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  • Ianchovichina, Elena  (8)
  • Christiaensen, Luc  (7)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (15)
  • Social Protections and Labor  (11)
  • Private Sector Development  (6)
  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Jobs, Food and Greening : Exploring Implications of the Green Transition for Jobs in the Agri-food System (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agri-Food Jobs ; Agricultural Pollution ; Agriculture Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Industry ; Food Industry Pollution ; Green Issues ; Green Transition Jobs ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth Employment
    Abstract: The agri-food system (AFS) employs about one third of the global workforce and contributes about one third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This together with its large exposure to the effects of climate change and environmental degradation makes what happens in AFS central to the green transition and its implications for jobs and the structural transformation. Microeconomic evidence suggests that the adoption of climate smart agricultural practices will increase labor requirements, at least in the short run and at lower levels of incomes, when its mechanization is still limited. Econometric macro-model-based simulations suggest however that especially substantial investment in climate friendly agricultural R and D as well as soil and water preserving practices and market integration will more than offset the negative effects of climate change and even accelerate the structural transformation, especially in Sub Saharan Africa. Overall, the findings underscore the tremendous potential of increasing agricultural and climate friendly R and D investment for brokering an environmentally sustainable structural transformation. Repurposing of agriculture's current USD 638 billion support package towards supporting more climate friendly practices, including to overcome the time lag between the moment of investment and the realization of the benefits, provides an important policy entry point
    DOI: 10.1596/39819
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 2
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    Heterogeneous Agglomeration Economies in the Developing Countries : The Roles of Firm Characteristics, Sector Tradability, and Urban Mobility (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Burger, Martijn Heterogeneous Agglomeration Economies in the Developing Countries: The Roles of Firm Characteristics, Sector Tradability, and Urban Mobility
    Keywords: Agglomeration Economy ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Crime and Society ; Economic Potential Of City ; Effect Of Congestion ; Fixed Effect Model ; General Manufacturing ; Labor Markets ; Labor Productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Random Effects Model ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Using geo-coded, firm-level data on more than 51,000 establishments in 649 metropolitan areas in 98 developing economies, from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys and a new global database on city-level mobility and congestion, this paper estimates the "pure" firm productivity gains of urban density, net of negative externalities associated with limited mobility, crime, and pollution. The results suggest that the average size of agglomeration economies in the developing world is comparable to the one observed in advanced countries, but the magnitude of the benefits of density on firm productivity substantially varies across firms. Returns to urban density are higher for firms operating in the tradables sector, exporters, foreign-owned firms, larger firms, and more experienced firms. Agglomeration economies are lost through both limited uncongested mobility and congestion, but the latter has a stronger negative effect on agglomeration economies and reduces relatively more the agglomeration benefits of firms in the non-tradables sector than those producing tradables
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9954
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  • 3
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    Spatial Development and Mobility Frictions in Latin America : Theory-based Empirical Evidence (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Conte, Bruno Spatial Development and Mobility Frictions in Latin America: Theory-based Empirical Evidence
    Keywords: Economic Geography ; Employment and Unemployment ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Rates ; Latin America ; Migration Frictions ; Mobility Frictions ; Productivity Differences ; Quantitative Trade Models ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spacial Development ; Trade Costs ; Wages ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: Using fine-grained spatial data and a dynamic spatial general equilibrium model, this paper assesses the magnitude of mobility frictions in Latin America as well as the effects of their reduction on spatial development in the region. The results suggest that in most Latin American countries, migration frictions calibrated based on spatially differentiated initial utility are on average smaller and less dispersed than those obtained assuming uniform within-country initial utility. A reduction in trade costs due to optimal investments in road infrastructure in most Latin American countries increases the present discounted value of real per capita income on average in the region by 15.1 percent. This effect is larger than the effects obtained with static quantitative trade models because of substantial dynamic gains. By contrast, a reduction in migration entry costs in the most productive and more populous locations in the Latin American countries has a negligible effect on the present discounted value of the region's real per capita income, reflecting the relatively small dispersion in domestic migration frictions and their relatively low levels in top locations. In both counterfactuals, the welfare increases are significantly larger than the increases in real per capita output because the reductions in mobility frictions allow people to relocate to areas with better amenities and therefore derive higher utility. These results suggest that trade costs, not migration barriers, represent a major constraint to the efficient spatial distribution of economic activity and growth in Latin America
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10071
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  • 4
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    Towards a Just Coal Transition Labor Market Challenges and People's Perspectives from Silesia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Coal and Lignite ; Employment and Unemployment ; Energy ; Environment ; Green Issues ; Labor Market ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Part of a three-region set of papers analyzing coal-related labor market challenges in Poland, this paper focuses on Silesia. The findings call for a more territorial-oriented approach to brokering the coal transition, rather than a sectoral one. First, the number of jobs directly linked to coal-mining in Silesia is substantial, with 72,000 employees in the mining conglomerates, and an additional 17,000 providing goods and services to the mines. Second, coal-related employment is heavily concentrated geographically: as much as 40 percent of the population of Bierunsko-Iedzinski is employed directly and indirectly in the mining sector, and 80 percent of the mining conglomerates' contract value goes to subcontractors within a 20km radius of the mines. Third, the coal sector is highly integrated among a few large firms: 28 percent of the indirect workforce is employed by 10 subcontractors. Fourth, workers in the mining conglomerates have lower foundational (but better technical) skills than their regional and national counterparts, especially those with lower education. Finally, while eager to work, discrete choice experiments about their job attribute preferences show that they are averse to both, commuting and relocating for work, even though less so than in Wielkopolska, yet more so that in Lower Silesia, the two other regions. Together this suggests that there are important welfare and political economic benefits to adequate job creation locally. The paper further advances a data-driven viable-job-matching tool specifically tailored to the Polish labor market and illustrates how it could be used to assess the potential of local labor markets and future investments to absorb the coal-affected workers accounting for their skills profile, re/upskilling needs, and job attribute preferences
    DOI: 10.1596/38119
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  • 5
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    Towards a Just Coal Transition : Labor Market Challenges and People's Perspectives from Lower Silesia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Part of a three-region set of papers analyzing coal-related labor market challenges in Poland, this paper focuses on Lower Silesia. The findings call for a more territorial-oriented approach to brokering the coal transition, rather than a sectoral one. First, while the number of people directly and indirectly affected by coal mine closures in Lower Silesia (~5,500) is relatively small compared to the total regional labor force (lessthan1%), affected workers are heavily concentrated geographically. Second, workers in heavily affected municipalities have lower foundational (but better technical) skills than their regional and national counterparts, and already operate in lagging local economies. Third, while eager to work, discrete choice experiments about their job attribute preferences show that they are averse to both, commuting and relocating for work, even though less so than in Silesia and Wielkopolska, the two other regions. Together this suggests that there are important welfare and political economic benefits to adequate job creation locally. The paper further advances a data-driven viable-job-matching tool specifically tailored to the Polish labor market and illustrates how it could be used to assess the potential of local labor markets and future investments to absorb the coal-affected workers accounting for their skills profile, re/upskilling needs and job attribute preferences
    DOI: 10.1596/38090
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  • 6
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    Rural Employment in Africa : Trends and Challenges (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Employment and Unemployment ; Food Security ; Labor Markets ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Africa's rural population continues to expand rapidly and labor productivity in agriculture and many rural off farm activities remains low. This paper uses the lens of a dual economy and the associated patterns of agricultural, rural, and structural transformation to review the evolution of Africa's rural employment and its inclusiveness. Many African countries still find themselves in an early stage of the agricultural and rural transformation. Given smaller sectoral productivity gaps than commonly assumed, greater size effects and larger spillovers, investment in agriculture and the rural off-farm economy remains warranted to broker the transition to more and more productive rural employment. The key policy questions thus become how best to invest in the agri-food system (on and increasingly also off the farm) and how best to generate demand for nonagricultural goods and services which rural households can competitively produce. Informing these choices continues to present a major research agenda, with digitization, the imperative of greening and intra-African liberalization raising many unarticulated and undocumented opportunities and challenges
    DOI: 10.1596/37023
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  • 7
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    Towards a Just Coal Transition Labor Market Challenges and People's Perspectives from Wielkopolska (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Coal ; Coal and Lignite ; Employment and Unemployment ; Energy ; Energy Sector ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Part of a three-region set of papers analyzing coal-related labor market challenges in Poland, this paper focuses on Wielkopolska, which is most advanced in the transition out of coal. Finding viable job transitions is of enormous importance. The findings call for a more territorial-oriented approach to brokering the coal transition, rather than a sectoral one. First, even though limited from a regional perspective (4,000 workers), affected jobs are highly concentrated in a few already lagging and depopulating municipalities. Second, while coal-related workers are similarly skilled as other workers in Wielkopolska, non-coal related workers in the at-risk municipalities are substantially less skilled, exposing them to potential displacement effects. Finally, while ready to work and to be re-skilled, discrete choice experiments about their job attribute preferences show that all workers are averse both to commuting and relocating for work, even more so than in Silesia and Lower Silesia. Complementary social protection and employment support will be needed, and the paper suggests some policy options based on international experience. The paper concludes by illustrating how a big-data driven job-matching tool, calibrated on the Polish labor market, could be used to assist caseworkers in identifying "viable-job-transition-pathways" for affected workers as well as to help policymakers identify reskilling needs and attract investments
    DOI: 10.1596/38175
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  • 8
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    Migrants, Markets, and Mayors : Rising Above the Employment Challenge in Africa's Secondary Cities - Key Insights (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development ; Urban Governance and Management ; Urban Labor Market ; Urbanization
    Abstract: In our rapidly urbanizing world, mayors often see migrants as a burden to their city's labor market and a threat to its development. Drawing on national household surveys and four secondary city case studies in Africa, this study finds that migrants, being younger, better educated and/or complementary to the resident labor force, usually strengthen the urban labor force. In secondary cities, labor market outcomes for migrants are at least as good as those for residents. Migrants also contribute increasingly less to urban population growth. Secondary cities thus appear well placed to leverage migration. This requires good urban management that develops land and labor markets, prepares for growth and benefits everyone, migrants as well as residents. Migrant specific interventions are warranted when divisions between natives and migrants are deep. Strengthening the financial, technical, and planning capacity of towns to better integrate migrants is part and parcel of the good job's agenda
    DOI: 10.1596/36755
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  • 9
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    Consumption Risk, Technology Adoption, And Poverty Traps : Evidence From Ethiopia (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Christiaensen, Luc Consumption Risk, Technology Adoption, And Poverty Traps
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Assets ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Decision making ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Income ; Inefficiency ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Product markets ; Profitability ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sunk costs ; Transactions costs ; Wealth ; Agriculture ; Assets ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Decision making ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Income ; Inefficiency ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Product markets ; Profitability ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sunk costs ; Transactions costs ; Wealth ; Agriculture ; Assets ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Decision making ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Income ; Inefficiency ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Product markets ; Profitability ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sunk costs ; Transactions costs ; Wealth
    Abstract: Much has been written on the determinants of input and technology adoption in agriculture, with issues such as input availability, knowledge and education, risk preferences, profitability, and credit constraints receiving much attention. This paper focuses on a factor that has been less well documented-the differential ability of households to take on risky production technologies for fear of the welfare consequences if shocks result in poor harvests. Building on an explicit model, this is explored in panel data for Ethiopia. Historical rainfall distributions are used to identify the counterfactual consumption risk. Controlling for unobserved household and time-varying village characteristics, it emerges that not just ex-ante credit constraints, but also the possibly low consumption outcomes when harvests fail, discourage the application of fertilizer. The lack of insurance causes inefficiency in production choices
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  • 10
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    Growth Diagnostics For A Resource-Rich Transition Economy : The Case of Mongolia (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Growth Diagnostics For A Resource-Rich Transition Economy
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bottlenecks ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Tax ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation Services ; Wealth ; Access to Finance ; Bottlenecks ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Tax ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation Services ; Wealth ; Access to Finance ; Bottlenecks ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Tax ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation Services ; Wealth
    Abstract: This paper uses a growth diagnostics approach à la Hausmann, Rodrik, and Velasco (HRV) to identify the most 'binding' constraints to private sector growth in Mongolia - a small, low-income, mineral-rich, transition economy. The approach of applying the HRV methodology is useful in those cases where a lack of data prevents us from estimating shadow prices to identify the most 'binding' constraint to growth. We find that although Mongolia is not liquidity constrained and has grown rapidly in recent years, economic growth has been narrowly based. Investment has flowed mainly into a small number of firms operating in mining and construction. The low level of private investment in sectors outside mining and construction has been due to low returns - a result of costly and unreliable transportation services; lengthy and complex transit procedures, including customs and trade rules; distortionary taxes; coordination failures, at both domestic and international levels; and growing corruption. Poor financial intermediation is also a problem that has kept the cost of finance high, although lower than in previous years. Alleviating these binding constraints will ensure that Mongolia maintains the path towards sustained, broad-based growth
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  • 11
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    China, India, And The Future of The World Economy : Fierce Competition Or Shared Growth? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dimaranan, Betina China, India, And The Future of The World Economy
    Keywords: Comparative advantage ; Competitiveness ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Human capital ; Income ; Income levels ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Partial equilibrium analyses ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Total factor productivity ; Trade Policy ; Comparative advantage ; Competitiveness ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Human capital ; Income ; Income levels ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Partial equilibrium analyses ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Total factor productivity ; Trade Policy ; Comparative advantage ; Competitiveness ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Human capital ; Income ; Income levels ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Partial equilibrium analyses ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Total factor productivity ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Although both China and India are labor-abundant and dependant on manufactures, their export mixes are very different. Only one product-refined petroleum-appears in the top 25 products for both countries, and services exports are roughly twice as important for India as for China, which is much better integrated into global production networks. Even assuming India also begins to integrate into global production chains and expands exports of manufactures, there seems to be opportunity for rapid growth in both countries. Accelerated growth through efficiency improvements in China and India, especially in their high-tech industries, will intensify competition in global markets leading to contraction of the manufacturing sectors in many countries. Improvement in the range and quality of exports from China and India has the potential to create substantial welfare benefits for the world, and for China and India, and to act as a powerful offset to the terms-of-trade losses otherwise associated with rapid export growth. However, without efforts to keep up with China and India, some countries may see further erosion of their export shares and high-tech manufacturing sectors
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  • 12
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    Economic Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Martin, Will Economic Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Base Year ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reform ; World Trade Organization ; Base Year ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reform ; World Trade Organization ; Base Year ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reform ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: Ianchovichina and Martin present estimates of the impact of accession by China and Chinese Taipei to the World Trade Organization. China is estimated to be the biggest beneficiary, followed by Chinese Taipei and their major trading partners. Accession will boost the labor-intensive manufacturing sectors in China, especially the textiles and apparel sector that will benefit directly from the removal of quotas on textiles and apparel exports to North America and Western Europe. Consequently, developing economies competing with China in third markets may suffer relatively small losses. China has already benefited from the reforms undertaken between 1995 and 2001 (US
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  • 13
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    Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty
    Keywords: Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: Many fear China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) will impoverish its rural people by way of greater import competition in its agricultural markets. Anderson, Huang, and Ianchovichina explore that possibility bearing in mind that, even if producer prices of some (land-intensive) farm products fall, prices of other (labor-intensive) farm products could rise. Also, the removal of restrictions on exports of textiles and clothing could boost town and village enterprises, so demand for unskilled labor for nonfarm work in rural areas may grow even if demand for farm labor in aggregate falls. New estimates, from the global economywide numerical simulation model known as GTAP, of the likely changes in agricultural and other product prices as a result of WTO accession are drawn on to examine empirically the factor reward implications of China's WTO accession. The results suggest farm-nonfarm and Western-Eastern income inequality may well rise in China but rural-urban income inequality need not. The authors conclude with some policy suggestions for alleviating any pockets of farm household poverty that may emerge as a result of WTO accession. This paper—a product of the Economic Policy Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network—is part of a larger effort in the network to assess the impact of China's WTO accession
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  • 14
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    The Impact of China's WTO Accession on East Asia (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena The Impact of China's WTO Accession on East Asia
    Keywords: Capital ; Capital Markets ; Comparative Advantage ; Competition ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exchange Rates ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; World Trade Organization ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Comparative Advantage ; Competition ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exchange Rates ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; World Trade Organization ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Comparative Advantage ; Competition ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exchange Rates ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: China's World Trade Organization (WTO) accession will have major implications for China and present both opportunities and challenges for East Asia. Ianchovichina and Walmsley assess the possible channels through which China's accession to the WTO could affect East Asia and quantify these effects using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model. China will be the biggest beneficiary of accession, followed by the industrial and newly industrializing economies (NIEs) in East Asia. But their benefits are small relative to the size of their economies and to the vigorous growth projected to occur in the region over the next 10 years. By contrast, developing countries in East Asia are expected to incur small declines in real GDP and welfare as a result of China's accession, mainly because with the elimination of quotas on Chinese textile and apparel exports to industrial countries China will become a formidable competitor in areas in which these countries have comparative advantage. With WTO accession China will increase its demand for petrochemicals, electronics, machinery, and equipment from Japan and the NIEs, and farm, timber, energy products, and other manufactures from the developing countries in East Asia. New foreign investment is likely to flow into these expanding sectors. The overall impact on foreign investment is likely to be positive in the NIEs, but negative for the less developed East Asian countries as a result of the contraction of these economies' textile and apparel sector. As China becomes a more efficient supplier of services or a more efficient producer of high-end manufactures, its comparative advantage will shift into higher-end products. This is good news for the poor developing economies in East Asia, but it implies that the impact of China's WTO accession on the NIEs may change to include heightened competition in global markets. This paper—a product of the Economic Policy Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network—is part of a larger effort in the network to assess the impact of China's WTO accession
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  • 15
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    Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization (2001)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; World Trade Organization ; Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; World Trade Organization ; Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: (June 2001) - China's forthcoming access to the World Trade Organization involves reform in many sectors, both domestic and trade-related. The starting point for reform is a partially reformed economy with relatively high import duties, in which export sectors benefit from liberal duty exemptions on inputs. Both China and its major trading partners will gain from access—with China gaining most (perhaps half of the estimated
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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