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  • 2015-2019  (25)
  • International Energy Agency  (13)
  • Avvisati, Francesco  (12)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (25)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
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Language
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Year
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264597297
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (185 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences. This report on Estonia is the first since the country became the 29th member of the IEA in 2014. It discusses the energy challenges the country faces and recommends possible solutions to help it achieve a secure and sustainable energy future. Estonia is on the brink of a major energy transition that will involve a substantial change in the role of domestically produced oil shale in the country’s future energy mix. The transition will require Estonia to carefully balance social, environmental, economic, and energy security considerations. Estonia has already achieved its emissions reduction and renewable energy targets for 2020, but the country still has the highest carbon intensity of all IEA countries because of the dominant role of oil shale in its energy sector. Reaching Estonia’s ambitious targets for 2030 is possible but requires determined and timely action to decarbonise the country’s electricity and transport sectors. Estonia also has considerable scope to review energy taxation of all fuels to better reflect their carbon content with a view to accelerating the switch to low-emission technologies, notably in transport. In this report, the IEA provides recommendations for further improvements of Estonia’s policies to help the country guide the transformation of its energy sector.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264911765
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Global natural gas demand is growing strongly, supported by abundant and diversified sources of supply. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) remains a key enabler of international trade development with double-digit growth three years in a row, and with future growth potential supported by another wave of investment decisions in LNG export facilities throughout the world. Much of the growth in LNG consumption is occurring in countries where LNG competes with other sources of natural gas and fuels, meaning LNG importers want more flexibility. The development of LNG spot trading, the growing share of destination-free supply contracts, and the rise of portfolio players as key buyers are all signs that the LNG market is responding to these increasing demands. The International Energy Agency’s fourth edition of the Global Gas Security Review provides a detailed overview of these recent global market trends as well as specific regional analyses for major importing markets. This year’s report focuses on three topics. It first provides an update on LNG market flexibility metrics based on a detailed assessment of recent contractual activity. It analyses the evolution of flexibility in LNG supply procured by traditional Asian buyers for their domestic markets, and how this flexibility could contribute to improving security of supply for fast-growing markets elsewhere in Asia. Finally, this year’s report includes a focus on north-western Europe’s gas security challenges as a major source of domestic supply (the Groningen field in the Netherlands) is phased out.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264695368
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (78 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The Clean Energy Transitions Programme (CETP) leverages the IEA’s unique energy expertise across all fuels and technologies to accelerate global clean-energy transitions, particularly in major emerging economies. The Programme includes collaborative analytical work, technical cooperation, training and capacity building and strategic dialogues. Rapid and sustainable transformation in the energy sector is essential not only to reach climate goals, but also to reduce air pollution, and enable access to energy for the nearly 1 billion without access to electricity and nearly 2.7 billion without access to clean cooking facilities as of 2017. This transition is particularly urgent in developing countries, where population and economic growth will continue to contribute to increasing energy demand, CO2 emissions and air pollution. In fact, until 2040, more than 95% of growth in primary energy will come from non-OECD countries, with the majority of consumption driven by a small number of emerging economies. These countries will therefore shape, to a significant extent, the future of the global energy landscape.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264960374
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (199 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China Power System Transformation has a two-fold objective. First, it provides a summary of the state of play of power system transformation (PST) in the People’s Republic of China (“China”) as well as a comprehensive discussion of PST internationally. This includes a comprehensive review of all possible sources of power system flexibility (power plants, grid infrastructure, storage, and demand-side response) and a detailed discussion of market, policy, and regulatory frameworks to effectively mobilise power system flexibility. Second, it presents findings from a detailed power sector modelling exercise for China in 2035, building on the 2018 World Energy Outlook New Policies and Sustainable Development Scenarios. The modelling identifies the establishment of spot markets and trade between provinces as two of the main elements to improve system operation efficiency in China. In order to integrate very high shares of variable renewables consistent with the WEO SDS, activating the demand side – especially electric vehicles – and targeted use of electricity storage are found to be crucial for an accelerated transformation of the Chinese power system.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.95
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Problems associated with the environment loom large over the future well-being of young generations. A previous issue of PISA in Focus (PISA in Focus 87) shows that in 2015 many 15-year-old students believed that the future – their future – was going to be worse, environmentally, than the present. In particular, only a minority of students (fewer than one in five, on average across OECD countries) believed that problems related to air pollution, the extinction of plants and animals, clearing forests for land use, water shortages and nuclear waste would improve over the next 20 years. But are teenagers more or less pessimistic than their parents?
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264668010
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (158 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Morocco
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its association countries, a process that supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences. This report on Morocco discusses the advancements made as well as the challenges faced by the country’s ambitious domestic energy transition pathway to 2030. With an impressive track record in solar technologies, Morocco is leading the deployment of renewable energy in North Africa. Further progress, however, can be made in commercial or industrial applications that continue to rely on fossil fuel imports. Although successful in providing electricity access to its rising population, Morocco also faces the challenging task of keeping energy demand in check. In this report, the IEA provides recommendations for how to strengthen Morocco’s energy efficiency policies to help the country continue to transform its energy sectors in order to meet the renewable energy and energy efficiency targets.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264912557
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Industry is the basis for prospering societies and central to economic development. As the source of almost one-quarter of CO2 emissions, it must also be a central part of the clean energy transition. Emissions from industry can be among the hardest to abate in the energy system, in particular due to process emissions that result from chemical or physical reactions and the need for high-temperature heat. A portfolio of technologies and approaches will be needed to address the decarbonisation challenge while supporting sustainable and competitive industries. Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) is expected to play a critical role in this sustainable transformation. For some industrial and fuel transformation processes, CCUS is one of the most cost-effective solutions available for large-scale emissions reductions. In the IEA Clean Technology Scenario (CTS), which sets out a pathway consistent with the Paris Agreement climate ambition, CCUS contributes almost one-fifth of the emissions reductions needed across the industry sector. More than 28 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (GtCO2) is captured from industrial processes in the period to 2060, the majority of it from the cement, steel and chemical subsectors. A strengthened and tailored policy response will be needed to support the transformation of industry consistent with climate goals while preserving competitiveness. The development of CO2 transport and storage networks for industrial CCUS hubs can reduce unit costs through economies of scale and facilitate investment in CO2 capture facilities. Establishing markets for premium lower-carbon materials – such as cement, steel and chemicals – through public and private procurement can also accelerate the adoption of CCUS and other lower-carbon industrial processes.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264495272
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (78 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Since the earliest days of their development, power systems have run up against, and then across, jurisdictional boundaries. A primary driver of this expansion has been economics, in particular a desire to lower the overall investment and operating costs of the power systems in question. At the same time, cross-border power system integration can bring with it a number of security benefits. More recently, a third driver of cross-border system integration has become more relevant: the integration of increasing shares of variable renewable energy (VRE) sources. The main question is not whether jurisdictions should integrate their power systems across borders, but how they should. This report looks at international experience with cross border integration. It identifies for policymakers the three critical areas of collaboration for effective integration: system operations, long-term planning and the role of regional institutions. The report discusses how it is possible to integrate power systems across borders without sacrificing local autonomy, and how a balance between regional and local priorities is necessary to realise its full benefits.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264593145
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Japan’s G20 presidency 2019 asked the International Energy Agency to analyse progress in G20 countries towards securing investments in low-carbon power generation. The Japan presidency, which began on 1 December 2018 and runs through 30 November 2019, has placed a strong focus on innovation, business and finance.1 In the areas of energy and the environment, Japan wishes to create a “virtuous cycle between the environment and growth”, which is the core theme of the G20 Ministerial Meeting on Energy Transitions and Global Environment for Sustainable Growth in Karuizawa, Japan, 15-16 June 2019. A first draft report was presented to the 2nd meeting of the G20 Energy Transitions Working Group (ETWG), held through 18-19 April 2019. This final report incorporates feedback and comments submitted during April by the G20 membership and was shared with the ETWG members. This final report is cited in “Proposed Documents for the Japanese Presidency of the G20” that was distributed to the G20 energy ministers, who convened in Karuizawa on 15-16 June 2019. This report, prepared as an input for the 2019 G20 ministerial meeting, is an IEA contribution; it is not submitted for formal approval by energy ministers, nor does it reflect the G20 membership’s national or collective views. This report looks at one of the key challenges for the decarbonisation of the energy sector, notably in organised power markets. Based on insights from the IEA flagship publication, World Energy Outlook 2018, and from the recent World Energy Investment 2019, the report provides guidance to policy makers on how to accelerate the decarbonisation of the power sector.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264505247
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: The People’s Republic of China had the fastest growth in space cooling energy consumption worldwide in the last two decades, driven by increasing income and growing demand for thermal comfort. This report explores the principal trends and challenges related to this rapid growth, looking into existing market developments, policies, technology choices and occupant behaviour in buildings in China. It then looks at how cooling demand in buildings might evolve over the next decade to 2030 and considers what China can do to ensure greater cooling comfort without parallel growth in energy consumption and related emissions. The report recommends raising energy performance standards for cooling equipment, tapping into building design opportunities, and ensuring that “part time” and “part space” behaviour remains the principal cooling mode in buildings. These strategies, among others, will reduce the impact of rising cooling demand on China’s electricity system, unlocking benefits in terms of reduced power capacity investments, lower energy and maintenance costs, improved air quality, and greater access to cooling comfort.
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.100
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Most adolescents desire strong social ties and value acceptance, care and support from others. Many adolescents find friends and caring adults among members of the school community. As students go through a decisive period of their lives, discovering and redefining their identity, a strong sense of belonging at school can help them feel secure, and can support their academic and social development. Adolescents who feel that they are part of a school community are also more motivated to learn and, as a result, more likely to perform well at school. But in recent years, many traditional communities formed around shared physical spaces – neighbourhoods, workplaces or schools – have been profoundly affected by advances in technology. How did students’ feelings of belonging at school change over a period in which online friendships and social networks were growing in importance?
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.201
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Large-scale surveys such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), and the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competences (PIAAC) use advanced statistical models to estimate scores of latent traits from multiple observed responses. The comparison of such estimated scores across different groups of respondents is valid to the extent that the same set of estimated parameters holds in each group surveyed. This issue of invariance of parameter estimates is addressed in model fit indices which gauge the likelihood that one set of parameters can be used across all groups. Therefore, the problem of scale invariance across groups of respondents can typically be framed as the question of how well a single model fits the responses of all groups. However, the procedures used to evaluate the fit of these models pose a series of theoretical and practical problems. The most commonly applied procedures to establish invariance of cognitive and non-cognitive scales across countries in large-scale surveys are developed within the framework of confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory. The criteria that are commonly applied to evaluate the fit of such models, such as the decrement of the Comparative Fit Index in confirmatory factor analysis, work normally well in the comparison of a small number of countries or groups, but can perform poorly in large-scale surveys featuring a large number of countries. More specifically, the common criteria often result in the non-rejection of metric invariance; however, the step from metric invariance (i.e. identical factor loadings across countries) to scalar invariance (i.e. identical intercepts, in addition to identical factor loadings) appears to set overly restrictive standards for scalar invariance (i.e. identical intercepts). This report sets out to identify and apply novel procedures to evaluate model fit across a large number of groups, or novel scaling models that are more likely to pass common model fit criteria.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264444829
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: As power systems around the world transform, power system flexibility has become a global priority. A range of operational, policy and investment-based interventions are available to render modern systems more flexible, thereby facilitating cleaner, and more reliable, more resilient, and more affordable energy. This report identifies challenges and opportunities to unlock system flexibility and accelerate power system transformation (PST) efforts. It provides an overview of the policy, regulatory and market instruments which can be implemented in different power sector contexts to mitigate these challenges. Importantly, all power system assets, including variable renewable energy, can provide flexibility services, if enabled by proper policy, market and regulatory frameworks. These assets include power plants, electricity networks, energy storage and distributed energy resources. A wealth of known strategies, approaches and instruments can be readily applied and adapted to power systems. These include modifications to: energy strategies; legal frameworks; policies and programmes; regulatory frameworks; market rules; system operation protocols; and connection codes. Moving forward, updating system flexibility policies to match the pace of technological development can help to accelerate global PST, while ensuring that all classes of power system assets are able to receive fair remuneration for the flexibility services they are capable of providing.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264393394
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (103 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Nuclear power and hydropower form the backbone of low-carbon electricity generation. Together, they provide three-quarters of global low-carbon generation. Over the past 50 years, the use of nuclear power has reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by over 60 gigatonnes – nearly two years’ worth of global energy-related emissions. However, in advanced economies, nuclear power has begun to fade, with plants closing and little new investment made, just when the world requires more low-carbon electricity. This report, Nuclear Power in a Clean Energy System, focuses on the role of nuclear power in advanced economies and the factors that put nuclear power at risk of future decline. It is shown that without action, nuclear power in advanced economies could fall by two-thirds by 2040. The implications of such a “Nuclear Fade Case” for costs, emissions and electricity security using two World Energy Outlook scenarios – the New Policies Scenario and the Sustainable Development Scenario are examined. Achieving the pace of CO2 emissions reductions in line with the Paris Agreement is already a huge challenge, as shown in the Sustainable Development Scenario. It requires large increases in efficiency and renewables investment, as well as an increase in nuclear power. This report identifies the even greater challenges of attempting to follow this path with much less nuclear power. It recommends several possible government actions that aim to: ensure existing nuclear power plants can operate as long as they are safe, support new nuclear construction and encourage new nuclear technologies to be developed.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264470132
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (232 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The Global EV Outlook is an annual publication that identifies and discusses recent developments in electric mobility across the globe. It is developed with the support of the members of the Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI). Combining historical analysis with projections to 2030, the report examines key areas of interest such as electric vehicle and charging infrastructure deployment, ownership cost, energy use, carbon dioxide emissions and battery material demand. The report includes policy recommendations that incorporate learning from frontrunner markets to inform policy makers and stakeholders that consider policy frameworks and market systems for electric vehicle adoption. This edition features a specific analysis of the performance of electric cars and competing powertrain options in terms of greenhouse gas emissions over their life cycle. As well, it discusses key challenges in the transition to electric mobility and solutions that are well suited to address them. This includes vehicle and battery cost developments; supply and value chain sustainability of battery materials; implications of electric mobility for power systems; government revenue from taxation; and the interplay between electric, shared and automated mobility options.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789264911291
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Japan’s G20 presidency 2019 asked the International Energy Agency to analyse progress in G20 countries towards technology innovation to accelerate energy transitions. The Japan presidency, which began on 1 December 2018 and runs through 30 November 2019, has placed a strong focus on innovation, business and finance.1 In the areas of energy and the environment, Japan wishes to create a “virtuous cycle between the environment and growth”, which is the core theme of the G20 Ministerial Meeting on Energy Transitions and Global Environment for Sustainable Growth in Karuizawa, Japan, 15-16 June 2019. A first draft report was presented to the 2nd meeting of the G20 Energy Transitions Working Group (ETWG), held through 18-19 April 2019. This final report incorporates feedback and comments submitted during April by the G20 membership and was shared with the ETWG members. This final report is cited in “Proposed Documents for the Japanese Presidency of the G20” that was distributed to the G20 energy ministers, who convened in Karuizawa on 15-16 June 2019. This report, prepared as an input for the 2019 G20 ministerial meeting, is an IEA contribution; it is not submitted for formal approval by energy ministers, nor does it reflect the G20 membership’s national or collective views. The report sets out around 100 “innovation gaps”, that is, key innovation needs in each energy technology area that require additional efforts, including through global collaboration.
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  • 17
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.85
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe In which countries do the most highly qualified and experienced teachers teach in the most difficult schools?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les enseignants constituent la ressource scolaire principale. Dans tous les pays, leur salaire et leur formation représentent la part la plus importante des dépenses d’éducation – un investissement par ailleurs susceptible d’avoir des rendements considérables. Les travaux de recherche montrent ainsi que le fait de recevoir leur instruction des meilleurs enseignants peut avoir une réelle incidence sur la réussite scolaire et personnelle d’élèves par ailleurs similaires. Toutefois, tous les élèves ne sont pas égaux en termes d’accès à un enseignement de qualité. Les données de l’enquête PISA révèlent ainsi l’existence, dans de nombreux pays, d’inégalités d’accès à des enseignants expérimentés et qualifiés, ainsi que la relation de ces inégalités avec les écarts de résultats d’apprentissage entre élèves favorisés et défavorisés.
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  • 18
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.88
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How are school performance and school climate related to teachers’ experience?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les élèves des établissements les plus performants obtiennent, en moyenne, des scores nettement supérieurs aux évaluations PISA à ceux de leurs pairs des établissements les moins performants. Certains aspects du climat de l’établissement, tels que le climat de discipline dans les cours de sciences, varient aussi sensiblement entre les établissements. Ces variations inter-établissements de la performance et du climat de discipline sont fortement liées aux différences de statut socio-économique de l’effectif d’élèves des établissements. En outre, les établissements où les enseignants sont plus expérimentés tendent à obtenir de meilleurs résultats aux évaluations PISA et présentent, en classe, un climat plus propice à l’apprentissage.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.88
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Performance et climat des établissements : Quel lien avec l’expérience des enseignants ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Research studies indicate that experienced teachers are more effective, but also suggest multiple explanations why this might be the case – whether because teachers gain valuable skills on the job and through formal professional development opportunities, or because the least effective teachers tend to quit teaching earlier, while more effective teachers remain in the profession. Each of these possible reasons has distinct implications for policy: from increasing hiring standards, improving teacher training and raising the attractiveness of the teaching profession, to ensuring that novice teachers receive the necessary support to quickly learn the tools of the trade and taking measures to prevent good teachers from dropping out of the profession.
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  • 20
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.75
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Does the quality of learning outcomes fall when education expands to include more disadvantaged students?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les taux de scolarisation dans l’enseignement secondaire ont dans l’ensemble enregistré une hausse considérable au cours des dernières décennies. Cette expansion se reflète aussi dans les données de l’enquête PISA, en particulier pour les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Entre 2003 et 2015, la population totale de jeunes de 15 ans éligibles à la participation à l’enquête PISA a ainsi augmenté de plus de 1.1 million d’élèves en Indonésie, de plus de 400 000 élèves au Brésil et en Turquie, et de plus de 300 000 élèves au Mexique. Cette expansion bienvenue de l’accès à l’éducation rend plus difficile l’interprétation de l’évolution dans le temps des scores moyens obtenus dans le cadre de l’enquête PISA. L’élargissement de la couverture de l’enquête peut en effet entraîner une sous-estimation des progrès réellement accomplis par les systèmes d’éducation. Les enquêtes auprès des ménages montrent souvent que les enfants issus de foyers défavorisés, de minorités ethniques ou de zones rurales sont plus exposés au risque de ne pas suivre ou terminer le premier cycle du secondaire. En général, l’accès de groupes de population auparavant exclus à des niveaux supérieurs d’enseignement entraîne l’augmentation du pourcentage d’élèves peu performants inclus dans les échantillons PISA.
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.167
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Resilience refers to the capacity of individuals to prosper despite encountering adverse circumstances. This paper defines academic resilience as the ability of 15-year-old students from disadvantaged backgrounds to perform at a certain level in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in reading, mathematics and science that enables them to play an active role in their communities and prepares them to make the most of lifelong-learning opportunities. Using data from the most recent PISA cycles, this paper explores changes in the share of resilient students over time (2006-2015); highlights the importance of school environments and resources in mitigating the risk of low achievement for disadvantaged students; and identifies school-level factors that are associated with the likelihood of academic resilience among socio-economically disadvantaged students. Analyses reveal that several countries were able to increase the share of resilient students over time, reflecting improvements in the average performance of students, or a weaker relationship between socio-economic status and performance. In the vast majority of education systems examined, the likelihood of academic resilience among disadvantaged students is lower in schools where students report a negative classroom climate. The paper concludes by exploring school policies and practices that are associated with a positive classroom climate.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.80
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Dans quel pays et établissements les élèves défavorisés réussissent-ils ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: PISA 2015 data show that, on average across OECD countries, as many as three out of four students from the lowest quarter of socio-economic status reach, at best, only the baseline level of proficiency (Level 2) in reading, mathematics or science. While in Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong (China), Ireland, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, Slovenia and Viet Nam, more than 30% of disadvantaged students scored at Level 3 or above in all PISA subjects in 2015, and can thus be considered “academically resilient”. Students who perform at Level 3 begin to demonstrate the ability to construct the meaning of a text and form a detailed understanding from multiple independent pieces of information when reading. They can work with proportional relationships and engage in basic interpretation and reasoning when solving mathematics problems; and they can handle unfamiliar topics in science. Such skills are the foundations for success and further learning later in life. PISA data collected over a decade (in 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015) show that several countries have been able to increase the share of academically resilient students among those in the bottom quarter of socio-economic status.
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  • 23
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.80
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe In which countries and schools do disadvantaged students succeed?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: D’après les données de l’enquête PISA, en moyenne, dans les pays de l’OCDE, trois élèves sur quatre se situant dans le quartile inférieur du statut socio-économique n’atteignent au mieux que le niveau de compétence de base (niveau 2) en compréhension de l’écrit, en mathématiques ou en sciences. Cependant, en Allemagne, au Canada, en Corée, au Danemark, en Estonie, en Finlande, à Hong-Kong (Chine), en Irlande, au Japon, en Norvège, aux Pays-Bas, à Singapour, en Slovénie et au Viet Nam, plus de 30 % des élèves défavorisés atteignent au moins le niveau 3 de compétence dans l’ensemble des domaines d’évaluation de l’enquête PISA 2015 – et peuvent donc être considérés comme « résilients sur le plan scolaire ». Au niveau 3 de compétence, les élèves commencent à faire preuve de capacités à : dégager la signification d’un texte et parvenir à une compréhension détaillée à partir de multiples fragments indépendants d’information en compréhension de l’écrit ; établir des relations proportionnelles et se livrer à une interprétation et un raisonnement simples dans le cadre de la résolution d’un problème mathématique ; et appréhender des sujets qui ne leur sont pas familiers en sciences – autant de compétences au fondement de la réussite et de la poursuite de l’apprentissage tout au long de la vie. D’après les données collectées sur une période de dix ans dans le cadre de l’enquête PISA (en 2006, 2009, 2012 et 2015), plusieurs pays sont parvenus à accroître le pourcentage d’élèves résilients sur le plan scolaire parmi ceux se situant dans le quartile inférieur du statut socio-économique.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.85
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Dans quels pays les enseignants les plus qualifiés et expérimentés exercent-ils dans les établiseements les plus difficiles ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Teachers are the most important school resource. In every country, teachers’ salaries and training represent the greatest share of expenditure on education; and this investment in teachers can have significant returns. Research shows that being taught by the best teachers can make a real difference in the learning and life outcomes of otherwise similar students. But not all students are equal when it comes to access to high-quality teaching. In fact, PISA data show that there are inequities in access to experienced and qualified teachers in many countries, and that they are related to the gap in learning outcomes between advantaged and disadvantaged students.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.75
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La plus grande inclusion des élèves défavorisés se fait-elle au détriment de la qualité des résultats d’apprentissage ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Globally, enrolment in secondary education has expanded dramatically over the past decades. This expansion is also reflected in PISA data, particularly for low- and middle-income countries. Between 2003 and 2015, Indonesia added more than 1.1 million students, Turkey and Brazil more than 400 000 students, and Mexico more than 300 000 students, to the total population of 15-year-olds eligible to participate in PISA. This welcome expansion in education opportunities makes it more difficult to interpret how mean scores in PISA have changed over time. Indeed, increases in coverage can lead to an underestimation of the real improvements that education systems have achieved. Household surveys often show that children from poor households, ethnic minorities or rural areas face a greater risk of not attending or completing lower secondary education. Typically, as populations that had previously been excluded gain access to higher levels of schooling, a larger proportion of low-performing students will be included in PISA samples.
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