contribute to more affordable housing. Likewise, streamlining land-use governance and easing rental control can help unlock housing supply, make housing markets more efficient and, ultimately, housing more affordable.
    DOI: 10.1787/0adf02cb-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 8
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    Empirical links between housing markets and economic resilience (2019)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1562
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Housing markets, which are large and subject to sharp swings, shape to a great extent countries’ exposure to economic crises and their capacity to recover from them. This paper analyses the transmission of housing-related shocks to the real economy: it investigates the role that policy plays in (a) mitigating or amplifying shocks and (b) facilitating or hampering a recovery. It considers macroprudential measures, rental regulation, taxation and land use restrictions. The aim is to investigate, which housing policy-related reforms can foster greater economic resilience. Among other results, it finds that a tighter macroprudential stance is generally linked to a lower likelihood of economic crisis and that higher effective rates of housing taxation are associated with smoother housing cycles.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/aa029083-en
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  • 9
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    Housing markets and macroeconomic risks (2019)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1555
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Housing markets are large and highly volatile: they can thus create large macroeconomic risks. The current paper provides a bird’s eye view of where the housing markets of major OECD economies currently stand. It then uses the results of recently developed models to provide indications of where macroeconomic risks exist. Finally, the paper draws on recent empirical analyses to suggest how economic policies can enhance economic resilience by reducing housing-related risks through macroprudential measures and housing market reforms (such as changes in rent regulation, taxation and land use policies).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/737133d8-en
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  • 10
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    How responsive are housing markets in the OECD? : national level estimates (2019)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1589
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The trend rise of house prices in many OECD countries suggests weakness in the adjustment of supply to demand. This paper estimates long-term elasticities of housing supply to prices in OECD countries before exploring their drivers with a focus on policies. It finds a significant association between weaker supply responsiveness and a proxy measure for more restrictive land-use regulation. Besides, tighter rent controls are linked with lower supply elasticities. In turn, weak supply responsiveness implies that house prices rise more following stronger demand. The sensitivity of house prices to household income is also higher in countries that provide larger amounts of tax relief for homeowners.
    DOI: 10.1787/4777e29a-en
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  • 11
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    Public finance structure and inclusive growth (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 25 (December 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.25
    Keywords: Öffentliche Finanzen ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Tax and spending reforms offer numerous opportunities to promote inclusive growth. There is potential for so-called win-win reforms that simultaneously boost economic output and enhance income equality. Other changes in the structure of public finances will produce benefits only along a single dimension, while some involve trade-offs between average income gains and adverse distributional effects. Empirical analyses of the experience of OECD countries provide evidence about which tax and spending reforms influence prosperity and income distribution -- and by how much.
    DOI: 10.1787/e99683b5-en
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  • 12
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    Structure des finances publiques et croissance inclusive (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Public finance structure and inclusive growth
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Il existe de nombreuses possibilités pour réformer la fiscalité et les dépenses publiques de manière à promouvoir davantage de croissance et d’inclusion sociale. En particulier, il est possible de mener des réformes qui améliorent l’activité économique tout en réduisant les écarts de revenu. D’autres ajustements de la structure des finances publiques vont produire des avantages pour une seule de ces deux dimensions. Enfin, certaines réformes appellent un compromis entre une amélioration du revenu moyen et des effets distributifs défavorables. Des analyses économétriques de l’expérience acquise par les pays de l’OCDE fournissent des résultats empiriques sur quelles sont les réformes de la fiscalité et des dépenses qui ont une influence significative sur la prospérité et la distribution des revenus – et de combien.
    DOI: 10.1787/42b878d8-fr
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  • 13
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    The capacity of governments to raise taxes (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1407
    Keywords: 1978 - 2014 ; Laffer-Kurve ; Einkommensteuer ; Sozialversicherungsbeitrag ; Umsatzsteuer ; Grenzsteuersatz ; Steuereinnahmen ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the factors that shape governments’ capacity to collect revenue. To do so, it analyses how tax revenue responds to tax rates using evidence from a panel of 34 OECD countries over 1978-2014. The estimations show that the response of revenue to rates weakens as rates become higher, confirming the existence of a hump-shaped relationship between tax revenue and rates for corporate income taxation and providing a new contribution by analysing value-added taxation. Importantly, the estimated responses of revenue to tax rates vary, in some cases very strongly from an economic perspective, depending on country-specific policies and framework conditions. In particular, the corporate income tax revenue-generating potential of hiking the effective rate shrinks much more quickly in more open economies than in more closed ones. Tax revenue is found to be more responsive to tax increases in countries where the tax authorities have more resources. The investigations also cover personal income taxation. They point to diminishing revenue returns of increasing the effective marginal tax rates that apply at substantially above-average income levels.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/6bee2df9-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 14
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    The effects of the tax mix on inequality and growth (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1447
    Keywords: 1980 - 2014 ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Haushaltseinkommen ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Can reforms that shift the balance among different taxes in the revenue mix lastingly influence the overall prosperity of an economy and the distribution of income across households? The present study takes this question to the data, using the experience of 34 OECD countries over 1980-2014 to assess the effects of changes in the tax structure on the long-term level of average output per capita and the distribution of disposable income across households. Changing the revenue mix while keeping government size constant typically lift long-term output per capita when they involve cuts in the labour tax wedge below or above average incomes, cuts in corporate income taxes or increases in property taxes. The relative-income effects of revenue-neutral reductions in labour tax wedges are broadly in line with intuition: the relative position of those benefitting from them typically improves. In absolute terms, however, nearly all the income distribution benefits from revenue-neutral reductions in labour tax wedges, be they focused on below or average income earners.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/c57eaa14-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 15
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    Effects of flexibility-enhancing reforms on employment transitions (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1348
    Keywords: Regulierung ; Arbeitsmarktflexibilität ; Beschäftigungseffekt ; Arbeitnehmerschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Do flexibility-enhancing reforms imply more employment instability? Using individual-level data from harmonised household surveys for 26 advanced countries, this paper analyses the effects of product and labour market reforms on transitions in and out of employment. Results indicate that reforms making product markets more competitive increase transitions out of employment for less qualified and low-income workers. Less qualified and low-income workers have very high job exit rates to start with, and reforms raise these rates further. On the other hand, more pro-competitive product market regulation generally increases entry rates into employment. The concentration on less qualified and low-income workers of the increase in labour market turnover associated with product market reforms suggests a case for accompanying such reforms with labour market programmes that help the most vulnerable workers transition to new jobs. Easing employment protection for regular or temporary workers has no systematic long-term effect on workers’ probabilities to move in or out of employment. Such reforms can, however, affect employment transitions through their interaction with other policies and institutions. For example, easing employment protection for workers with regular contracts raises the job-finding chances of people out of work in countries that invest a lot in active labour market programmes. Furthermore, employment protection legislation and product market regulation are complementary in that, when either employment protection or product markets are lightly regulated, reforming the other is associated with fewer job exits.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/bd8e4c1f-en
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  • 16
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    Enhancing economic flexibility : what is in it for workers? (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 19 (November 2016)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.19
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarktreform ; Mikrodaten ; Arbeitsrecht ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Reforms that boost growth by enhancing economic flexibility often meet strong opposition related to concerns that they may imply adverse consequences for categories of workers. This study investigates how making product or labour market regulation more flexible changes workers’ risks of moving out of employment and jobless people’s chances of becoming employed. To do so, it employs specially harmonised micro-level data covering individual workers in 26 OECD countries. The micro-econometric regressions reveal that labour market reforms do not uniformly influence transitions in and out of employment but that their effects vary depending on institutions and other policy settings. For instance, making employment protection of regular contracts more flexible is associated with more transitions into employment in countries that have above-average activation programmes. As for product market reforms, they are found to boost transitions into employment, especially for women, and to have no systematic effect on exits, so that overall they tend to boost aggregate employment, in line with earlier evidence. The micro-data show that workers with low earnings potential, who, already before reforms, experience much higher transition rates in and out of employment than other groups, face particularly strong increases in employment churn when product market regulations become more flexible. Additional micro-econometric analysis focusing on sectors subject to specific product market regulation (energy, transport, communication) reveals that workers employed in tightly regulated sectors typically earn more than their peers with similar characteristics working elsewhere. Taken together, the findings can help enhance reform design, in particular by highlighting the benefits of (a) policy packages drawing on complementarities between product and labour market reforms, (b) active labour market programmes that effectively support more vulnerable workers and (c) broad reforms over narrow compensation schemes.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/b8558a5b-en
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  • 17
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    Finance and inclusive growth (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 14
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Lohnstruktur ; Einkommensverteilung ; Kapitalbeteiligung ; Gini-Koeffizient ; Finanzmarktregulierung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Bankinsolvenz ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Aktienmarkt ; G20-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finance is a vital ingredient for economic growth, but there can also be too much of it. This study investigates what fifty years of data for OECD countries have to say about the role of the financial sector for economic growth and income inequality and draws policy implications. Over the past fifty years, credit by banks and other intermediaries to households and businesses has grown three times as fast as economic activity. In most OECD countries, further expansion is likely to slow rather than boost growth. The composition of finance matters for growth. More credit to the private sector slows growth in most OECD countries, but more stock market financing boosts growth. Credit is a stronger drag on growth when it goes to households rather than businesses. Financial expansion fuels greater income inequality because higher income people can benefit more from the greater availability of credit and because the sector pays high wages. Higher income people can and do borrow more, so that they can gain more than others from the investment opportunities that they identify. The financial sector pays wages which are above what employees with similar profiles earn in the rest of the economy. This premium is particularly large for top income earners. There is no trade-off between financial reform, growth and income equality in the long term. In the short term, measures to avoid accumulating too much credit can, however, restrain growth temporarily. A healthy contribution of the financial sector to inclusive growth requires strong capital buffers, measures to reduce explicit and implicit subsidies to toobig- to-fail financial institutions and tax reforms to promote neutrality between debt and equity financing
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js06pbhf28s-en
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  • 18
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    Effects of pro-growth policies on the economic stability of firms, workers and households (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 12
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Stabilisierungspolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic policies shape how much people earn but also how stable their income and jobs are. The level of earnings and the degree of economic stability both matter for well-being. Micro-level data indicate that, across OECD countries, economic instability is much greater at the level of individuals than at the aggregate level. The present study investigates the effects on micro-level stability of policies that boost growth. Movement from less to more productive processes and firms is at the heart of economic growth, which suggests possible trade-offs between growth and micro-level stability. The analysis indeed finds policy changes that boost growth but increase micro-level instability: reducing the progressivity or size of social transfers (including unemployment benefits) as well as moving from very to moderately tight restrictions on the competition for goods and services and on the dismissal of regular workers. However, the analysis also uncovers that moving to highly competitive policies generally reduces micro-level instability.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js3777tdqjf-en
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of economic policies on microeconomic stability (2015)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1201
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Stabilisierungspolitik ; Haushaltsökonomik ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic policies shape how much people earn as well as how stable their income and jobs are. The level and stability of earnings both matter for well-being. Standard economic aggregates do not measure accurately the economic uncertainty which households are facing. This paper shows that household-level economic instability is only very loosely related to macroeconomic volatility. It uses several household-level databases to document how pro-growth reforms influence household-level economic stability. Movement from less to more productive processes and firms is at the heart of economic growth, which suggests a trade-off between growth and micro-level stability. Certain policy changes boost growth but increase micro-level instability: they include reductions in tax progressivity or social transfers (including unemployment benefits) as well as moves from very to moderately tight restrictions on the flow of goods and services and on the dismissal of regular workers. However, the analysis also uncovers that moving to highly competitive policies generally reduces micro-level instability.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js3f5cwj3jb-en
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  • 20
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    Finance and economic growth in OECD and G20 countries (2015)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1223
    Keywords: Unternehmensfinanzierung ; Immobilienfinanzierung ; Kredit ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Bank ; Kreditgeschäft ; Systemrisiko ; Aktienmarkt ; G20-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper shows that finance has been a key ingredient of long-term economic growth in OECD and G20 countries over the past half-century, but that there can be too much finance. The evidence indicates that at current levels of household and business credit further expansion slows rather than boosts growth. Causality from more credit to slower growth is supported by a novel empirical methodology which exploits changes in financial regulation across countries and time as a source of exogenous variation in financial size. The empirical analyses point to five factors that link more credit to slower growth: i) excessive financial deregulation, ii) a more pronounced increase in credit issuance by banks than other intermediaries, iii) too-big-to-fail guarantees by the public authorities for large financial institutions, iv) a lower quality of credit and v) a disproportionate rise of household compared with business credit. By contrast, expansions in stock market funding in general boost growth.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js04v8z0m38-en
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    Finance and income inequality in OECD countries (2015)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1224
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Einkommensverteilung ; Aktienmarkt ; Gini-Koeffizient ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Using data from OECD countries over the past three decades, this paper shows that financial expansion has fuelled greater income inequality. Higher levels of credit intermediation and stock markets are both related with a more unequal distribution of income. Greater income inequality may not reduce the welfare of even the lowest earners so long as their income growth is not negatively affected. Numerical simulations based on a novel empirical methodology indicate, however, that the financial expansion has put a brake on the income growth of many low- and middle-income households. No evidence is found that financial crises explain the observed relationships. While causality is difficult to establish beyond doubt, the paper finds credit patterns which are inconsistent with reverse causality running from greater income inequality to more household borrowing.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js04v5jm2hl-en
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  • 22
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    Effects of economic policies on microeconomic volatility (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 179-225 | volume:2015 | year:2015 | number:1 | pages:179-225
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 179-225
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:179-225
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economic policies shape how much people earn, as well as how stable their income and jobs are. The level and stability of earnings both matter for well-being. Standard economic aggregates do not measure accurately the economic uncertainty which households are facing. This paper shows that household-level economic instability is only very loosely related to macroeconomic volatility. It uses several household-level databases to document how structural reforms aimed at boosting growth influence household-level economic stability. Movement from less to more productive processes and firms is at the heart of economic growth, which suggests a trade-off between growth and micro-level stability. Certain policy changes boost growth but increase micro-level instability: they include reductions in tax progressivity or social transfers (including unemployment benefits), as well as moves from very to moderately tight restrictions on the flow of goods and services and on the firing of regular workers. However, the analysis also uncovers that moving to highly competitive policies in general reduces micro-level instability. This finding points to a case for comprehensive rather than marginal reform in tightly regulated countries, since a comprehensive agenda can deliver higher growth without the instability costs that a more marginal reform can entail. JEL classification: D12, D22, J08, O40 Keywords: Stability, households, economic growth, reforms, microdata
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-2015-5jrp38st90nv
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  • 23
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    Why implicit bank debt guarantees matter : Some empirical evidence (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2014, no. 2, p. 63-88 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:2 | pages:63-88
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 2, p. 63-88
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:63-88
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: What are the economic effects of implicit bank debt guarantees and who ultimately benefits from them? This paper finds that “financial excesses” – situations where bank credit reaches levels that reduce economic growth – have been stronger in OECD countries characterised by larger values of implicit guarantees and where bank creditors have not incurred losses in bank failure resolution cases. Also, implicit bank debt guarantees benefit financial sector employees and other high-income earners in two ways, increasing income inequality. First, implicit guarantees are likely to raise financial sector pay. This is consistent with the observation of “financial sector wage premia”, or financial sector employees earning in excess of their profile in terms of age, education and other characteristics. Second, implicit guarantees are likely to result in more and cheaper bank lending. If so, well-off people tend to benefit relatively more since household credit is more unequally distributed than income. JEL classification: D63, E43, G21, G28, O47 Keywords: Bank funding costs, implicit guarantees for bank debt, bank failure resolution, finance and growth, finance and income inequality
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-2014-5js3bfznx6vj
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  • 24
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    Reconciling fiscal consolidation with growth and equity (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 7-89 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:7-89
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (83 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 7-89
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:7-89
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite sustained efforts made in recent years to rein in budget deficits, a majority of OECD countries still face substantial public finance consolidation needs. While essential to avoid the disruption and large costs ultimately associated with unsustainable public finances, fiscal consolidation complicates the task of achieving other policy goals. In most cases, it weighs on demand in the short term. And, if too little attention is paid to the mix of instruments used to achieve consolidation, it can undermine long-term growth, exacerbate income inequality and slow the process of global rebalancing. It is therefore important for governments to adopt consolidation strategies that minimise these adverse side-effects. The analysis proposes consolidation strategies that take into account other policy goals as well as country-specific circumstances and preferences. To do so, increases in particular taxes and cuts in specific spending areas are assessed for their effects on short- and long-term growth, income distribution and external accounts. The results of detailed illustrative simulations indicate that a significant number of OECD countries may have to raise harmful taxes or cut valuable spending areas to deliver sufficient consolidation, underscoring the need for structural reforms to counteract these side-effects. The results are robust to an extensive range of sensitivity checks.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-2013-5jzb44vzbkhd
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  • 25
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    Deleveraging : challenges, progress and policies (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1077
    Keywords: Haushaltsökonomik ; Sparen ; Immobilienpreis ; Bauinvestition ; Notleidender Kredit ; Finanzmarktregulierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the run-up to the financial crisis, indebtedness of households and non-financial businesses rose to historically high levels in many OECD countries; gross debt of financial companies rose dramatically relative to GDP. Much of the debt accumulation appears to have been based on excessive risk-taking and exceptional macro-economic conditions and therefore not sustainable. Since the start of the crisis, non-financial private sector debt has receded substantially in the United States and the United Kingdom. Other OECD countries have not experienced significant debt reduction but already achieved some adjustment in terms of private saving and investment (with the seeming contradiction between these two observations explained by the private sector accumulating gross financial assets at a faster pace). Some macro-economic risks related to future household deleveraging nevertheless remain in a few OECD countries where indebtedness has risen in recent years. In the financial sector, possible future deleveraging will be more damaging to growth if it involves reducing assets rather than retaining (or raising) equity. To speed up the deleveraging process and minimising its impact on prosperity, bad loans should be recognised swiftly, losses taken, insolvent banks wound down orderly and capital shortfalls plugged at still solvent banks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4221459fjc-en
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  • 26
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    Choosing fiscal consolidation instruments compatible with growth and equity : a going for growth report (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 7
    Keywords: Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Strukturpolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite sustained efforts made in recent years to rein in budget deficits, a majority of OECD countries still face substantial public finance consolidation needs moving forward, owing to the legacy of debt accumulation before the crisis, and to the role played by fiscal policy in rescuing the banking system and supporting aggregate demand in the aftermath of the recession. Further budget consolidation is also needed over a much longer horizon to face long-term public spending pressures, in particular from pensions and health care. Fiscal consolidation complicates the task of achieving other policy goals. In most cases, it weighs on demand in the short term. And, if too little attention is paid to the mix of instruments used to achieve consolidation, it can slow the process of global rebalancing, undermine long-term growth and exacerbate income inequality. It is therefore important for governments to adopt consolidation strategies that minimise these adverse side-effects. The analysis assesses the near and long-term consolidation needs for OECD countries and proposes consolidation strategies that take into account other policy goals as well as country-specific circumstances and preferences. To do so, increases in particular taxes and cuts in specific spending areas are assessed for their effects on short- and longterm growth, income distribution and external accounts. The results of detailed simulations indicate that a significant number of OECD countries may have to raise harmful taxes or cut valuable spending areas to deliver sufficient consolidation, underscoring the need for structural reforms to counteract these side-effects.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43nxq6dzd4-en
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  • 27
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    How to achieve growth- and equity-friendly fiscal consolidation? : a proposed methodology for instrument choice with an illustrative application to OECD countries (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1088
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite sustained efforts made in recent years to rein in budget deficits, a majority of OECD countries still face substantial fiscal consolidation needs. The choices made about which spending areas to curtail and which taxes to hike will have implications for near-term activity and long-term growth as well as for equity and the current account. This paper proposes a method for choosing the instruments of consolidation so that they contribute to -- or minimise trade-offs with -- the goals of promoting near-term activity, longterm growth, equity, and global rebalancing. The proposed method is illustrated with detailed simulations for 31 OECD countries which are accompanied by an extensive range of alternative scenarios to confirm the robustness of the findings. The simulations highlight that half of OECD countries can reduce excess debt mainly through moderate adjustments to instruments (such as subsidies, pensions or property taxes) that have at most limited side-effects on other policy objectives. They also show that a smaller number of countries face more difficult choices, having to either make bigger adjustments in areas where spending cuts or tax hikes are least harmful or to rely significantly on consolidation instruments with substantial adverse side-effects. These trade-offs can to a large extent be alleviated through structural reforms in the delivery of public services and in taxation.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k407lwvzkkh-en
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  • 28
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    Implications of output gap uncertainty in times of crisis (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 977
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the monetary and fiscal policy implications of output gap estimates in times of crisis. The widening of output gaps observed in major OECD economies in the wake of the recent crisis has been mainly due to total factor productivity gaps, except in the United States where it essentially resulted from a large increase in the unemployment gap. As indicated by “positive” Taylor rules, output gaps influence policy-controlled interest rates and are in principle important indicators to guide monetary policy decisions. However, these gaps are estimated with a large margin of uncertainty, especially when composed mainly of TFP gaps. Given the high uncertainty of output gap estimates at present, monetary policy should put more weight on alternative indicators of inflation pressure such as wage settlements, trends in unit labour costs and a wide range of indicators of inflation expectations. The recent fall in margins observed in some countries may, for instance, translate into a combination of wage moderation and upward price pressure as firms try to rebuild their margins. In the United States, the large unemployment gap could also keep wage inflation under pressure despite a flattening Phillips curve. These downward pressures should not, however, trigger a deflationary spiral as long as inflation expectations stay anchored. As regards fiscal policy, output gaps remain necessary inputs to assess the fiscal stance adjusted for the cycle, such measures of underlying fiscal balances being reasonably robust to output gap uncertainty.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k95xd7m3szw-en
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  • 29
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    Travaux législatifs et réglementaires nationaux (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2011, no. 1
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. National legislative and regulatory activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 1
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Belgium ; Czech Republic ; Finland ; Ireland ; Romania ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: Belgique – Amendement à la Loi relative à la classification et aux habilitations, attestations et avis de sécurité États-Unis – Mise à jour de la décision et de la réglementation relatives aux garanties concernant les déchets Réponse aux récents événements survenus au Japon Finlande – Amendement provisoire à la Loi sur la responsabilité civile nucléaire Irlande – Loi relative à la marine marchande République tchèque – Résolution du gouvernement de la République tchèque relative au calendrier des travaux préparatoires en vue de l’agrandissement de la centrale nucléaire de Temelín Roumanie – Ordonnance d’urgence concernant le recensement, la désignation et la protection des infrastructures critiques Ordonnance d’urgence relative au régime de contrôle des biens à double usageAmendement à la Loi sur la sûreté de la gestion des activités nucléaires Normes de sûreté nucléaire applicables à la conception et à la construction des centrales nucléaires et Normes de sûreté nucléaire applicables au choix du site des centrales nucléaires Royaume-Uni – Création d’un Bureau de la réglementation nucléaire
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2011-5kg0m1fw46d8
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  • 30
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    Document d'orientation pour les études d'impact sur la durabilité (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264086920
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidance on Sustainability Impact Assessment
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Le présent document constitue une introduction générale aux études d'impact sur la durabilité (EID). Cette méthode permet d'évaluer les incidences économiques, environnementales et sociales combinées d'un éventail de politiques, programmes, stratégies et plans d'action. Ces évaluations peuvent aussi faciliter la prise de décision et la planification stratégique tout au long du cycle des politiques publiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264086920-fr
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  • 31
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    Statistiques bancaires de l'OCDE : Notes méthodologiques par pays 2010 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264089921
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Banking Statistics; Methodological Country Notes 2010
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Banking Statistics: Methodological Country Notes 2010
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Austria ; Belgium ; Canada ; Chile ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Ireland ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Luxembourg ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Slovak Republic ; Spain ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; Turkey ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: Les tendances de la rentabilité des banques et les facteurs agissant sur elle sont des indicateurs importants de l’état de santé des systèmes bancaires nationaux. Le présent ouvrage complète la publication Statistiques bancaires de l'OCDE: Comptes des banques 2010, fournissent aux spécialistes un instrument sans équivalent pour analyser l’évolution de la rentabilité des banques dans les pays membres de l'OCDE. Outre des informations sur les comptes des banques des pays membres de l'OCDE, elles comprennent des données sur le nombre de banques, leurs filiales et leur personnel, des informations structurelles sur l’ensemble du secteur financier et des ratios visant à faciliter l'analyse de la rentabilité des banques des pays de l'OCDE. Les notes méthodologiques par pays, incluses dans ce volume, ont été préparées afin de faciliter la compréhension et l'interprétation des statistiques ainsi que dans le but de fournir une description succincte des activités des banques dans chacun des pays.
    DOI: 10.1787/bank_country-200-fr
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    Enhancing the Effectiveness of Social Policies in Indonesia (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.810
    Keywords: Economics ; Indonesia
    Abstract: Indonesia has made considerable progress over the years in improving the social conditions of its population, especially among disadvantaged groups, not least by raising government spending and strengthening social protection programmes. Nevertheless, in some respects social outcomes remain sub-par in relation to regional peers.
    DOI: 10.1787/5km5xvbm6bf8-en
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    Gauging the Impact of Higher Capital and Oil Costs on Potential Output (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 15 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.789
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The 2007-2009 period has been characterised by an oil shock followed by a financial crisis. Higher oil prices and the prospect of higher borrowing costs are likely to reduce the productive potential of OECD economies. The present study provides illustrative numerical estimates of the impact under different scenarios using a stylised model based on a production function. In a scenario where real borrowing costs for firms return to their 1991-2001 average as opposed to staying at the level at which the capital stock in place at the end of 2007 had been invested, the impact on equilibrium GDP could be in the order of 2%. If the real oil price stays at $80 per barrel, up from the $50 average at which the capital stock in place in 2007 had been invested, the impact on equilibrium GDP could be in the order of 1%.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmbm8030z6h-en
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    Are Global Imbalances Sustainable? : Post-Crisis Scenarios (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.795
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses the sustainability of global imbalances by testing for the presence of unit roots in the current account positions (measured in relation to GDP) of the United States, China, Japan, Germany and the oil-exporting countries using a methodology that allows for structural breaks in levels and trends. We find that the external positions of these major countries/regions are stationary around structural breaks, which define episodes of current account reversals. On the basis of an event analysis of past reversals, it appears that structural breaks are associated with shifts in the fiscal stance, exchange rate parities and potential output growth, a finding that underscores the scope for macroeconomic and structural policies to ensure the sustainability of external positions while avoiding potentially disruptive reversals. These findings have implications for long-term capital flows after the crisis.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmbjh9p4jtc-en
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    Fiscal Decentralisation and Public Investment : The Experience of Latin America (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.824
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite large differences across countries, Latin America’s average investment-to-GDP ratio and the overall quality of infrastructure in the region are relatively low by international comparison. Empirical evidence on the effects of fiscal decentralisation on investment based on a panel of Latin American countries since the late 1990 suggests that fiscal decentralisation discourages Latin American subnational governments from investing (acquiring fixed assets) and that lower subnational spending on investment is associated with lower economy-wide gross fixed capital formation. Latin American countries will therefore need to face a double challenge of revisiting the current arrangements for decentralised provision that discourage subnational governments from investing, while making the most of decentralisation as a policy lever to raise private investment.
    DOI: 10.1787/5km347r2hhbp-en
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  • 36
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    La mesure du capital - Manuel de l'OCDE 2009 : Deuxième édition (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067752
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.)
    Edition: Deuxième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Capital - OECD Manual 2009; Second edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Medición del capital - Manual OCDE 2009 ; Segunda edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Capital - OECD Manual 2009: Second edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Medición del capital - Manual OCDE 2009 : Segunda edición
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette version révisée de La Mesure du Capital est le premier guide complet décrivant les différentes manières de mesurer les fonds propres. Il s'adresse aux statisticiens, chercheurs et analystes, donne des conseils pratiques tout en offrant des connaissances théoriques. Il propose aussi une vue d'ensemble de la documentation pertinente. Le manuel est composé de trois parties - une première partie avec une description non technique des principaux concepts et étapes de la mesure du capital; une deuxième partie visant leur mise en œuvre et une troisième partie décrivant la théorie ainsi qu’une formulation mathématique plus complète des processus de mesure.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067752-fr
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    Définition de référence de l'OCDE des investissements directs internationaux 2008 : Quatrième édition (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264045767
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (286 p.) , ill.
    Edition: Quatrième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment 2008; Fourth Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCDE Definición Marco de Inversión Extranjera Directa ; Cuarta edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment 2008: Fourth Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCDE Definición Marco de Inversión Extranjera Directa : Cuarta edición
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: L’investissement direct international (IDI) est l’un des principaux moteurs de la mondialisation. À l’heure où les modalités d’investissement des entreprises multinationales deviennent de plus en plus complexes, il convient de disposer de statistiques d’IDI fiables et comparables sur le plan international pour pouvoir prendre des décisions judicieuses. La Définition de référence de l'OCDE des investissements directs internationaux représente la norme mondiale en matière de statistiques d’IDI. Elle constitue une référence unique pour les statisticiens et les utilisateurs pour tous les aspects des statistiques d’IDI, tout en restant compatible avec d’autres normes statistiques acceptées au niveau international. Cette édition introduit de nouvelles ventilations analytiques des données et de nouveaux traitements statistiques qui rendent mieux compte des réalités actuelles de l’économie mondiale. Cette Définition de référence révisée propose des méthodes de classement des différents types d’IDI (par exemple, les fusions-acquisitions, les investissements de création) et d’identification de l’investisseur ultime. Cette nouvelle édition traite désormais des utilisations des statistiques d’IDI, notamment les indicateurs de mondialisation, et comporte un chapitre consacré aux statistiques relatives aux activités des entreprises multinationales.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264048768-fr
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    Does Fiscal Decentralisation Strengthen Social Capital? : Cross-Country Evidence and the Experiences of Brazil and Indonesia (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.825
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil ; Indonesia
    Abstract: This paper tests the hypothesis that, by giving people more voice in the government decision-making process, fiscal decentralisation fosters social capital, measured in terms of interpersonal trust. Empirical evidence based on World Values Survey data and seemingly unrelated probit estimations for a cross-section of countries suggests that people living in federal/decentralised countries find it more important to have voice in government decisions than their counterparts living in unitary/centralised countries. Pro-voice attitudes are, in turn, associated with greater social capital. The cross-country estimations are complemented by country-specific regressions for Brazil and Indonesia on account of these countries. experiences with fiscal decentralisation. The results show that the cohorts of individuals that have been exposed to decentralisation are in general more pro-voice (and trustful of strangers in the case of Brazil) than their counterparts that have not been exposed to decentralisation. These findings are not driven by the effects of political liberalisation on people.s attitudes towards the importance of having voice in government decisions and interpersonal trust.
    DOI: 10.1787/5km347ntdnxn-en
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  • 39
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    Promoting Potential Growth : The Role of Structural Reform (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.793
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The global crisis has left many G20 countries with an unenviable legacy of lower potential output and high government indebtedness. Global imbalances, which had narrowed during the recession, are now beginning to widen again, as the recovery takes hold. Structural reform will be needed not only to recover the crisis-driven output loss and to maintain it in the longer term, but also to put the public finances back on a sustainable path and to rebalance global growth. To contribute to the policy debate, this paper summarises the analysis carried out by the OECD on the effects of a host of structural reforms on GDP growth, public finances and external current account balances.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmbm6rz4dg6-en
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  • 40
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    Monetary Policy Responses to the Crisis and Exit Strategies (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.753
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Central banks have responded with exceptional vigour to the crisis by using their traditional interest-rate tools to their limits and deploying a wide range of unconventional measures. This paper documents these responses in a systematic way, reviews the evidence about their impact, and discusses the need to exit from these measures. Unconventional monetary policy measures appear to have been broadly successful in terms of improving conditions in financial markets and stabilising the real economy. In line with the improvement in functioning of financial markets, however, these unconventional measures should be gradually removed. Given the considerable changes in the size and composition of central banks' balance sheets, the exit will likely involve the combination of various tools. More challenging questions surround the decisions of when and how fast the current exceptional amount of stimulus should be reduced and then eliminated. A particularly important goal will be to preserve the hard-won anchoring of inflation expectations and dissipate any hypothetical fears that central banks? greater risk exposure and purchases of bonds issued or backed by governments might have reduced their independence regarding monetary policy decisions.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6xm7qgs6-en
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  • 41
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    Manuel de l'OCDE sur les statistiques des brevets (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056466
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Patent Statistics Manual
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: L’édition 2009 du Manuel de l’OCDE sur les statistiques de brevets intègre les développements récents du domaine. Elle fournit des lignes directrices pour l’utilisation des données de brevets à des fins de mesure de S&T, et des recommandations pour la compilation et l’interprétation des indicateurs de brevets dans ce contexte. Le manuel vise à montrer à quoi les données de brevets peuvent ou ne peuvent pas être utilisées, et comment compter les brevets de façon à maximiser l’information sur la S&T tout en minimisant le bruit et les biais statistiques. Enfin, il décrit comment les données de brevets peuvent être utilisées dans l’analyse d’un large spectre de thèmes liés au changement technique et à la prise de brevets, y compris les liens science-industrie, les stratégies de brevets des entreprises, l’internationalisation de la recherche, et la mesure de la valeur des brevets.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056466-fr
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  • 42
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    Is there a Case for Price-level Targeting? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.721
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: There is a case, but there are also counter-arguments. With sufficient forward-looking behaviour among firms and households, price-level targeting can act as a powerful built-in stabiliser through automatic shifts in inflation expectations. This stabilisation mechanism reduces the need for large shifts in policy rates, alleviating the risk of hitting the zero lower bound of nominal interest rates and falling into a liquidity trap. Furthermore, credible price-level targeting can support capital accumulation by protecting the long-run purchasing power of money and reducing the inflation risk premium embedded in actual long-term real interest rates. However, price-level targeting can imply welfare-reducing policy-induced output volatility in situations where the degree of forward-looking behaviour is very low. The self-regulating capacity of price-level targeting can be undermined if central banks are not fully credible. Besides, aggressive inflation targeting can replicate some of (but not all) the benefits of price-level targeting. On balance, the case for adopting price-level targeting is not clear-cut, all the more so since transition costs are likely to be significant.
    DOI: 10.1787/221824208526
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  • 43
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    How Does Decentralised Minimum-Wage Setting Affect Unemployment and Informality? : The Case of Indonesia (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.710
    Keywords: Economics ; Indonesia
    Abstract: The Indonesian labour market is characterised by widespread informality. To some extent, these outcomes can be attributed to a sharp increase in the real value of the minimum wage since 2001, when minimum-wage setting was decentralised to the provincial governments. To test this hypothesis, this paper uses survey data on the labour market (Sakernas), household income and expenditure (Susenas) and the industrial sector (Survei Industri) to construct a district-level dataset spanning the period 1996 to 2004. The effects of changes in the minimum wage on unemployment, formal-sector employment and the incidence of informality in urban areas are estimated separately by fixed effects and jointly by a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) estimator. Our findings show that an increase in the minimum-to-mean wage ratio is associated with a net increase in employment: a rise in informal-sector employment more than compensates for job losses in the formal sector. This Working Paper relates to the 2008 OECD Economic Assessment of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/indonesia).
    DOI: 10.1787/222850046464
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    Current Account Sustainability in Brazil : A Non-Linear Approach (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.703
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: The possibility that a country’s external current account may adjust nonlinearly to shocks is attracting increasing attention in the empirical literature. To shed further light on this issue in the context of emerging-market economies, this paper uses Brazilian data to estimate the determinants of the current account in a smooth-transition vector-autoregressive (ST-VAR) setting. We allow for the transition parameters and the model coefficients to be estimated simultaneously by non-linear constrained maximum likelihood. We find strong evidence of non-linearity in the VAR when (lagged) government consumption and investment are used as the variables governing transition across regimes. The computation of non-linear impulse response functions suggests that the system’s history, as well as the sign and magnitude of shocks, affect the current account’s responses to exogenous changes in income, government consumption and investment. In particular, responses to fiscal shocks depend on whether they are positive or negative and whether they follow periods of fiscal expansions or contractions. Current account responses to a positive fiscal impulse are much stronger when conditioned on periods of fiscal expansion (rising government consumption) than retrenchment. The importance of conditioning history and the magnitude of shocks in the current account’s response to shocks is confirmed by forecast error variance decomposition analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/223518424256
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    The Role of Transparency in the Conduct of Monetary Policy (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.724
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In contrast to the once prevailing norm of secrecy and opaqueness, transparency has now become one of the main features characterising the conduct of monetary policy. Detailed analysis of eleven OECD central banks shows that communication practices have converged markedly in the direction of ever greater transparency. Empirical evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that transparency contributes to the successful conduct of monetary policy: higher transparency is a typical element of monetary frameworks that are associated with better anchored inflation expectations and more stable inflation outcomes. Despite this general trend toward increased transparency, however, central banks differ in actual communication practices. There is a particular divergence with respect to transparency in the decision-making process and communication regarding future policy inclination. Although the appropriate degree of transparency in these areas is an unsettled issue, the fact that financial dislocation is impairing conventional monetary transmission makes these two areas critical for policy implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/221128317344
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  • 46
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    Price and Volume Elasticities of Brazilian Foreign Trade : A Profit Function Approach (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.704
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: Brazil, like other natural resource-exporting countries, has benefited from a sharp increase in commodity prices over the last few years. To investigate the possible impact of terms-of-trade gains on the real economy, this paper estimates normalised quadratic input demand and output supply functions for the Brazilian economy during 1997-2008. Technological change is modelled in a flexible manner through the inclusion of quadratic splines in the profit function. The paper contributes to the literature by using nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression techniques to estimate the input demand and output supply functions and by disaggregating exports and imports into capital, consumption and intermediate goods. Improvements in the terms of trade due to rising export prices and/or falling import prices are associated with hikes in export volumes on the back of rising import demand and some labour shedding in the sectors using imported capital goods. The direct impact of terms-of-trade changes on domestic consumption and investment is comparatively modest, possibly due to the fact that the Brazilian economy remains relatively closed to trade.
    DOI: 10.1787/223388731464
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    The Determinants of Employment and Earnings in Indonesia : A Multinomial Selection Approach (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.690
    Keywords: Economics ; Indonesia
    Abstract: This paper uses household survey (Sakernas) data from the 1996 and 2004 to estimate the determinants of earnings in Indonesia. The Indonesian labour market is segmented, with a majority of workers engaged in informal-sector occupations, and earnings data are available only for formal-sector workers (salaried employees). This posed problems for the estimation of earnings equations, because selection into different labour market statuses is likely to be non-random. In order to describe selection into different labour market statuses we use the most general version of the method proposed by Dubin and McFadden (1984), which Bourguignon, Fournier and Gurgand (2007) proved to be preferable to other available multinomial selection methods. We also deal with reverse causality between education attainment and earnings by estimating the selection equations using an instrumental variable technique. Our findings cast doubt on the use of a binomial selection rule and suggest that workers with higher levels of educational attainment are most likely to find a job in the formal sector, and that the informal sector is perceived by those workers who cannot obtain a job in the formal sector as an alternative to inactivity. This Working Paper relates to the 2008 OECD Economic Assessment of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/indonesia).
    DOI: 10.1787/224864812153
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    Revue économique de l'OCDE : Volume 2008 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264053656
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal; Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce numero de la Revue économique de l'OCDE comprend des articles sur services assurés par les pouvoirs publics et distribution des ressources économiques des ménages, améliorer l’efficacité des dépenses de santé et les politiques structurelles.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-fr
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  • 49
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    Tackling Business and Labour Informality in Chile (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.607
    Keywords: Economics ; Chile
    Abstract: Informality often arises from disincentives associated with high taxes and a restrictive regulatory framework in both labour and product markets. About 20% of the Chilean population aged 15 years and above and working at least 20 hours per week did not have a formal labour contract in 2006. At the same time, nearly 11% of the potential value added tax base is estimated to have been undeclared in 2005. While Chile’s tax system is not particularly burdensome to business formality, there is scope for making product-market regulations less onerous to firms and the labour code more flexible, especially with regards to indefinite contracts and the allocation of working time. Low human capital remains an important obstacle to reducing labour informality. To the extent that informal businesses also hire informally, there is some room for designing policies to tackle business informality in conjunction with those aimed at boosting formal labour contracting. Chile is strengthening its social safety net through the introduction of unemployment insurance and by reforming existing health insurance and pension systems. An important policy question is whether the incentives for formality arising from more comprehensive social protection will be strong enough to compensate for the additional costs these contributory programmes entail. This paper relates to the 2007 Economic Survey of Chile (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/chile).
    DOI: 10.1787/242111325372
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  • 50
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    Have Long-term Financial Trends Changed the Transmission of Monetary Policy? (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.634
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper addresses the question of whether and how long-term financial trends may have modified the transmission mechanism from monetary policy decisions to economic activity. The focus is on longterm changes, abstracting from the disruptions created by the 2007-08 financial turmoil which are temporarily affecting the transmission mechanism. The first series of findings is that a number of factors have worked to strengthen the transmission of monetary policy, including more competitive financial markets, higher household indebtedness, greater diversity in the supply of financial products, greater financial integration and more responsive asset pricing mechanisms. However, other factors appear to have simultaneously gone in the direction of weakening transmission of domestic policy, including greater external financial influences, lower exchange-rate pass-through and a broad-based shift towards fixed-rate assets and liabilities. On balance, monetary policy appears to remain a powerful tool for guiding aggregate demand, but a number of changes that have worked to support the strength of transmission have also increased risks to financial stability.
    DOI: 10.1787/238203348082
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    Panorama économique du secteur spatial 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040830
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (107 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Space Economy at a Glance 2007
    Keywords: Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Les applications spatiales prennent une place de plus en plus importante dans la vie quotidienne. Les prévisions météorologiques, le contrôle de la circulation aérienne, les communications et la radiodiffusion à l’échelle mondiale ou la gestion des catastrophes sont autant d’activités clés qui avec bien d’autres seraient inimaginables aujourd’hui sans les satellites. L’industrie spatiale proprement dite constitue un domaine d’activité relativement limité par rapport aux autres industries manufacturières, mais son dynamisme technologique et son importance stratégique lui confèrent un rôle de plus en plus crucial dans la société moderne. Paradoxalement, c’est aussi l’un des secteurs à propos desquels on manque de données fiables et comparables au plan international. Cette publication s’attache à combler cette lacune en rassemblant des informations provenant d’un large éventail de sources officielles et non officielles, qui permettent de brosser un tableau complet de l’industrie spatiale, de ses activités de services en aval et de ses retombées économiques et sociales plus larges. Quelles sont les grandes nations spatiales ? Quelle est l’importance du chiffre d’affaires et de l’emploi dans ce secteur ? Quelle est l’ampleur des activités de R-D et sur quels domaines celles-ci se concentrent-elles ? Quelle est la valeur des retombées des dépenses spatiales ? On trouvera des réponses à ces questions ainsi qu’à d’autres dans ce tout premier tour d’horizon statistique publié par l’OCDE sur l’économie émergente du secteur spatial. Un lien dynamique (StatLink) accompagne les graphiques. Il dirige le lecteur vers une page Web où les chiffres correspondants sont disponibles en format Excel®.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040830-fr
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    Managing Chile's Macroeconomy during and after the Copper Price Boom (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.605
    Keywords: Economics ; Chile
    Abstract: Compliance with the structural budget surplus rule, which has been in place since 2001, has allowed the government to maintain a counter-cyclical fiscal stance in an environment of rising copper prices, while delivering a gradual reduction in public indebtedness. Monetary policy is conducted within a framework that combines inflation targeting with exchange-rate flexibility. A Fiscal Responsibility Law was promulgated in September 2006, strengthening the macroeconomic framework further by embedding the fiscal rule in law and setting out regulations for the use of fiscal savings. Complementary pension reform is being discussed in Congress with the objective of strengthening the pension system’s solidarity pillar and encouraging retirement saving. The tax system is also being improved with a view to removing obstacles to financial deepening and to business-sector development. Government spending on social programmes is budgeted to rise considerably, in line with the authorities’ emphasis on social development. The main challenge in the macroeconomic area is to maintain the policy setting that has served Chile so well over the recent copper-price upswing, while tempering demands for hiking public social spending and maintaining a lean public sector in a low-tax, low-debt environment. This paper relates to the 2007 Economic Survey of Chile (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/chile).
    DOI: 10.1787/242135544660
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    Interdependencies between Monetary policy and Foreign-Exchange Intervention under Inflation Targeting : The Case of Brazil and the Czech Republic (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.593
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The bulk of recent literature on foreign-exchange interventions has overlooked the potential interdependencies that may exist between these operations and the conduct of monetary policy. This is the case even under inflation targeting and especially in emerging-market economies, because central banks often explicitly reserve the right to intervene to calm disorderly markets and to accumulate foreign reserves, and when the exchange rate is perceived as out of step with fundamentals. This paper uses a friction model to estimate intervention reaction functions and the associated marginal effects for Brazil and the Czech Republic since adoption of inflation targeting in these countries in 1999 and 1998, respectively. The main findings are that: i) in both countries interventions occur predominantly to reduce exchange-rate volatility, while in Brazil the central bank also reacts to exchange-rate deviations from medium-term trends; ii) there are strong, asymmetric threshold effects in the reaction functions, and interventions are more likely and of higher magnitudes when they are carried out to depreciate than to appreciate the domestic currency; and iii) interventions seem to take place independently of contemporaneous monetary policy in Brazil, but not in the Czech Republic, where both policies appear to be interrelated.
    DOI: 10.1787/245585283155
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    Monetary Policy, Market Excesses and Financial Turmoil (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 17 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.597
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper addresses the question of whether and how monetary policy ease may lead to excesses in financial and real asset markets and ultimately result in financial dislocation. It presents evidence suggesting that periods when short-term interest rates have been persistently and significantly below what Taylor rules would prescribe are correlated with increases in asset prices, especially as regards housing, though no systematic effects are identified on equity markets. Significant asset price increases, however, can also occur when interest rates are in line with Taylor rules, associated with periods of financial deregulation and/or innovation. The paper argues that accommodating monetary policy over the period 2002-2005, in combination with rapid financial market innovation, would seem in retrospect to have been among the factors behind the run-up in asset prices and consequent financial imbalances -- the (partial) unwinding of which helped trigger the 2007 financial market turmoil. Moreover, the paper points out that in certain situations policy rates may be a rather blunt tool for dealing with both the build-up and aftermath of financial imbalances, raising the question whether “macro-prudential” regulation could be useful.
    DOI: 10.1787/244200148201
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    Avoiding the Value Added Tax : Theory and Cross-Country Evidence (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.604
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper develops a differential game of tax avoidance by modelling the interactions between a taxpayer and the tax authority. This framework is particularly useful for explicitly modelling situations of conflict. The solution to the game is a non-co-operative Nash that depends on the resources that need to be used by the tax authority to enforce legislation and the cost to be borne by the taxpayer in tax compliance, provided that the curvature of the utility functions is bounded. Empirical evidence is provided for the value added tax (VAT) using a cross-section of OECD and non-OECD countries. OECD indicators of tax administration efficiency are included in the regressions. The empirical findings show that VAT efficiency, defined as the ratio of collections as a share of consumption to the statutory rate, rises the lower the VAT rate, the lower the share of administrative costs in tax revenue (proxying for the efficiency of tax administration), the more pro-competition the regulatory framework in product markets (measuring non-tax incentives for non-compliance) and the better the country’s governance indicators (regulatory quality, rule of law and government effectiveness). This paper is forthcoming in the Public Finance Review.
    DOI: 10.1787/242167601452
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    Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : République tchèque (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069312
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.34
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Czech Republic
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Czech Republic
    Keywords: Trade ; Czech Republic
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069312-fr
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    Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 (Vol. 2) : Electricité, eau et transports : quelles politiques ? (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264031340
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (586 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructure to 2030 (Vol.2); Mapping Policy for Electricity, Water and Transport
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructure to 2030 (Vol.2): Mapping Policy for Electricity, Water and Transport
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: Les réseaux d’infrastructure jouent un rôle vital dans le développement économique et social. La demande d’infrastructures est appelée à sensiblement augmenter dans les décennies à venir, sous l’impulsion de facteurs majeurs de changement comme la croissance économique mondiale, le progrès technologique, le changement climatique, l’urbanisation et l’aggravation de la congestion. Les défis à relever sont multiples. Dans les pays de l’OCDE, de nombreux éléments de réseaux d’infrastructure connaissent un vieillissement rapide, les budgets publics sont de plus en plus serrés et le financement de l’infrastructure devient de plus en plus complexe. Cette publication évalue la viabilité future des modèles économiques actuels dans cinq secteurs infrastructurels : électricité, eau, transport ferroviaire de marchandises, transports collectifs urbains et transport routier. Elle propose des recommandations pratiques visant à renforcer les capacités afin de répondre aux besoins futurs d’infrastructures, notamment des mesures qui pourraient être prises par les gouvernements tant collectivement qu’individuellement pour mettre en place des cadres institutionnels, politiques et réglementaires plus favorables.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264031340-fr
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    Encouraging Labour Force Participation in Chile (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.608
    Keywords: Economics ; Chile
    Abstract: Chile’s labour force participation is low by comparison with most countries in the OECD area, especially among females and youths. In the case of women, labour supply has risen steadily over time for prime-age and older individuals, against a background of relative stability for men. With regards to youths, participation rates are trending down, primarily as a result of rising school enrolment, especially for males, while remaining fairly low and stable over the years for young females. The main policy challenge in this area is to raise female labour supply further, for both prime-age individuals and youths, as a means of making a better use of labour inputs in support of long-term growth. This can be achieved essentially by removing provisions in the labour code that constrain the allocation of working time and by improving access to affordable child care for mothers with young children. Policies aimed at fostering human capital accumulation for the population as a whole would also contribute, because educational attainment is one of the most powerful determinants of labour force participation. This paper relates to the 2007 Economic Survey of Chile (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/chile).
    DOI: 10.1787/242103851837
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    Indonesia: Growth Performance and Policy Challenges (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.637
    Keywords: Economics ; Indonesia
    Abstract: Indonesia’s growth performance is improving, following a slow recovery from the 1997-98 financial crisis. Investment is picking up, despite considerable business-climate obstacles to entrepreneurship. Unemployment remains high, and labour informality is pervasive. Fiscal policy has been conducted responsibly and in an increasingly decentralised manner. Monetary policy is now carried out within a fully-fledged inflation-targeting framework. This paper argues that the main barriers to raising the economy’s growth potential are to be found on the supply side of the economy. Indonesia will need to improve the business environment and to make better use of labour inputs to put the economy on a higher growth trajectory. The country’s income gap relative to the OECD is sizeable, and several years of sustained growth will be needed to eliminate it. This Working Paper relates to the 2008 OECD Economic Assessment of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/indonesia).
    DOI: 10.1787/236831785800
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    Monetary Policy and Macroeconomic Stability in Latin America : The Cases of Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.545
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil ; Chile ; Colombia ; Mexico
    Abstract: In 1999, new monetary policy regimes were adopted in Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, combining inflation targeting with floating exchange rates. These regime changes have been accompanied by lower volatility in the monetary stance in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico, despite higher inflation volatility in Brazil and Colombia. This paper estimates a conventional New Keynesian model for these four countries and shows that: i) the post-1999 regime has been associated with greater responsiveness by the monetary authority to changes in expected inflation in Brazil and Chile, while in Colombia and Mexico monetary policy has become less counter-cyclical, ii) lower interest-rate volatility in the post-1999 period owes more to a benign economic environment than to a change in the policy setting, and iii) the change in the monetary regime has not yet resulted in a reduction in output volatility in these countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/285851107845
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    Le pari de la croissance : Contribution du Secrétaire général de l'OCDE aux travaux de la Commission Attali (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040878
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (190 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: Cette publication présente un recueil d'analyses de l’OCDE sur les politiques susceptibles de relancer durablement l'économie française. Elle a été produite en préparation de l'intervention du Secrétaire général de l’OCDE, M. Angel Gurría, devant la Commission pour la libération de la croissance française (Commission Attali) en novembre 2007. Elle comporte une série de recommandations sur les thèmes suivants : Stimuler la croissance en France : Réformer le marché du travail pour stimuler la croissance et l’emploi ; Promouvoir la croissance à long terme : Le rôle de la fiscalité ; Améliorer la gestion de l’environnement et son impact sur la croissance ; Développer les performances du système éducatif ; Promouvoir l’innovation pour stimuler la croissance économique ; Renforcer la compétitivité régionale ; Améliorer l’efficacité de l’administration publique ; Réduire les obstacles à la croissance : le rôle de la réforme réglementaire ; Renforcer la concurrence ; Supprimer les obstacles au commerce ; Développer l’agriculture française.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040878-fr
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    The Political Economy of Delaying Fiscal Consolidation (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.548
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the next decades, many OECD countries are anticipating large increases in public spending as a result of population ageing and other long-term structural trends. The need to put public finances on a sustainable footing is widely recognised, but progress has been uneven and slow. Some policy makers may feel that action can be deferred for a few years at little cost because of the long-term nature of the problem. This paper questions this perception by proposing a model of the political costs of consolidating public finances. The main finding is that even a short delay increases political cost of consolidation quite markedly when ultimately policy makers are facing a deadline by which sustainability must be restored. The conclusion is very robust to changes in assumptions and specification. A variant of the model shows that with an infinite horizon the incentive to consolidate is weaker, which highlights the importance of setting a deadline. This paper relates to the 2007 Economic Survey of the Euro area (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/euroarea).
    DOI: 10.1787/240788215175
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  • 63
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    Local Government Finances : The Link between Intergovernmental Transfers and Net Worth (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.581
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: There is a large literature on how the sharing of revenue between different levels of government and the design of intergovernmental transfer schemes affect sub-national finances. Using a panel of OECD countries during 1980-2005, this paper tests for: i) the presence of a stable long-run statistical association between changes in transfer receipts and sub-national net worth and ii) the direction of causality between changes in transfer receipts and net worth. The main empirical findings are that, first, there is a stable long-term relationship between transfer receipts and local government net worth for the case of current, but not capital, transfers. An increase in intergovernmental transfer receipts is found to be associated with a modest reduction in the recipient jurisdiction’s net worth over the long term, but a fall in net worth is associated with an almost one-to-one subsequent increase in transfer receipts. Second, the direction of causality is sensitive to the technique used to estimate the long-term parameters. One technique suggests that causality runs from transfers to net worth, which lends support to a large literature on the effect of cost-shifting on sub-national budget outcomes. But causality also appears to run from net worth to transfer receipts, suggesting that transfers may be used as a deficitfinancing tool.
    DOI: 10.1787/080476332876
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    The Brazilian 'Tax War' : The Case of Value-Added Tax Competition among the States (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.544
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: This paper tests for horizontal tax competition in the VAT for a sample of Brazilian states in the period 1985-2001. The states have considerable autonomy to set their VAT rates and bases, often using this tax as an industrial policy tool. The empirical findings, based on the estimation of a tax reaction function in an error-correction set-up, confirm the hypothesis of horizontal tax competition: the states react strongly to changes in their neighbours? VAT code, especially those that belong to the same geo-economic region. Also, there appears to be a Stackelberg leader among the states, with the remaining jurisdictions responding strongly to its policy moves. There is no co-occupancy of tax bases between different levels of government and hence limited scope for vertical externalities in tax setting. But the fact that the federal government shares with the states part of the revenue of its more elastic taxes, such as the income tax, appears to affect the opportunity cost of horizontal tax competition.
    DOI: 10.1787/286220576442
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    OECD Forum 2007 : Forum Highlights (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064645
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (66 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Forum 2007; Forum Highlights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Forum 2007: Forum Highlights
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064645-fr
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    Improving Labour Utilisation in Brazil (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.533
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: Labour force participation is comparable to the OECD area for prime-age males. It is somewhat lower for females and is trending down for youths as a result of rising school enrolment. The labour market is placing an increasing premium on skills, making it particularly difficult for the less educated to find a job. Labour informality is pervasive and turnover high, especially for the less educated, discouraging investment in labour training and the acquisition of job-related skills, and perpetuating income disparities. The main policy challenge is to improve labour utilisation by reducing informality and fostering human capital accumulation on and off the job. A stable macroeconomy is a pre-condition for reducing unemployment, but a greater focus on activation within the current policy framework would be advisable. To close the remaining gender gap, female labour force participation in full-time jobs could be encouraged by increasing the supply of affordable child care and pre-school education. Labour turnover can be reduced by mitigating the incentives for negotiated separation, which currently arise from the design of severance insurance (FGTS) in the event of unfair dismissal. Skill marketability can be enhanced through the introduction of a national skills certification system, and labour training can become more cost-effective through increased contestability in existing programmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/353720822276
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    Social Security Reform in Brazil : Achievements and Remaining Challenges (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.534
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: This paper reviews the main elements of social security reform in Brazil since 1998 and discusses areas where further policy action is yet to be taken to ensure the sustainability of the social-security system over time. Outlays on pensions paid to private-sector workers have risen as a result of population ageing and the increase in the value of the minimum wage in real terms, to which the minimum pension is linked. Some features of existing social protection programmes, including means-tested old-age and disability-related benefits, reduce the incentives facing workers to seek social security coverage. At the same time, an expansion of the base of contributions to social security has been constrained by widespread labour informality. Further reform will therefore need to focus on options for containing the rise in social security spending while tackling labour informality so as to broaden the base of contributions.
    DOI: 10.1787/353362832738
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    The Rates and Revenue of Bank Transaction Taxes (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.494
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides cross-country empirical evidence on the productivity of bank transaction taxes (BTTs). Our data set comprises six Latin American countries that have levied BTTs since the late 1980s: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. We find that, for a given tax rate, revenue declines over time. Therefore, in order to meet a fixed revenue target in real terms, the tax rate needs to be raised repeatedly. However, we also find that successive increases in the tax rate erode the tax base by more than they raise revenue yield and that the higher the increase in the tax rate, the more and faster the tax base is eroded. We conclude that BTTs do not provide a reliable source of revenue, especially over the medium term.
    DOI: 10.1787/652416621832
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    Législations nucléaires des pays de l'OCDE : République tchèque (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264063921
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Législations nucléaires des pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nuclear Legislation in OECD Countries; Czech Republic
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nuclear Legislation in OECD Countries: Czech Republic
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Czech Republic
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264063921-fr
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  • 70
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    Brazil's Fiscal Stance during 1995-2005 : The Effect of Indebtedness on Fiscal Policy Over the Business Cycle (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.485
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: Brazil's fiscal adjustment since the floating of the real in 1999 has been impressive, even in periods of lacklustre growth. This suggests a remarkable fiscal effort to ensure public debt sustainability. To better gauge the magnitude of this adjustment effort, this paper applies the methodology used by the OECD Secretariat to distinguish changes in the fiscal stance that are due to policy action from those that are related to the automatic stabilisers built into the tax code, the social security system and unemployment insurance. The paper's main finding is that discretionary action tends to be essentially pro-cyclical in downturns, underscoring the presence of a strong "sustainability motive" in the conduct of Brazilian fiscal policy. Spending on mandatory items, such as personnel, are pro-cyclical in upturns too, which can create a "ratcheting-up" effect on government spending over time, an issue that will have to be addressed to improve the quality of on-going fiscal adjustment. An increase in the debt-to-GDP ratio by 1 percentage point is associated with a decrease in discretionary federal spending by 0.33 percentage point during 1997-2005. This responsiveness appears to have become stronger after the floating of the real in 1999. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Brazil (www.oecd.org/eco/survey/brazil).
    DOI: 10.1787/857281763217
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    Removing Obstacles to Employment for Women in Ireland (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.511
    Keywords: Economics ; Ireland
    Abstract: Women have contributed a great deal to Ireland's economic growth, including by joining the labour force in large numbers. The rise in female participation since 1990 has been amongst the strongest in the OECD, but from a low base. Female participation rates remain below the OECD average for all except the under-thirties. Cultural attitudes and low educational attainment among older women are factors, but policy settings play a role as well. Support to families is not targeted at working parents, implying that the return to work is low for many mothers. Working parents of school-age children also face difficulties in reconciling employment and work because out-of-school care is insufficiently developed. The tax system should be further improved to support second earners, most of whom are women, so as to strengthen their incentive to enter the labour market and reduce the bias in favour of the home production of services such as childcare. This paper reviews these issues and offers recommendations to continue to create a more favourable environment for women who want to enter the labour market.
    DOI: 10.1787/431167074033
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    Restoring Fiscal Sustainability in the Euro Area : Raise Taxes or Curb Spending? (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.520
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: With population ageing, fiscal consolidation has become of paramount importance for euro area countries. Consolidation can be pursued in various ways, with different effects on potential growth, which itself will be dragged down by ageing. A dynamic general equilibrium model with overlapping generations and a public finance block (including a pay-as-you-go pension regime, a health care system, non ageingrelated public spending and a stock of debt to be repaid) is used to compare the macroeconomic impact of four scenarios: a) increasing taxes to finance unchanged pensions and repay public debt, b) lowering future pension replacement rates and repaying public debt through a lower ratio of non ageing-related outlays to GDP, c) raising the retirement age by 1.25 years per decade and increasing taxes only to pay off debt, and d) increasing the retirement age by 1.25 years per decade and paying off debt through a lower ratio of non ageing-related expenditure to GDP. This last scenario is the one where growth is strongest: with gradual increases in the retirement age and spending restraint, average GDP growth in the 2010s would be 0.34 percentage point stronger than in a scenario where fiscal consolidation is achieved exclusively through tax hikes. The appropriate conclusion from the model is not that public spending is bad per se, but that cuts to lower-priority spending items can deliver surprisingly large income gains compared with the alternative of raising taxes.
    DOI: 10.1787/414711615127
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    Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 : Télécommunications, transports terrestres, eau et électricité (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264024014
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (412 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructure to 2030; Telecom, Land Transport, Water and Electricity
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructure to 2030: Telecom, Land Transport, Water and Electricity
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics
    Abstract: L’énergie, les transports, l’eau et les télécommunications sont autant d’infrastructures indispensables au développement et à la croissance, aujourd’hui comme demain. Au cours des prochaines décennies, les besoins en investissements infrastructurels seront massifs, et se chiffreront en trillions de dollars. Comment seront financés ces investissements, alors que les populations des pays de l’OCDE vieillissent rapidement et que la situation des finances publiques devient plus délicate ? Comment des facteurs tels que l’urbanisation, le changement climatique et la mondialisation affecteront-ils le développement des infrastructures dans les pays de l’OCDE ? et comment le rôle du secteur public et des acteurs privés évoluera-t-il au fil du temps ? Ce ne sont là que quelques-unes des questions que le rapport de l'OCDE rapport soulève dans son évaluation à long terme du devenir des infrastructures des pays de l'OCDE et de la zone non-OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264024014-fr
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    Consolidating Macroeconomic Adjustment in Brazil (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.531
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: Brazil has made considerable progress in recent years towards consolidating macroeconomic stability, which is a key framework condition for sustained growth. Monetary policy continues to respond swiftly to changes in the inflation outlook, anchoring expectations. Fiscal policy has been guided by debt sustainability considerations, delivering primary budget surpluses that have often exceeded the end-year targets. Nevertheless, while the public debt-to-GDP has been reduced, it remains high, especially in comparison with other emerging-market economies. Brazil?s overarching macroeconomic challenge is therefore to continue to reduce the public debt overhang while improving the quality of fiscal adjustment, which has so far been underpinned by revenue hikes, rather than a retrenchment of expenditure commitments. To do so, measures will need to be taken to arrest the increase in current spending, especially on pensions, paving the way for subsequently removing distortions and reducing the tax burden over the medium to longer term, once the debt-to-GDP ratio has been reduced in a sustainable manner. The favourable domestic macroeconomic environment, with falling inflation and improving growth prospects, appears propitious for reform towards the gradual phasing-out of directed credit and a reduction in compulsory reserve requirements.
    DOI: 10.1787/361015676222
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    Boosting Innovation Performance in Brazil (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.532
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: Brazil's main challenge in innovation policy is to encourage the business sector to engage in productivity-enhancing innovative activities. At 1% of GDP, R&D spending (both public and private) is comparatively low by OECD standards and is carried out predominantly by the government. Most scientists work in public universities and research institutions, rather than in the business sector. Output indicators, such as the number of patents held abroad, suggest that there is much scope for improvement. Academic patenting effort is being stepped up and should be facilitated by the easing of restrictions on the transfer and sharing of proceeds of intellectual property rights between businesses and public universities and research institutions. Innovation policy is beginning to focus on the potential synergies among science and technology promotion, R&D support and trade competitiveness. To be successful in boosting business innovation, these policies will need to be complemented by measures aimed at tackling the shortage of skills in the labour force; this shortage is among the most important deterrents to innovation in Brazil, particularly against the backdrop of a widening gap in tertiary educational attainment with respect to the OECD area.
    DOI: 10.1787/357276015553
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    Short-Term Pain for Long-Term Gain : The Impact of Structural Reform on Fiscal of Outcomes in EMU (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.522
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: The 2005 reform of the EU Stability and Growth Pact has provided leeway for governments to let their fiscal deficit temporarily breach the 3% rule to finance the immediate budgetary cost of structural reform, such as compensation schemes to offset redistributive effects. Against this backdrop, it is useful to dispose of empirical estimates of the effect of structural reform on fiscal outcomes, not only the short term cost but also the long-run fiscal gain stemming from changes in spending parameters and better economic performance. Based on econometric estimates for a pool of 21 OECD countries, this study finds a significant net fiscal gain of structural reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/412188318674
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    L' espace à l'horizon 2030 : quel avenir pour les applications spatiales ? (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020351
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Space 2030; Exploring the Future of Space Applications
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Space 2030: Exploring the Future of Space Applications
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Depuis le lancement du Spoutnik en 1957, l’attention des médias a été pratiquement monopolisée par des missions spatiales spectaculaires comme l’alunissage d’Apollo en 1969 ou, plus récemment, les étonnantes images de Mars transmises par Mars Pathfinder en 1997 puis par Spirit en 2004. Pourtant, les acteurs de la conquête spatiale ont aussi connu des revers, avec des événements dramatiques comme la tragédie de Columbia, des dépassements budgétaires vertigineux, des espoirs largement déçus et des réductions drastiques des financements publics destinés aux programmes spatiaux. Au fil des années, les progrès des technologies spatiales ont conduit au développement d’équipements militaires et civils de plus en plus sophistiqués. Quelles sont maintenant les perspectives du secteur spatial ? Quels sont les obstacles à la poursuite de son développement ? Quel est son avenir à plus long terme ? Quelles sont ses applications les plus prometteuses ? Pour répondre à ces questions, ce rapport examine un certain nombre de scénarios afin d’explorer les possibilités d’évolution des principales composantes du secteur spatial (le volet militaire, le volet civil et le volet commercial) sur les trois décennies à venir, compte tenu des évolutions d’ordre géopolitique, socio-économique, énergétique et environnemental, et technologique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020351-fr
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  • 78
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    Sources of Inflation Persistence in the Euro Area (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.435
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: In recent years, inflation in the euro area has failed to decelerate decisively while cyclical slack built up in the economy. Is this phenomenon more than a peculiarity in recent data? Is it related to structural policy settings? Econometric analysis conducted on two decades of quarterly data covering 17 countries yields a yes on both counts. First, inflation is shown to respond significantly more weakly to cyclical slack in the euro area than in countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States or Canada. Secondly, this lack of responsiveness is found to be related in a statistically significant way to more rigid structural policy settings. The results pass a wide range of robustness checks. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of the euro area (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/euroarea).
    DOI: 10.1787/854075872581
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  • 79
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    Estimating a Fiscal Reaction Function : The Case of Debt Sustainability in Brazil (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.423
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: This paper reviews recent trends in fiscal performance in Brazil, estimates fiscal reaction functions for the consolidated public sector and different levels of government, and tests for the sustainability of the public debt dynamics. The empirical analysis, based on monthly data for the period 1995-2004, suggests that all levels of government react strongly to changes in indebtedness by adjusting their primary budget surplus targets. In addition, the central government appears to follow a spend-and-tax policy: changes in revenue are affected strongly by expenditure, with about two-thirds of changes in primary spending being offset through higher revenue over the long term. Institutions are also found to matter for fiscal sustainability. The responsiveness of sub-national fiscal stance to indebtedness, as well as that of central government revenue to changes in primary spending, appears to have strengthened after 1998, when ceilings on indebtedness were introduced.
    DOI: 10.1787/556325773018
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  • 80
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    L' espace à l'horizon 2030 : Relever les défis de la société de demain (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264008359
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Space 2030; Tackling Society's Challenges
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Space 2030: Tackling Society's Challenges
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage explore le rôle potentiel de la technologie spatiale dans cinq grands domaines : l'environnement, l'utilisation des ressources naturelles, la mobilité des biens et des personnes, les menaces sur le plan de la sécurité et le développement de la société de l'information. Il passe en revue les problèmes que peut poser le développement d’applications spatiales, et analyse les forces et les faiblesses des dispositifs institutionnels, légaux et réglementaires qui régissent actuellement les activités spatiales dans la zone de l’OCDE et au-delà. Sur la base de cette analyse, il propose pour finir un cadre général dans lequel les gouvernements pourraient inscrire des politiques qui permettraient de concrétiser le potentiel que l’espace a à offrir.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264008359-fr
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  • 81
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    Education Attainment in Brazil : The Experience of FUNDEF (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.424
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: For many years, Brazil lagged behind other middle-income countries in terms of school enrolment rates. But since 1998 policies have aimed at bridging this gap, in particular, with the implementation of FUNDEF, a fund for financing sub-national spending on primary and lower-secondary education. Using state- and municipality-level data during 1991-2002, this paper shows that FUNDEF played a key role in the increase in enrolment rates over the period, particularly in small municipalities, which rely more heavily on transfers from higher levels of government as a source of revenue. These findings underscore the importance of FUNDEF in eliminating supply constraints to the improvement of education attainment. Enrolment rates are now nearly universal for primary and lower-secondary education. Emphasis should therefore be placed on policies to improve the quality of services and to remove supply constraints to the expansion of enrolment in upper-secondary and tertiary education.
    DOI: 10.1787/556807485718
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  • 82
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    Les échanges et l'ajustement structurel (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064607
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade and Structural Adjustment
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Sur la base d’une proposition formulée par la Suède à la réunion du Conseil de l’OCDE au niveau des ministres de 2003, l’OCDE a entrepris une étude sur les échanges et l’ajustement structurel, qui a été lancée en tant que projet horizontal par le Conseil après délibérations dans les comités de substance concernés. Le Conseil souhaitait que soit réalisée une analyse sectorielle et prospective des échanges et de l’ajustement structurel, étayée par des monographies par pays. L’objectif était d’achever le projet à temps pour la réunion ministérielle de 2005. L’objectif de cette étude a été de mettre en évidence, pour les pays développés et les pays en développement, les conditions nécessaires à la réussite de l’ajustement structurel induit par les échanges, en redéployant le travail et le capital vers des utilisations plus efficaces, tout en limitant les coûts de l’ajustement pour les individus, les communautés et la société dans son ensemble. Huit secteurs ont été plus particulièrement retenus : l’agriculture, les pêcheries, les textiles et les vêtements, l’acier, la construction navale, les véhicules à moteur, les services de santé et la soustraitance internationale des TI et des services aux entreprises.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064607-fr
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  • 83
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    Catastrophes de grande ampleur : les leçons du passé (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020214
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Large-scale Disasters; Lessons Learned
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Large-scale Disasters: Lessons Learned
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: Depuis l’accident nucléaire de Tchernobyl jusqu’aux attaques terroristes du 11 septembre, en passant par l’ouragan Andrew ou le tremblement de terre de Kobe, les années récentes ont vu se succéder des catastrophes de grande ampleur qui ont causé de lourdes pertes en termes de vies, d’actifs et de richesse. Ces événements ont mis à mal le fonctionnement de systèmes vitaux tels que les transports ou l’approvisionnement en énergie, et eu des répercussions dans les zones avoisinantes et parfois même lointaines. Ils ont pu créer un sentiment général d’anxiété, et parfois entraîner une méfiance durable des citoyens quant à la capacité des gouvernants à les protéger. Ce livre s’appuie sur un rapport préparé entre mai et juillet 2003 par une équipe pluridisciplinaire d’experts de l'OCDE et d’autres organisations. Il analyse les conséquences économiques et sociales des catastrophes de grande ampleur survenues dans le passé, et en tire des leçons pour l’avenir. Il s’intéresse en particulier aux moyens de mieux prévenir les désastres et à la façon dont on peut restaurer la confiance et assurer le redémarrage économique après leur survenue.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020214-fr
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  • 84
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    Fostering Innovation in Chile (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.454
    Keywords: Economics ; Chile
    Abstract: A good framework for investment in innovation can contribute to increasing Chile’s growth potential. Spending on R&D is currently low in relation to GDP and heavily reliant on government financing. Innovation activity in the business sector is also limited by insufficient seed and venture capital and human capital constraints. This is despite several favourable framework conditions, including a stable macro-economy, liberal foreign trade and investment regimes, and reasonably pro-competition regulations in product markets. The government intends to increase public spending on R&D, to be financed by revenue from the mining tax introduced in May 2005, and to create a National Innovation Council. The effectiveness of these measures will depend largely on the extent to which they will boost business-financed innovation consistent with Chile’s comparative advantages. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Chile (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/chile).
    DOI: 10.1787/835465402444
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  • 85
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    Les Services et la croissance économique : Emploi, productivité et innovation (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064584
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Growth in Services; Fostering Employment, Productivity and Innovation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Growth in Services: Fostering Employment, Productivity and Innovation
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Lors de sa réunion de mai 2003, le Conseil au niveau des ministres avait demandé à l’OCDE d’analyser la contribution du secteur des services à la croissance de l’emploi, à la productivité et à l’innovation et de mettre en évidence les facteurs, institutions et politiques susceptibles de renforcer les perspectives de croissance de ce secteur. En conséquence, l’OCDE a lancé une étude associant plusieurs Directions. Le présent rapport tire les principales conclusions de fond de ce projet. Il complète le rapport de l’OCDE sur les échanges et l’ajustement structurel, et propose des orientations stratégiques sur la manière dont les pays de l’OCDE peuvent s’ajuster à l’évolution des échanges internationaux. Pris ensemble, ces rapports présentent un programme concret en vue de renforcer la croissance et de réagir à la mondialisation, au changement structurel et à la montée en puissance des services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064584-fr
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  • 86
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    Strengthening Regulation in Chile : The Case of Network Industries (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.455
    Keywords: Economics ; Chile
    Abstract: Chile’s regulatory framework is working reasonably well. The country’s structural reforms since the 1980s, with the privatisation of utilities and deregulation of product and labour markets, have improved resource allocation and increased the population’s access to basic services, while calling for a comprehensive upgrading of regulatory institutions. At the same time, public-private partnerships (PPPs) are contributing to closing Chile’s infrastructure deficit, particularly in transport. The recurrent cuts in shipments of natural gas from Argentina since 2004 have put additional strain on regulation in the electricity sector to encourage investment in generation and ensure the security of supply. This paper reviews regulatory reform in three network industries (electricity, gas and telecoms), where further liberalisation, particularly in electricity retailing, and improvements in the regulation of telecoms would do much to further improve the business climate. The governance of public-private partnerships can be improved by increasing transparency and accountability in the concession process. In doing so, the government’s exposure to contingent liabilities can be contained. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Chile (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/chile).
    DOI: 10.1787/831502583012
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  • 87
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    Mesurer la mondialisation : Manuel de l'OCDE sur les indicateurs de la mondialisation économique (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264108110
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Globalisation; OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators; (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Globalisation: OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators: (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators: (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Ce manuel donne des indications sur la façon de mesurer et d’interpréter les mesures de l’intensité et l’ampleur de la mondialisation. Il définit les concepts et propose des lignes directrices pour le recueil des données et la mise au point d’indicateurs de la mondialisation. Il traite en particulier des indicateurs se rapportant à l’investissement direct étranger, aux activités économiques des entreprises multinationales, à l’internationalisation de la technologie et à la mondialisation des échanges.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108110-fr
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  • 88
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    House Prices and Inflation in the Euro Area (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.450
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: The inflation measure used by the European Central Bank excludes housing costs that are borne by home owners even though they make up more than a tenth of household final consumption expenditure in the euro area. Has the exclusion of owner-occupied housing costs driven a wedge between the official harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP) and the cost of living? To answer this question, a measure of the user cost of housing capital has been constructed for every euro area country (except Luxembourg). User costs are measured taking into account property taxes but net of tax breaks that home owners enjoy on mortgage repayments. The user cost measure is combined with the HICP to derive a “broad” inflation estimate. For the sake of comparison, an alternative estimate has been put together using imputed rents. The main conclusion is that owner-occupied housing costs have an impact. Another important conclusion is that the effect of owner-occupied housing costs on inflation varies noticeably with the method used to incorporate them into the price index. The paper finally discusses the choice of the method from the point of view of economic policy makers. "This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Euro Area (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Euroarea)"
    DOI: 10.1787/037842735074
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  • 89
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    Manuel d'Oslo : Principes directeurs pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation, 3e édition (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264013124
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Edition: 3e édition
    Series Statement: La mesure des activités scientifiques et technologiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oslo Manual; Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Oslo ; Guía para la recogida e interpretación de datos sobre innovación, 3 edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oslo Manual; Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Oslo : Guía para la recogida e interpretación de datos sobre innovación, 3 edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition (Russian version)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Le Manuel d'Oslo est la principale source internationale de principes directeurs en matière de collecte et d'utilisation d'informations sur les activités d'innovation dans l'industrie. Cette troisième édition tient compte des progrès réalisés dans la compréhension du processus de l' l'innovation, de l'expérience acquise lors de la précédente série de recherche sur l'innovation. Elle prend également compte de l'ouverture du champ d'investigation vers d'autres secteurs de l'industrie et des dernières révisions de classification des normes internationales.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264013124-fr
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  • 90
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    Saving Behaviour and the Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.397
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which fiscal policy actions may be offset by simultaneous, anticipatory changes in private saving, as well as the determinants of that offset. The conditions under which private agents will engage in forward-looking consumption-smoothing behaviour are quite strict and unlikely to hold fully in practice. However, based on a sample of at most 21 OECD countries spanning the period 1970-2002, there is strong evidence of partial, yet substantial, offsetting movements in aggregate private and public saving. The overall offset is estimated at between about one-third and one-half, depending on model specification, and applies both to public consumption and revenue shifts. This is consistent with a marked degree of anticipatory private sector behaviour, insofar as the ex ante saving “leakage” embedded in the pure Keynesian or IS/LM type models would be expected to be smaller and apply only to revenues and transfers. Wealth effects, as in the case of rising equity and housing prices, are found to have an important complementary impact on saving, usually in reinforcing the direct saving offset. Initial conditions, as reflected in debt/GDP ratios are also found to influence the size of the offset.
    DOI: 10.1787/335042602762
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  • 91
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    OCDE Forum 2002 : Coup de projecteur sur le Forum 2002 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264298842
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Forum 2002; Forum Highlights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Forum 2002: Forum Highlights
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264298842-fr
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  • 92
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    L' économie de la sécurité (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107755
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Security Economy
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Alors que le marché des biens et services de sécurité a connu un développement massif depuis les attentats du 9 septembre 2001, cette étude examine les coûts que pourraient avoir des perturbations majeures, les arbitrages entre une plus grande sécurité et l’efficience économique et les conséquences du renforcement de la surveillance du point de vue de la vie privée et des libertés démocratiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107755-fr
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  • 93
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    Comprendre la croissance économique : Analyse au niveau macroéconomique, au niveau sectoriel et au niveau de l'entreprise (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020412
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Understanding Economic Growth; A Macro-level, Industry-level, and Firm-level Perspective
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Was ist Wirtschaftswachstum?; Eine Betrachtung aus makroökonomischer, branchenbezogener und betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compreender o Crescimento Económico; Nível macro, nível industrial, nível empresarial
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Understanding Economic Growth: A Macro-level, Industry-level, and Firm-level Perspective
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Was ist Wirtschaftswachstum?: Eine Betrachtung aus makroökonomischer, branchenbezogener und betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compreender o Crescimento Económico: Nível macro, nível industrial, nível empresarial
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Particulièrement riche en données factuelles et chiffrées, cet ouvrage est un instrument très précieux d’analyse de la croissance économique dans les pays de l'OCDE. Il examine le profil de croissance des pays de l'OCDE cette dernière décennie et identifie les facteurs fondamentaux de la croissance. Il montre en quoi (et pourquoi) les réactions de chaque économie diffèrent face à l’évolution de ces facteurs. L’ouvrage étudie la croissance au niveau macroéconomique, au niveau sectoriel et au niveau de l’entreprise. Il analyse également la contribution des technologies de l’information (TI) à chacun de ces niveaux.Étayé par plus de 50 tableaux et graphiques, l’ouvrage permet de mieux comprendre la véritable nature de la croissance économique. En 2000, à l’apogée de la nouvelle économie, on encensait les TI qui, croyait-on, transformeraient radicalement les économies de l'OCDE et auraient des effets bénéfiques considérables. Mais le récent ralentissement économique a détruit plusieurs des mythes qu’avaient suscités les TI. Quelle est la véritable contribution des TI à la croissance économique ? Comprendre la croissance économique traite de ces questions en profondeur et apporte un nouvel éclairage sur la croissance économique. Dans une nouvelle présentation agréable, l’ouvrage est une introduction idéale pour comprendre la genèse de la croissance économique. Il intéressera un large public d’économistes et d’étudiants en économie. Pour en savoir plus : Les Sources de la croissance économique dans les pays de l’OCDE (2003) et Les TIC et la croissance économique : panorama des industries, des entreprises et des pays de l'OCDE (2003).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020412-fr
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  • 94
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    Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, République Tchèque 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264275997
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, Czech Republic 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews: Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, Czech Republic 2002
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Czech Republic
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264275997-fr
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  • 95
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    Les risques émergents au XXIe siècle : Vers un programme d'action (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264101234
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Emerging Risks in the 21st Century; An Agenda for Action
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Emerging Risks in the 21st Century: An Agenda for Action
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage explore les répercussions de l’évolution des grands risques depuis ces dernières années sur l’économie et la société du XXIe siècle en matière de catastrophes naturelles, maladies nouvelles, attentats terroristes et perturbations majeures d’infrastructures essentielles en s’intéressant à un éventuel accroissement de la vulnérabilité des grands systèmes. Cette publication privilégie cinq grands groupes de risques : les catastrophes naturelles, les accidents technologiques, les maladies infectieuses, la sécurité alimentaire et le terrorisme. Il propose aux pouvoirs publics et au secteur privé un certain nombre de recommandations susceptibles d’améliorer la gestion des risques systémiques émergents.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264101234-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 96
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    Online Resource
    Rentabilité des banques : Notes méthodologiques par pays Edition 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264100886
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bank Profitability; Methodological Country Notes 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bank Profitability: Methodological Country Notes 2002
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: Les statistiques de l’OCDE sur les banques, publiées chaque année sous le titre Rentabilité des banques : Comptes des banques, fournissent un instrument sans équivalent pour analyser l’évolution de la rentabilité des banques dans les pays membres de l'OCDE. Les notes méthodologiques par pays, incluses dans ce volume, complètent la publication statistique et ont été préparées afin de faciliter la compréhension et l'interprétation des statistiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264100886-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 97
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    Online Resource
    Compte satellite du tourisme : recommandations concernant le cadre conceptuel (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020078
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tourism Satellite Account; Recommended Methodological Framework
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette publication présente les recommandations concernant le cadre conceptuel du compte satellite du tourisme qui a été défini par un groupe de travail intersecrétariats réuni par la Division de statistique des Nations Unies, avec la participation de l'Office statistique des Communautés européennes, de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques et de l'Organisation mondiale du tourisme. Ces trois organismes feront le nécessaire pour promouvoir la mise en œuvre des recommandations dans leurs pays membres. Les recommandations ont été approuvées par la Commission de statistique à sa trente-et-unième session, en 2000.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020078-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 98
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    Les TIC et la croissance économique : Panorama des industries, des entreprises et des pays de l'OCDE (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264101319
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. ICT and Economic Growth; Evidence from OECD countries, industries and firms
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. ICT and Economic Growth: Evidence from OECD countries, industries and firms
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: En 2000, au plus fort de la nouvelle économie, les TIC était acclamées comme la technologie qui allait révolutionner l’économie des pays de l’OCDE et leur apporter d’innombrables bienfaits. Le coup de frein qui a suivi a fait voler en éclats un certain nombre d’idées fausses sur les TIC : les cycles économiques ne sont pas finis ; les valorisations boursières doivent en effet s’appuyer sur les bénéfices ; et non, le secteur des TIC n’est pas à l’abri des crises. Pour autant il ne faudrait pas oublier les changements structurels et les avantages économiques qu’a déjà amenés et qu’amène encore aujourd’hui la diffusion des TIC. Cette étude examine les incidences des TIC sur la performance des entreprises et les stratégies susceptibles d’en tirer le meilleur profit. Revenant sur les effets déjà constatés sur l’économie, elle analyse les raisons pour lesquelles certains pays ont investi plus que d’autres dans ces technologies, et cherche à expliquer pourquoi seulement une partie d’entre eux ont pleinement pris la mesure de ce que les TIC peuvent leur apporter. Elle fait valoir que les TIC demeureront une technologie importante au cours des années à venir, car les réseaux irriguent désormais toute l’économie. À présent, il importe de savoir comment se servir au mieux de ces technologies. Cet ouvrage démontre de façon éloquente que les TIC, à défaut d'être une panacée, peuvent contribuer à faire évoluer l’activité des entreprises et les rendre plus performantes. Mais cette mutation ne se produira que si l’environnement est concurrentiel et si les investissements informatiques s’accompagnent de changements organisationnels, d’investissements dans les qualifications et d’une gestion avisée. Ce livre est un plaidoyer pour une stratégie publique globale visant à tirer le meilleur des technologies de l’information et de la communication.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264101319-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 99
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    Online Resource
    Manuel de Frascati 2002 : Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264299047
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: La mesure des activités scientifiques et technologiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002; Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002: Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: En cette période de mutations technologiques rapides, la recherche-développement (R-D) constitue un facteur de croissance important. Pour élaborer des politiques adéquates et bien les analyser, il est essentiel de suivre les activités de R-D de l’industrie, des gouvernements et des universités. Le Manuel de Frascati est devenu la référence méthodologique en matière de recueil et d’exploitation des statistiques de R-D. C'est un outil dont les bureaux de statistiques du monde entier ne sauraient se passer. Ce manuel contient les définitions des notions de base, des principes directeurs pour la collecte de données ainsi que les classifications à utiliser pour la compilation des statistiques. Le manuel a été actualisé : on trouvera dans cette sixième édition des principes directeurs mieux adaptés au suivi de l’évolution des pays de l’OCDE, notamment pour la mesure de la R-D du secteur des services, l’internationalisation de la R-D ainsi que les ressources humaines qui y sont affectées. Le manuel sera également publié sous forme électronique, de façon à pouvoir être mis à jour en temps utile.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264299047-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 100
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    Online Resource
    Manuel sur la mesure de l'économie non observée (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264275355
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring the Non-Observed Economy; A Handbook
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual sobre la medición de la economía no observada
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring the Non-Observed Economy: A Handbook
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: L’objectif de ce Manuel essentiel consiste à définir et à faire connaître les pratiques exemplaires utilisées pour mesurer l’économie non observée selon des modalités compatibles avec les normes internationales et en particulier avec le Système de comptabilité nationale 1993. En outre, le Manuel indique comment on peut réaliser des estimations indépendantes du secteur informel, de la production souterraine, de la production des ménages pour leur usage propre et de certaines activités illégales. Cet ouvrage s’adresse aux producteurs et aux utilisateurs de statistiques macro-économiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264275355-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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