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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400922976
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 115
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 115
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Style.
    Abstract: Discourses of the Island -- Discourses of the Nerve -- Experiment and Fiction -- Hypotyposes -- The Mythological Transformations of Renaissance Science: Physical Allegory and the Crisis of Alchemical Narrative -- “What Ever Happened to Ethics?” -- Nature as Construct -- “Observe how healthily — how calmly I can tell you the whole story”: Moral Insanity and Edgar Allan Poe’s ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ -- Conceptualizing Technology in Literary Terms: Some American Examples -- Literature and the Authority of Technology -- “A Place to Step Further”: Jack Spicer’s Quantum Poetics -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: On the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Boston Studies series in 1985, Cohen, Elkana, and Wartofsky wrote in another preface such as this that the time had come for establishing institutions supporting a vision to which the series had been devoted since its inception, namely that of a more broadly conceived, interdisciplinary study of the history and philosophy of science: In recent years it has become evident that, in addition to serious and competent disciplinary work on the specifics of the History of Science, the Philosophy of Science and the Sociology of Science, there is now a growing need to develop a problem­ oriented approach which no longer distinguishes between these three specialties in a cut and dried way. Since the time has come for such an approach, the institutional tools should be provided. A way to do so would be . . . to organize colloquia and to publish good papers stemming from these, without attempting to organize the papers under the separate rubrics of History of Philosophy or Sociology of Science; and moreover to consider it natural that any fundamental issue of the foundations of the sciences, or their place in a culture and the way they are institutionalized in the societal web, is still our concern, no matter whether we are a professional scientist, historian or philosopher who deals with the problem (p. vii).
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789400926479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 200
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Essay 1. Is Alethic Modal Logic Possible? -- Essay 2. Reasoning About Knowledge in Philosophy: The Paradigm of Epistemic Logic -- Essay 3. Are There Nonexistent Objects? Why Not? But Where Are They? -- Essay 4. On Sense, Reference, and the Objects of Knowledge -- Essay 5. Impossible Possible Worlds Vindicated -- Essay 6. Towards a General Theory of Individuation and Identification -- Essay 7. On the Proper Treatment of Quantifiers in Montague Semantics -- Essay 8. The Cartesian cogito, Epistemic Logic and Neuroscience: Some Surprising Interrelations -- Essay 9. Quine on Who’s Who -- Essay 10. How Can Language Be Sexist? -- Essay 11. On Denoting What? -- Essay 12. Degrees and Dimensions of Intentionality -- Essay 13. Situations, Possible Worlds and Attitudes -- Essay 14. Questioning as a Philosophical Method -- Erratum -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Names.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789401568784
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 526 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 32
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: Categorial Grammars as Theories of Language -- The Lambek Calculus -- Generative Power of Categorial Grammars -- Semantic Categories and the Development of Categorial Grammars -- Aspects of a Categorial Theory of Binding -- Type Raising, Functional Composition, and Non-Constituent Conjunction -- Implications of Process-Morphology for Categorial Grammar -- Phrasal Verbs and the Categories of Postponement -- Natural Language Motivations for Extending Categorial Grammar -- Categorial and Categorical Grammars -- Mixed Composition and Discontinuous Dependencies -- Multi-Dimensional Compositional Functions as a Basis for Grammatical Analysis -- Categorial Grammar and Phrase Structure Grammar: An Excursion on the Syntax-Semantics Frontier -- Combinators and Grammars -- A Typology of Functors and Categories -- Consequences of Some Categorially-Motivated Phonological Assumptions -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Categories and Functors.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789400934016
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (472p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 33
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Computer science ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: Prologue -- What is Mathematical Linguistics? -- I. Early Nontransformational Grammar -- to Part I -- Formal Linguistics and Formal Logic -- An Elementary Proof of the Peters-Ritchie Theorem -- On Constraining the Class of Transformational Languages -- Generative Grammars without Transformation Rules-A Defense of Phrase Structure -- A Program for Syntax -- II Modern Context-Free-Like Models -- to Part II -- Natural Languages and Context-Free Languages -- Unbounded Dependency and Coordinate Structure -- On Some Formal Properties of MetaRules -- Some Generalizations of Categorial Grammars -- III More than Context-Free and Less than Transformational Grammar -- to Part III -- Cross-serial Dependencies in Dutch -- Evidence Against the Context-Freeness of Natural Language -- English is not a Context-Free Language -- The Complexity of the Vocabulary of Bambara -- Context-Sensitive Grammar and Natural Language Syntax -- How Non-Context Free is Variable Binding? -- Prologue -- Computationally Relevant Properties of Natural Languages and Their Grammars -- Index of Languages -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Ever since Chomsky laid the framework for a mathematically formal theory of syntax, two classes of formal models have held wide appeal. The finite state model offered simplicity. At the opposite extreme numerous very powerful models, most notable transformational grammar, offered generality. As soon as this mathematical framework was laid, devastating arguments were given by Chomsky and others indicating that the finite state model was woefully inadequate for the syntax of natural language. In response, the completely general transformational grammar model was advanced as a suitable vehicle for capturing the description of natural language syntax. While transformational grammar seems likely to be adequate to the task, many researchers have advanced the argument that it is "too adequate. " A now classic result of Peters and Ritchie shows that the model of transformational grammar given in Chomsky's Aspects [IJ is powerful indeed. So powerful as to allow it to describe any recursively enumerable set. In other words it can describe the syntax of any language that is describable by any algorithmic process whatsoever. This situation led many researchers to reasses the claim that natural languages are included in the class of transformational grammar languages. The conclu­ sion that many reached is that the claim is void of content, since, in their view, it says little more than that natural language syntax is doable algo­ rithmically and, in the framework of modern linguistics, psychology or neuroscience, that is axiomatic.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400937611
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (464p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 97
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 97
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Goethe in the History of Science -- Goethe’s Relationship to the Theories of Development of His Time -- The Eternal Laws of Form: Morphotypes and the Conditions of Existence in Goethe’s Biological Thought -- Goethe’s Entoptische Farben and the Problem of Polarity -- Goethe and Helmholtz: Science and Sensation -- Goethe and Psychoanalysis -- Goethe’s Color Studies in a New Perspective: Die Farbenlehre in English -- II. Expanding the Limits of Traditional Scientific Methodology and Ontology -- Goethe and Modern Science -- Goethe and the Concept of Metamorphosis -- Is Goethe’s Theory of Color Science? -- Goethe Against Newton: Towards Saving the Phenomenon -- Theory of Science in the Light of Goethe’s Science of Nature -- Facts as Theory: Aspects of Goethe’s Philosophy of Science -- The Theory of Color as the Symbolism of Insight -- III. Contemporary Relevance: A Viable Alternative? -- Form and Cause in Goethe’s Morphology -- Goethean Method in the Work of Jochen Bockemühl -- Whiteness -- Goethe as a Forerunner of Alternative Science -- Self-Knowledge, Freedom and Irony: The Language of Nature in Goethe -- Postscript. Goethe’s Science: An Alternative to Modern Science or within It — or No Alternative at All? -- Goethe and the Sciences: An Annotated Bibliography -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: of him in like measure within myself, that is my highest wish. This noble individual was not conscious of the fact that at that very moment the divine within him and the divine of the universe were most intimately united. So, for Goethe, the resonance with a natural rationality seems part of the genius of modern science. Einstein's 'cosmic religion', which reflects Spinoza, also echoes Goethe's remark (Ibid. , Item 575 from 1829): Man must cling to the belief that the incomprehensible is comprehensible. Else he would give up investigating. But how far will Goethe share the devotion of these cosmic rationalists to the beautiful harmonies of mathematics, so distant from any pure and 'direct observation'? Kepler, Spinoza, Einstein need not, and would not, rest with discovery of a pattern within, behind, as a source of, the phenomenal world, and they would not let even the most profound of descriptive generalities satisfy scientific curiosity. For his part, Goethe sought fundamental archetypes, as in his intuition of a Urpjlanze, basic to all plants, infinitely plastic. When such would be found, Goethe would be content, for (as he said to Eckermann, Feb. 18, 1829): . . . to seek something behind (the Urphaenomenon) is futile. Here is the limit. But as a rule men are not satisfied to behold an Urphaenomenon. They think there must be something beyond. They are like children who, having looked into a mirror, turn it around to see what is on the other side.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789400945524
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (408p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 181
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; History ; Logic. ; Linguistics.
    Abstract: I Introduction -- General Introduction -- Putting Frege in Perspective -- II Semantics and Epistemology -- Frege and Vagueness -- Semantic Content and Cognitive Sense -- Objectivity and Objecthood: Frege’s Metaphysics of Judgment -- Frege on Truth -- Frege on Existence -- III Logical Theory -- Frege’s Proof of Referentiality -- Frege, Russell and Logicism: A Logical Reconstruction -- Frege’s Technical Concepts: Some Recent Developments -- IV Philosophy of Mathematics -- Frege, Dedekind, and the Philosophy of Mathematics -- Continuity and Change in Frege’s Philosophy of Mathematics -- Grundgesetze, Section 10 -- Index Of Names -- Index Of Subjects.
    Abstract: cake, even though it is typically given the pride of place in expositions in Frege's semantics. As a part of this attempted reversal of emphasis, Jaakko Hintikka has also called attention to the role Frege played in convincing almost everyone that verbs for being had to be treated as multiply ambiguous between the "is" of identity, the "is" of predication, the "is" of existence, and the "is" of class-inclusion - a view that had been embraced by few major figures (if any) before Frege, with the exception of John Stuart Mill and Augustus De Morgan. Hintikka has gone on to challenge this ambiguity thesis. At the same time, Frege's role in the genesis of another major twentieth-century philosophical movement, the phenomenological one, has become an important issue. Even the translation of Frege's key term "Bedeutung" as "reference" has become controversial. The interpretation of Frege is thus thrown largely back in the melting pot. In editing this volume, we have not tried to publish the last word on Frege. Even though we may harbor such ambitions ourselves, they are not what has led to the present editorial enterprise. What we have tried to do is to bring together some of the best ongoing work on Frege. Even though the ultimate judgment on our success lies with out readers, we want to register our satisfaction with all the contributions.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400947801
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, medieval ; Philosophy—History.
    Abstract: Retrospect on the Verb ‘To Be’ and the Concept of Being -- Identity and Predication in Plato -- Aristotle and Existence -- The Varieties of Being in Aristotle -- The Chimera’s Diary -- Peter Abelard’s Investigations into the Meaning and Functions of the Speech Sign ‘Est’ -- The Logic of Being in Thomas Aquinas -- Being qua Being in Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus -- On Descartes’s Argument for Dualism and the Distinction Between Different Kinds of Beings -- Kant on Existence, Predication, and the Ontological Argument -- On Frege’s Concept of Being -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The last twenty years have seen remarkable developments in our understanding of how the ancient Greek thinkers handled the general concept of being and its several varieties. The most general examination of the meaning of the Greek verb 'esti'/'einai'/'on' both in common usage and in the philosophical literature has been presented by Charles H. Kahn, most extensively in his 1973 book The Verb 'Be' in Ancient Greek. These discussions are summarized in Kahn's contribution to this volume. By and large, they show that conceptual schemes by means of which philosophers have recently approached Greek thought have not been very well suited to the way the concept of being was actually used by the ancients. For one thing, being in the sense of existence played a very small role in Greek thinking according to Kahn. Even more importantly, Kahn has argued that Frege and Russell's thesis that verbs for being, such as 'esti', are multiply ambiguous is ill suited for the purpose of appreciating the actual conceptual assumptions of the Greek thinkers. Frege and Russell claimed that a verb like 'is' or'esti' is ambiguous between the 'is' of identity, the 'is' of existence, the copulative 'is', and the generic 'is' (the 'is' of class-inclusion). At least a couple of generations of scholars have relied on this thesis and fre­ quently criticized sundry ancients for confusing these different senses of 'esti' with each other.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789400954106
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 26
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Introduction to Game-Theoretical Semantics -- 1. General -- 2. Formal first-order languages -- 3. Equivalence with Tarski-type truth-definitions -- 4. Translation to higher-order languages -- 5. Partially ordered quantifiers -- 6. Subgames and functional interpretations -- 7. Extension to natural languages -- 8. Similarities and differences between formal and natural languages -- 9. Competing ordering principles -- 10. Atomic sentences -- 11. Further rules for natural languages -- 12. Explanatory strategies -- Notes to Part I -- II: Definite Descriptions -- 1. Russell on definite descriptions -- 2. Prima facie difficulties with Russell’s theory -- 3. Can we localize Russell’s theory? -- 4. Game-theoretical solution to the localization problem -- 5. Anaphoric “the” in formal languages -- 6. Applications -- 7. Epithetic and counterepithetic the-phrases -- 8. Vagaries of the alleged head-anaphor relation -- 9. The anaphoric use of definite descriptions as a semantical phenomenon -- 10. The quantifier-exclusion phenomenon in natural languages -- 11. Inductive choice sets -- 12. Other uses of “the” -- 13. The Russellian use -- 14. The generic use motivated -- 15. Conclusions from the “pragmatic deduction” -- Notes to Part II -- III: Towards a Semantical Theory of Pronominal Anaphora -- I: Different Approaches to Anaphora -- II: A Game-Theoretical Approach to Anaphora -- III: The Exclusion Principle -- IV: General Theoretical Issues -- V: GTS expalains Coreference Restrictions -- VI: Comparisons with Other Treatments -- Notes to Part III -- Name Index.
    Abstract: I n order to appreciate properly what we are doing in this book it is necessary to realize that our approach to linguistic theorizing differs from the prevailing views. Our approach can be described by indicating what distinguishes it from the methodological ideas current in theoretical linguistics, which I consider seriously misguided. Linguists typically construe their task in these days as that of making exceptionless generalizations from particular examples. This explanatory strategy is wrong in several different ways. It presupposes that we can have "intuitions" about particular examples, usually examples invented by the linguist himself or herself, reliable and sharp enough to serve as a basis of sharp generalizations. It also presupposes that we cannot have equally reliable direct access to general linguistic regularities. Both assumptions appear to me extremely dubious, and the first of them has in effect been challenged by linguists like Dwight Bol inger. There is also some evidence that the degree of unanimity among linguists is fairly low when it comes to less clear cases, even in connection with such relatively simple questions as grammaticality (acceptability). For this reason we have tried to rely more on quotations from contemporary fiction, newspapers and magazines than on linguists' and philosophers' ad hoc examples. I also find it strange that some of the same linguists as believe that we all possess innate ideas about general characteristics of humanly possible grammars assume that we can have access to them only via their particular consequences.
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