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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Manuel pour un traitement inclusif du genre dans les politiques de concurrence (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264517523 , 9789264797970 , 9789264777705
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Herramientas para una política de competencia con perspectiva de género
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Quel est le rapport entre concurrence et problématiques de genre ? Les autorités de la concurrence jouent un rôle crucial dans la création de marchés équitables et prospères. Cependant, le lien entre la concurrence et le genre est souvent négligé. Ce manuel procure aux autorités de la concurrence les connaissances et les outils nécessaires pour intégrer les questions de genre dans leur travail. Il propose une approche fondée sur des éléments factuels, allant au-delà de la théorie, afin d'adresser des recommandations concrètes susceptibles d'améliorer la précision de l'analyse, de faciliter les enquêtes sur les ententes et d'optimiser les efforts de sensibilisation. S'inspirant de la recherche sur les problématiques de genre dans des domaines d'action connexes tels que la gouvernance d'entreprise, la lutte contre la corruption et l'économie comportementale, ce manuel offre un cadre complet pour la prise en compte des questions de genre. En intégrant ce manuel dans leurs activités quotidiennes, les autorités de la concurrence peuvent contribuer davantage encore à la promotion de marchés équitables et efficaces qui soient bénéfiques à tous les individus, indépendamment de leur genre.
    DOI: 10.1787/3a089d54-fr
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 102
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen zu verantwortungsvollem unternehmerischem Handeln (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264537842
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales sur la conduite responsable des entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Unternehmensethik ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Die OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen zu verantwortungsvollem unternehmerischem Handeln stellen Empfehlungen der Regierungen an die multinationalen Unternehmen dar. Sie zielen darauf ab, den positiven Beitrag zu fördern, den die Unternehmen zum ökonomischen, ökologischen und sozialen Fortschritt leisten können. Außerdem können mit der Geschäftstätigkeit, den Produkten oder Dienstleistungen der Unternehmen negative Auswirkungen auf die in den Leitsätzen behandelten Themen verbunden sein – diese Effekte zu minimieren ist ein weiteres Anliegen der Leitsätze. Sie behandeln alle zentralen Bereiche der Unternehmensverantwortung, von Menschen-, Arbeitnehmerrechten und Umwelt über Bestechung, Verbraucherinteressen und Offenlegung von Informationen bis hin zu Wissenschaft, Technologie, Wettbewerb und Besteuerung. Diese Ausgabe enthält aktualisierte Empfehlungen für verantwortungsvolles unternehmerisches Handeln in zentralen Themenbereichen wie Klimawandel, Biodiversität, Technologie, geschäftliche Integrität und Sorgfaltspflichten in Lieferketten. Außerdem wurden die Umsetzungsverfahren für die Nationalen Kontaktstellen für verantwortungsvolles unternehmerisches Verhalten überarbeitet.
    DOI: 10.1787/abd4d37b-de
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 103
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    DeFi liquidations : Volatility and liquidity (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions no.48
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This work delves into the liquidations mechanism inherent in Decentralised Finance (DeFi) lending protocols and the connection between liquidations and price volatility in decentralised exchanges (DEXs). The analysis employs transactional data of three of the largest DeFi lending protocols and provides evidence of a positive relation between liquidations and post-liquidations price volatility across the main DEX pools. Without directly observing the behaviour of liquidators, these findings indirectly indicate that liquidators require market liquidity to carry out large liquidations and affect market conditions while doing so.
    DOI: 10.1787/0524faaf-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 104
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Diretrizes da OCDE para Empresas Multinacionais sobre Conduta Empresarial Responsável (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264495289
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen zu verantwortungsvollem unternehmerischem Handeln
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales sobre Conducta Empresarial Responsable
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales sur la conduite responsable des entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: As Diretrizes da OCDE para Empresas Multinacionais sobre Conduta Empresarial Responsável são recomendações dirigidas pelos governos às empresas multinacionais. Elas visam promover as contribuições positivas por parte das empresas para o progresso econômico, ambiental e social, e minimizar os impactos adversos nas questões abrangidas pelas Diretrizes que possam estar associados às operações, produtos e serviços de uma empresa. As Diretrizes abrangem as principais áreas de responsabilidade empresarial, incluindo direitos humanos, direitos trabalhistas, meio ambiente, suborno, interesses do consumidor, divulgação, ciência e tecnologia, concorrência e tributação. A edição de 2023 das Diretrizes contém recomendações atualizadas para a conduta empresarial responsável em áreas-chave, como alterações climáticas, biodiversidade, tecnologia, integridade empresarial e devida diligência na cadeia de fornecimento, bem como procedimentos de implementação atualizados para os Pontos de Contato Nacionais para a Conduta Empresarial Responsável.
    DOI: 10.1787/663b7592-pt
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 105
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving the Landscape for Sustainable Infrastructure Financing (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264893757 , 9789264284593 , 9789264720800
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Infrastrukturfinanzierung ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Nachhaltigkeit ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This report examines how to promote sustainable infrastructure investment. It discusses data needs for infrastructure investment and the current environment, social and governance (ESG) approaches before offering policy recommendations to help ensure that investors are better equipped to make investment decisions related to infrastructure assets. The report explores legal and regulatory barriers to quality infrastructure investment, and considers how governments can help infrastructure actors promote quality infrastructure projects, ensure project objectives and reporting correspond with investor expectations, and how to mobilise funding and financing for inclusive and quality infrastructure investment in both regions and cities.
    DOI: 10.1787/bc2757cd-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 106
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Data portability in open banking : Privacy and other cross-cutting issues (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.348
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Open banking allows users to access financial information and services through consent-based data portability. This paper brings together the views of private and public experts from a wide variety of countries to explore opportunities and challenges of open banking for financial regulation, privacy protection, and competition. It discusses the different approaches taken by jurisdictions across the globe, and the importance of regulation and standards. While open banking empowers users in sharing and re-using their data across digital services, online platforms, sectors and borders, uncertainty in the interactions with data protection and privacy regimes remains challenging. This paper informs OECD work to consider how cross-sectoral cooperation between financial, competition and data protection authorities could help further open banking.
    DOI: 10.1787/6c872949-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 107
    Online Resource
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    FDI Qualities Review of Austria : Closing Gender Gaps and Empowering Women (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264983656 , 9789264682351 , 9789264623255
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarktdiskriminierung ; Lohnstruktur ; Gleichberechtigung ; Österreich ; Finance and Investment ; Austria
    Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Austria provides the knowledge and financial resources needed to stimulate the economy and sustainable development. In addition, the activities and employment practices of foreign affiliates of multinational enterprises influence the creation and quality of jobs, including for women. This report asseses gender equality and women's empowerment in the Austrian labour market. It then examines the impact of FDI on several dimensions of gender equality, including employment, wages, skills development, career progression and entrepreneurship. It also briefly explores areas for policy consideration.
    DOI: 10.1787/fc785be5-en
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  • 108
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy Toolkit for Strengthening FDI and SME Linkages (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264476417 , 9789264527607 , 9789264551015
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; KMU ; OECD-Staaten ; EU-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Strengthening linkages between foreign direct investment (FDI) and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is important to boost productivity and innovation across countries and regions in the OECD and beyond. This policy toolkit offers policy advice to national and subnational governments on how to increase knowledge and technology benefits from FDI on domestic SMEs and the local economy. It presents a conceptual framework for understanding the main enabling conditions and diffusion channels of FDI-SME linkages and spillovers, and a set of diagnostic tools to assess the spillover potential. It also provides an assessment tool for policy and institutional frameworks enabling FDI-SME linkages. This toolkit benefits from insights of a pilot mapping of policy initiatives across the 27 EU Member States, which are described in the second part of the report.
    DOI: 10.1787/688bde9a-en
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  • 109
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Best practices in investment promotion : An overview of regional state aid and special economic zones in Europe (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.27
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Sonderwirtschaftszone ; EU-Recht ; EU-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper assesses good practices and lessons learned in investment promotion in European Union (EU) Member States. It focuses on two specific areas of investment promotion: state aid for regional development under EU law and special economic zone frameworks. It provides an overview of the concept of state aid and compatibility of regional aid with the internal market, as well as lessons learned from the case law determining the existence of state aid in regional development measures. It also outlines the calculation of the gross grant equivalent of state aid. The paper explores special economic zone policies, identifies success factors and describes the complementary framework conditions to maximise their spillover effects on local economic development.
    DOI: 10.1787/0c8e6ca3-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 110
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enhancing the insurance sector’s contribution to climate adaptation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.26
    Keywords: Schadenversicherung ; Katastrophenschaden ; Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Insurance coverage plays an important role in protecting households, businesses and governments from the financial impacts of climate-related disasters. However, climate change is expected to increase the frequency and/or intensity of a range of climate-related (weather) perils and could potentially limit the availability of affordable insurance in the future. Risk reduction through adaptation to climate change will be the only sustainable means to limit the increase in future climate damages and losses and potential disruptions to insurance markets. This paper examines the contribution of the insurance sector to climate adaptation. It outlines some of the challenges to assessing future climate risks, encouraging policyholder risk reduction and supporting resilient reinstatement. The paper also identifies potential approaches that policymakers, regulators and supervisors could consider to support a greater contribution of the insurance sector to climate adaptation.
    DOI: 10.1787/0951dfcd-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 111
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Implementing Water Economics in the EU Water Framework Directive (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264416604 , 9789264698574 , 9789264909229
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Keywords: EU-Wasserpolitik ; EU-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The EU Water Framework and Floods Directives have not only set the level of ambition for water resources management in Europe, but have also provided a model for other regions in the world. Effective implementation of the Directives requires that due consideration be given to their economic pillar, designed to support a cost-effective approach in member states and communities. Recent reviews indicate that there is considerable room to improve the integration of water economics within the framework of water resources management. This report captures the lessons learned from five thematic workshops co-convened by the OECD and the European Commission. It provides an overview of the challenges faced by EU member countries and opportunities to strengthen the economic approach of water resources management in Europe. Covering cost recovery, polluter pays principle, water scarcity, planning and financing, the lessons are relevant for regions and countries across the globe.
    DOI: 10.1787/d6abda81-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 112
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enabling sustainable investment in ASEAN (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.23
    Keywords: Impact Investment ; Umweltmanagement ; Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; ASEAN-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper analyses the efforts made by the governments of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to attract sustainable investment and how they can further promote investment benefits for social and environmental objectives. It uses the OECD’s flagship tools on investment and responsible business conduct, and builds on the OECD’s strong collaboration on investment with ASEAN. Aiming to help ASEAN Member States in their efforts to implement the sustainable investment component of the ASEAN Comprehensive Recovery Framework, this paper provides indicators to measure the sustainability impacts of foreign direct investment, benchmarks investment policy reforms and investment promotion priorities, and suggests ways to enable responsible business conduct and policy initiatives to foster green investment.
    DOI: 10.1787/eb34f287-en
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  • 113
    Online Resource
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    Brick by Brick (Volume 2) : Better Housing Policies in the Post-COVID-19 Era (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264858008 , 9789264841666 , 9789264524026
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (135 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Pierre par pierre (Volume 2) : De meilleures politiques du logement dans l’après COVID-19
    Keywords: Wohnungspolitik ; Coronavirus ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: Expanding on the findings of Brick by Brick: Better Housing Policies, this second volume delves into key trends shaping housing policies in the post-COVID-19 era. The first chapter provides an overview and discusses the need to monitor the pandemic's impacts on housing affordability, address the energy crisis through low-carbon housing initiatives, maintain financial resilience amid fluctuating housing cycles, and facilitate the reshaping of housing markets in response to remote work and environmental concerns. The second chapter focuses on the decarbonisation of the housing sector. It recommends a mix of carbon pricing, energy-efficiency certification and regulation, and subsidies to meet net-zero targets while accounting for housing market specificities. The chapter also calls for deploying complementary policies to limit adverse impacts on low-income households. The third chapter examines housing finance, focusing on the tension between supporting mortgage borrowing and promoting financial resilience. It also discusses the rise of non-bank real estate finance and the potential for mortgage finance to support housing decarbonisation. The fourth chapter explores how the new work-life balance, enabled by the rise of remote work, is reshaping housing demand and proposes a set of tailored urban policies to address this shift. Overall, the report provides a comprehensive blueprint for housing policies in the post-pandemic world.
    DOI: 10.1787/e91cb19d-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 114
    Online Resource
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    Conflict transformation and the role of responsible artisanal and small-scale mining : Supporting peace through supply chain due diligence (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.28
    Keywords: Bergbau ; Politische Unruhen ; Kleinstunternehmen ; Handwerk ; Lieferkette ; Friedenssicherung ; Kongo (Demokratische Republik) ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The informal extractive sector is a major source of employment in most countries affected by conflict but has up until now been largely left aside when identifying reinsertion opportunities for ex-combatants. This paper identifies synergies between disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) programmes implemented in conflict-affected and high-risk areas and existing supply chain due diligence initiatives fostering the integration of artisanal and small-scale miners (ASM) in global supply chains in these areas. The report highlights the role that OECD-led initiatives to support ASM formalisation in conflict zones can play to support DDR programmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/cdbd61d1-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 115
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    Sustainable Investment Policy Perspectives in the Southern African Development Community (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264435650 , 9789264687769 , 9789264546219
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (106 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Investitionspolitik ; SADC-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is a large and dynamic regional economic community (REC) with the second highest level of regional integration among all African RECs. It has also been at the forefront of regional investment policymaking in Africa, with the Finance and Investment Protocol, the Investment Policy Framework, and the SADC Model Bilateral Investment Treaty. However, like much of Africa, SADC faces difficulties in attracting foreign direct investment which can contribute to sustainable development in the region. This report introduces newly developed OECD tools and analysis to the SADC region, including both FDI Qualities and a database on investment incentives. It is designed as a baseline diagnostic to explore ways to reinvigorate the reform of the SADC investment climate in order to prepare the region for the African Continental Free Trade Area, while also focusing on how to improve sustainable outcomes from investment. The report explores the national regulatory framework encapsulated in national investment laws and how this compares with initiatives at a regional level, investment promotion and facilitation in SADC, investment incentives, investment for green growth and responsible business conduct.
    DOI: 10.1787/02c9ef1d-en
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  • 116
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    FDI Qualities Review of Croatia : Advancing the Strategic Framework for Investment Promotion and Facilitation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264860414 , 9789264602908 , 9789264944237
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (180 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Kroatien ; Finance and Investment ; Croatia
    Abstract: The FDI Qualities Review of Croatia provides policy recommendations on the design and implementation of a new strategic framework for investment promotion and facilitation in Croatia. It provides an assessment of how foreign direct investment (FDI) contributes to sustainable development, including productivity and innovation, job quality and skills development, decarbonisation and regional development. It also examines the institutional and policy framework for investment promotion and facilitation at national and subnational levels. It gives an overview of Croatia’s investment incentives regime, focusing on the effective design and implementation of tax incentives. The report indicates potential areas for institutional and policy reform to improve Croatia’s investment climate and strengthen the economic, social and environmental benefits of FDI.
    DOI: 10.1787/79b2345b-en
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  • 117
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    Costing policy proposals: Guidelines for independent fiscal institutions (IFIs) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 1 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:1
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides good-practice guidelines for parliamentary budget officials and independent fiscal institutions (IFIs) that estimate the costs of policy proposals. It covers topics including which costs to capture, how to handle behavioural responses and macroeconomic feedback, how to communicate results, and how to work with stakeholders. It also contains a section on the special considerations for costing election platforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/4e5cd3db-en
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  • 118
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    Transformational budgeting: A holistic approach for delivering results (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 1 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:1
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: A new trend is appearing in government budgets: using the budget process to help transform society and achieve results in relation to cross-cutting government goals, referred to in this paper as “transformational agendas”, often seeking to overcome persistent economic, social or environmental issues, which require action from across different policy areas. Transformational budgeting is a holistic approach to budgeting that helps align disparate activities with central goals, or agendas. The paper reviews how budget processes have evolved in modern public finance, with a view to enhancing the efficient and effective use of inputs to deliver results. It presents the emergence of transformational budgeting as a tool to help transform societies in response to new global agendas, such as the SDGs. The paper showcases transformational budgeting in practice, drawing on experiences from Spain.
    DOI: 10.1787/6a6b4179-en
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  • 119
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    A framework for working effectively across public agencies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 2 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:2
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This paper outlines key issues and provides insights to government leaders looking to design and implement initiatives that require joint working across public agencies. The first part of this paper defines key concepts and explores the benefits and related costs of cross-agency initiatives. The second discusses various contextual elements that need to be considered when making decisions about how to design cross-agency initiatives, including the nature of the objectives, the systems of government, and relationships among potential partners. The third section looks at different models across four fundamental elements: governance; people (team support), funding, and performance monitoring. The final section looks at some of the main systemic elements that can support cross-agency initiatives success.
    DOI: 10.1787/c6b0d3a7-en
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  • 120
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    Bonnes pratiques de l’OCDE en matière de budgétisation sensible au genre (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Vol. 23, no. 1 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:1
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Best Practices for Gender Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: Ce document présente les bonnes pratiques en matière de budgétisation sensible au genre dans les pays de l'OCDE, qui regroupent les éléments essentiels communs nécessaires à une mise en œuvre réussie d’une budgétisation sensible au genre. Ces bonnes pratiques identifient les éléments qui contribuent à la durabilité de la budgétisation sensible au genre et aident les gouvernements à s'assurer que le budget participe à la réalisation d'objectifs plus larges liés à l'égalité des genres, tels que la participation des femmes au marché du travail. Les bonnes pratiques s'inspirent des pratiques de budgétisation sensible au genre dans les pays membres de l’OCDE ainsi que des travaux menés avec les pays pour la conception et la mise en œuvre de la budgétisation sensible au genre.
    DOI: 10.1787/78a7e5f7-fr
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    Financing and delivering early childhood education and childcare across levels of government (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 23(2023), 2 vom: 21. Juni, Artikel-ID 6, Seite 1-15 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:2 | day:21 | month:06 | elocationid:6 | pages:1-15
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23(2023), 2 vom: 21. Juni, Artikel-ID 6, Seite 1-15
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:21
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:06
    Angaben zur Quelle: elocationid:6
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-15
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: This paper explores how Early Childhood Education and Childcare (ECEC) can be more effectively financed and delivered to promote human capital development, economic growth and well-being. It discusses evidence showing that quality ECEC contributes to better education outcomes and higher future earnings, particularly for socio-economically disadvantaged children. Yet it identifies challenges in delivering ECEC services, including uneven coverage and lack of affordability in many OECD countries, necessitating intergovernmental fiscal co-operation. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic’s disruptive effects on children’s learning and future GDP, the paper underscores the urgent need for effective policy interventions. These include augmenting public spending, implementing equitable fiscal governance models, enhancing the affordability of services and establishing robust monitoring systems. By addressing these issues, the paper posits that we can ensure equitable access to high-quality ECEC and fortify the resilience of our education systems for future generations.
    DOI: 10.1787/7bd38503-en
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  • 122
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    OECD Best Practices for Parliaments in Budgeting (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 1 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:1
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: Legislatures’ “power of the purse”, the ability to tax and spend public money, is enshrined in constitutions worldwide as a cornerstone of legislative power in democratic countries. Their role across the budget cycle is a fundamentally important national concern, lying at the heart of issues such as transparency, inclusiveness and democratic accountability. Despite different historical, constitutional, and political contexts, common features for parliaments to play an effective role in budgeting have emerged from experiences across OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/33109e15-en
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  • 123
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    OECD Best Practices for Gender Budgeting (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 1 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:1
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Bonnes pratiques de l’OCDE en matière de budgétisation sensible au genre
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents best practices for gender budgeting in OECD countries, consisting of the core features common to successful implementation of gender budgeting. These best practices identify elements that contribute to the sustainability of gender budgeting and help governments ensure that the budget helps achieve broader government objectives relating to gender equality, such as women’s participation in the labour market. The best practices draw on gender budgeting practices in Member countries and the OECD’s work with countries in designing and implementing gender budgeting.
    DOI: 10.1787/9574ed6f-en
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  • 124
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    OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.36
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The "OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights" document SME and entrepreneurship financing trends, conditions and policy developments. The report provides official data on SME financing in close to 50 countries, including indicators on debt, equity, asset-based finance and financing conditions. Data for 2021 are complemented by available information for 2022, along with demand-side information and recent developments in public policy and private initiatives to support SME finance. Findings reveal that most economies showed the beginnings of a dynamic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis in 2021. However, data available for 2022 point to a deterioration in a number of SME finance indicators, due to high inflation and rising interest rates, exacerbated by the effects of Russia's war against Ukraine. These factors are impacting the accessibility and cost of debt finance for SMEs, and foreshadow a slowdown in lending. Likewise, equity finance showed a significant decline in 2022. In this context, governments should continue to foster the diversification of SME financing instruments and channels to enable them to build resilience and undertake crucial investments, such as those in digitalisation and greening.
    DOI: 10.1787/a8d13e55-en
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  • 125
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    Innovative providers’ payment models for promoting value-based health systems : Start small, prove value, and scale up (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.154
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Innovative providers’ payment models represent an important policy lever that could be used to promote value-based health systems. By bundling services across the continuum of care or to target acute events or chronic conditions, innovative payment models set financial incentives for providers to increase efficiency in service delivery, improve health outcomes and enhance patient experience with care. This paper offers insights on value-based payment models, a type of innovative payment model implemented in several OECD countries and reviews the publicly available evidence on the impact of those payment models on value. Innovative payment models tend to be exceptional and small-scale compared to activity-based payment models and have been extensively piloted in the United States while implementation and evaluation in other countries is limited. The publicly available empirical evidence points to modest efficiency and quality gains from value-based payment models. Impact on healthcare spending, outcomes and patient experience varies across programmes. Given the significant variation in the key features of value-based payment models and the context-specific issues they address, those models do not offer a one-size-fits-all solution. This paper outlines several intervention points that policy makers need to consider when designing and implementing value-based payment models to maximise their positive outcome.
    DOI: 10.1787/627fe490-en
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  • 126
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    Diversity, equity and inclusion in asset-backed pensions (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.25
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper explores potential influences on the ability and willingness to save for retirement, in order to uncover how asset-backed pension systems could be more inclusive of diverse populations. This paper illustrates the type of analysis that countries could conduct to better understand what factors may explain lower participation from certain individuals beyond labour market drivers, by looking at the views, attitudes and expectations of individuals across socio-economic characteristics on a sample of adults from the United Kingdom.
    DOI: 10.1787/d3240f77-en
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  • 127
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    The Impact of Regulation on International Investment in Portugal (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264436435 , 9789264570931 , 9789264906945
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Portugal ; Finance and Investment ; Portugal
    Abstract: The Impact of Regulation on International Investment in Portugal examines how regulatory reforms could help Portugal build a more enabling and competitive environment for investment, in particular foreign direct investment (FDI). The report analyses trends and patterns of FDI activity in Portugal, including its broader economic, social and environmental benefits to Portugal. It gives an overview of the economy-wide and sector-specific regulatory settings in Portugal compared to selected European peer economies and provides an empirical analysis of the potential effects of domestic regulatory reforms on FDI. Foreign investors’ perceptions on Portugal’s business environment complement these findings. The report indicates potential areas for regulatory reforms and proposes policy measures to further improve Portugal’s investment climate and support efforts to attract and retain more FDI while strengthening its contribution to sustainable development in Portugal.
    DOI: 10.1787/688b30c8-en
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  • 128
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    Sensitivity of capital and MFP measurement to asset depreciation patterns and initial capital stock estimates (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2023/01
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses the sensitivity of capital and multifactor productivity (MFP) measurement to asset depreciation patterns and initial capital stock estimates. Applying the same depreciation rates in the US as in other G7 countries would reduce the US net investment rate and net capital stock by up to one third and increase US GDP by up to 0.5%. Capital and MFP growth would be less affected. Estimating initial capital stocks often involves assuming constant investment growth, but this leads to unreliable results. Relying on average K/Y ratios across countries works well for the US, but this might not be the case for other countries due to the international dispersion in K/Y ratios. Two main recommendations for statistical agencies emerge from this analysis. First, they should regularly review asset depreciation patterns to ensure that measured differences across countries are well justified. Second, they should backcast investment series as much as possible before relying on stationarity assumptions to estimate initial capital stocks.
    DOI: 10.1787/92498395-en
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  • 129
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    The intergovernmental fiscal outlook and the implications of Russia’s war against Ukraine, high energy prices and inflation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.42
    Keywords: Finanzpolitik ; Geldpolitik ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Gemeindefinanzen ; Länderfinanzen ; Kriegsfolgen ; Energiepreis ; Inflation ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: Less than two years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s illegal, unprovoked and unjustifiable war of aggression against Ukraine has triggered the biggest military confrontation in Europe since World War II. Many OECD countries have reacted to Russia’s aggression by providing military and humanitarian aid to Ukraine and by imposing economic sanctions on Russia, which has accentuated supply chain disruptions, especially in the energy sector. A combination of these supply shocks with a demand shock caused by expansionary fiscal and monetary policies to tackle the pandemic has created inflationary pressures on a scale not seen in decades. Central banks around the world are acting to fulfil their price stability mandates by increasing interest rates and by engaging in quantitative tightening (primarily the selling of government bonds to reduce central bank balance sheets), all of which put pressure on borrowing costs at a time when governments are engaging in expansionary fiscal policy to alleviate the impact of inflation. The objective of this policy note is to examine the main consequences of this challenging environment for the fiscal stance of different levels of governments. These include the weakening outlook for government revenues in times of high expenditure pressures from a more rapid energy transition as well as high borrowing costs.
    DOI: 10.1787/3623ab61-en
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  • 130
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    Tendances de l’OCDE sur la concurrence 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264798878 , 9789264656543 , 9789264803022
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Competition Trends 2023
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Ce rapport met en évidence les tendances mondiales en matière d'application du droit de la concurrence à l'aide de la base de données unique de l’OCDE CompStats, qui comprend 34 variables couvrant les ressources des autorités de la concurrence, les affaires d’entente, l'abus de position dominante, les fusions et la promotion de la concurrence. Ce rapport présente des comparaisons entre les régions géographiques et les tendances au fil du temps, permettant aux juridictions de comprendre comment leurs données se comparent à celles de leurs pairs et de la communauté de la concurrence au sens large. Cette édition se concentre sur les principaux développements de l'application mondiale du droit de la concurrence en 2021 et contribue à l'amélioration continue du droit et de la politique de la concurrence dans le monde.
    DOI: 10.1787/a6892327-fr
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  • 131
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    Анализ делового климата в Казахстане (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264763180 , 9789264537125 , 9789264572904
    Language: Russian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (107 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Insights on the Business Climate in Kazakhstan
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Kazakhstan
    Abstract: Глобальная ориентированность на более экологически устойчивые экономические модели, обеспечивающие снижение уровня выбросов углекислого газа, повысила значимость долгосрочной программы диверсификации экономики Казахстана. Выполнение лишь части этой программы указывает на наличие ряда сложностей, влияющих на условия для инвестирования, внедрения инноваций и развития предпринимательства. Настоящий отчет, основанный на результатах небольшого целевого опроса иностранных компаний, работающих на территории Казахстана, дает новое представление о восприятии частным сектором текущих реформ и тем самым привлекает внимание к некоторым из наиболее актуальных проблем, стоящих перед органами, отвечающими за разработку и реализацию мер экономической политики, и бизнесом.
    DOI: 10.1787/ccc8cf0c-ru
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    Financing Uzbekistan’s Green Transition : Capital Market Development and Opportunities for Green Bond Issuance (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264852204 , 9789264841307 , 9789264757783
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Green Finance and Investment
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Umweltpolitik ; Anleihe ; Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Finanzmarkt ; Usbekistan ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Uzbekistan
    Abstract: The scale of Uzbekistan’s green transition requires a marked increase in private financing to fill the existing spending gap. The outsized role of the state in Uzbekistan’s economy and its underdeveloped domestic capital market act as significant constraints and call for a diversification of sources to finance the green transition. Since 2021, Uzbekistan has made green bonds a central part of its strategy to fill the financing gap and mobilise new sources of capital for its domestic green infrastructure projects. This publication explores the current market and institutional set-up in Uzbekistan, the reforms that have led to recent issuances of both sovereign and corporate thematic bonds, and the remaining barriers to further uptake of the instrument. The report also provides policy recommendations related to the market's institutional set up, Uzbekistan's regulatory framework for debt capital markets and emerging opportunities for further green bond use aimed at key stakeholders, including policy makers and market participants.
    DOI: 10.1787/27d2489d-en
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    Measuring the social performance of firms through the lens of the OECD Well-being Framework (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Insights on Well-being, Inclusion and Equal Opportunity no.3
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This Policy Insights presents a conceptual framework for understanding the non-financial performance of firms through the lens of the OECD Well-being Framework. Building on existing approaches for measuring non-financial performance, it proposes a measurement framework and indicator set for what may be referred to as “Scope 1” Social performance. This refers to the well-being of stakeholders that operate within the operational boundaries of the firm, namely employees, and the capital resources that a firm contributes to and depletes that are directly relevant to society as a whole. Measuring the non-financial performance of firms in the social area is relevant both to provide insight into a company's impact on society, as well as to inform enterprise value creation.
    DOI: 10.1787/41f3823b-en
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    Blended finance funds and facilities : 2020 survey results (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.107
    Keywords: Development ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Initially launched in 2017, the OECD annual Blended finance Funds and Facilities Survey compiles and analyses information on collective investment vehicles, one of the primary channels for blended finance. In 2020, the third annual edition captured 198 vehicles, representing USD 75 billion assets under management. The survey helps policy makers and private sector actors better grasp the size and shape of a segment of the blended finance market. By bringing together data of different development actors that, collectively, are a significant contributor to sustainable finance, this survey makes an important contribution to enhancing understanding and transparency. Transparency is increased through the data collection and analysis, and understanding is increased through the aggregation of the data that highlight the main investments trends. The quantitative analysis is complemented by OECD statistics on private finance mobilised by official development interventions, as well as by information provided by other specialised institutions. This new evidence confirms trends observed on the broader blended finance market in terms of priority sectors, geographical coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals targeted. This year’s edition also explores additional aspects such as investors, clients and investment instruments, and has a particular focus on gender.
    DOI: 10.1787/fb282f7e-en
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  • 135
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    ESG ratings and climate transition : An assessment of the alignment of E pillar scores and metrics (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.06
    Keywords: Umweltmanagement ; Klimaschutz ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Bewertung ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) products are increasingly being used as a tool to assess the alignment of company targets and objectives with actions to support an orderly low-carbon transition. Building on existing OECD research on ESG ratings, and particularly the environmental ‘E’ pillar, this report seeks to understand the underlying data and metrics developed by ESG rating providers and their alignment with lower carbon emissions as well as with climate frameworks and initiatives.
    DOI: 10.1787/2fa21143-en
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    Les conséquences de la guerre menée par la Russie contre l’Ukraine sur l’investissement international (version abrégée) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face aux conséquences de la guerre en Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe International investment implications of Russia’s war against Ukraine (abridged version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    DOI: 10.1787/a90d95ec-fr
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    Enabling Conditions for Bioenergy Finance and Investment in Colombia (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264589414 , 9789264954854 , 9789264463905
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (123 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Green Finance and Investment
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Condiciones propicias para el financiamiento y la inversión en bioenergía en Colombia
    Keywords: Bioenergie ; Finanzierung ; Investitionspolitik ; Kolumbien ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Colombia
    Abstract: To realise Colombia’s clean energy ambitions and enable the necessary mobilisation of finance and investment, the government has set forth a number of important policy strategies, including the 2018 Green Growth Policy, the 2019 National Circular Economy Strategy and the forthcoming 2022 Energy Transition Policy. These high-level policies all note the role clean energy solutions like sustainable bioenergy and waste-to-energy can play in supporting decarbonisation objectives. These solutions can also achieve a number of other socioeconomic ambitions, including improved reliability of energy supply, improved access to affordable and reliable energy in areas that are not connected to the national electricity grid, and reduced amounts of waste going to capacity-limited landfills. This report aims to support Colombia’s renewable energy ambitions, focusing on current clean energy trends, opportunities for bioenergy and measures that can increase finance and investment in those solutions. Through five case studies from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, India and Turkey, the report also considers the enabling environment and lessons learnt from bioenergy developments in different countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/20f760d6-en
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    Mode Choice in Freight Transport (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282157626
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Research Reports
    Keywords: Verkehrsmittelwahl ; Güterverkehr ; China ; Kanada ; Niederlande ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Transport
    Abstract: This report examines why freight carriers and shippers choose one transport mode over others. It analyses the main determinants for using road, rail, inland waterways, coastal shipping or pipelines to move goods and assesses government policies to influence it. The study also reviews how shifting freight to more sustainable modes could reduce the contribution of goods transport to climate change and provides recommendations for more effective policies. The role of mode choice in alleviating congestion and making goods transport safer is also addressed. Three case studies from China, Canada and the Netherlands highlight modal-shift policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/3e69ebc4-en
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    FDI Qualities Review of Jordan : Strengthening Sustainable Investment (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264768048 , 9789264645745 , 9789264343399
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe مراجعة صفات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر في الأردن: تعزيز الاستثمار المستدام
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Investitionspolitik ; Jordanien ; Auslandsinvestition ; Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Investitionspolitik ; Jordanien ; Finance and Investment ; Jordan
    Abstract: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) provides an important source of financing in Jordan but its reform momentum needs to be sustained and deepened so that the benefits of investment can be shared more widely across society. This report examines how FDI can help Jordan meet Sustainable Development Goals in areas of productivity and innovation, job quality and skills, gender equality and decarbonisation. It provides an overview of the country’s institutional framework for investment and sustainable development and analyses arrangements to ensure policy coordination, stakeholder consultation and evaluation of policy impacts. It also examines the mix of government policies that are currently in place to attract the investment that contributes to sustainable development, noting areas for priority policy reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/736c77d2-en
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    Managing and Financing Water for Growth in Thailand : Highlights of a National Dialogue on Water (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264568143 , 9789264931145 , 9789264353879
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Thailand ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Thailand
    Abstract: The National Dialogue on Water in Thailand was initiated in 2021 under the regional initiative with the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea (MoE), the Asia Water Council (AWC) and the OECD. The Dialogue covers two main topics selected by the Government of Thailand (ONWR). The first one is water demand management, with a focus on the Eastern Economic Corridor. The second one is financing water supply and sanitation. Both combine to support a sustainable and resilient development pathway for Thailand's fast-growing economy. The analyses and policy recommendations cover issues such as the design of economic policy instruments, water allocation regimes, increasing demand for reclaimed water, or benchmarking the performance of water utilities, and blended finance for water supply and sanitation services. They are informed by the expertise of Thai stakeholders, the OECD and the Asia Water Council. They can be a source of inspiration in other contexts in South East Asia and globally.
    DOI: 10.1787/839a4f70-en
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  • 141
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    Global Compendium of Land Value Capture Policies (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264843523 , 9789264690882 , 9789264693166
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (253 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Bodenpreis ; Bodenpolitik ; Welt ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The Global Compendium of Land Value Capture, a joint project by the OECD and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, is an ambitious undertaking to understand the full landscape of land value capture (LVC) instruments, how they are configured and deployed across the globe in OECD countries and non-OECD economies, and what it would take to unleash their full potential as a sustainable revenue source. Moreover, little systematic information is available about the LVC instruments that countries use and enabling frameworks at national and regional levels to guide local governments toward greater use. The report features an overview of the political contexts, legal frameworks, and LVC approaches used in 60 countries. Special attention is given to the differences and similarities between countries that have a mature LVC practice, versus countries that have nascent policies and allowances. This will help countries developing the capacity and competences for LVC to understand the opportunities, trade-offs, and pitfalls to avoid when configuring legal, governance, and planning frameworks and institutions to support the implementation of LVC policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/4f9559ee-en
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  • 142
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    Urban-Rural Linkages in Poland (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264786455 , 9789264443266 , 9789264981898
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (200 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Stadt-Land-Beziehungen ; EU-Strukturfonds ; Polen ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Poland ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The OECD report Urban-Rural Linkages in Poland analyses the potential of urban and rural territories for development and improved well-being. Urban and rural areas have different yet often complementary assets, and their better integration is important for socio-economic and environmental performance. The report argues that local governments need to engage in partnerships where all parties are equal, as a higher form of urban-rural co-operation. Building urban-rural partnerships in Poland would help territories enhance the production of public goods; achieve economies of scale in public service provision; co-ordinate decisions where cross-boundary effects are important and increase the capacity of the partners. Yet a lack of trust and of policy integration hinder the effectiveness of partnerships. The report found that the main incentive for Polish local governments to enter into a partnership is access to EU funds. However, while Poland has developed solid experience in the management of EU funds, it would benefit from deepening the integration and complementarity among funding streams. Moreover, the report argues that strengthening metropolitan governance will underpin efforts to facilitate the formation and management of urban-rural partnerships.
    DOI: 10.1787/94b5c782-en
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  • 143
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    Impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on insurance markets (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Kriegsfolgen ; Versicherungsmarkt ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This note assesses the immediate impact of Russia’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine on global insurance markets. It addresses direct impacts of the war on the industry, such as losses arising in certain specialty lines and restrictions on the provision of insurance services, and indirect impacts, such as increased macroeconomic and financial market volatility, that in turn affects insurers.
    DOI: 10.1787/731d1305-en
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  • 144
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    Business integrity in Eastern Europe and Central Asia 2022 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.11
    Keywords: Korruption ; Anti-Korruption ; Normbefolgung ; Osteuropa ; Zentralasien ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This study analyses measures that governments, companies and business associations are taking to prevent corruption in business transactions in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. This edition compares recent trends with those identified in the first study released in 2016, to identify areas of progress or regress, and shares updated best practices and policy recommendations for further promoting business integrity in the region.
    DOI: 10.1787/1ed3fe17-en
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  • 145
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    Kerangka kerja untuk transisi netralitas karbon sektor industri : Mengembangkan solusi pendanaan di negara dengan ekonomi berkembang pesat dan berkembang (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Framework for industry’s net-zero transition: Developing financing solutions in emerging and developing economies
    Keywords: Energy ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Industri manufaktur adalah sumber utama emisi karbon dioksida global. Produksi industri akan terus bergeser ke negara-negara berkembang pesat dan berkembang. Investasi baru diperlukan dalam teknologi rendah karbon untuk menyelaraskan pertumbuhan industri dengan target negara emisi nol bersih. Untuk mengurangi risiko yang terkait dengan tingginya biaya dan rendahnya kematangan dari banyak teknologi rendah karbon yang dibutuhkan, peningkatan pendanaan dari sumber keuangan publik dan swasta akan menjadi hal yang sangat penting. Publikasi baru dari OECD tentang “Kerangka Kerja untuk Transisi Netralitas Karbon (Net-zero) Sektor Industri” adalah pendekatan selangkah demi selangkah untuk membantu negara berkembang pesat dan berkembang dalam merancang solusi untuk pembiayaan dan untuk meningkatkan kondisi pemungkin yang dapat mempercepat transisi sektor industri. Hasil implementasi Kerangka Kerja ini di negara berkembang pesat dan berkembang akan berkontribusi pada kebijakan iklim dan keuangan yang lebih luas dan dapat membantu memfasilitasi kerja sama internasional untuk transisi berskala besar.
    DOI: 10.1787/9ec2dabe-id
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  • 146
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    The role of board-level committees in corporate governance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.24
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This paper presents a review of the different committees set up by the boards of directors of companies to support their functions. It first focuses on the role of and trends in board committees, their contribution to corporate governance and their evolving role in light of the impact of the COVID 19 crisis and emerging issues. It then addresses the functioning, composition and accountability of committees, notably in terms of risk management and sustainability, and their impact on the effectiveness of boards.
    DOI: 10.1787/8a97a3f6-en
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  • 147
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    Institutional investors and stewardship (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.25
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The sustained growth of institutional investors’ assets under management, together with the growing use of passive investment strategies, raises the question of whether existing frameworks adequately address issues related to investor engagement and disclosure. There has been a growth in the regulation of institutional investors and market intermediaries to address conflicts of interest and to enhance their transparency. In parallel, the adoption of stewardship codes and the number of signatories to such codes has been increasing. Their proliferation and to some extent convergence offers insights on recognised good practices. The paper also explores the apparent increase in engagement among institutional investors with respect to environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues, their increasing reliance on ESG ratings and data services, and whether regulatory frameworks or guidance should evolve to take into account these new developments.
    DOI: 10.1787/1ce75d38-en
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  • 148
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    Tax Incentives and the Global Minimum Corporate Tax : Reconsidering Tax Incentives after the GloBE Rules (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Internationale Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Steuervergünstigung ; Körperschaftsteuer ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: In October 2021, the international community agreed a landmark deal on the two-pillar solution to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation and the globalisation of the economy. As part of this plan, Pillar Two establishes a global minimum effective corporate tax rate of 15% for large multinational enterprises (MNEs) which has important implications for the use of tax incentives around the world. This report, prepared at the request of the Indonesian G20 Presidency, provides a number of concrete considerations for countries to take into account as they prepare for the implementation of Pillar Two. Wherever tax incentives drive an MNE’s effective tax rate (ETR) in a jurisdiction below 15%, the MNE would potentially be subject to top-up taxes under the GloBE Rules, a core component of Pillar Two. These rules may have an impact on the effectiveness of certain tax incentives. Therefore, the design of tax incentives will require careful reconsideration in a post-Pillar Two environment. The report considers the existing use of tax incentives in developed and developing countries, analyses key provisions of the GloBE Rules and shows how they may impact different types of tax incentives differently. The report concludes with policy considerations for countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/25d30b96-en
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  • 149
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    Evaluation of Luxembourg's COVID-19 Response : Learning from the Crisis to Increase Resilience (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264931817
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (250 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Évaluation des réponses au COVID-19 du Luxembourg : Tirer les enseignements de la crise pour accroître la résilience
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Krisenmanagement ; Coping-Strategie ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Luxemburg ; Education ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: As countries seek to learn from the COVID-19 crisis and increase their resilience for the future, evaluations are important tools to understand what worked or not, why and for whom. This report is the first of its kind. It evaluates Luxembourg’s responses to the COVID-19 crisis in terms of risk preparedness, crisis management, as well as public health, education, economic and fiscal, and social and labour market policies. While Luxembourg’s response to the pandemic has been particularly agile, preserving the country’s resilience will require maintaining high levels of trust in government, reducing inequalities, and laying the foundations for inclusive growth. The findings and recommendations of this report will provide guidance to public authorities in these efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/2c78c89f-en
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  • 150
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    Financing Growth and Turning Data into Business : Helping SMEs Scale Up (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264935921 , 9789264443891 , 9789264856998
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (195 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
    Keywords: Mittelstandspolitik ; KMU ; Mittelstandsfinanzierung ; Unternehmenswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that scale up have long raised policy interest for their extraordinary potential in terms of job creation, innovation, competitiveness and economic growth. Yet, little is known about which firms could effectively become scalers, and what policies could effectively promote SME growth. This report is part of a series aiming to help policy makers unleash scalers’ potential. Building on new evidence from microdata work, it rethinks the nature and scope of scale up policies, suggesting the need for a broader and more cross cutting approach. The report then explores two thematic areas that are relevant for SME scaling up, i.e. SME data governance and their access to ‘scale up’ finance. Based on an international mapping of 369 institutions and 1174 policy initiatives across OECD countries, the analysis shows that SME and entrepreneurship policy is not among the core mandates of many implementing institutions, calling for sound coordination across the board and further mainstreaming of SME growth considerations in both policy areas. Moreover, national policy mixes vary significantly across countries, reflecting different approaches to promoting SME growth and to SME targeting, but also revealing possible policy blind spots.
    DOI: 10.1787/81c738f0-en
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  • 151
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    OECD Guidance on Transition Finance : Ensuring Credibility of Corporate Climate Transition Plans (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264820593 , 9789264569041 , 9789264378582
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (113 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Green Finance and Investment
    Keywords: Umweltmanagement ; Klimaschutz ; Unternehmensfinanzierung ; Umweltpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This guidance sets out elements of credible corporate climate transition plans, which aim to align with the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. Such plans are needed to address the growing risk of greenwashing in transition finance and facilitate a global, whole-of-economy climate transition. Based on extensive stakeholder consultations, including an industry survey, the guidance provides market actors, policy makers, and regulators with a comprehensive overview of existing transition finance approaches, identifying the main challenges and solutions. The guidance is relevant to: (i) policy-makers and regulators seeking to develop or revise relevant policy frameworks or regulations; (ii) corporates developing transition plans and seeking to identify the most salient elements of existing initiatives; and (iii) financial market participants planning to provide finance for the implementation of net-zero strategies. The guidance emphasises greater transparency, comparability and granularity in corporate transition plans, and the need for adequate environmental and social safeguards. In light of challenges for some corporates, especially in emerging markets and developing economies, and the risk of excluding key actors from transition finance, the guidance highlights the need for policy-makers to take stronger action to bolster domestic enabling environments for transformative investments.
    DOI: 10.1787/7c68a1ee-en
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  • 152
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    Clean Energy Finance and Investment Roadmap of India : Opportunities to Unlock Finance and Scale up Capital (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264565852 , 9789264451803 , 9789264656574
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Green Finance and Investment
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Indien ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; India
    Abstract: India has achieved major progress in its energy sector over the last two decades. Still, investment needs to scale up considerably to meet the government’s ambitions to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy capacity and energy-intensity reductions of 45% by 2030. Targeted application of public funds, alongside international climate and development finance, can crowd in investors and channel private capital to meet India’s clean energy goals. The Clean Energy Finance and Investment Roadmap of India highlights key actions needed to accelerate the development of energy efficiency measures in micro, small and medium enterprises, offshore wind and green hydrogen production. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the initiatives to date and challenges to scale up investments. It also provides a number of tailored recommendations for the Government of India, development partners and the private sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/21b6e411-en
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  • 153
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    Supporting women’s empowerment through green policies and finance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.33
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: It is increasingly recognised that women and girls tend to be disproportionately impacted by climate change and other environmental challenges, especially in developing countries. Yet, little research or policy action has focused on how gender equality and environmental goals can be mutually reinforcing. This policy paper examines linkages and synergies between these two policy agendas and explores the role of green policies, finance and infrastructure in supporting women’s empowerment and gender equality. The paper finds that while the interlinkages that shape the gender-environment nexus are starting to be acknowledged, further efforts are needed to foster synergies between gender and environmental goals in policy design, sustainable finance approaches as well as in infrastructure planning and implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/16771957-en
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  • 154
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    Real estate finance and climate transition : Market practices, challenges and policy considerations (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.09
    Keywords: Immobilienfinanzierung ; Klimawandel ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of the various existing green real estate financing products and the state of the market for these products. After a decade of growth, green real estate finance markets remain small compared to conventional real estate finance markets. There are a number of challenges in aligning green real estate finance market practices with sustainability goals, including the lack of common definitions, standards and quality data that hinder the ability of market participants and regulators to identify, monitor and manage risks and opportunities. More efforts are needed to promote investments in real estate projects so as to transition to a low-carbon real estate and meet the climate objectives of the Paris Agreement. Drawing on a detailed assessment of these markets and products, this report puts forward policy considerations to elaborate principles and good practices that may contribute to supporting the decarbonisation of real estate assets.
    DOI: 10.1787/fa86b326-en
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  • 155
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    Tax Administration 3.0 and Electronic Invoicing : Initial Findings (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Forum on Tax Administration
    Keywords: Taxation ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The 2020 report Tax Administration 3.0: The Digital Transformation of Tax Administration identified electronic invoicing as one of the projects for further exploration. This report, Tax Administration 3.0 and Electronic Invoicing: Initial Findings, examines the current state of play on electronic invoicing based on a global survey. It also draws out some considerations that administrations exploring possible implementation or reform of such systems may wish to take into account. This report contains a number of case studies and examples from countries which have implemented electronic invoicing. This report was developed by officials from Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Hungary, Spain, and supported by the Secretariat of the OECD’s Forum on Tax Administration.
    DOI: 10.1787/2ffc88ed-en
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  • 156
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    Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2016-2020 : Insights from Disaggregated Analysis (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264641426 , 9789264706309 , 9789264836860
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Climate Finance and the USD 100 Billion Goal
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Financement climatique fourni et mobilisé par les pays développés en 2016-2020 : Enseignements tirés d’une analyse désagrégée
    Keywords: Klimaschutz ; Finanzierung ; Industrieländer ; Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This report provides disaggregated data analysis of climate finance provided and mobilised in 2016-2020 across climate finance components, themes, sectors, and financial instruments. It also explores key trends and provides insight relating to the distribution and concentration of climate finance provided and mobilised across different developing country characteristics and groupings. The concluding chapter of the report provides further insights on the impacts and effectiveness of climate finance, as well as meaningful mitigation action and transparency on implementation. The findings complement the OECD report Aggregate Trends of Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2020.
    DOI: 10.1787/286dae5d-en
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  • 157
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    Aggregate Trends of Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2020 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264467347 , 9789264841390 , 9789264887046
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Climate Finance and the USD 100 Billion Goal
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Tendances agrégées du financement climatique fourni et mobilisé par les pays développés en 2013-2020
    Keywords: Klimaschutz ; Finanzierung ; Industrieländer ; Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The report Aggregate Trends of Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2020 adds figures for 2020 to the previously published 2013-2019 time series, providing an aggregate-level assessment against the initial target year of the USD 100 billion goal. It also includes an overview of climate finance provided and mobilised by climate theme, sector, financial instrument and regions for 2016-2020. A second complementary report provides further insights from disaggregated data analysis, as well as considerations on issues relating to enabling environments, impacts and effectiveness of climate finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/d28f963c-en
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  • 158
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    Ghidul OECD privind Guvernanța Corporativă a Întreprinderilor de Stat, Ediția 2015 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264736900
    Language: Romanian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises, 2015 Edition: (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises, 2015 Edition: (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD国有企業（SOE）のコーポレートガバナンス・ガイドライン, 2015年版
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises, 2015 Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises, 2015 Edition: (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Metodické pokyny OECD pro správu a řízení státem vlastněných společností, vydáno 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises, 2015 Edition (Arabic version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Diretrizes da OCDE sobre Governança Corporativa de Empresas Estatais, Edição 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-Leitsätze zu Corporate Governance in staatseigenen Unternehmen, Ausgabe 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Directrices de la OCDE sobre el Gobierno Corporativo de las Empresas Públicas, Edición 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Hướng dẫn của OECD về Quản trị Công ty trong Do anh nghiệp Nh à nước: Ấn bản 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Smjernice OECD-a za korporativno upravljanje u poduzećima u državnom vlasništvu: Izdanje iz 2015.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Lignes directrices de l'OCDE sur la gouvernance des entreprises publiques, Édition 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe КЕРІВНІ ПРИНЦИПИ ОЕСР ЩОДО КОРПОРАТИВНОГО ВРЯДУВАННЯ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ФОРМИ ВЛАСНОСТІ, РЕДАКЦІЯ 2015 РОКУ
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Насоки на ОИСР за корпоративното управление на държавните предприятия: Издание 2015
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Ghidul OECD privind Guvernanța Corporativă a Întreprinderilor de Stat oferă o referință internațional acceptată pentru a ajuta guvernele în evaluarea și îmbunătățirea modului în care își exercită funcțiile de proprietar în cadrul întreprinderilor de stat. Buna guvernanță corporativă a întreprinderilor de stat este o prioritate cheie a reformei în multe țări. Eficiența îmbunătățită și o mai mare transparență a sectorului de stat vor avea ca rezultat câștiguri economice considerabile, în special în țările în care proprietatea de stat este importantă. În plus, crearea unui mediu echitabil pentru întreprinderile private și de stat va încuraja un sector de afaceri sănătos și competitiv. Ghidul, adoptat prima dată în 2005, oferă o serie de bune practici cu privire la cadrul legal și de reglementare pentru întreprinderile de stat, profesionalizarea funcției de proprietate a statului și aranjamentele de guvernanță corporativă a întreprinderilor de stat. Această versiune a recomandărilor a fost dezvoltată în lumina unei experiențe de aproape un deceniu de implementare și a unui număr de studii tematice și comparative, dezvoltate pe baza versiunii anterioare a Ghidului, care au indicat nevoia de revizuire și au susținut-o, inclusiv în domenii cum ar fi divulgarea și transparența, concurența public-privat, practicile consiliilor, și fondurile și finanțarea întreprinderilor de stat.
    DOI: 10.1787/7bd54fe4-ro
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  • 159
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    Diretrizes da OCDE para Empresas Multinacionais, Edição 2011 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264470507
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, 2011 Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2011 Edition (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Linee Guida OCSE destinate alle Imprese Multinazionali 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2011 Edition (Russian version)
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Esta edição de 2011 das Diretrizes da OCDE para Empresas Multinacionais compromete 42 países a novos e mais rigorosos padrões de comportamento empresarial. As Diretrizes atualizadas incluem novas recomendações sobre o abuso dos direitos humanos e a responsabilidade das empresas em suas cadeias de fornecimento, tornando-as o primeiro acordo intergovernamental nesta área. As Diretrizes estabelecem que as empresas devem respeitar os direitos humanos em todos os países em que operam. As empresas devem também respeitar as normas ambientais e laborais, por exemplo, e ter em vigor processos adequados de devida diligência para garantir que tal aconteça. Estes incluem questões como o pagamento de salários dignos, o combate à solicitação e extorsão de subornos, e a promoção do consumo sustentável. As Diretrizes são um código de conduta abrangente e não vinculativo que os países membros da OCDE e outros concordaram em promover entre o sector empresarial. Foi também posto em prática um novo e mais duro processo de queixas e mediação.
    DOI: 10.1787/39ad30a0-pt
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  • 160
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    Assessing the climate consistency of finance : Taking stock of methodologies and their links to climate mitigation policy objectives (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.200
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper analyses existing methodologies developed by commercial services providers, research institutes or civil society organisations for investors and financial institutions, to assess the alignment of their assets and portfolios with the Paris Agreement temperature goal. The analysis is based on four main analytical dimensions: coverage of financial asset classes, choice of greenhouse gas (GHG) performance metrics, selection of climate change mitigation scenarios, and approach for aggregating alignment assessment for a given asset class and at portfolio level. Within these dimensions, the analysis highlights that a range of different and complex methodological choices, as well as current scope and data limitations, impact the environmental integrity and policy relevance of alignment or misalignment results. The paper provides suggestions for improved and more comprehensive financial sector alignment assessment. These include the development of different complementary methodologies to cover a broader range of financial asset classes than the current main focus on listed corporate equity, the development of more tailored mitigation scenarios by climate policy and science communities, better communication of uncertainties by all stakeholders, and the need for a series of indicators to assess progress and impacts that include but are not limited to GHG based alignment assessments.
    DOI: 10.1787/d12005e7-en
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  • 161
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    Framework for industry’s net-zero transition : Developing financing solutions in emerging and developing economies (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.32
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Kerangka kerja untuk transisi netralitas karbon sektor industri: Mengembangkan solusi pendanaan di negara dengan ekonomi berkembang pesat dan berkembang
    Keywords: Energy ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The manufacturing industry is a major source of global carbon dioxide emissions. Industrial production will continue to shift to emerging and developing economies. New investments are needed in low-carbon technologies to align industry’s growth with countries’ net-zero emission targets. In order to reduce the risks associated with the high cost and low maturity of the many needed low-carbon technologies, scaling up finance from both public and private financial sources will be crucial. OECD’s new “Framework for industry’s net-zero transition” is a step-by-step approach to assist emerging and developing economies in designing solutions for financing and to improve the enabling conditions that can accelerate industry’s transition. Outcomes of the Framework implementation in emerging and developing economies will contribute to the broader climate and finance policies and it can help to facilitate international co-operation for transition at scale.
    DOI: 10.1787/0c5e2bac-en
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  • 162
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    Measuring the non-financial performance of firms through the lens of the OECD Well-being Framework : A common measurement framework for “Scope 1” Social performance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities no.03
    Keywords: Sozialer Indikator ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; Performance-Messung ; Unternehmenserfolg ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper presents a conceptual framework for understanding the non-financial performance of firms through the lens of the OECD Well-being Framework. Building on existing approaches for measuring non-financial performance, it proposes a measurement framework and indicator set for what may be referred to as “Scope 1” Social performance. This refers to the well-being of stakeholders that operate within the operational boundaries of the firm, namely employees, and the capital resources that a firm contributes to and depletes that are directly relevant to society as a whole. In line with the OECD Well-being Framework, this paper emphasises the importance of measuring the well-being outcomes of stakeholders alongside the resources that firms produce and deplete. The paper also emphasises the importance of aligning the measurement of the non-financial performance of businesses at the macro-level and sectoral level by national statistical offices (NSOs) with micro-level measures collected by firms themselves. Going forward, the OECD will continue to address the measurement gaps identified in this paper and to encourage further alignment of corporate and official measures of business non-financial performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/28850c7f-en
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  • 163
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    Corporate Finance in Asia and the COVID-19 Crisis (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264538801 , 9789264833142 , 9789264695054
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Unternehmensfinanzierung ; Coronavirus ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Asien ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Asian corporations and their ability to access financing deserve special attention due to their importance in global markets, their integration into regional and global supply chains, and their ownership structures. This report covers some of the long-term trends observed in the listed corporate sector and capital markets in Asia. It also looks at how Asian companies used market-based financing during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the main fiscal and regulatory measures Asian authorities took to support the corporate sector’s access to finance during this period.
    DOI: 10.1787/87861cf0-en
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  • 164
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    International investment implications of Russia’s war against Ukraine (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Krieg ; Kriegsfolgen ; Auslandsinvestition ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia’s war against Ukraine has triggered unprecedented policy responses around the globe. These policy measures, as well as decisions by multinational companies, raise manifold implications for international investment policy, and capital and investment flows. This report provides an overview of the implications, both immediate and longer-term, in what remains a quickly evolving environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/a24af3d7-en
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  • 165
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    Impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on financial market conditions and resilience : Assessment of global financial markets (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Krieg ; Kriegsfolgen ; Internationaler Finanzmarkt ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Ukraine
    Abstract: This report assesses the immediate impact of Russia’s war against the people of Ukraine on global financial markets, and the continuing potential for spillovers into those markets. While the war has not yet caused a number of existing vulnerabilities to fully crystallise, high levels of uncertainty remain, driven by heightened geopolitical tensions. The report reviews a range of interrelated channels which could transmit shocks from Russia’s war to global financial markets, from direct exposures across sectors, to the effects of higher commodity prices, and impacts on investor sentiment. In doing so, it underlines areas within the financial system where enhanced scrutiny from supervisors and policy makers may be necessary to manage the elevated risks arising from the war going forward.
    DOI: 10.1787/879c9322-en
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  • 166
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    The past and future of subnational fiscal rules : An analysis of fiscal rules over time (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.41
    Keywords: Economics ; Taxation ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Fiscal rules are increasingly used at state and local levels to promote fiscal sustainability in OECD countries. Following the Global Financial Crisis, multiple reforms to fiscal rule frameworks were made so that governments could better tackle crises and build buffers for future downturns. This paper examines recent trends in the adoption of fiscal rules across levels of government and empirically assesses their effects with the purpose of providing lessons for the post-COVID-19 period. Beyond addressing the deterioration in public finances after the pandemic, the challenges include addressing the impact of population ageing, climate change and the energy transition, as well as growing regional inequalities. Evolution of the rules employed at the central level are contrasted to those at the subnational levels, including design features and institutional elements, together with their goals and limitations.
    DOI: 10.1787/d2798c9e-en
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  • 167
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    Policy guidance on market practices to strengthen ESG investing and finance a climate transition (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.13
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Impact Investment ; OECD-Staaten ; Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Impact Investment ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: While sustainable finance approaches are increasingly used by financial market participants, a number of challenges still undermine and hinder the efficient mobilisation of capital to support environmental, social and governance (ESG), and climate-related objectives. These challenges include limited transparency and comparability of climate transition and ESG methodologies and metrics. This document provides guidance for policy makers and market participants seeking to strengthen ESG investing and finance a climate transition through the use of quality metrics, ratings, targets and frameworks.
    DOI: 10.1787/2c5b535c-en
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  • 168
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    Recovering from COVID-19: How to enhance domestic revenue mobilisation in small island developing states (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Öffentliche Einnahmen ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Kleinstaat ; Insel ; Entwicklungsländer ; Taxation ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Antigua and Barbuda ; Cape Verde ; Cook Islands ; Cuba ; Dominica ; Dominican Republic ; Fiji ; Grenada ; Haiti ; Jamaica ; Kiribati ; Maldives ; Marshall Islands ; Mauritius ; Niue ; Palau ; Saint Kitts and Nevis ; Saint Lucia ; Seychelles ; Solomon Islands ; Tonga ; Vanuatu
    Abstract: Small island developing states (SIDS) have been acutely affected by the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper takes a broader perspective to explore how the revenue effects of this crisis in SIDS are connected to their unique financing and development challenges. It also suggests how SIDS governments and development co-operation providers can better partner together to strengthen mobilisation of domestic revenues – in particular tax revenues – in the recovery post-COVID-19.
    DOI: 10.1787/45f29680-en
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  • 169
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    The role and rights of debtholders in corporate governance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.23
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of developments in non-financial corporate bond markets over the past two decades with respect to their size and credit quality, as well as trends related to insolvency and restructuring. It then explores the role of bondholders in corporate governance, both in normal times and in times of financial distress, and the governance implications of longstanding increases in bond financing by the non-financial sector. In particular, challenges related to bondholder rights, corporate disclosure, the responsibilities of corporate boards, institutional investors and insolvency are discussed.
    DOI: 10.1787/d6b7cca5-en
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  • 170
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    Enhancing gender diversity on boards and in senior management of listed companies (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.28
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: As part of a global effort to address existing barriers to gender equality in leadership and employment, countries around the world are taking steps to enhance gender diversity on boards, which can also have positive effects on board dynamics and governance. This paper takes stock of progress and existing policies and practices to enhance gender diversity on boards and in senior management of listed companies. Covering 50 jurisdictions, it focuses on the implications of quotas and targets as the main instruments used to foster gender diversity on boards, and considers the importance of complementary initiatives to strengthen the pipeline for leadership positions.
    DOI: 10.1787/4f7ca695-en
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  • 171
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    Corporate ownership and concentration (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.27
    Keywords: Eigentümerstruktur ; Unternehmenskonzentration ; Corporate Governance ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This working paper documents the trends in the ownership structures of listed companies around the world and the rise in ownership concentration. It identifies three major trends in corporate ownership: the dominance of company group structures, in particular in a number of emerging markets; the growth of state ownership through various state controlled investors; and the re concentration of ownership in the hands of large institutional investors, in particular investors that follow passive index investment strategies. The paper also discusses the implications for corporate governance of corporate ownership by private companies, states and institutional investors in global public equity markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/bc3adca3-en
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  • 172
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    Could insurance provide an alternative to fiscal support in crisis response? (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.40
    Keywords: Economics ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant economic disruptions and revenue losses for business impacted by workplace closure measures aimed at restraining the spread of the virus. Governments provided extensive monetary and fiscal support to address liquidity risks and mitigate the potential for mass insolvencies as few businesses had applicable insurance coverage for these types of losses. This paper examines the fiscal and insurance sector responses to the economic disruptions resulting from COVID-19 workplace closures, the challenges to the availability of insurance coverage for this risk and some of the challenges and risks related to large-scale fiscal support for businesses. It also includes a discussion of the potential contribution of a loss-sharing arrangement between governments and insurance markets for pandemic-related business interruption losses as a means of enhancing the contribution of insurance markets to providing financial protection in the context of future pandemics.
    DOI: 10.1787/4b3dd441-en
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  • 173
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    FDI Qualities Guide for Development Co-operation : Strengthening the Role of Development Co-operation for Sustainable Investment (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264633896 , 9789264689534 , 9789264848726
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Tools
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: This guide provides a framework to strengthen the role of development co-operation for mobilising foreign direct investment (FDI) and enhancing its positive impact in developing countries. The guide reviews a broad range of financial and technical solutions for enhancing the impact of FDI on sustainable development, and outlines ways donors can consider the impact of FDI on their strategies, thus supporting the design, implementation and monitoring of FDI-related assistance.
    DOI: 10.1787/7f251bac-en
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  • 174
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    Global Outlook on Financing for Sustainable Development 2023 : No Sustainability Without Equity (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264506800 , 9789264947979 , 9789264821576
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (188 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: Successive crises including COVID-19, Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the climate emergency are exacerbating inequalities between and within countries and stifling progress to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement. While developed countries deployed historic stimulus packages to build back better, developing countries lacked fiscal and monetary buffers to respond. Countries with the fewest resources face challenging trade-offs between short-term rescue and long-term financing for a sustainable recovery. The SDG financing gap in developing countries grew due to a drop in available resources called upon in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda coupled with rising financing needs. Official Development Assistance (ODA), or aid, played an important role to help narrow the gap, but could not do so on its own. Global crises open a window of opportunity for SDG alignment of broader resources to narrow the gap. Growing trillions in developed countries aim to reduce risks, including environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria. However, resources are not reaching the countries most in need. Urgent action is needed to remove bottlenecks for a more equitable and needs-based allocation of sustainable finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/fcbe6ce9-en
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    Digitalisation and corporate governance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.26
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This paper addresses the implications of digitalisation on corporate governance. It focuses in particular on the potential for digitalisation to improve market supervision and enforcement of corporate governance related requirements and the efficiency of disclosure; its use for remote and hybrid participation in general shareholder meetings; the implications of digital security risks and the role of the board in their management; and how digitalisation can encourage the development of primary public equity markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/296d219f-en
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  • 176
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    Assessing tax relief from targeted investment tax incentives through corporate effective tax rates : Methodology and initial findings for seven Sub-Saharan African countries (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.58
    Keywords: Taxation ; Development ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Angola ; Botswana ; Eswatini ; Kenya ; Mauritius ; Senegal ; South Africa
    Abstract: Corporate tax incentives reduce investment costs for businesses, which may affect investment and location decisions. They apply through different designs and interact with countries’ standard tax systems, often making it difficult for tax policy makers and researchers to compare their generosity and assess their impacts across countries. This paper develops a methodology to calculate forward-looking corporate effective tax rates (ETRs) summarising tax relief from investment tax incentives into comparable indicators. It presents ETR indicators for seven Sub-Saharan African countries. Empirical results show that tax incentives substantially lower corporate taxation across these countries. On average, tax incentives reduce ETRs by 30% in the food and automotive industries compared to the standard tax treatment. ETRs often differ among taxpayers in a same sector and country - by up to 55%. The most generous tax treatment is typically offered within Special Economic Zones, where tax incentives can reduce ETRs to near zero.
    DOI: 10.1787/3eaddf88-en
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  • 177
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    OECD Competition Assessment Reviews: Brazil (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264634275 , 9789264591837 , 9789264545212
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (239 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Competition Assessment Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Relatórios de Avaliação Concorrencial da OCDE: Brasil
    Keywords: Wettbewerb ; Brasilien ; Finance and Investment ; Brazil
    Abstract: This review provides an analysis of regulatory barriers to competition in Brazil, specifically in the ports and civil aviation sectors, and makes recommendations for Brazilian authorities to mitigate harm to competition and foster long-lasting growth. It is based on a competition assessment conducted by the OECD in co-operation with the Brazilian Competition Authority (CADE) identifying rules and regulations that may hinder the competitive and efficient functioning of markets in the two sectors under review. The review also includes estimates of the impact that the implementation of certain specific recommendations could have on the economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/d1694e46-en
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  • 178
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    Climate-resilient finance and investment : Framing paper (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.196
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Achieving climate-resilient economies and societies will not only require increasing the billions of financial flows for adaptation, but also shifting broader -- public and private -- financial flows and investment away from potentially mal-adapted activities towards those that contribute to climate-resilient economies and societies. The goal of aligning finance with climate-resilient development is included in article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement, yet efforts to define and operationalise this concept are at an early stage. This framing paper summarises the current status of these efforts and outlines a way forward for defining, measuring and mobilising adaptation-aligned finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/223ad3b9-en
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  • 179
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    Digital Services : Supporting SMEs to Get Tax Right (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Forum on Tax Administration
    Keywords: Unternehmensbesteuerung ; KMU ; Digitalisierung ; Finanzverwaltung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Digital Services: Supporting SMEs to get Tax Right, by the OECD Forum on Tax Administration (FTA), is the third report in the FTA’s Supporting SMEs to Get Tax Right Series. This report looks at how digital services can help SMEs comply with their tax obligations, leading to reduced burdens and increased compliance rates. In addition to a number of examples from tax administrations, the report also highlights two detailed case studies. The report was developed by the Canada Revenue Agency with the support of the Forum on Tax Administration’s Community of Interest on SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/7bd95d83-en
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  • 180
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    Lessons from the crypto winter : DeFi versus CeFi (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.18
    Keywords: Virtuelle Währung ; Finanzmarkt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper analyses the mechanisms involved in the recent failings in crypto-asset markets, focusing on events in 2022 through September. The paper assesses the role of centralised finance (CeFi) and decentralised finance (DeFi), and the disproportionate impact the crypto market turmoil has had on retail market participants. It examines learnings of the recent crypto-asset market downturn, also know as the “crypto winter”, including high interconnectedness within the crypto-asset ecosystem; elaborate mechanisms of financial engineering that heavily use leverage and are built on the composability offered by DeFi (i.e., components of DeFi are pieced together to create new products); and increased market concentration. The paper also highlights the urgency for policy action and provides policy recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/199edf4f-en
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  • 181
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    Toolkit for raising awareness and preventing corruption in SMEs (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.21
    Keywords: Compliance-Management ; Anti-Korruption ; KMU ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper evaluates foreign bribery and corruption risks for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and offers an awareness-raising toolkit on the importance of adopting anti-corruption measures. Based on data collected through research, interviews with SMEs, business organisations and legal professionals in countries Party to the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention and others, the toolkit presents initiatives that will enable governments, business organisations and large companies to better support SMEs in preventing and fighting foreign bribery and corruption.
    DOI: 10.1787/19e99855-en
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  • 182
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    Free trade zones and illicit gold flows in Latin America and the Caribbean (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.22
    Keywords: Sonderwirtschaftszone ; Goldmarkt ; Gold ; Illegaler Handel ; Lateinamerika ; Karibischer Raum ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Free trade zones (FTZs) are vulnerable to illicit trade; despite many governments and zone operators taking steps to mitigate these vulnerabilities, they remain especially acute in trading operations of specific goods. One of these is gold. High-risk gold originating in Latin America and the Caribbean is often laundered within the region before advancing to destination markets. This report examines the risks and vulnerabilities linked to financial crimes in gold trade through FTZs, focusing in particular on Colombia, Panama and the Dominican Republic.
    DOI: 10.1787/7536db96-en
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  • 183
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    Value for Money in School Education : Smart Investments, Quality Outcomes, Equal Opportunities (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264557987 , 9789264875609 , 9789264836068
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (175 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Bildungsfinanzierung ; Bildungsinvestition ; Bildungsertrag ; Qualität ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Policymaking has always been a matter of making choices, managing trade-offs and balancing multiple goals and priorities to make complex budgetary decisions. Yet, the past few years have seen a rising number of priorities facing policymakers, hence mounting pressure to enhance the efficiency of public spending. There is a strong case for public investment in high-quality education as it leads to a range of economic outcomes as well as broader social outcomes for both individuals and society. But while high-quality education will continue to enable individuals and societies to thrive and recover from disruptions, education ministries will need to rethink the way they invest in education to ensure that education systems deliver greater value for money. Following an introduction laying out the context, this publication first takes stock of the wealth of economic returns and broader social outcomes derived from high-quality education, making the case for continued public investment. It then turns to the examination of smart ways of investing in education and examines key policy levers that can help enhance value for money: governing and distributing school funding to make the most of education investments; achieving educational equity alongside greater efficiency; and planning, monitoring and evaluating the efficient use of school funding.
    DOI: 10.1787/f6de8710-en
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  • 184
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    Multi-dimensional Review of the Dominican Republic : Towards Greater Well-being for All (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264494510 , 9789264551916 , 9789264609785
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (290 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklung ; Dominikanische Republik ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Taxation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Finance and Investment ; Dominican Republic
    Abstract: The Dominican Republic has made strides on many socioeconomic fronts over the years. The country has been one of the leading economies in Latin America and the Caribbean in terms of GDP growth, reaching upper middle-income status in 2011. However, progress on the different dimensions of well-being has been insufficient. In particular, socioeconomic and territorial disparities are still important, and public institutions remain insufficiently solid. For the Dominican Republic to embark on a more prosperous development path, three critical dimensions must be tackled. First, providing quality jobs for all, with particular emphasis on boosting formalisation and productive transformation. Second, mobilising more public and private finance for development, with more progressive and effective taxation systems, more efficient public expenditure and deeper capital markets. Third, accelerating digital transformation to boost productivity, enhance inclusion and support job creation.
    DOI: 10.1787/560c12bf-en
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  • 185
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    Strengthening Asset-backed Pension Systems in a Post-COVID World (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264935433 , 9789264814905 , 9789264866447
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (194 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Altersvorsorge ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Pensionskasse ; Investmentfonds ; Coronavirus ; Regulierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Theorie ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This publication analyses the impact COVID-19 has had on asset-backed pension arrangements and the main policies countries have implemented in response to date. It then presents policy guidelines to help strengthen asset-backed pension arrangements and improve retirement outcomes in a post-COVID world. The publication also discusses the short- and long-term impact of COVID-19 on mortality, and the role that assets earmarked for retirement could play in the post-COVID recovery.
    DOI: 10.1787/288cb3cf-en
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  • 186
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    OECD Reviews of Pension Systems: Slovenia (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264320888 , 9789264950078 , 9789264838772
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (249 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Pension Systems
    Keywords: Altersvorsorge ; Slowenien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Slovenia ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This review provides policy recommendations on how to improve the Slovenian pension system, building on the OECD’s best practices in pension design. It details the Slovenian pension system and identifies its strengths and weaknesses based on cross‑country comparisons. The Slovenian pension system consists of a mandatory defined benefit pay‑as‑you‑go public scheme and supplementary private schemes. The review also describes the first layer of old‑age social protection in Slovenia and discusses possible ways to improve communication about pensions. The OECD Reviews of Pension Systems: Slovenia is the seventh in the pension review series.
    DOI: 10.1787/f629a09a-en
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  • 187
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    Strengthening FDI and SME Linkages in Portugal (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264336674 , 9789264860407 , 9789264561939
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (145 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; KMU ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Investitionspolitik ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Portugal ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This report assesses the enabling conditions for maximising the benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI) on SME productivity and innovation in Portugal. It looks at the quality of investment that Portugal attracts and the capacity of Portuguese SMEs to benefit from any knowledge and technology spillovers resulting from these investments. It studies the extent to which FDI-SME spillovers occur through value chain linkages, strategic partnerships, labour mobility, competition and imitation effects. The report provides an overview of Portuguese public institutions responsible for investment, SMEs, innovation and regional development policies, taking a close look at arrangements to ensure multi-level policy coordination, stakeholder consultation and evaluation of policy impacts. It then reviews the mix of government policies that are currently in place to support FDI-SME linkages and spillovers, noting areas for further policy reforms. The last chapter introduces a regional lens, focusing in particular on the regions of Norte and Alentejo. This report is part of a broader European Commission-OECD programme on strengthening FDI-SME linkages and serves as a pilot for future country assessments.
    DOI: 10.1787/d718823d-en
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  • 188
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    OECD blended finance guidance for clean energy (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.31
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Meeting the Paris Agreement goals will need a rapid acceleration of finance towards clean energy investments in emerging and developing economies. Blended finance is an important tool that can help mobilise commercial investment towards clean energy, whilst preserving scarce public resources for wider climate and development objectives. A systematic approach to the deployment of blended finance – that tailors instruments to the nature of underlying barriers to commercial investment, minimises concessionality, has a clear exit strategy, and is co-ordinated within a wider ecosystem of support and enabling measures – can help maximise its development impact and stimulate private sector development. This paper explores specific features of clean energy projects, and the wider transition, to draw lessons for donors, policymakers in beneficiary governments, and financial institutions on whether and how best to deploy blended finance in the sector. It revisits the OECD DAC's Blended Finance Principles, specifically Principle 2: designing blended finance to increase the mobilisation of commercial finance, and explores their applicability to clean energy. It also explores sector-specific considerations for the deployment of clean energy, setting out the considerations development practitioners can make to inform better decision-making on, and maximise the development impact of, blended finance interventions.
    DOI: 10.1787/596e2436-en
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  • 189
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    Blockchain at the frontier : Impacts and issues in cross-border co-operation and global governance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.04
    Keywords: Blockchain ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Global Governance ; Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Blockchain technology is expected to drive digital transformation in the way businesses, governments and societies interact in the years ahead, including at an international level. This paper considers current and emerging uses of blockchain to strengthen beneficial economic ties between countries, including in trade and supply chain transparency, portable credentials for people and organisations, and business financing and capital formation. It also explores key concerns about blockchain’s impact on global rules and multilateral policy objectives, particularly around climate impacts and uses for illicit finance. The paper underscores the value of deliberate international co-operation to realise the beneficial cross-border applications of the technology and address international challenges, and highlights existing instruments and approaches, and identifies gaps and priorities, towards a more consistent and coherent international policy environment for responsible blockchain innovation.
    DOI: 10.1787/80e1f9bb-en
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  • 190
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    International investment implications of Russia’s war against Ukraine (abridged version) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Russia’s war against Ukraine has triggered unprecedented policy responses around the globe, raising manifold implications for international investment policy, both immediate and longer term.
    DOI: 10.1787/6224dc77-en
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  • 191
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    Integrating responsible business conduct in public procurement supply chains : Economic benefits to governments (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Public procurement represents a major share of government spending. Even though adequate regulatory and strategic frameworks exist, the uptake of responsible business conduct considerations in public procurement is relatively low. Given the relevance of the economic argument for governments, this paper provides insights for policy makers and practitioners on the economic benefits of integrating responsible business conduct in public procurement supply chains. It analyses both direct and indirect economic benefits, and looks into the broader impact on businesses and individuals beyond national borders.
    DOI: 10.1787/c5350587-en
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  • 192
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    OECD Investment Policy Review: Bulgaria (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264581326 , 9789264722842 , 9789264545731
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (224 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Auslandsinvestition ; Bulgarien ; Finance and Investment ; Bulgaria
    Abstract: This review assesses the climate for domestic and foreign investment in Bulgaria and discusses the challenges and opportunities faced by the government of Bulgaria in its reform efforts. Capitalising on the OECD Policy Framework for Investment, the review includes chapters on trends in foreign investment and their socio-economic benefits, foreign investor entry and operations, the legal and institutional framework for investment protection, investment promotion and facilitation, public governance, and policies to promote and enable responsible business conduct. The review then highlights potential reform priorities to help Bulgaria fulfil development ambitions that align with its commitment to comply with the principles of openness, transparency and non-discrimination as a new Adherent to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises.
    DOI: 10.1787/6a0325b7-en
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  • 193
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    Strategic Investment Pathways for resilient water systems (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.202
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Water infrastructure investments are typically capital-intensive and long-lived, involving significant costs and benefits. Their performance over operational lifetimes is highly dependent on the vagaries of the hydrological cycle and subject to the risks and uncertainties associated with climate change. The challenge is to make the best use of scarce financial resources to deliver desired water services in the context of these complicating factors. Ideally, planning for water-related investments should be robust to known hazards and flexible to adapt to an uncertain future. This paper presents a conceptual and analytical framework to sequence water-related investments along “Strategic Investment Pathways”. This approach considers a range of diverse investments over multiple scenarios and evaluates options relative to stakeholder-defined goals. It explicitly considers key dynamic processes, interdependencies and feedbacks within the water system. The aim is to inform investment decisions that contribute to water system resilience through effective and adaptive management over time.
    DOI: 10.1787/9afacd7f-en
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  • 194
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    Relatórios de Avaliação Concorrencial da OCDE: Brasil (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264758667 , 9789264853348 , 9789264954458
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (253 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Competition Assessment Reviews: Brazil
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Brazil
    Abstract: Este relatório fornece uma análise das barreiras regulatórias à concorrência no Brasil, especificamente nos setores de portos e de aviação civil, e faz recomendações às autoridades brasileiras para mitigar os danos à concorrência e promover um crescimento duradouro. Ele é baseado em uma avaliação concorrencial realizada pela OCDE em cooperação com o Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE, a Autoridade da Concorrência no Brasil), pela qual foram identificados normativos que podem prejudicar o funcionamento competitivo e eficiente dos mercados nos dois setores analisados. O relatório também inclui estimativas do impacto que a implementação de certas recomendações específicas poderia ter na economia.
    DOI: 10.1787/283dc7c1-pt
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  • 195
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    Financial planning and financial education for old age in times of change (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.08
    Keywords: Altersvorsorge ; Finanzwissen ; Sparen ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper considers recent trends in the financial landscape, such as pension reforms, the impact of the COVID-19 crisis and the growing digitalisation of finance, and discusses their implications for old age financial planning and financial education polices, looking at financial decision making both in preparation for retirement and during old age. Building on recent examples of financial education policies and programmes that seek to address these challenges, the paper puts forward policy considerations to help the development of financial education policies and programmes that support financial planning for old age in times of change.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1d4878e-en
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  • 196
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    Financing SMEs for sustainability : Drivers, Constraints and Policies (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.35
    Keywords: Mittelstandsfinanzierung ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Welt ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Addressing the climate crisis requires the net zero transition of millions of SMEs globally. SMEs have a significant aggregate environmental footprint and need to adopt cleaner business models. As eco-entrepreneurs and eco-innovators, they also have a key role to play in devising innovative climate solutions. Access to finance is essential for SME investments in net zero, but small businesses face considerable challenges in tapping into the growing pool of sustainable finance. This challenge is likely to grow as financial institutions seek to comply with mandatory environmental reporting requirements. This policy paper examines the sustainable finance landscape for SMEs, the various actors in the ecosystem and the key drivers and barriers affecting the supply of and demand for sustainable finance. It provides an overview of the key policies and instruments in place to support SME access to sustainable finance and identifies considerations for future public support and policy making.
    DOI: 10.1787/a5e94d92-en
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  • 197
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    Catalysing collective action to combat corruption in infrastructure : Accountable and effective non-judicial grievance mechanism (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.17
    Keywords: Anti-Korruption ; Infrastruktur ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Infrastructure is vital for supporting economic growth, enhancing prosperity and well-being. G7 nations and other partnerships have committed to quality and sustainable infrastructure investments based on high standards and shared values to mobilise public and private investment. Unfortunately, infrastructure remains highly exposed to corruption and other irregular practices, and lacks sufficient accountability. New and innovative approaches to tackle corruption are needed to address these challenges. This policy paper focuses on collective action and multi-stakeholder non-judicial grievance mechanisms to support early detection, prevention and reporting of corruption. It highlights three mechanisms, namely, the National Contact Point for Responsible Business Conduct, the High Level Reporting Mechanism, and the Integrity Pact, which are well-suited to addressing corruption risks across the infrastructure lifecycle. As countries increase infrastructure investment and look to attract private financing, there is an opportunity to harness multi-stakeholder solutions that address corruption, de-risk projects and ensure finance meets its intended purpose.
    DOI: 10.1787/ce6d1b84-en
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  • 198
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    Enhancing Investment Promotion in Tajikistan (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264537378
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Повышение эффективности продвижения инвестиций в Таджикистане
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Tadschikistan ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Tajikistan
    Abstract: Tajikistan has identified Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) attraction as a critical component of its national development strategy, which could contribute to the achievement of several policy goals, including private sector growth, job creation, and economic diversification. As the COVID-19 pandemic has increased competition for FDI, the role of investment promotion agencies (IPAs) is growing around the world. Investment promotion and facilitation work carried out by a dedicated investment promotion agency can help attract FDI, when underpinned by measures to improve the overall investment framework.
    DOI: 10.1787/1e3a7c4f-en
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  • 199
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    Anti-corruption compliance in times of crisis : Building resilience and seizing opportunities (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.19
    Keywords: Anti-Korruption ; Compliance-Management ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of crises, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing economic crisis, on anti-corruption compliance objectives, resources and operations. It evaluates whether the crisis generated challenges or opportunities for businesses in the area of anti-corruption compliance, and whether it led to long-term, structural changes. The paper offers recommendations for companies to improve their responses to corruption risks during times of crisis, and for governments to better support companies in this context.
    DOI: 10.1787/467cf791-en
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  • 200
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    Competition trends in Latin America and the Caribbean 2022 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.10
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Tendencias sobre competencia en Latinoamérica y el Caribe 2022
    Keywords: Wettbewerb ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Karibischer Raum ; Lateinamerika ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Competition policy in Latin America and the Caribbean has grown significantly in the past two decades. This report presents some of the main competition enforcement trends in the region based on an analysis of data provided by 14 OECD and non-OECD jurisdictions about their competition enforcement activity from 2015-20. By providing multi-year data on competition enforcement indicators, this report informs policymaking and contributes to the continual improvement of competition law and policy in the region.
    DOI: 10.1787/472518b6-en
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