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  • 2000-2004  (35)
  • Schick, Allen  (14)
  • Joumard, Isabelle  (12)
  • Baygan, Günseli  (9)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (35)
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.380
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In most OECD countries, public spending rose steadily as a share of GDP over the past decades to the mid-1990s, but this trend has since abated. The spending pressures stemming from the continued expansion of social programmes have been partly compensated by transient or one-off factors. Pressures on public spending, however, appear likely to intensify, in particular as a consequence of ageing populations. Since most OECD economies have very little scope for raising taxation or debt to finance higher spending, reforms to curb the growth in public spending while raising its cost effectiveness are now required. This paper presents a reform strategy for progress in this direction, based on detailed country reviews for over twothirds of OECD countries. Three main areas for action are identified: the budget process; management practices and the use of market mechanisms in the delivery of public services ...
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 169-254
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 88 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fiscal Relations across Government Levels
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 169-254
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le transfert de compétences budgétaires aux collectivités territoriales n'a pas toujours procédé de façon linéaire au cours des deux dernières décennies, malgré certains avantages reconnus. La décentralisation peut contribuer au renforcement du processus démocratique, permettre aux collectivités territoriales d'adapter l'offre de services publics aux préférences locales et introduire de la concurrence entre localités, permettant ainsi d'améliorer l'efficience du secteur public. La décentralisation peut néanmoins générer des pertes d'efficacité, rendre difficile la mise en place de politiques redistributives et compliquer la mise en oeuvre de politiques macroéconomiques cohérentes. Du côté des dépenses, la décentralisation peut être sous-optimale dès lors que sont importants les économies d'échelle et les effets de « spillover » géographique – effets fréquents car peu de biens publics sont des biens purement locaux par nature. Du côté des revenus, rares sont les assiettes fiscales qui peuvent être gérées au niveau local sans risquer de mettre en péril les objectifs nationaux ou de soulever des problèmes sérieux de redistribution. Cet article propose un cadre d'analyse des relations budgétaires entre l'État et les collectivités territoriales en s'appuyant sur les expériences mises en place dans différents ...
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 7-39
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 34 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Role of Fiscal Rules in Budgeting
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 7-39
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La budgétisation est un processus qui repose sur les règles à suivre pour réunir et dépenser des fonds publics. Ce sont des règles détaillées applicables à la présentation des demandes de crédit par les services chargés des dépenses, à l’examen de ces demandes par le ministère des Finances ou autre organisme central, à l’établissement du budget annuel, à l’intervention législative (dont les votes des crédits), à la dépense des fonds pendant l’exercice et à la communication de l’information sur les stocks et flux de capitaux. Pourquoi de nombreux gouvernements nationaux ont-ils adopté de nouvelles règles budgétaires s’ils ont une réglementation déjà abondante dans ce domaine ?...
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 2, p. 109-161
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer le rapport coût-efficacité des dépenses publiques : L'expérience des pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 2, p. 109-161
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In most OECD countries, public spending rose steadily as a share of GDP over the past decades to the mid-1990s, but this trend has since abated. The spending pressures stemming from the continued expansion of social programmes have been partly compensated by transient or one-off factors. Pressures on public spending, however, appear likely to intensify, in particular as a consequence of ageing populations. Since most OECD economies have very little scope for raising taxation or debt to finance higher spending, reforms to curb the growth in public spending while raising its cost effectiveness are now required. Based on detailed country reviews for over two-thirds of OECD countries, this paper identifies three main areas for action: the budget process; management practices; and the use of market mechanisms in the delivery of public services ...
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.375
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite its apparent advantages, devolution of fiscal responsibilities has not proceeded evenly over the past two decades. Decentralisation can strengthen the democratic process, allow governments to tailor the supply of public goods to local preferences and introduce some competition across jurisdictions, thus raising public sector efficiency. It can, however, entail efficiency losses, and make it difficult to implement redistributive policies and complicate macroeconomic management. On the spending side, local provision may fail to exploit economies of scale and internalise territorial spillovers -- a serious issue since few public goods are purely local by nature. On the revenue side, few tax bases can be exploited by subnational governments without risking making national objectives difficult to achieve and raising serious distributive concerns. This paper, which is largely based on country experiences in mitigating the potential drawbacks of decentralisation while obtaining ...
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2003/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: The Korean venture capital market has grown dramatically in recent years, starting from a negligible base in the early 1990s and almost tripling between 1998 and 2001. Korea now ranks among the leading OECD countries in venture capital investment as a share of GDP. Korea weathered the severe financial crisis of 1997-98 to face the challenge of reducing the influence of large corporations (the chaebol) and augmenting the role of technology-oriented small firms. The government jump-started the venture capital market in 1998 through direct infusion of equity capital, generous tax incentives and equity guarantees, and the designation of certain small firms as “venture businesses”. Concerns relate to the need to further privatise the venture capital system and to increase the supply of investment-ready small firms. This paper analyses trends in Korean venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process ...
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2003/11
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Sweden
    Abstract: Sweden has one of the highest levels of private equity investment as a share of GDP among OECD countries. However, its strength lies in later-stage investments, financed primarily by foreign investors. This reflects an industrial structure based on large manufacturing conglomerates. A lack of entrepreneurial demand and equity-related management expertise hinder the growth of the domestic venture capital industry. The Swedish government is now considering a set of changes to its regulatory and fiscal system to better target the needs of small, technology-based firms. Removing quantitative restrictions on institutional investors, lowering tax rates, and restructuring equity programmes are necessary steps. This paper analyses trends in Swedish venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process ...
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2003/04
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Canada
    Abstract: Canada has one of the highest levels of venture capital investment as a share of GDP among OECD countries. Between 1995 and 2001, Canada realised phenomenal growth in venture capital supply and the creation of over 200 new venture capital funds. However, the largest share of Canadian venture capital goes to follow-on funding of smaller firms -- rather than to new deals involving start-ups -- and to traditional manufacturing sectors. In the late 1990s, the Canadian government began attempts to diversify the sources of venture funds through liberalising rules for institutional and foreign investors, modifying tax incentives and introducing government equity funds. Foreign investors, particularly from the United States, are now the major players and are targeting their funding to technology-based start-ups. This paper analyses trends in Canadian venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process ...
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2003/10
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Denmark
    Abstract: Denmark has one of the lowest levels of venture capital investment as a share of GDP among OECD countries. The Danish government tried a number of supply-side initiatives in the 1990s with varying degrees of success. Problems stem from a lack of equity investment culture, the high levels and complexity of taxes, a dominant role played by banks in venture financing, and few contributions from other institutional investors. A new strategy focuses on providing seed capital to start-ups through a reorganised government equity fund and technology incubators. The challenge is to build on this momentum to further diversify early-stage financing and deepen the entrepreneurial culture. This paper analyses trends in Danish venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process.
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2003/12
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; United States
    Abstract: The United States has the oldest and most developed venture capital industry in the OECD. Several successful high-technology companies in computers and communications, as well as in healthrelated sectors and services, were venture-backed. Young high-growth firms also benefit from a continuum of complementary finance from business angels, institutional investors and second-tier stock markets. The government played an active role in the early phases of the venture capital industry through the Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program and various technology development schemes. A reduction in capital gains tax rates and liberalisation of rules for pension fund investments in risky assets in the late 1970s also unlocked new capital sources. Venture capital activity, however, has been quite cyclical. Periods of high fund-raising and investment in the 1980s and 1990s were followed by market downturns with negative effects on small firm survival and growth. Fundamental structural ...
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2003/17
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Norway
    Abstract: The Norwegian venture capital market is oriented towards expansion investments in traditional sectors and suffers from a lack of private risk capital as well as of entrepreneurial demand. Norway needs to increase the entry of innovative start-ups in order to diversify the economy beyond its resource-based sectors. In addition to reducing its dominant role in providing venture capital through privatisation of SND Invest, the government should further privatise industrial holdings, reduce quantitative restrictions on institutional investors, and remove the wealth tax which deters venture investing. This paper analyses trends in Norwegian venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process.
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  • 12
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2003/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Despite high levels of private equity financing in the United Kingdom, relatively little funding is reaching small, technology-based companies. Institutional investors, both domestic and foreign, remain focused on later-stage deals. The United Kingdom has implemented several policy initiatives to improve the access of small firms to equity financing, including generous tax incentives and support for business angel networks. However, problems persist in targeting financing to smaller enterprises, start-ups and outlying regions. A new policy approach, which follows the example of the United States, has recently been introduced. This combines government equity with private sector management to leverage private financing for small deal sizes and also eases rules on institutional investors. This paper analyses trends in UK venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process ...
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2003/03
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Israel
    Abstract: Israel has a higher level of venture capital as a share of GDP than any OECD country. Most Israeli venture capital is channelled to early-stage companies, particularly start-ups in sectors based on information and communications technology (ICT) and biotechnology. The Israeli venture capital industry was built through government funding, particularly through the YOZMA group, which leveraged financing from foreign corporations and institutions. There is now a need for a change in tactics to maintain private venture funding for both portfolio and seed firms. While new incentives are being given to foreign investors, domestic venture investments could be encouraged through tax breaks, expanded opportunities for institutional investors, and reforms to the Israeli stock exchange. Israel needs to sustain growth in the venture sector while reducing dependence on a limited number of capital sources. This paper analyses trends in Israeli venture capital markets and makes policy ...
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 155-229
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les relations financières entre l'État et les collectivités locales
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 155-229
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite its apparent advantages, devolution of fiscal responsibilities has not proceeded evenly over the past two decades. Decentralisation can strengthen the democratic process, allow governments to tailor the supply of public goods to local preferences and introduce some competition across jurisdictions, thus raising public sector efficiency. It can, however, entail efficiency losses and make it difficult to implement redistributive policies. On the spending side, local provision may fail to exploit economies of scale and internalise territorial spillovers – a serious issue since few public goods are purely local by nature. On the revenue side, few tax bases can be exploited by sub-national governments without risking making national objectives difficult to achieve and raising serious distributive concerns. This paper, which is largely based on country experiences in mitigating the potential drawbacks of decentralisation while obtaining most of its benefits, provides a framework for assessing fiscal relations across levels of government...
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 79-117
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 41 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Performing State: Reflection on an Idea Whose Time Has Come but Whose Implementation Has Not
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 79-117
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: L’État-nation contemporain existe pour être performant, pour fournir au peuple une aide financière, des services publics et d’autres prestations. La hauteur des performances de l’administration influe sur le bien-être économique et social des citoyens, l’état d’esprit des électeurs qui entrent dans l’isoloir, les programmes et le comportement des hommes politiques et des bureaucrates et les relations entre gouvernants et gouvernés. La mission de l’État moderne ne se limite pas à fournir des services et à faire des chèques, puisqu’il conserve ses fonctions traditionnelles de gardien, par exemple en défendant le pays contre les menaces extérieures et en maintenant à l’intérieur la santé publique, la sécurité et l’ordre. Ces missions restent certes essentielles, mais dans la plupart des États-nations, elles ont été surclassées dans l’esprit des citoyens et dans les comptes de l’administration par une gamme de services publics beaucoup plus étendue que celle fournie il y a 20 ou 40 ans. L’administration n’accomplit pas seulement davantage de tâches que par le passé, elle remplit la plupart d’entre elles différemment. L’une des idées principales du présent rapport est que l’État performant est par nature un État en transition, qui doit s’adapter à l’évolution des conditions et des opportunités. La performance n’est pas une mesure statique ; elle exige une rétroaction continue entre la situation et les résultats d’une part et les politiques et l’action d’autre part. Parmi les nombreuses transformations qui ont touché l’État performant, il faut citer celles qui concernent son rôle d’unification du peuple au travers de symboles et d’actions qui forgent l’identité nationale commune. Au fur et à mesure que la prestation des services prenait de l’importance, la diversité gagnait du terrain sur l’uniformité, du fait que les citoyens ne veulent pas ou n’ont pas tous besoin des mêmes services. L’État performant doit servir les citoyens, même s’il lui faut pour cela ne pas tous les servir de la même manière...
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 7-56
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 52 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Does budgeting have a future?
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 7-56
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La budgétisation se classe dans les travaux en cours. Le processus budgétaire n’est jamais tout à fait établi car les personnes qui le gèrent ne sont jamais pleinement satisfaites. Budgéter c’est décider sur la base d’informations inadéquates, bien souvent sans connaître avec certitude la manière dont les crédits budgétaires passés ont été utilisés ou ce qui a été accompli, ou encore les résultats que pourraient donner les nouvelles affectations de crédits. La plupart des personnes impliquées dans la budgétisation ont connu la frustration de voir leurs préférences évincées par le coût inhérent aux actions passées. La budgétisation est un processus obéissant à une logique d’échéance, dans lequel les décisions sub-optimales sont souvent la règle car l’État n’a pas la possibilité de ne prendre aucune décision. Lorsqu’un cycle se termine, le suivant démarre, pratiquement sans délai et suivant un schéma identique à celui de l’année précédente. La routine de la budgétisation émousse les conflits mais elle alimente également la frustration...
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  • 17
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 7-34
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Opportunité, stratégie et tactique pour la réforme de la gestion publique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 7-34
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Every successful public management reform is an amalgam of opportunity, strategy and tactics. Opportunities are country-specific conditions that facilitate some reforms and retard others; strategies are policies and actions that set goals for government and for the tasks to be undertaken in implementing wanted change; tactics are the methods used to mobilise support for and overcome obstacles to reform....
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 71-103
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'État performant : Réflexions sur une idée entrée dans les esprits mais pas encore dans les faits
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 71-103
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The contemporary nation-state exists to perform – to provide financial assistance, public services and other benefits to its people. How well the government performs influences the economic and social well-being of citizens, the mindset that voters take into the election booth, the programmes and behaviour of politicians and bureaucrats, and the relationship between government and the governed. Delivering services and writing cheques are not the sole functions of the modern state, for it still has traditional watchman responsibilities such as defending the country against external threat and maintaining domestic health, safety and order. Although the old tasks are essential, in most nation-states they have been surpassed in the sentiments of citizens and in the fiscal accounts of government by a vastly broader array of public services than were provided generations ago. Government not only does more than it once did, it carries out many tasks differently. One of the themes of this paper is that a performing state is inherently a state in transition, adapting to changing conditions and opportunities. Performance is not a static measure, but one that requires ongoing feedback from situations and results to policies and action. Among the many transformations that the performing state has experienced is in its role as unifier of the people through symbols and actions that forge a common national identity. As the provision of services has gained prominence, diversity has gained ground over uniformity because citizens differ in the services they want or need. The performing state must serve the people, even if doing so requires that it serve them differently...
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  • 19
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 97-164
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 82 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tax systems in European Union countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 97-164
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Malgré les récentes baisses d’impôt, le taux de prélèvement obligatoire de la plupart des pays de l’UE est supérieur à celui observé dans les autres économies. La répartition de la charge fiscale diffère aussi ; les revenus du travail sont lourdement taxés alors que les impôts sur la consommation et ceux dit « verts » représentent une part plus importante des recettes fiscales. Bien que la marge de manœuvre pour réduire les taux de prélèvements obligatoires soit faible en l’absence d’une baisse parallèle des dépenses publiques, un rééquilibrage de la charge fiscale – des revenus du travail vers d’autres assiettes imposables – pourrait contribuer à l’amélioration des performances en matière d’emploi. Une hausse des taxes sur la propriété, qui sont faibles par rapport à la plupart des autres pays de l’OCDE, ainsi qu’un moindre recours à des taux de TVA réduits et à des incitations fiscales généreuses pour certains instruments d’épargne devraient être envisagés. L’expérience des pays de l’Union européenne en matière de réforme fiscale pourrait aussi être riche d’enseignements pour d’autres régions où l’intégration économique s’accroît. En effet, la libre circulation des biens, des personnes et des capitaux à l’intérieur de l’Union européenne, ainsi que le passage à la monnaie unique, ont influencé la conception des systèmes fiscaux nationaux et mis sur le devant de la scène un certain nombre de problèmes de fiscalité internationale.
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  • 20
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 7-48
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La budgétisation a-t-elle un avenir ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 7-48
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Budgeting is a work in progress. The process is never quite settled because those who manage it are never fully satisfied. To budget is to decide on the basis of inadequate information, often without secure knowledge of how past appropriations were used or of what was accomplished, or of the results that new allocations may produce. Most people involved in budgeting have experienced the frustration of having their preferences crowded out by the built-in cost of past actions. Budgeting is a deadline-driven process, in which sub-optimal decisions often are the norm because government does not have the option of making no decisions. When one cycle ends, the next begins, usually with little respite and along the same path that was trod the year before. The routines of budgeting dull conflict, but they also are a breeding ground for frustration.
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  • 21
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 91-151
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 72 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes fiscaux des pays de l'Union européenne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 91-151
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite recent cuts, the tax-to-GDP ratio in most EU countries remains much higher than in other economies. The tax mix is also different, with high tax wedges on labour and a stronger reliance on consumption and environmentally related taxes. While there is not much room for cutting taxes significantly without downsizing public spending, further re-balancing the tax burden away from labour could contribute to better employment performance. Greater reliance on property taxes, which are low by international standards, less use of reduced VAT rates and tax incentives targeted to specific saving vehicles should be considered. EU countries’ experience in reforming their tax system may also provide useful insights for other regions where international integration is deepening. The free movement of goods, people and capital within the EU area, combined with the advent of the single currency, has also affected the design of national tax systems and has brought to the fore a number of international taxation issues.
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  • 22
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 7-34
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le rôle des règles financières dans la budgétisation
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 7-34
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Budgeting is a rule-driven process that regulates the raising and spending of public money. Detailed rules govern the submission of bids for resources by spending units, review of these bids by the Finance Ministry or another central organ, compilation of the annual budget, legislative action including the voting of appropriations, expenditure of funds during the financial year, and reporting on financial stocks and flows. Why have many national governments adopted new budget rules when they have a plethora of old ones? The new rules do not replace – although they may modify – existing rules, thereby adding to the complexity of established budget processes, and often adding as well to the time it takes to complete the main steps in the annual budget cycle. Why add to the complications of an already difficult process? If it is because the old rules do not work, why is it expected that new ones will make much of a difference? Furthermore, the old rules generally empower budget-makers by enabling them to allocate resources according to the preferences of government. Fiscal rules, by contrast, constrain budget-makers, taking away much of their authority to decide aggregate revenue and spending policy. These rules typically prescribe the balance between revenue and spending policy. Every fiscal rule is a limit on the exercise of political will. Why have democracies accepted or imposed fiscal limits on themselves, and why should we expect these limits to be effective when they run counter to the preferences of voters and politicians?...
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  • 23
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 7-39
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 35 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Opportunity, strategy and tactics in reforming public management
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 7-39
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Pour réussir, une réforme de la gestion publique doit combiner opportunités, stratégies et tactiques. L’opportunité, ce sont les contextes nationaux spécifiques qui facilitent certaines réformes et en freinent d’autres. La stratégie, ce sont les mesures et actions qui fixent un objectif aux pouvoirs publics, qui précisent des tâches à entreprendre pour obtenir les changements souhaités ; la tactique, c’est la méthode utilisée pour mobiliser les soutiens et surmonter les obstacles...
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  • 24
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.343
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: Public spending is very high in Norway, partly reflecting an extensive coverage of the welfare system and ambitious regional development objectives. Moreover, several institutional features contribute to dampening the cost-effectiveness of many public-spending programmes. Abundant oil revenues have so far mitigated strains on public finance. However, coping with the depletion of oil resources and the fiscal consequences of ageing would require to increase the cost-effectiveness of many public spending programmes, while leaving some room to cut the high tax-to-GDP ratio. This paper identifies the main sources of inefficiencies and suggests policy options. These include: supplementing the existing deficit rule by an expenditure rule; increasing flexibility in public sector wages and job tenure; reforming the funding system of local governments; raising the contestability of public service provision; intensifying the use of price signals and improving incentives to reduce the ...
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  • 25
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.332
    Keywords: Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Switzerland is a highly decentralised country with large spending and revenue-raising powers devolved to cantons and municipalities. The federal system, in combination with an extensive use of direct democracy, has contributed to keep public spending at a relatively low level in international comparison. It has also made it possible to tailor the provision of public services to citizens’ needs and willingness to pay and to experiment with a variety of policies. At the same time, several tensions have emerged and effective control of spending deteriorated during the 1990s. After identifying these tensions, this paper reviews recent policy initiatives and proposes options for further enhancing public spending effectiveness. These entail implementing a new fiscal rule which will allow the free play of the automatic stabilisers at the federal level and ensuring its consistency with other government levels’ behaviour; increasing transparency in public spending costs and ...
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  • 26
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.319
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: This paper reviews the Finnish tax system and the scope for further tax reform. Finland is among the most egalitarian countries in the OECD and a high tax burden is required to finance the associated public spending. Nevertheless, capital and corporate income taxation was substantially and effectively reformed in the early 1990s, through significant rate cuts cum base broadening measures. But, despite income tax cuts since the mid-1990s, high taxes, especially on labour income, still hamper growth potential and distort economic behaviour. In this respect, the poor performance of the Finnish labour market is revealing. Tax reforms have a major role to play in improving the long-term performance of the Finnish economy. Though the scope is limited, the tax burden should be shifted as much as possible from labour to property and consumption, while the earned-income tax allowance should play a smaller role, enabling cuts in statutory rates. Redesigning social security contributions to ...
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  • 27
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 2, no. 1, p. 7-30
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 30 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Agencies in search of principles
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 1, p. 7-30
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Pourquoi les agences, et pourquoi maintenant ? La prolifération des agences n’est pas fortuite ; elle signifie bien plus qu’un simple réaménagement de l’organigramme de l’administration. Le succès des agences s’inscrit dans une logique qui éclaire la situation actuelle des modes de gouvernance démocratique. Toute administration qui s’est dotée d’agences a fait ce choix pour des raisons qui lui sont propres, mais aussi diverses que puissent paraître ces raisons, elles sont toutes les mêmes. Certaines administrations créent des agences pour attribuer des pouvoirs aux gestionnaires, d’autres pour privilégier la fourniture de services, d’autres encore pour échapper à des contraintes de gestion du personnel ou à d’autres carcans administratifs. Aussi différentes que puissent être ces motivations, toutes attestent que le modèle traditionnel centré sur les ministères ne correspond plus aux besoins organisationnels de l’administration.
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  • 28
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 1, p. 7-26
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les agences à la recherche de principes
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 1, p. 7-26
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Why agencies, and why now? The proliferation of agencies is not accidental; it entails much more than merely rearranging the organisational map of government. There is a logic to the popularity of agencies that sheds light on the current state of democratic governance. Every government that embraces agencies does so for its own reasons, but as diverse as they may appear to be, all the reasons are the same. Some governments set up agencies to empower managers, others to emphasise service delivery, still others to evade personnel controls or other administrative constraints. As different as these motives may be, all attest to the belief that the inherited department-centred model no longer satisfies the organisational needs of government.
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  • 29
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 17-49
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 34 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Can National Legislatures Regain an Effective Voice in Budget Policy?
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 17-49
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Deux phénomènes contemporains influent sur les travaux du Parlement dans le domaine du budget. Il s’agit d’une part des efforts déployés pour discipliner les finances publiques en limitant les montants budgétaires globaux et d’autre part, des efforts pour élargir le rôle du Parlement dans la politique en matière de recettes et de dépenses. Selon que ces évolutions se révèlent être complémentaires ou contradictoires, cela déterminera le rôle budgétaire des Parlements nationaux au cours des années à venir. Selon un scénario, le Parlement pourrait renforcer la discipline budgétaire en assumant la responsabilité des montants budgétaires globaux ; selon un autre scénario, il compromettrait la discipline en bombardant le budget présenté par le gouvernement d’amendements parlementaires qui auraient pour effet de réduire les recettes ou d’accroître les dépenses...
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  • 30
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 15-42
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les Parlements nationaux peuvent-ils retrouver un rôle effectif dans la politique budgétaire?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 15-42
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Two contemporary developments are buffeting legislative work on the budget. One is the drive to discipline public finance by constraining the fiscal aggregates; the other is the effort to enlarge the legislature’s role in revenue and spending policy. Whether these trends turn out to be complementary or contradictory will shape the budgetary role of national legislatures in the years ahead. One scenario is for the legislature to reinforce fiscal discipline by taking responsibility for the budget’s totals; another is for it to undermine discipline by bombarding the budget submitted by the government with legislative amendments that trim revenues or boost expenditures...
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  • 31
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.301
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: The tax-to-GDP ratio rose steadily in most EU countries up to the late 1990s, largely reflecting a sustained expansion of public sector commitments to welfare provision. Since the late 1990s, many EU countries have cut tax rates. However, the tax burden in the EU area remains much higher than in most other economies. The tax mix is also different, with high tax wedges on labour and a stronger reliance on consumption and environmentally-related taxes. Recent measures targeted at lowering the tax burden on labour, in particular at the lower end of the income scale, have had promising results in terms of employment growth, showing how tax design is an important influence on countries’ performances. While there is not much room for cutting taxes significantly without downsizing public spending, further rebalancing the tax burden away from labour could contribute to better employment performance. Greater reliance on property taxes, which are low by international standards, could be ...
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  • 32
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 1, no. 1, p. 9-26
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'évolution du rôle des services centraux du budget
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 1, no. 1, p. 9-26
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The traditional role of the central budget office is incompatible with the management reforms enfolding in various OECD Member countries. These reforms are grounded on the principle that managers must be permitted to run their operations without undue outside interference. The logic of reform is that only when managers are free to use money and other organisational resources within agreed budgets can they be responsible for the organisation’s successes or failures. In countries where a culture of reform has taken hold, there is consensus that halfway measures do not suffice, that managers either are free to act or are not. It is not a matter of relaxing one or another restriction, but of reshaping the operations of public institutions and the behaviour of those who work in them. The budget process is one of the main arenas in which the machinery of government is undergoing fundamental transformation.
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  • 33
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 1, no. 1, p. 9-29
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 22 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Changing Role of the Central Budget Office
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 1, no. 1, p. 9-29
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La mission traditionnelle des services centraux du budget est incompatible avec les réformes de la gestion qui touchent plusieurs pays Membres de l’OCDE. Ces réformes partent du principe que les gestionnaires doivent pouvoir gérer sans ingérence excessive. Dans la logique des réformes, les gestionnaires ne peuvent être tenus pour responsables des performances de leurs services que s’ils peuvent disposer à leur guise des ressources administratives, notamment financières, prévues au budget. Dans les pays où souffle l’esprit de réforme, on s’accorde à reconnaître qu’il ne sert à rien de faire les choses à moitié, que les gestionnaires sont libres d’agir ou ne le sont pas. Il ne s’agit pas d’assouplir telle ou telle restriction, mais de transformer le fonctionnement des institutions publiques et l’attitude de ceux qui y travaillent. L’élaboration du budget est l’un des domaines où les rouages de l’administration sont en mutation.
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  • 34
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.249
    Keywords: Economics ; Spain
    Abstract: The recent tax reforms have improved incentives to work and removed barriers to the internationalisation of Spanish firms, and have helped to make the tax system simpler and more neutral, especially as regards saving. However, the structure of tax wedges, combined with significant labour market rigidities, continues to inhibit job creation, and particularly job creation for the unskilled. Furthermore, certain tax privileges, in particular incentives favouring owner-occupied housing, and the multiplicity of tax rates and systems applying to business profits, hamper economic efficiency and/or weaken income redistribution. Also, while the territorial authorities’ taxing powers have been increased considerably since 1997, they remain modest by comparison with their prerogatives as regards spending. The absence of adequate mechanism for controlling expenditure at the territorial level, plus the tax revenue guarantees extended to the regions by central government, could jeopardize ...
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2000/07
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Venture capital has grown significantly in most OECD countries during the 1990s, and is increasingly associated with improved firm performance in terms of survival rates, innovation and growth. This paper compares venture capital activity across OECD countries by taking into account international venture capital flows. Most comparisons are based on data concerning investments made by venture capital funds located in a given country (“country of management”). In contrast, this paper also uses a more policy relevant measure that examines data on investments made in a country (“country of destination”), by subtracting cross-border outflows and including inflows. For countries such as Ireland, Denmark and Switzerland, inflows plus outflows largely outweigh investments by domestic venture capital funds. Some countries, especially Ireland and Denmark, have significant net inflows of venture capital, while net outflows appear for the United Kingdom and Switzerland. While such cross-border ...
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