ISBN:
9783319643885
Sprache:
Englisch
Seiten:
1 Online-Ressource (394 pages)
Serie:
Palgrave Hate Studies
Paralleltitel:
Print version Jakubowicz, Andrew Cyber Racism and Community Resilience : Strategies for Combating Online Race Hate
DDC:
305.8
Schlagwort(e):
Computer crimes-Auditing-Standards
Kurzfassung:
Intro -- Preface -- Background -- Outline of the Book -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- CRaCR Author Biographies -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Context: "Cyberspace," "Race" and Community Resilience -- Word and Deed -- How the Internet Began to Grow Opportunities for Racism -- Understanding the Multilayered Networking Processes That Enable the Internet -- Regulating the Internet as an Infrastructure -- Regulating Racism on the Internet -- Understanding Racism and Its Place on the Internet -- What Does "Race" Do to Peoples' Life Experiences? -- Practical Ways to Build Resilience in the Face of Threat -- References -- 2: Researching Cyber Racism: Methodologies and Methods Across Disciplines -- Introduction -- Transdisciplinarity and Approaches in Research on Cyber Racism -- The Study of Cyber Racism in Different Disciplinary Fields -- Sociology -- Political Science -- Criminology -- Cultural Studies and Anthropology -- Communication Science -- Psychology -- Information Science -- An Integrated Understanding of Research Focus and Methodologies Used Across Disciplines -- Research Methodologies in the CRaCR Project -- A Case for an Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of Contemporary Cyber Racism into the Future -- Conclusion -- References -- 3: How Cyber Users Experience and Respond to Racism: Evidence from an Online Survey -- Introduction -- The Australian Online CRaCR Survey -- Method -- Encountering Cyber Racism: Witnesses and Targets -- Impacts of Cyber Racism -- Responding to Cyber Racism -- Authors of Cyber Racism -- Cyber Racist Environments -- Attitudes on the Regulation of Cyber Racism -- Discussion -- References -- 4: Racism and the Affordances of the Internet -- Why Racists Like the Internet -- Trolling and Sadism: Why Racism Feels So Good to Some People Online -- Making a Racist and Doing Racism
Kurzfassung:
Doing Racism in Australia: The Socio-legal Context of Racial Hostility -- Where Does Racism Happen Online? -- Doing Racism in Australia: Trolling Jews as the New Normal -- A Contemptible Timeline: ECAJ Versus the Adelaide Institute -- Campaigning Against Islam and Slandering Muslims: Facebook at Play -- The Bendigo Mosque: A Swarming Case Study -- From Old Media to New Media: In Pursuit of Soft Targets Among Indigenous Australia -- References -- 5: Targets -- Introduction -- Targets of Hate: Six Groups of Australian Online Users -- The Indigenous Australian Community -- Australia's African Community -- Australia's Middle Eastern Community -- Australia's Chinese Community -- Australia's Jewish Community -- Australia's Muslim Community -- What Do the Target Communities Share? -- Discussion -- Faith, Hate and Fear in Online Australia -- Theoretical Assumptions -- Case Studies: Response and Resilience -- Case Study 1: The NSW Jewish Board of Deputies' Response to Online Antisemitism -- The Muslim Women's Association and an Anti-Islam Hate Group -- Discussion -- References -- 6: Racist Narratives Online -- Introduction -- National Identity Narrative Development and Context -- Fantasising Australian Identity Narratives on Social Media -- National Identity Narrative Construction and Cyber Racism -- Categorising Racist Discourse in Cyber Racism Narratives -- The Use of Identity Rhetoric to Target Minority Groups -- Building Cyber Racist Communities -- Developing Sophisticated Ideological Arguments -- Moral Disengagement Strategies -- Racial Microaggression and Hidden Harmful Effects -- Conclusion -- References -- 7: Building Online Communities of Resistance and Solidarity -- Introduction -- Online Communities -- Types of Online Communities Tackling Racism -- The Community Builders -- 1. Civil Society Organisations Affiliated with a Targeted Group
Kurzfassung:
2. Unaffiliated Civil Society Groups -- 3. Government Agencies -- 4. Grassroots Activists -- 5. Academics -- Community Strategies for Resistance and Solidarity -- Bringing It Together -- Case Study: The Online Hate Prevention Institute (Australia-Based, Globally Accessible) -- Sourcing Hate Content from Their Online Community -- The FightAgainstHate.com reporting tool -- The Unity in Diversity on Australia Day Campaign -- The Spotlight on Anti-Muslim Internet Hate Campaign -- OHPI Data: Feeding into Research and Policy -- The CSI-CHAT Analysis Tool -- Case Study: IndigenousX -- The IndigenousX Community -- Australia Day, the National Apology Day and Mabo Day -- Indigenous Health -- Direct Racism -- Cultural Revival -- IndigenousX Optimism and Excellence -- Resistance, Solidarity and Community Resilience -- Additional Approaches -- An Unaffiliated Civil Society Group -- A Government Agency -- A Peak Body for Impacted Communities -- Conclusion -- References -- 8: Promoting Resilience Through Regulation -- Introduction -- Background -- Balancing Regulation and Freedom -- The Major Challenges to Regulation -- Volume and Anonymity -- A Lawless Domain -- Lack of Consensus on Regulation and Criminalisation -- Free Speech Versus Freedom from Racism -- The Current Legal and Regulatory Terrain: The Example of Australia -- Vilification Laws and Conciliation -- Traditional Criminal Law -- Broadcasting Services Act and Cyberbullying Legislation -- International Protocols and Standards -- Internet Service Providers: Terms of Service and Industry Codes of Conduct -- A Gap in Regulation -- Addressing the Gap: Regulating for Resilience -- A Civil Penalty Regime for Cyber Racism? -- A Harm Threshold That Reflects Community Standards -- Engaging Existing Reporting Mechanisms -- Placing Pressure on Online Content Providers -- Penalties for Perpetrators of Cyber Racism
Kurzfassung:
Allowing for Third-Party Intervention -- Mechanisms to Educate Internet Users -- Better Recording and Monitoring of Online Behaviour -- Conclusion -- References -- Case Law -- Conventions and Legislation -- 9: Conclusion: Future Directions in Building Community Resilience -- Framing Cyber Racism as a Problem That Can Be Addressed -- Pathways Towards Resilience -- Industry Platform Codes and Practices -- States and Legal Environments -- Civil Society and Social Activism -- Government Interventions -- Civil Society Interventions -- The End of the Beginning… -- How Can the World Move Forward on Cyber Racism? -- Australia: A National Direction -- Nine Elements in a Plan for Resilience -- Cell 1: Targets Who Are Anti-Racist (2.2%) -- Cell 2: Anti-Racists Who Use Racist Strategies (0.7%) -- Cell 3: Anti-Racists Who Are Not Targets (15.3%) -- Cell 4: Mildly Prejudiced Targets of Racism (7.9%) -- Cell 5: Mildly Prejudiced Normalising Perpetrators of Racism (2.8%) -- Cell 6: Mildly Prejudiced Bystanders (63.1%) -- Cell 7: Racist Targets of Racism (1%) -- Cell 8: Racist Perpetrators: Troll Haven (0.5%) -- Cell 9: Standing by with Prejudice (5.7%) -- Conclusion -- References -- Index
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