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  • Bunge, Mario  (9)
  • McGuinness, Brian  (8)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (17)
  • Dordrecht : Springer Science+Business Media B.V
  • Hoboken : Taylor and Francis
  • Science—Philosophy.  (16)
  • Linguistics Philosophy  (2)
  • 1
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    The Philosophy of Michael Dummett (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401583367
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIII, 394 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 239
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Metaphysics ; Mathematical logic. ; Philosophy—History. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: This book contains seminal discussions of central issues in the philosophy of language, mathematics, mind, religion and time. Is common language conceptually prior to idiolectics? What is a theory of meaning? Does constructivism provide a satisfactory account of mathematics? What are indefinitely extensible concepts? Can we change the past? These are only some of the very important questions addressed here. Both the papers written by the contributors and Dummett's replies provide a great wealth of stimulating ideas for those who currently do research in the respective areas touched upon without making the reading exceedingly tedious. This feature, common to most of the papers in this book, makes it possible to use the material presented in undergraduate courses at university level
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8336-7
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  • 2
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    Reminiscences of the Vienna Circle and the Mathematical Colloquium (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401111027
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (276p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Vienna Circle Collection 20
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    Schlagwort(e): Humanities ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; History ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Mathematical logic. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I The Historical Background -- II The Cultural Background -- III The Philosophical Atmosphere in Vienna -- IV Why the Circle invited me. The Theory of Curves and Dimension Theory -- V Vignettes of the Members of the Circle in 1927 -- VI Reminiscences of the Wittgenstein Family -- VII Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Austrian Dictionary -- VIII Wittgenstein’s Tractatus and the Early Circle -- IX On the Communication of Metaphysical Ideas. Wittgenstein’s Ontology -- X Wittgenstein, Brower, and the Circle -- XI Discussions in the Circle 1927–30 -- XII Poland and the Vienna Circle -- XIII The United States 1930–31 -- XIV Discussions in the Circle 1931–34 -- XV The Circle on Ethics -- XVI Moritz Schlick’s Final Years -- Memories of Kurt Gödel -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: Karl Menger was born in Vienna on January 13, 1902, the only child of two gifted parents. His mother Hermione, nee Andermann (1870-1922), in addition to her musical abilities, wrote and published short stories and novelettes, while his father Carl (1840-1921) was the noted Austrian economist, one of the founders of marginal utility theory. A highly cultured man, and a liberal rationalist in the nine­ teenth century sense, the elder Menger had witnessed the defeat and humiliation of the old Austrian empire by Bismarck's Prussia, and the subsequent establishment under Prussian leadership of a militaristic, mystically nationalistic, state-capitalist German empire - in effect, the first modern "military-industrial complex. " These events helped frame in him a set of attitudes that he later transmitted to his son, and which included an appreciation of cultural attainments and tolerance and respect for cultural differences, com­ bined with a deep suspicion of rabid nationalism, particularly the German variety. Also a fascination with structure, whether artistic, scientific, philosophical, or theological, but a rejection of any aura of mysticism or mumbo-jumbo accompanying such structure. Thus the son remarked at least once that the archangels' chant that begins the Prolog im Himmel in Goethe's Faust was perhaps the most viii INTRODUCTION beautiful thing in the German language "but of course it doesn't mean anything.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-1102-7
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  • 3
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    Ethics and the Will : Essays (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401108287
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XV, 142 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Vienna Circle Collection 21
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Ethics ; Philosophy of mind ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: The contribution made by the Vienna Circle to ethics and the philosophy of action is increasingly being recognized. Here two previously unpublished pieces by Moritz Schlick and his pupil Josef Schächter set the scene, showing how ethics is not dependent on metaphysics but does require a sensitivity to strata of language other than that of science. Schächter (author of Prolegomena to a Critical Grammar, also in the VCC, and now doyen of educational philosophers in Israel) further develops this ethical theme in a too little known study of pessimistic dicta that he published in 1938. He succeeds (without ever assenting to it) in giving sense to the idea that it were better for a man never to have been born. The bulk of the book is devoted to two works by Friedrich Waismann, probably written not long after his emigration to England, also in 1938. There are a paper on ethics and science, which defends the Wittgensteinian view that morality is something one cannot defend, but only profess, and (itself more than half the volume) a treatise on will and motive, where the influence of Wittgenstein is mediated by that of Ryle and where many points in modern theory of action are anticipated with the author's usual sensitivity both to language and to the complexity of the human situation. (Joachim Schulte recently edited these two works in the original German, otherwise they have remained unpublished). This valuable addition to the VCC should illuminate both the history of the Circle and the kind of reflection on language and action which dominates the practical philosophy of our own day
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0828-7
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  • 4
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    Treatise on Basic Philosophy : Ethics: The Good and The Right (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400926011
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 8
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Political science Philosophy ; Social sciences Methodology ; Ethics ; Political science—Philosophy. ; Sociology—Methodology. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: of Ethics -- 1. Value, Morality and Action: Fact, Theory, and Metatheory -- 2. Basic Schema of Values, Norms and Actions -- 3. Relations between Axiology, Ethics and Action Theory -- 4. The Task -- I Values -- 1. Roots of Values -- 2. Welfare -- 3. Value Theory -- II Morals -- 4. Roots of Morals -- 5. Morality Changes -- 6. Some Moral Issues -- III Ethics -- 7. Types of Ethical Theory -- 8. Ethics Et Alia -- 9. Metaethics -- IV Action Theory -- 10. Action -- 11. Social Philosophy -- 12 Values and Morals for a Viable Future -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of this Introduction is to sketch our approach to the study of value, morality and action, and to show the place we assign it in the system of human knowledge. 1. VALUE, MORALITY AND ACTION: FACT, THEORY, AND METATHEORY We take it that all animals evaluate some things and some processes, and that some of them learn the social behavior patterns we call 'moral principles', and even act according to them at least some of the time. An animal incapable of evaluating anything would be very short-lived; and a social animal that did not observe the accepted social behavior patterns would be punished. These are facts about values, morals and behavior patterns: they are incorporated into the bodies of animals or the structure of social groups. We distinguish then the facts of valuation, morality and action from the study of such facts. This study can be scientific, philosophic or both. wayan animal evaluates environmental A zoologist may investigate the or internal stimuli; a social psychologist may examine the way children learn, or fail to learn, certain values and norms when placed in certain environments. And a philosopher may study such descriptive or explan­ atory studies, with a view to evaluating valuations, moral norms, or behavior patterns; he may analyze the very concepts of value, morals and action, as well as their cognates; or he may criticize or reconstruct value beliefs, moral norms and action plans.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2601-1
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  • 5
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    Unified Science : The Vienna Circle Monograph Series originally edited by Otto Neurath, now in an English edition (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938656
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Vienna Circle Collection 19
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Kurzfassung: The Monographs -- 1. Unified Science and Psychology (1932) -- 2. Logic, Mathematics, and Knowledge of Nature (1933) -- 3. The Task of the Logic of Science (1934) -- 4. What Is Meant by a Rational Economic Theory? (1935) -- 5. The Fall of Mechanistic Physics (1936) -- 6. Towards an Encyclopedia of Unified Science (1937). -- 7. Ernst Mach and the Scientific Conception of the World (1938) -- 8-9. Interpretation: Logical Analysis of a Method of Historical Research (1939) -- Notes.
    Kurzfassung: a priori, and what is more, to a rejection based ultimately on a posteriori findings; in other words, the "pure" science of nature in Kant's sense of the term had proved to be, not only not pure, but even false. As for logic and mathematics, the decisive works of Frege, Russell, and White­ head suggested two conclusions: first, that it was possible to construct mathematics on the basis of logic (logicism), and secondly, that logical propositions had an irrevocably analytic status. But within the frame­ work of logicism, the status of logical propositions is passed on to mathematical ones, and mathematical propositions are therefore also conceived of as analytic. All this creates a situation where the existential presupposition contained in the Kantian question about the possibility of judgements that are both synthetic and a priori must, it seems, be rejected as false. But to drop this presupposition is, at the same time, to strike at the very core of Kant's programme of putting the natural sciences on a philosophical foundation. The failure of the modern attempt to do so suggests at the same time a reversal of the relationship between philosophy and the individual sciences: it is not the task of philosophy to meddle with the foundations of the individual sciences; being the less successful discipline, its task is rather to seek guidance from the principles of rationality operative in the individual sciences.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3865-6
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  • 6
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    Scientific Materialism (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789400985179
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 9
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I: Being -- 1. Matter Today -- 2. Materialism Today -- II: Becoming -- 3. Modes of Becoming -- 4. A Critique of Dialectics -- III: Mind -- 5. A Materialist Theory of Mind -- 6. Mind Evolving -- IV: Culture -- 7. A Materialist Concept of Culture -- 8. Popper’s Unworldly World 3 -- V: Concept -- 9. The Status of Concepts -- 10. Logic, Semantics, and Ontology -- New Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous -- Sources -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: The word 'materialism' is ambiguous: it designates a moral doc­ trine as well as a philosophy and, indeed, an entire world view. Moral materialism is identical with hedonism, or the doctrine that humans should pursue only their own pleasure. Philosophical ma­ terialismis the view that the real worId is composed exclusively of material things. The two doctrines are logically independent: hedonism is consistent with immaterialism, and materialism is compatible with high minded morals. We shall be concerned ex­ c1usively with philosophical materialism. And we shall not confuse it with realism, or the epistemological doctrine that knowIedge, or at any rate scientific knowledge, attempts to represent reality. Philosophical materialism is not a recent fad and it is not a solid block: it is as old as philosophy and it has gone through six quite different stages. The first was ancient materialism, centered around Greek and Indian atomism. The second was the revival of the first during the 17th century. The third was 18th century ma­ terialism, partly derived from one side of Descartes' ambiguous legacy. The fourth was the mid-19th century "scientific" material­ ism, which flourished mainly in Germany and England, and was tied to the upsurge of chemistry and biology. The fifth was dialec­ tical and historical materialism, which accompanied the consolida­ tion of the socialist ideology. And the sixth or current stage, evolved mainly by Australian and American philosophers, is aca­ demic and nonpartisan but otherwise very heterogeneous. Ancient materialism was thoroughly mechanistic.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8517-9
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  • 7
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    Empiricism, Logic and Mathematics : Philosophical Papers (1980)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789400989825
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (168p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Vienna Circle Collection 13
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I Superfluous Entities, or Occam’s Razor (1930) -- II The Significance of the Scientific World View, Especially for Mathematics and Physics (1930) -- III Discussion about the Foundations of Mathematics (1930) -- IV Empiricism, Mathematics, and Logic (1929) -- V Reflections on Max Planck’s Positivismus und reale Aussenwelt (?1931) -- VI Review of Alfred Pringsheim, Vorlesungen über Zahlen- und Funktionenlehre, Vol. I, parts I and II, Leipzig and Berlin 1916 (1919) -- VII The Crisis in Intuition (1933) -- VIII Does the Infinite exist? (1934) -- Bibliography of the Works of H. Hahn.
    Kurzfassung: The role Hans Hahn played in the Vienna Circle has not always been sufficiently appreciated. It was important in several ways. In the ftrst place, Hahn belonged to the trio of the original planners of the Circle. As students at the University of Vienna and throughout the fIrst decade of this century, he and his friends, Philipp Frank and Otto Neurath, met more or less regularly to discuss philosophical questions. When Hahn accepted his fIrSt professorial position, at the University of Czernowitz in the north­ east of the Austrian empire, and the paths of the three friends parted, they decided to continue such informal discussions at some future time - perhaps in a somewhat larger group and with the cooperation of a philosopher from the university. Various events delayed the execution of the project. Drafted into the Austrian army during the first world war" Hahn was wounded on the Italian front. Toward the end of the war he accepted an offer from the University of Bonn extended in recognition of his remarkable 1 mathematical achievements. He remained in Bonn until the spring of 1921 when he returm:d to Vienna and a chair of mathe­ matics at his alma mater. There, in 1922, the Mach-Boltzmann professorship for the philosophy of the inductive sciences became vacant by the death of Adolf Stohr; and Hahn saw a chance to realize his and his friends' old plan.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8982-5
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  • 8
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    Treatise on Basic Philosophy : Ontology II: A World of Systems (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789400993921
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 4
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Kurzfassung: of Ontology II -- 1. System -- 1. Basic Concepts -- 2. System Representations -- 3. Basic Assumptions -- 4. Systemicity -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- 2. Chemism -- 1. Chemical System -- 2. Biochemical System -- 3. Life -- 1. From Chemism to Life -- 2. Biofunction -- 3. Evolution -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- 4. Mind -- 1. Central Nervous System -- 2. Brain States -- 3. Sensation to Valuation -- 4. Recall to Knowledge -- 5. Self to Society -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- 5. Society -- 1. Human Society -- 2. Social Subsystems and Supersystems -- 3. Economy, Culture, and Polity -- 4. Social Structure -- 5. Social Change -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- 6. A Systemic World View -- 6.1. A World of Systems -- 6.2. System Genera -- 6.3. Novelty Sources -- 6.4. Emergence -- 6.5. Systemism Supersedes Atomism and Holism -- 6.6. Synopsis -- Appendix A. System models -- 1. Input-Output Models -- 1.1. The Black Box -- 1.2. Connecting Black Boxes -- 1.3. Control System -- 1.4. Stability and Breakdown -- 2. Grey Box Models -- 2.1. Generalities -- 2.2. Deterministic Automata -- 2.3. Probabilistic Automata -- 2.4. Information Systems -- Appendix B. Change models -- 1 Kinematical Models -- 1.1. Global Kinematics -- 1.2. Analytical Kinematics -- 1.3. Balance Equations -- 1.4. Lagrangian Framework -- 1.5. Kinematical Analogy -- 2. Dynamical Models -- 2.1. Generalities -- 2.2. Formalities -- 2.3. The Pervasiveness of Cooperation and Competition -- 2.4. The Dynamics of Competitive-Cooperative Processes -- 3. Qualitative Change Models -- 3.1. Kinematical: Birth and Death Operators -- 3.2. Dynamical: Random Hits -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9392-1
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  • 9
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    The Infinite in Mathematics : Logico-mathematical writings (1978)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789400997950
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Vienna Circle Collection 9
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical logic.
    Kurzfassung: The Infinite in Mathematics and its Elimination (1930) -- Preface -- Analytic Table of Contents -- 1. Basic Facts of Cognition -- II. Symbolism and Axiomatics -- III. Natural Number and Set -- IV. Negative Numbers, Fractions and Irrational Numbers -- V. Set Theory -- VI. The Problem of Complete Decidability of Arithmetical Questions -- VII. The Antinomies -- Remarks on the Controversy about the Foundations of Logic and Mathematics (1931) -- Questions of Logical Principle in the Investigation of the Foundations of Mathematics (ca. 1931) -- Bibliography of the Published Writings of Felix Kaufman -- Bibliography of Works cited in the Present Volume -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: The main item in the present volume was published in 1930 under the title Das Unendliche in der Mathematik und seine Ausschaltung. It was at that time the fullest systematic account from the standpoint of Husserl's phenomenology of what is known as 'finitism' (also as 'intuitionism' and 'constructivism') in mathematics. Since then, important changes have been required in philosophies of mathematics, in part because of Kurt Godel's epoch-making paper of 1931 which established the essential in­ completeness of arithmetic. In the light of that finding, a number of the claims made in the book (and in the accompanying articles) are demon­ strably mistaken. Nevertheless, as a whole it retains much of its original interest and value. It presents the issues in the foundations of mathematics that were under debate when it was written (and in some cases still are); , and it offers one alternative to the currently dominant set-theoretical definitions of the cardinal numbers and other arithmetical concepts. While still a student at the University of Vienna, Felix Kaufmann was greatly impressed by the early philosophical writings (especially by the Logische Untersuchungen) of Edmund Husser!' He was never an uncritical disciple of Husserl, and he integrated into his mature philosophy ideas from a wide assortment of intellectual sources. But he thought of himself as a phenomenologist, and made frequent use in all his major publications of many of Husserl's logical and epistemological theses.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9795-0
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  • 10
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    Treatise on Basic Philosophy : Ontology I: The Furniture of the World (1977)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401099240
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (370p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 3
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Ontology ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: of Ontology I -- 1. Ontological Problems -- 2. The Business of Ontology -- 3. Is Ontology Possible? -- 4. The Method of Scientific Ontology -- 5. The Goals of Scientific Ontology -- 6. Ontology and Formal Science -- 7. The Ontology of Science -- 8. Ontological Inputs and Outputs of Science and Technology -- 9. Uses of Ontology -- 10. Concluding Remarks -- 1. Substance -- 1. Association -- 2. Assembly -- 3. Entities and Sets -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- 2. Form -- 1. Property and Attribute -- 2. Analysis -- 3. Theory -- 4. Properties of Properties -- 5. Status of Properties -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- 3. Thing -- 1. Thing and Model Thing -- 2. State -- 3. From Class to Natural Kind -- 4. The World -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- 4. Possibility -- 1. Conceptual Possibility -- 2. Real Possibility -- 3. Disposition -- 4. Probability -- 5. Chance Propensity -- 6. Marginalia -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- 5. Change -- 1. Changeability -- 2. Event -- 3. Process -- 4. Action and Reaction -- 5. Panta Rhei -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- 6. Spacetime -- 1. Conflicting Views -- 2. Space -- 3. Duration -- 4. Spacetime -- 5. Spatiotemporal Properties -- 6. Matters of Existence -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: In this Introduction' we shall sketch the business of ontology, or metaphysics, and shall locate it on the map of learning. This has to be done because there are many ways of construing the word 'ontology' and because of the bad reputation metaphysics has suffered until recently - a well deserved one in most cases. 1. ONTOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Ontological (or metaphysical) views are answers to ontological ques­ tions. And ontological (or metaphysical) questions are questions with an extremely wide scope, such as 'Is the world material or ideal - or perhaps neutral?" 'Is there radical novelty, and if so how does it come about?', 'Is there objective chance or just an appearance of such due to human ignorance?', 'How is the mental related to the physical?', 'Is a community anything but the set of its members?', and 'Are there laws of history?'. Just as religion was born from helplessness, ideology from conflict, and technology from the need to master the environment, so metaphysics - just like theoretical science - was probably begotten by the awe and bewilderment at the boundless variety and apparent chaos of the phenomenal world, i. e. the sum total of human experience. Like the scientist, the metaphysician looked and looks for unity in diversity, for pattern in disorder, for structure in the amorphous heap of phenomena - and in some cases even for some sense, direction or finality in reality as a whole.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9924-0
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  • 11
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    Philosophical Papers (1977)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401011440
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (212p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Vienna Circle Collection 8
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Nature of the Axiom of Reducibility (1928) -- II. A Logical Analysis of the Concept of Probability (1930) -- III. The Concept of Identity (1936) -- IV. Moritz Schlick’s Significance for Philosophy (1936) -- V. Hypotheses (before 1936?) -- VI. Is Logic a Deductive Theory? (1938) -- VII. The Relevance of Psychology to Logic (1938) -- VIII. What is Logical Analysis? (1939) -- IX. Fiction (1950) -- X. A Note on Existence (1952) -- XI. A Remark on Experience (I950’s) -- XII. The Linguistic Technique (after 1953) -- XIII. Belief and Knowledge (1950’s) -- XIV. Two Accounts of Knowing (1950’s) -- Bibliography of Works by Friedrich Waismann -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1144-0
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  • 12
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    Treatise on Basic Philosophy : Semantics I: Sense and Reference (1974)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401099202
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (198p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Treatise on Basic Philosophy, Semantics I: Sense and Reference 1
    Serie: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 1
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Semantics ; Science—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Kurzfassung: of Semantics I -- 1. Goal -- 2. Method -- 1. Designation -- 1. Symbol and Idea -- 2. Designation -- 3. Metaphysical Concomitants -- 2. Reference -- 1. Motivation -- 2. The Reference Relation -- 3. The Reference Functions -- 4. Factual Reference -- 5. Relevance -- 6. Conclusion -- 3. Representation -- 1. Conceptual Representation -- 2. The Representation Relation -- 3. Modeling -- 4. Semantic Components of a Scientific Theory -- 5. Conclusion -- 4. Intension -- 1. Form is not Everything -- 2. A Calculus of Intensions -- 3. Some Relatives — Kindred and in Law -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- 5. Gist and Content -- 1. Closed Contexts -- 2. Sense as Purport or Logical Ancestry -- 3. Sense as Import or Logical Progeny -- 4. Full Sense -- 5. Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: In this Introduction we shall sketch a profile of our field of inquiry. This is necessary because semantics is too often mistaken for lexicography and therefore dismissed as trivial, while at other times it is disparaged for being concerned with reputedly shady characters such as meaning and allegedly defunct ones like truth. Moreover our special concern, the semantics of science, is a newcomer - at least as a systematic body - and therefore in need of an introduction. l. GOAL Semantics is the field of inquiry centrally concerned with meaning and truth. It can be empirical or nonempirical. When brought to bear on concrete objects, such as a community of speakers, semantics seeks to answer problems concerning certain linguistic facts - such as disclosing the interpretation code inherent in the language or explaning the speakers' ability or inability to utter and understand new sentences ofthe language. This kind of semantics will then be both theoretical and experimental: it will be a branch of what used to be called 'behavioral science'.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9920-2
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  • 13
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    Theoretical Physics and Philosophical Problems : Selected Writings (1974)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401020916
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (296p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Vienna Circle Collection 5
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Physics—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I/From Populäre Schriften: (Writings addressed to the Public) -- Dedication (1905) -- Foreword (1905) -- 1. On the Methods of Theoretical Physics (1892) -- 3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics (1886) -- 5. On the Significance of Theories (1890) -- 9. On Energetics (1896) -- 10. On the Indispensability of Atomism in Natural Science (1897) -- 11. More on Atomism (1897) -- 12. On the Question of the Objective Existence of Processes in Inanimate Nature (1897) -- 14. On the Development of the Methods of Theoretical Physics in Recent Times (1899) -- 16. On the Fundamental Principles and Equations of Mechanics, I, II (1899) -- 17. On the Principles of Mechanics, I, II (1900, 1902) -- 18. An Inaugural Lecture on Natural Philosophy (1903) -- 19. On Statistical Mechanics (1904) -- 20. Reply to a Lecture on Happiness given by Prof. Ostwald (1904) -- 22. On a Thesis of Schopenhauer’s (1905) -- II/From Nature51 (1895) -- On Certain Questions of the Theory of Gases -- III/From Encyclopaedia Britannica10,11 -- Model (1902) -- IV/From Vorlesungen Über Die Principe Der Mechanik (Lectures on the Principles of Mechanics) -- One (1897) -- Two (1904) -- Index Of Names.
    Kurzfassung: l. The work of Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906) consists of two kinds of writings: in the first part of his active life he devoted himself entirely to problems of physics, while in the second part he tried to find a philosoph­ 1 ical background for his activities in and around the natural sciences. Most scientists are much more aware of his creative work in physics than of his digressions on the meaning and structure of science. I think in the present case the reason is not so much that most scientists are usually almost entirely occupied with their trade, because Boltzmann's philosophical work is also concerned with the (natural) sciences. I rather believe that the quality and consistency of Boltzmann's purely scientific work is of a more appealing nature than his less structured considerations on human activity in science and in life in general. 2. I think that it may be appropriate for the readers of this anthology to say a few words on the main findings of Boltzmann in physics, since in the end their 'philosophical' inlpact has been larger than the effect of his later writings. Moreover some knowledge of his scientific achievements can be helpful for the understanding and appreciation of the essays printed in this book, which almost all stem from Boltzmann's philosophical period. Boltzmann was one of the main protagonists - at least in continental Europe - of atomistics for explaining the phenomena of physics.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2091-6
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  • 14
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    Semantics II: Interpretation and Truth (1974)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401099226
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (223p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 2
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Semantics ; Science—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Kurzfassung: Of Semantics II -- 6. Interpretation -- 1. Kinds of Interpretation -- 2. Mathematical Interpretation -- 3. Factual Interpretation -- 4. Pragmatic Aspects -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- 7. Meaning -- 1. Babel -- 2. The Synthetic View -- 3. Meaning Invariance and Change -- 4. Factual and Empirical Meanings -- 5. Meaning et alia -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- 8. Truth -- 1. Kinds of Truth -- 2. Truth of Reason and Truth of Fact -- 3. Degrees of Truth -- 4. Truth et alia -- 5. Closing Remarks -- 9. Offshoots -- 1. Extension -- 2. Vagueness -- 3. Definite Description -- 10. Neighbors -- 1. Mathematics -- 2. Logic -- 3. Epistemology -- 4. Metaphysics -- 5. Parting Words -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9922-6
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  • 15
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    Method, Model and Matter (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025195
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (204p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 44
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 44
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction: On Method in the Philosophy of Science -- I: Scientific Method -- 2. Testability Today -- 3. Is Biology Methodologically Unique? -- 4. The Axiomatic Method in Physics -- II: Conceptual Models -- 5. Concepts of Model -- 6. Analogy, Simulation, Representation -- 7. Mathematical Modeling in Social Science -- III: Metaphysics -- 8. Is Scientific Metaphysics Possible? -- 9. The Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Methodology of Levels -- 10. How do Realism, Materialism and Dialectics Fare in Contemporary Science? -- Name Index.
    Kurzfassung: This collection of essays deals with three clusters of problems in the philo­ sophy of science: scientific method, conceptual models, and ontological underpinnings. The disjointedness of topics is more apparent than real, since the whole book is concerned with the scientific knowledge of fact. Now, the aim of factual knowledge is the conceptual grasping of being, and this understanding is provided by theories of whatever there may be. If the theories are testable and specific, such as a theory of a particular chemical reaction, then they are often called 'theoretical models' and clas­ sed as scientific. If the theories are extremely general, like a theory of syn­ thesis and dissociation without any reference to a particular kind of stuff, then they may be called 'metaphysical' - as well as 'scientific' if they are consonant with science. Between these two extremes there is a whole gamut of kinds of factual theories. Thus the entire spectrum should be dominated by the scientific method, quite irrespective of the subject matter. This is the leitmotiv of the present book. The introductory chapter, on method in the philosophy of science, tackles the question 'Why don't scientists listen to their philosophers?'.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2519-5
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  • 16
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    Philosophy of Physics (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025225
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (IX, 251 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 45
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 45
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: 1 / Philosophy: Beacon or Trap -- 2 / Foundations: Clarity and Order -- 3 / Physical Theory: Overview -- 4 / The Referents of a Physical Theory -- 5 / Quantum Mechanics in Search of its Referent -- 6 / Analogy and Complementarity -- 7 / The Axiomatic Format -- 8 / Examples and Advantages of Axiomatics -- 9 / The Network of Theories -- 10 / The Theory/Experiment Interface -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: This book deals with some of the current issues in the philosophy, methodology and foundations of physics. Some such problems are: - Do mathematical formalisms interpret themselves or is it necessary to adjoin them interpretation assumptions, and if so how are these as­ sumptions to be framed? - What are physical theories about: physical systems or laboratory operations or both or neither? - How are the basic concepts of a theory to be introduced: by ref­ erence to measurements or by explicit definition or axiomatically? - What is the use ofaxiomatics in physics? - How are the various physical theories inter-related: like Chinese boxes or in more complex ways? - What is the role of analogy in the construction and in the inter­ pretation of physical theories? In particular, are classical analogues like those of particle and wave indispensable in quantum theories? - What is the role of the apparatus in quantum phenomena and what is the place of measurement theory in quantum mechanics? - How does a theory face experiment: single-handed or with the help of further theories? These and several other questions of the kind are met with by the research physicist, the physics teacher and the physics student in their everyday work. If dodged they will recur. And a wrong answer to them may obscure the understanding of what has been achieved and may even hamper further advancement. Philosophy, methodology and foundations, like rose bushes, are enjoyable when cultivated but become ugly and thorny when neglected.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2522-5
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  • 17
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    Exact Philosophy : Problems, Tools, and Goals (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025164
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 50
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 50
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I: Logic -- Matters of Relevance -- Notions of Relevance. Comments on Leblanc’s Paper -- II: Semantics -- Translation and Reduction -- A Program for the Semantics of Science -- III: Erotetics -- S-P Interrogatives -- IV: Philosophy of Mathematics -- Foundations as a Branch of Mathematics -- Naturalism in Mathematics. Comments on Hatcher’s Paper -- V: Philosophy of Science -- Deductive Explanation of Scientific Laws -- VI: Metaphysics -- Concepts of Randomness -- VII: Ethics -- The Logic of Conditional Obligation -- On Evaluating Deontic Logics. Comments on van Fraassen’s Paper -- VIII: Legal Philosophy -- The Intuitive Background of Normative Legal Discourse and Its Formalization -- IX: History of Philosophy -- Plato’s Phaedo Theory of Relations.
    Kurzfassung: The papers that follow were read and discussed at the first Symposium on Exact Philosophy. This conference was held at Montreal on November 4th and 5th, 1971, to celebrate the sesquicentennial of McGill University and establish the Society for Exact Philosophy. The expression 'exact philosophy' is taken to signify mathematical phi­ losophy, i.e., philosophy done with the explicit help of mathematical logic and mathematics. So far the expression denotes an attitude rather than a fully blown discipline: it intends to convey the intention to try and pro­ ceed in as exact a manner as we can in formulating and discussing phi­ losophical problems and theories. The kind of philosophy we wish to practice and promote is disciplined rather than wild, systematic rather than disconnected, and capable of being argued over rather than oracular. We believe that even metaphysics, notoriously riotous, can be subjected to the control of logic and mathematics. Even the history of philosophy, notoriously unsystematic, can benefit from an exact reconstruction of some classical ideas.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2516-4
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