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  • Anderson, Kym  (9)
  • Deininger, Klaus  (5)
  • Agriculture  (14)
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deininger, Klaus Impact of the Russian Invasion on Ukrainian Farmers' Productivity, Rural Welfare, and Food Security
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Agriculture ; Armed Conflict Impact on Agriculture ; Conflict and Development ; Credit Markets ; Farm Profitability ; Food Security ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post-Conflict Agricultural Reconstruction ; Rural Impact of War ; Rural Welfare
    Abstract: Data from 2,251 small and medium-size farms for 2021 and 2022 show that area reductions in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine remained limited. However, worsening terms of trade reduced farm profitability, implying that 46 percent of farms had a negative cash flow and 54 percent (67 percent in the 50-120 hectare group) were credit constrained in 2022, implying that longer term effects may be more adverse. Total factor productivity varies significantly across size groups but is not significantly different between formal and informal farms in the same size group. This suggests that limited transferability of land use rights that are disproportionately used by smaller farms may be one reason for low productivity. Improving transferability of land, digital access to markets, and mortgage lending could thus trigger investment and growth in higher value products by small and medium-size farms to solidify Ukraine's comparative advantage in agriculture and improve rural living conditions in the context of reconstruction
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deininger, Klaus Quantifying War-Induced Crop Losses in Ukraine in near Real Time to Strengthen Local and Global Food Security
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Agriculture ; Armed Conflict ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Food Security ; Machine Learning ; War
    Abstract: This paper uses a 4-year panel (2019-2022) of 10,125 village councils in Ukraine to estimate direct and indirect effects of the war started by Russia on area and expected yield of winter crops. Satellite imagery is used to provide information on direct damage to agricultural fields; classify crop cover using machine learning; and compute the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for winter cereal fields as a proxy for yield. Without conflict, winter crop area would have been 9.14 rather than 8.38 mn. ha, a 0.75 mn. ha reduction, 86% of which is due to economy-wide effects. The estimated conflict-induced drop in NDVI for winter cereal, which is particularly pronounced for small farms, translates into a 15% yield reduction or an output loss of 4.2 million tons. Taking area and yield reduction together suggests a war-induced loss of winter crop output of 20% if the current winter crop can be harvested fully
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Adelaide], South Australia : University of Adelaide Press
    ISBN: 9781925261349 , 1925261352 , 1925261344 , 9781925261356
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xvi, 127 pages)
    Parallel Title: Print version Anderson, Kym Finishing global farm trade reform
    DDC: 338.91
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; International trade ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; International trade ; Agriculture ; Developing countries ; Agriculture ; Economic aspects ; World Trade Organization ; International trade ; Electronic books
    Abstract: "The study reviews policy developments in recent years and, in the light of that, explores ways in which further consensus might be reached among WTO members to reduce farm trade distortions - and thereby also progress the multilateral trade reform agenda. Particular attention is given to ways that would boost well-being in developing countries, especially for those food-insecure households still suffering from poverty and hunger. The core message from this study is that open agricultural markets maximize the role that trade can play to boost developing country welfare and global food security and ensure the world's agricultural resources are used most sustainably. Declining costs of trading internationally reinforce that message, with thanks to the information and communication technology (ICT) revolution. As well, the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement, once ratified by members over coming months, will add to that lowering of trade costs. If global warming and extreme weather events are to become more damaging to food production as climate change proceeds, that provides all the more reason for countries collectively to open up food markets to allow trade to encourage more production and buffer seasonal yield fluctuations. The more countries do that, the less volatile will be international food prices"--Publisher description
    Abstract: "The study reviews policy developments in recent years and, in the light of that, explores ways in which further consensus might be reached among WTO members to reduce farm trade distortions - and thereby also progress the multilateral trade reform agenda. Particular attention is given to ways that would boost well-being in developing countries, especially for those food-insecure households still suffering from poverty and hunger. The core message from this study is that open agricultural markets maximize the role that trade can play to boost developing country welfare and global food security and ensure the world's agricultural resources are used most sustainably. Declining costs of trading internationally reinforce that message, with thanks to the information and communication technology (ICT) revolution. As well, the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement, once ratified by members over coming months, will add to that lowering of trade costs. If global warming and extreme weather events are to become more damaging to food production as climate change proceeds, that provides all the more reason for countries collectively to open up food markets to allow trade to encourage more production and buffer seasonal yield fluctuations. The more countries do that, the less volatile will be international food prices"--Publisher description
    Note: "This book is available as a free ebook from adelaide.edu.au/press"--Back cover , Includes bibliographical references (pages 111-127)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (69 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym The Challenge of Reducing International Trade And Migration Barriers
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Air pollution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic benefits ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Government subsidies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade policies ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Agriculture ; Air pollution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic benefits ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Government subsidies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade policies ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Agriculture ; Air pollution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic benefits ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Government subsidies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade policies ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: While barriers to trade in most goods and some services including capital flows have been reduced considerably over the past two decades, many remain. Such policies harm most the economies imposing them, but the worst of the merchandise barriers (in agriculture and textiles) are particularly harmful to the world's poorest people, as are barriers to worker migration across borders. This paper focuses on how costly those anti-poor trade policies are, and examines possible strategies to reduce remaining distortions. Two opportunities in particular are addressed: completing the Doha Development Agenda process at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and freeing up the international movement of workers. A review of the economic benefits and adjustment costs associated with these opportunities provides the foundation to undertake benefit/cost analysis required to rank this set of opportunities against those aimed at addressing the world's other key challenges as part of the Copenhagen Consensus project. The paper concludes with key caveats and suggests that taking up these opportunities could generate huge social benefit/cost ratios that are considerably higher than the direct economic ones quantified in this study, even without factoring in their contribution to alleviating several of the other challenges identified by that project, including malnutrition, disease, poor education and air pollution
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Distortions To Agricultural Incentives In Australia Since World War II
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Australia's lackluster economic growth performance in the first four decades following World War II was in part due to an anti-trade, anti-primary sector bias in government assistance policies. This paper provides new annual estimates of the extent of those biases since 1946 and their gradual phase-out during the past two decades. In doing so it reveals that the timing of the sector assistance cuts was such as sometimes to improve but sometimes to worsen the distortions to incentives faced by farmers. The changes increased the variation of assistance rates within agriculture during the 1950s and 1960s, reducing the welfare contribution of those programs in that period. Although the assistance pattern within agriculture appears not to have been strongly biased against exporters, its reform has coincided with a substantial increase in the export orientation of many farm industries. The overall pattern for Australia is contrasted with that revealed by comparable new estimates for other high-income countries
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Measuring Distortions To Agricultural Incentives, Revisited
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Incentives ; Agricultural markets ; Agricultural policy ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export ; Farm ; Farm products ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Import tariffs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Quantitative restrictions ; Agribusiness ; Agricultural Incentives ; Agricultural markets ; Agricultural policy ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export ; Farm ; Farm products ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Import tariffs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Quantitative restrictions ; Agribusiness ; Agricultural Incentives ; Agricultural markets ; Agricultural policy ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export ; Farm ; Farm products ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Import tariffs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Quantitative restrictions
    Abstract: Notwithstanding the tariffication component of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, import tariffs on farm products continue to provide an incomplete indication of the extent to which agricultural producer and consumer incentives are distorted in national markets. Especially in developing countries, non-agricultural policies indirectly impact agricultural and food markets. Empirical analysis aimed at monitoring distortions to agricultural incentives thus need to examine both agricultural and non-agricultural policy measures including import or export taxes, subsidies and quantitative restrictions, plus domestic taxes or subsidies on farm outputs or inputs and consumer subsidies for food staples. This paper addresses the practical methodological issues that need to be faced when attempting to undertake such a measurement task in developing countries. The approach is illustrated in two ways: by presenting estimates of nominal and relative rates of assistance to farmers in China for the period 1981 to 2005; and by summarizing estimates from an economy-wide computable general equilibrium model of the effects on agricultural versus non-agricultural markets of the project's measured distortions globally as of 2004
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Do Overlapping Property Rights Reduce Agricultural Investment ?
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Classification ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conservation ; Economic growth ; Fruits ; Labor Policies ; Land management ; Land ownership ; Land use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Plots ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Wetlands ; Agriculture ; Classification ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conservation ; Economic growth ; Fruits ; Labor Policies ; Land management ; Land ownership ; Land use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Plots ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Wetlands ; Agriculture ; Classification ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conservation ; Economic growth ; Fruits ; Labor Policies ; Land management ; Land ownership ; Land use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Plots ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Wetlands
    Abstract: The need for land-related investment to ensure sustainable land management and increase productivity of land use is widely recognized. However, there is little rigorous evidence on the effects of property rights for increasing agricultural productivity and contributing toward poverty reduction in Africa. Whether and by how much overlapping property rights reduce investment incentives, and the scope for policies to counter such disincentives, are thus important policy issues. Using information on parcels under ownership and usufruct by the same household from a nationally representative survey in Uganda, the authors find significant disincentives associated with overlapping property rights on short and long-term investments. The paper combines this result with information on crop productivity to obtain a rough estimate of the magnitudes involved. The authors make suggestions on ways to eliminate such inefficiencies
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zevenbergen, Jaap Rural Land Certification In Ethiopia
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Common Property ; Common Property Resource Development ; Common Property Resources ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensation ; E-Business ; Enforcement ; Enforcement Mechanisms ; Environment ; Environments ; Land ; Land Administration ; Land Grabbing ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Urban Development ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Common Property ; Common Property Resource Development ; Common Property Resources ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensation ; E-Business ; Enforcement ; Enforcement Mechanisms ; Environment ; Environments ; Land ; Land Administration ; Land Grabbing ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Urban Development ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Common Property ; Common Property Resource Development ; Common Property Resources ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensation ; E-Business ; Enforcement ; Enforcement Mechanisms ; Environment ; Environments ; Land ; Land Administration ; Land Grabbing ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Although many African countries have recently adopted highly innovative and pro-poor land laws, lack of implementation thwarts their potentially far-reaching impact on productivity, poverty reduction, and governance. The authors use a representative household survey from Ethiopia where, over a short period, certificates to more than 20 million plots were issued to describe the certification process, explore its incidence and preliminary impact, and quantify the costs. While this provides many suggestions to ensure sustainability and enhance impact, Ethiopia's highly cost-effective first-time registration process provides important lessons
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Efficiency And Equity Impacts of Rural Land Rental Restrictions
    Keywords: Access to information ; Agricultural development ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farmers ; Gender ; Housing ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Land reform ; Livestock ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural development ; Access to information ; Agricultural development ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farmers ; Gender ; Housing ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Land reform ; Livestock ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural development ; Access to information ; Agricultural development ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farmers ; Gender ; Housing ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Land reform ; Livestock ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural development
    Abstract: Recognition of the potentially deleterious implications of inequality in opportunity originating in a skewed asset distribution has spawned considerable interest in land reforms. However, little attention has been devoted to fact that, in the longer term, the measures used to implement land reforms could negatively affect productivity. Use of state level data on rental restrictions, together with a nationally representative survey from India, suggests that, contrary to original intentions, rental restrictions negatively affect productivity and equity. The restrictions reduce the scope for efficiency-enhancing rental transactions that benefit poor producers. Simulations suggest that, by doubling the number of producers with access to land through rental, from about 15 million currently, liberalization of rental markets could have far-reaching impacts
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Reducing Distortions To Agricultural Incentives
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Import Barriers ; Incentives ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Protectionism ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Trade Policy ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Import Barriers ; Incentives ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Protectionism ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Trade Policy ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Import Barriers ; Incentives ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Protectionism ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Most of the world's poorest people depend on farming for their livelihood. Earnings from farming in low-income countries are depressed partly due to a pro-urban bias in own-country policies, and partly because richer countries (including some developing countries) favor their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduce national and global economic growth and add to inequality and poverty in developing countries. Acknowledgement of that since the 1980s has given rise to greater pressures for reform, both internal and external. Over the past two decades numerous developing country governments have reduced their sectoral and trade policy distortions, while many high-income countries continue with protectionist policies that harm developing country exports of farm products. Recent research suggests that the agricultural protectionist policies of high-income countries reduce welfare in many developing countries. Most of those studies also suggest that full global liberalization of merchandise trade would raise value added in agriculture in developing country regions, and that much of the benefit from global reform would come not just from reform in high-income countries but also from liberalization among developing countries, including in many cases own-country reform. These findings raise three key questions that are addressed in this paper: To what extent have the reforms of the past two decades succeeded in reducing distortions to agricultural incentives? Do current policy distortions still discriminate against farmers in low-income countries? And what are the prospects for further reform in the next decade or so?
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agricultural Trade ; Agricultural Workers ; Agriculture ; GDP ; High-Income Countries ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population
    Abstract: This compilation of data is prepared as a companion to the Bank's research project on distortions to agricultural incentives. Its purpose is to provide comparative basic economic and trade indicators for the countries involved as case studies in that project. The project is global in coverage, and is sub-divided into five groups: Africa, Asia, Europe and Central Asia's Transition Economies, Latin America and the Caribbean, and high-income countries. The present compendium is divided into seven main sections. The first one includes data on high income countries which are compared with three aggregates for developing countries. Sections two through five focuses indeed specifically on one of the four regional groups and compare data for the case study countries with various aggregates of studied and not studied countries. Due to the very limited data availability several countries have not been included in the compendium. Finally, section six and seven include estimates of trade distortions, and sectoral shares of value added and household expenditures for all the studied countries and several regional aggregates
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Global Impacts Of Doha Trade Reform Scenarios On Poverty
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Base Year ; Benchmark ; Constant Returns To Scale ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Real Income ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reforms ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Uruguay Round ; Utility ; WTO ; Wages ; Welfare ; Agriculture ; Base Year ; Benchmark ; Constant Returns To Scale ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Real Income ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reforms ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Uruguay Round ; Utility ; WTO ; Wages ; Welfare ; Agriculture ; Base Year ; Benchmark ; Constant Returns To Scale ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Real Income ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reforms ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Uruguay Round ; Utility ; WTO ; Wages ; Welfare
    Abstract: The authors illustrate some of the potential consequences of the World Trade Organization's Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations on incomes and poverty globally. Using the global LINKAGE model to generate changes in domestic and international prices that have a direct impact on factor incomes and consumer prices, they estimate the change in real income at the poverty line that would accompany various reform scenarios. When accompanied by additional information about the elasticity of poverty with respect to income, this provides an estimate of the change in poverty by country. Under most liberalization scenarios considered, unskilled wages rise more than average incomes, but the estimated impact on global poverty is modest, especially if developing countries are unwilling to undertake much reform
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty
    Keywords: Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: Many fear China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) will impoverish its rural people by way of greater import competition in its agricultural markets. Anderson, Huang, and Ianchovichina explore that possibility bearing in mind that, even if producer prices of some (land-intensive) farm products fall, prices of other (labor-intensive) farm products could rise. Also, the removal of restrictions on exports of textiles and clothing could boost town and village enterprises, so demand for unskilled labor for nonfarm work in rural areas may grow even if demand for farm labor in aggregate falls. New estimates, from the global economywide numerical simulation model known as GTAP, of the likely changes in agricultural and other product prices as a result of WTO accession are drawn on to examine empirically the factor reward implications of China's WTO accession. The results suggest farm-nonfarm and Western-Eastern income inequality may well rise in China but rural-urban income inequality need not. The authors conclude with some policy suggestions for alleviating any pockets of farm household poverty that may emerge as a result of WTO accession. This paper—a product of the Economic Policy Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network—is part of a larger effort in the network to assess the impact of China's WTO accession
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Developing Country Agriculture and the New Trade Agenda
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Production ; Agricultural Protection ; Agriculture ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Resources ; Rural Communities ; Social Protections and Labor ; Standards ; Subsidies ; Tariffs ; Taxation ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Welfare Gains ; World Trade Organization ; Agribusiness ; Agricultural Production ; Agricultural Protection ; Agriculture ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Resources ; Rural Communities ; Social Protections and Labor ; Standards ; Subsidies ; Tariffs ; Taxation ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Welfare Gains ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: May 1999 - In the new round of World Trade Organization talks expected in late 1999, negotiations about access to agricultural and services markets should be given top priority, but new trade agenda issues should also be discussed. Including new trade agenda issues would increase market discipline's role in the allocation of resources in agriculture and would encourage nonagricultural groups with interests in the new issues to take part in the round, counterbalancing forces favoring agricultural protection. A new round of World Trade Organization negotiations on agriculture, services, and perhaps other issues is expected in late 1999. To what extent should those negotiations include new trade agenda items aimed at ensuring that domestic regulatory policies do not discriminate against foreign suppliers? Hoekman and Anderson argue that negotiations about market access should be given priority, as the potential welfare gains from liberalizing access to agricultural (and services) markets are still huge, but new issues should be included too. Including new trade agenda issues would increase the role of market discipline in the allocation of resources in agriculture and would encourage nonagricultural groups with interests in the new issues to take part in the round, counterbalancing forces in favor of agricultural protection. They also argue, however, that rule-making efforts to accommodate the new issues should be de-linked from negotiations about access to agricultural markets, because the issues affect activity in all sectors. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze options and priorities for developing countries in the run-up to a new round of WTO negotiations. Bernard Hoekman may be contacted at bhoekmanworldbank.org or kanderson@economics.adelaide.edu.au
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