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  • Coudouel, Aline  (5)
  • Maloney, William  (5)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (10)
  • Social Protections and Labor  (10)
  • Financial Literacy
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stress Testing Adaptive Social Protection Systems in the Sahel (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Crisis ; Sahel ; Shocks ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Sahel region of Africa faces multiple crises, which further compound structural economic and human development challenges. The Sahel is one of the world's poorest regions and displays some of the lowest levels of human capital globally. Violence and insecurity in the Sahel have significantly increased in the past decade, with several countries experiencing active armed conflict and unrest. The impacts of climate change compound existing vulnerabilities and risks. Finally, the external shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have impacted the Sahel, eroding purchasing power and aggravating poverty. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) plays a critical role in preventing or mitigating the negative impacts of shocks and boosting resilience for long-term development. ASP has emerged as a flexible and dynamic approach to social protection during the past decade. It combines and exploits synergies between social protection, disaster risk management (DRM), and climate change adaptation. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) plays a critical role in preventing or mitigating the negative impacts of shocks and boosting resilience for long-term development. The Sahel's vulnerability and exposure to shocks and crises is set to increase with accelerating climate change, calling for a shift from often externally funded, ad hoc responses toward building sustainable, government-led system. Over the past decade, ASP has been on a remarkable trajectory in the Sahel, and this is an appropriate time to take stock of the situation. This report provides an overview of the state of ASP across six Sahelian countries - Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal - as well as a set of recommendations for actions to strengthen the adaptiveness and responsiveness of existing systems to shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/40814
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Efficiency of Planning, Programming and Delivery of Social Protection Programs on Early Years (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Bildungsinvestition ; Kinder ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Bangladesch ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Investing in children's human capital is one of the most critical investments a country can make to break the cycle of poverty and reap the demographic dividend. It can support the productivity and competitiveness of the future workforce and thus affect the growth trajectory of the country. Adequate stimulation and nutrition, especially during the first years of life, is critical for children's physical, cognitive, and socioemotional growth and development. And children who are left behind in their formative years are often unable to reach strong learning outcomes. To maximize the impact of social protection programs, it is critical to: (1) align the allocation of resources with national policies and strategies; (2) design programs that are able to reach their intended beneficiaries with adequate coverage and benefits; (3) ensure efficiency in programming and financing; and (4) ensure efficiency in actual program delivery at the local level. This policy note analyses all four points based on the findings of the recent social protection public expenditure review, but with a particular focus on mother and child programs. It highlights areas where challenges remain and proposes policy recommendations to address those
    DOI: 10.1596/36558
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Adequacy of Coverage, Targeting and Benefits of Social Protection Programs (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In Bangladesh, regular increases in social protection budget have typically prioritized increases in coverage over increases in benefit size or amounts. To maximize the impact of social protection (SP) programs, it is critical to: (1) align the allocation of resources with national policies and strategies; (2) design programs that are able to reach their intended beneficiaries with adequate coverage and level of benefits; (3) ensure efficiency in programming and financing; and (4) ensure efficiency in the actual delivery of programs at the local level. This policy note analyses point (2), the adequacy of SP programs in Bangladesh, and highlights areas where challenges remain and proposes policy reforms to address those. It focuses on the three elements of the design of social protection (SP) programs that are critical to maximum impacts on poverty and vulnerability: (1) the extent to which programs have the right size and coverage; (2) the extent to which programs effectively reach or target the right beneficiaries; and (3) the extent to which programs provide these beneficiaries with the right benefits. The optimal combination of these elements depends on programs' policy objectives, the needs or demands of target population groups, the types of beneficiaries or programs, and available resources
    DOI: 10.1596/36253
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Allocative Efficiency : Better Align Social Protection Resources with National Policy (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Labor Market ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Policy making requires categorizations, which are commensurate with strategic directions. Social protection is a term, which can be used to describe a broad range of programs. The National Social Security Strategy (NSSS) of Bangladesh has a rather broad scope, covering what many define as safety nets or social assistance, as well as insurance against some risks, programs addressing shocks, and interventions focused on employment or productivity. This policy note analyses the extent to which resources are allocated efficiently, in line with national strategies and priorities. In particular, this policy note discusses the importance of policy relevant categorization/classification of programs; gaps and challenges in resource allocation in respect to the needs of different demographic and socio-economic groups and/or in respect to functions Social protection (SP) programs are supposed to play. It proposes reforms which could address some of the challenges identified
    DOI: 10.1596/36250
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Efficiency in the Programming and Financing of Social Protection (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Social protection (SP) in Bangladesh is characterized by a large number of programs. Multiple agencies implement numerous interventions. To maximize the impact of social protection programs, it is critical to: (1) align the allocation of resources with national policies and strategies; (2) design programs that are able to reach their intended beneficiaries with adequate coverage and level of benefits; (3) ensure efficiency in programming and financing; and (4) ensure efficiency in the actual delivery of programs at the local level. This policy note analyses point (3), the processes of budgeting, programming, and reporting on SP budget, highlights areas where challenges remain, and proposes policy recommendations to address those
    DOI: 10.1596/36252
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Cyclical Movements In Unemployment And Informality In Developing Countries (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano Cyclical Movements In Unemployment And Informality In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Adjustment process ; Formal labor market ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Worker ; Workers ; Adjustment process ; Formal labor market ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Worker ; Workers ; Adjustment process ; Formal labor market ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Worker ; Workers
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the cyclical properties of worker flows in Brazil and Mexico, two important developing countries with large unregulated or "informal" sectors. It generates three stylized facts that are critical to the accurate modeling of the sector and which suggest the need to rethink the approaches to date. First, the unemployment rate is countercyclical essentially because job separations of informal workers increase dramatically in recessions. Second, the share of formal employment is countercyclical because of the difficulty of finding formal jobs from inactivity, unemployment and other informal jobs during recessions rather than because of increased separation from formal jobs. Third, flows from formality into informality are not countercyclical, but, if anything, pro-cyclical. Together, these challenge the conventional wisdom that has guided the modeling the sector that informal workers are primarily those rationed out of the formal labor market. They also offer a new synthesis of the mechanics of the cyclical adjustment process. Finally, the paper offers estimates of the moments of worker flows series that are needed for calibration
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Comparative Analysis of Labor Market Dynamics Using Markov Processes : An Application To Informality (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano Comparative Analysis of Labor Market Dynamics Using Markov Processes
    Keywords: Informal Labor Market ; Informal Sector ; Job Turnover ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Younger Workers ; Informal Labor Market ; Informal Sector ; Job Turnover ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Younger Workers ; Informal Labor Market ; Informal Sector ; Job Turnover ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Younger Workers
    Abstract: This paper discusses a set of statistics for examining and comparing labor market dynamics based on the estimation of continuous time Markov transition processes. It then uses these to establish stylized facts about dynamic patterns of movement using panel data from Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. The estimates suggest broad commonalities among the three countries, and establish numerous common patterns of worker mobility among sectors of work and inactivity. As such, we offer some of the first comparative work on labor dynamics. The paper then particularly focuses on the role of the informal sector, both for its intrinsic interest, and as a case study illustrating the strengths and limits of the tools. The results suggest that a substantial part of the informal sector, particularly the self-employed, corresponds to voluntary entry although informal salaried work may correspond more closely to the standard queuing view, especially for younger workers
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Human capital, trade liberalization, and income risk (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maloney, William Human capital, trade liberalization, and income risk
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign competition ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Income ; Incomplete Markets ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Labor Policies ; Lowering trade barriers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade policy ; Wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign competition ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Income ; Incomplete Markets ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Labor Policies ; Lowering trade barriers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade policy ; Wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign competition ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Income ; Incomplete Markets ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Labor Policies ; Lowering trade barriers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade policy ; Wages
    Abstract: Using data from Mexico, the authors study empirically the link between trade policy and individual income risk and the extent to which this varies across workers of different human capital (education) levels. They use longitudinal income data on workers to estimate time-varying individual income risk parameters in different manufacturing sectors in Mexico between 1987 and 1998, a period in which the Mexican economy experienced substantial changes in trade policy. In a second step, they use the variations in trade policy across different sectors and over time to estimate the link between trade policy and income risk for workers of varying education levels. The authors' findings are as follows. The level of openness of an economy is not found to be related to income risk for workers of any type. Furthermore, changes in trade policy (that is, trade policy reforms) are not found to have any effect on the risk to income faced by workers with either low or high levels of human capital. But workers with intermediate levels of human capital are found to experience a statistically and economically significant increase in income risk immediately following liberalization of trade. The findings thus point to an interesting non-monotonicity in the interaction between human capital, income risk and trade policy changes
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    The Determinants of Rising Informality In Brazil : Evidence From Gross Worker Flows (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano The Determinants of Rising Informality In Brazil
    Keywords: Business cycles ; Drivers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal sector ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor costs ; Labor force ; Labor legislation ; Labor market ; Labor markets ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker ; Business cycles ; Drivers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal sector ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor costs ; Labor force ; Labor legislation ; Labor market ; Labor markets ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker ; Business cycles ; Drivers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal sector ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor costs ; Labor force ; Labor legislation ; Labor market ; Labor markets ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker
    Abstract: This paper studies gross worker flows to explain the rising informality in Brazilian metropolitan labor markets from 1983 to 2002. This period covers two economic cycles, several stabilization plans, a far-reaching trade liberalization, and changes in labor legislation through the Constitutional reform of 1988. First, focusing on cyclical patterns, the authors confirm that for Brazil, the patterns of worker transitions between formality and informality correspond primarily to the job-to-job dynamics observed in the United States, and not to the traditional idea of the informal queuing for jobs in a segmented market. However, the analysis also confirms distinct cyclical patterns of job finding and separation rates that lead to the informal sector absorbing more labor during downturns. Second, focusing on secular movements in gross flows and the volatility of flows, the paper finds the rise in informality to be driven primarily by a reduction in job finding rates in the formal sector. A small fraction of this is driven by trade liberalization, and the remainder seems driven by rising labor costs and reduced flexibility arising from Constitutional reform
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Labor Market Dynamics In Developing Countries : Comparative Analysis Using Continuous Time Markov Processes (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano Labor Market Dynamics In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Business Cycle ; Disguised Unemployment ; Employment Spell ; Estimated Parameters ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Job Creation ; Job Destruction ; Job Destruction Rate ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Legislation ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment Spells ; Worker ; Workers ; Business Cycle ; Disguised Unemployment ; Employment Spell ; Estimated Parameters ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Job Creation ; Job Destruction ; Job Destruction Rate ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Legislation ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment Spells ; Worker ; Workers ; Business Cycle ; Disguised Unemployment ; Employment Spell ; Estimated Parameters ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Job Creation ; Job Destruction ; Job Destruction Rate ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Legislation ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment Spells ; Worker ; Workers
    Abstract: The authors study the dynamics of three developing country labor markets using recent advances in the estimation of continuous time Markov processes. They first examine the flows of workers among five states: three types of paid labor, unemployment, and out of the labor force. The authors find a high degree of commonality in patterns of worker flows among the three countries and attempt to compare the flexibility of the markets by examining an index of overall mobility. Second, they seek to establish whether the issues of advanced country labor markets apply to developing country markets or whether the latter constitute a different phylum. Paralleling the mainstream literature on the role of being out of the labor force as discouraged unemployment, the authors then identify some common stylized facts about the role of the informal self-employed and salaried sectors and to what degree they serve as a holding pattern versus a desirable alternative to formal sector work. In the process, the authors identify very strong differences in mobility patterns between men and women and attempt to shed some light on whether these differences arise from discrimination or perhaps instead the constraints imposed by household responsibilities. Finally, they study labor market adjustment across the business cycle in Mexico and identify patterns of job creation and destruction among the three paid sectors and confirm the mainstream view of the role of out of the labor force as a procyclical phenomenon
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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