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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.273
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Außenhandel ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Welt ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the evolving nature of digital trade and digital trade policies. It shows that digital trade has been growing faster than “non-digital” trade. By 2018, 24% of global trade (USD 5.1 trillion) could be considered digital trade. In parallel, countries have embraced digital trade provisions in trade agreements and new digital economy agreements have emerged. The empirical analysis shows that growing digital connectivity delivers a double dividend, increasing both domestic and international trade. It also shows that digital trade chapters have the potential to double the effect of trade agreements, while reductions in domestic barriers affecting digital trade have a strong export-enhancing effect, particularly in digitally-deliverable services. Overall, the results suggest that digital connectivity and digital trade policies play a significant and growing role in reducing trade costs and increasing trade across countries at all levels of development. The paper calls for wider participation and ambition in discussions at the WTO.
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.278
    Keywords: Trade ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper examines the nature and evolution of data localisation measures and their impact on business activity. It highlights that data localisation measures are growing and increasingly restrictive. By early 2023, 100 such measures were in place across 40 countries, with more than two-thirds combining local storage requirements with flow prohibition, the most restrictive form of data localisation. Insights gained from businesses operating in the e-payments, cloud computing, and air travel sectors suggest that data localisation can have unintended consequences. It not only increases operating costs, with implications for downstream users, but can also lead to increased vulnerabilities to fraud and cybersecurity risks, and reduced resilience to unexpected shocks. While international regulatory efforts have largely taken place through regional trade agreements (RTAs), this paper calls for continued monitoring of the regulatory environment with a view to informing efforts to agree on global rules that take into account legitimate public policy objectives while avoiding excessive fragmentation, especially through discussion at the WTO under the Joint Initiative on e-commerce.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.260
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) has strong potential to spur innovation, help firms create new value from data, and reduce trade costs. Growing interest in the economic and societal impacts of AI has also prompted interest in the trade implications of this new technology. While AI technologies have the potential to fundamentally change trade and international business models, trade itself can also be an important mechanism through which countries and firms access the inputs needed to build AI systems, whether goods, services, people or data, and through which they can deploy AI solutions globally. This paper explores the interlinkages between AI technologies and international trade and outlines key trade policy considerations for policy makers seeking to harness the full potential of AI technologies.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.262
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper maps the evolving data localisation landscape. It shows that the number of data localisation measures is on the rise and that the measures themselves are becoming more restrictive. The paper highlights the need to better understand and monitor the evolving regulatory environment with a view to enabling empirical analysis of the economic and societal implications of data localisation. This is an issue which is particularly important in the context of ongoing discussions on data localisation, be they in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) or in the context of the WTO Joint Statement Initiative on e-commerce.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.249
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Today, more parcels are crossing international borders than ever before. While this has given rise to new opportunities, not least for individuals and SMEs who are now more directly engaged in trade, it is also raising new challenges. This paper explores this complex and evolving environment, identifying the types of goods that are traded as parcels and the different actors along the parcels supply chain, as well as the policies to help ensure that parcels get to where they are needed. Empirical analysis shows that progress on digital connectivity and trade facilitation measures, such as increased transparency or automating border processes, are likely to have a greater trade-enhancing impact on parcel trade than on “traditional” trade. In contrast, greater differences in regulations across countries in transportation, courier or logistics services are associated with lower trade in parcels. Overall, enabling benefits from trade in parcels and facing forthcoming challenges requires a comprehensive policy approach across a number of areas and throughout the parcel supply chain.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.248
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Data flows across border underpin today’s digitalised and globally interconnected world, but have also given rise to a range of concerns, including about privacy protection, intellectual property protection, regulatory reach, competition, and industrial policy. This has led to the emergence of a patchwork of rules governing cross-border data flows, complicating both the enforcement of public policy goals and increasing the costs for firms of all sizes of operating on a global scale. In practice, countries are using a range of mechanisms and instruments to enable cross-border data transfers with “trust”, including unilateral mechanisms, plurilateral arrangements, and trade agreements. This paper identifies the commonalities, complementarities and elements of convergence in these different instruments for moving data across borders, with the aim of supporting international dialogue and co-operation on more predictable and transparent combinations of data flows and “trust”.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (155 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.251
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Rules affecting digital trade are complex and spread across a diverse set of issues and fora. This paper provides an inventory of existing rules, standards, and principles related to issues that are being discussed in the context of the Joint Statement Initiative (JSI) at the WTO, highlighting the number of existing international instruments at the WTO and across a range of non-WTO fora on which these discussions can build. The Inventory thus aims to help governments better leverage resources towards enabling more informed discussions on digital trade. Additionally, the Inventory shows that there is already substantial uptake of instruments on issues related to digital trade among participants to the JSI discussions. Furthermore, many jurisdictions that do not currently participate in the JSI discussions are already in the process of undertaking reforms in the areas that are being discussed under that initiative.
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.256
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: 3D printing technologies have attracted the attention of the trade policy community for their potential to disrupt international trade. It is argued that greater cross-border exchange in design files for local printing may lead to less trade in physical goods. New evidence presented in this paper suggests quite the opposite: that the adoption of 3D printing technologies, proxied by measures of imports of 3D printers, appears to be complementary to goods trade. On average, an increase of around USD 14 000 in imports of 3D printers is associated with a USD 3.3 million increase in the value of exports of 3D printable goods. Similar dynamics are found for imports of 3D printable goods. Overall, this implies that the wider adoption of the technology has, at present, limited implications for the ongoing debate on the renewal of the WTO Moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions as it is unlikely to result in loss of goods trade and traditional tariff revenue.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Series Statement: Going Digital Toolkit Notes no.11
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: In today’s digitalised and globally interconnected world, data – and its flow across borders – has become the lifeblood of our economic and social interactions. However, as more data crosses borders, concerns about its use and misuse have emerged. These concerns have led to a growing number of data regulations conditioning the movement of data across borders, affecting trade in the process. This Going Digital Toolkit note provides an overview of the emerging policy landscape related to cross-border data flows with a view to enabling more informed discussions on solutions that can enable the traderelated opportunities of digital transformation while tackling some of the new challenges it raises.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264065017
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (211 p.)
    Series Statement: Estudios del Centro de Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America: (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: América Latina está volviendo los ojos hacia China y Asia, y éstas le corresponden. Se trata de un cambio signi­cativo: por primera vez en su historia, América Latina puede bene­ciarse no de uno, sino de tres importantes motores del desarrollo mundial. Hasta la década de los ochenta, Estados Unidos era el mayor socio comercial de la región. En los noventa, un segundo motor de desarrollo surgió con el boom de la inversión europea en América Latina. Ahora, en los albores del nuevo siglo, la creciente in‑uencia económica global de Asia, y en particular la de China, supone un potencial tercer motor de desarrollo. Este libro plantea las oportunidades y los retos que las economías latinoamericanas enfrentarán a medida que aumente la preponderancia de China en la economía mundial y en los mercados tradicionales de América Latina.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264028388
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mano visible de China en América Latina
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The visible hand of China in Latin America
    RVK:
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Auslandsinvestition ; Lateinamerika ; China ; Außenhandel ; Emerging Market ; Integration ; Weltordnung ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Lateinamerika ; Aufsatzsammlung ; China ; Lateinamerika ; Außenhandel ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Emerging Market ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: Latin America is looking towards China and Asia -- and China and Asia are looking right back. This is a major shift: for the first time in its history, Latin America can benefit from not one but three major engines of world growth. Until the 1980s, the United States was the region’s major trade partner. In the 1990s, a second growth engine emerged with the European investment boom in Latin America. Now, at the dawn of the new century, the increasing global economic importance of Asia, and in particular China, potentially provides a third engine of growth. This book describes the opportunities and challenges that Latin American economies will face as Chinese importance in the world economy -- and in Latin America's traditional markets -- continues to grow.
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