Abstract: I — Theory and Practice -- 1 Bearing Development and Bearing Theory -- 2 Current Practice in Journal Bearings -- II — Performance in Steady Running -- 3 Functioning of Journal Bearings -- 4 Conventional Hydrodynamic Theory of Laminar Flow -- 5 Similarity Rules, Flow Regimes, and Characteristic Relations -- 6 Observed Bearing Performance -- 7 Approximate Assessment of Performance -- III — Dynamic Characteristics -- 8 Journal Bearings in Vibration -- 9 Conventional Theory of Linearized Dynamic Characteristics with Laminar Flow -- 10 Effects of Inertia of Oil on Dynamic Characteristics -- 11 Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Characteristics -- 12 Influence of Bearings in Turbomachinery Vibration -- IV — Operational Experience and Prospective Development -- 13 Operation of Journal Bearings in Turbomachinery -- 14 Prospects in Development of Journal Bearings -- Appendices -- i Analytical Solution for Very Narrow Bearing -- ii Analytical Solution for Infinitely Wide Bearing -- iii Transformation of Axes -- iv Limiting Value of Characteristics at High Eccentricity Ratio -- v Definitions and Units of Viscosity -- vi Properties of Turbine Lubricating Oils -- vii The Apparent Out-of-balance Coefficients -- References.

Abstract: This book deals with the functioning of hydrodynamic journal bearings in turbomachinery. It makes particular reference to large turbine­ generator and marine propulsion plant. Journal-bearing design in this field has been based mainly on experience supplemented by full-scale experimental test. Development is becoming influenced to an increasing extent by research and analysis. Particular attention is given in this book to correlation of research and analytical work with the observed operating characteristics of journal bearings. The physical phenomena in bearings are complicated, and analysis is rendered convenient only by making simplifying assumptions. The engineer must know which assumptions are serviceable and in what operating conditions they may be applied. Current British and European practice in journal bearings is illus­ trated. An examination is made of steady running characteristics, as predicted by theory and as established by test. Some account is given of the dynamic characteristics of journal bearings and of their in­ fluence in machine vibration. Service experience of journal bearings is reviewed, and reference is made to possible future trends in develop­ ment. The book is the outcome of work on turbine plant with Metropolitan­ Vickers and its successor Associated Electrical Industries. The A.E.!. and English Electric activities in this field have recently been incor­ porated in English Electric-A.E.!. Turbine-Generators Ltd. The author expresses his gratitude to the Company for permission to publish the results. He thanks the English Electric Co. Ltd., C. A.

Abstract: Systems, Equipment, Techniques, and Trends -- What Has Computer Graphics to Offer? -- Computer Graphics Hardware Techniques -- Computer Graphics Software Techniques -- Interactive Software Techniques -- Computer Display System Tradeoffs -- Computer Graphics in the United States -- The U.K. Scene -- Low Cost Graphics -- Remote Display Terminals -- Applications, Installations -- Graphical Computer Aided Programming Systems -- Alphanumeric Terminals for Management Information -- Computer Graphics Used for Architectural Design and Costing -- Graphical Output in a Research Establishment -- Appendix to Graphical Output in a Research Establishment -- High Energy Physics Applications -- Mechanical Design Using Graphics -- Electronic Design Using Graphics -- Man-Machine Co-operation on a Learning Task -- Some Hardware, Software and Applications Problems -- For the Computer Technologist -- Present-day Computer Graphics Research -- For Reference -- Some Commercially Available Computer Graphics Systems.

Abstract: Acronyms, Abbreviations -- Missile, Rocket, Probe, and Drone Designation System -- Aircraft Designation System -- Ship Designations -- Communication Electronic Equipment Designation System -- Set or Equipment Designation System -- Component Designation System.

Abstract: Acronym agglomeration is an affliction of the age, and there are acronym addicts who, in their weakness, find it impossible to resist them. More than once in recent months my peers have cautioned me about my apparent readiness to use not only acronyms, but abbreviations, foreign­ isms, codes, and other cryptic symbols rather than common, ordinary American words. Many among us, though, either have not received or have chosen to ignore such advice. As a consequence, what we write and speak is full of mystery and confusion. It is then for the reader and listener and for the writer and speaker that Reta C. Moser has compiled this guide. Its effective application to the art of communication is urged. Such use should help avoid many of the misunderstandings involving terminology which occur daily. Although such misunderstandings are certainly crucial in humanistic and social situations, they are often of immediate import and the trigger to disaster in scientific, technical, and political situations. Some 15,000 acronyms and 25,000 definitions are provided (a 50- and 47 -percent increase over the 1964 edition!), with due credit to Miss Moser's diligence in making the compilation and with the acknowledgment that the acronymical phenomenon is very much with us. This edition, like the first, is certain to be of value to writers, librarians, editors, and others who must identify and deal with acronyms.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Prospecting -- 3 Planning and Development -- 4 Removal of Overburden -- 5 The Use of Explosives in Surface Mining -- 6 Quarrying Hard Rocks -- 7 Working Iron and Copper Deposits by Open Pits -- 8 Opencast Coal -- 9 Surface Mining of Bauxite, Clays, Chalk and Phosphates -- 10 Surface Mining of Gold, Platinum, Uranium and Gemstones -- 11 Sand and Gravel -- 12 Alluvial Mining -- 13 Power Supply in the Surface Mining Industries -- 14 Reclamation after Surface Mining -- 15 The Management of Surface Mines -- Appendix I—Electromagnetic Prospecting -- Appendix II—Performance of Medium and Large Draglines -- Appendix III—Aggregates in Concrete.

Abstract: Quarrying and all other branches of surface mining rather than diminishing in importance have become of more and more consequence economically, industrially and particularly with the depletion of high-grade deep-mined mineral reserves. Low-grade minerals require low cost extraction and this in many cases necessitates very expensive mechanized equipment with the cost of individual units running into millions of pounds in the case of large­ scale operations with high productivity. There has been, and there still is, a tendency for the smaller single quarries to be amalgamated into groups with large financial resources and therefore with the ability to purchase these expensive machines so necessary to make operations viable. This in turn requires wider administrative and technical knowledge in executives of these groups and as these often handle a wide range of products from widely differing systems of working, this technical knowledge should embrace the exploitation of many different types of deposits. There is, at present, a great dearth throughout the world of such qualified executives as is apparent from advertisements of vacancies in the technical press. It would appear that these industries offer an attractive career to the widely qualified and experienced technologist in these fields. This book deals with methods of working in the surface extractive indus­ tries, quarry management and power supply-but does not deal with related ancillary processes except where these affect quarrying operations.

Abstract: 1 Theory of Algorithms and Discrete Processors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Discrete Processors -- 3. Examples of Discrete Processors -- 4. Computers and Discrete Processors -- 5. Systems of Algorithmic Algebras -- 6. Application of Algorithmic Algebras to Transformations of Microprograms -- 7. Equivalence of Discrete Processors -- 8. Equivalence of Automata with Terminal States Relative to an Automaton without Cycles -- 9. Specific Cases of Solutions to the Equivalence Problem -- 10. Conclusions -- References -- 2 Programming Languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Basic Linguistic Nature of Programming Languages -- 3. Programming Languages and Semiotics -- 4. The Formal Definition of Programming Lan guages -- 5. The Definition of Programmable Automata and their Languages -- 6. Parallel Concurrent Processes -- 7. Machine Languages -- 8. Special and General-Purpose Algorithmic Languages -- 9. Special Problem-Oriented Languages -- 10. Simulation Languages -- 11. Conversational Languages -- 12. Conclusion -- References -- 3 Formula Manipulation—The User’s Point of View -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Different Types of Formula Manipulation Systems -- 3. Toward a Mathematical Utility -- 4. The Formula Manipulation Language Symbal -- 5. The Syntax of Symbal -- 6. The Basic Symbols and Syntactic Entities -- 7. Expressions -- 8. The Remaining Parts of the Language -- 9. Standard Variables -- 10. Techniques and Applications -- 11. Summary -- References -- 4 Engineering Principles of Pattern Recognition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Problems in Pattern Recognition -- 3. Feature Selection and Preprocessing -- 4. Pattern Classification by Distance Functions -- 5. Pattern Classification by Potential Functions.. -- 6. Pattern Classification by Likelihood Functions -- 7. Pattern Classification by Entropy Functions.. -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- 5 Learning Control Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Trainable Controllers -- 3. Reinforcement Learning Control Systems -- 4. Bayesian Learning in Control Systems -- 5. Learning Control Systems Using Stochastic Approximation -- 6. The Method of Potential Functions and its Application to Learning Control -- 7. Stochastic Automata as Models of Learning Controllers -- 8. Conclusions -- Appendix. Stochastic Approximation—A Brief Survey -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: Engineering has long been thought of by the public as a profession tra­ ditionally categorized into such branches as electrical, mechanical, chemical, industrial, civil, etc. This classification has served its purpose for the past half century; but the last decade has witnessed a tremendous change. A continuous transition from the practical to the theoretical has made technology overlap with science, and the enlargement of scope and broad­ ened diversification have smeared the boundaries between traditional engi­ neering and scientific fields. Engineering is rapidly becoming a diversified, multidisciplinary field of scientific endeavor. This has prompted us to regard modern engineering as a science, which has as its ingredients materials, energy, and information. In our complex and technologically-oriented society organizations are flooded with an enormous amount of management information. We are now faced with problems concerning the efficient use of communicated knowledge. The steady growth in the magnitude and complexity of informa­ tion systems necessitates the development of new theories and techniques for solving these information problems. We demand instant access to pre­ viously recorded information for decision making, and we require new meth­ ods for analysis, recognition, processing, and display. As a consequence, information science has evolved out of necessity. Concerned with the theoretical basis of the organization, control, stor­ age, retrieval, processing, and communication of information both by natural and artificial systems, information science is multidisciplinary in character. It covers a vast area of subject matter in the physical and biological sciences.

Abstract: I Stress and Strain -- 1. Introductory -- 2. Stress. Definitions and notation -- 3. Stresses in two dimensions -- 4. Stresses in three dimensions -- 5. Mohr’s representation of stress in three dimensions -- 6. Displacement and strain. Introduction -- 7. The geometry of finite homogeneous strain in two dimensions -- 8. Finite homogeneous strain in three dimensions -- 9. Mohr’s representation of finite homogeneous strain without rotation -- 10. Infinitesimal strain in two dimensions -- 11. Infinitesimal strain in three dimensions -- II Behaviour of Actual Materials -- 12. Introductory -- 13. The stress-strain relations for a perfectly elastic isotropic solid -- 14. Special cases: biaxial stress and strain -- 15. Strain-energy -- 16. Anisotropic substances -- 17. Finite hydrostatic strain -- 18. Natural strain -- 19. The equations of viscosity -- 20. Fracture and yield -- 21. The maximum shear stress theory of fracture and its generalizations -- 22. Mohr’s theory of fracture -- 23. Earth pressure -- 24. The Griffith theory of brittle strength -- 25. Strain theories of failure -- 26. The tensile test on ductile materials -- 27. Yield criteria -- 28. The yield surface -- 29. The equations of plasticity -- 30. Substances with composite properties -- III Equations of Motion and Equilibrium -- 31. Introductory -- 32. Simple problems illustrating the behaviour of elastic, viscous, plastic and Bingham substances -- 33. The elastic equations of motion -- 34. The elastic equations of equilibrium -- 35. Special cases of the equations of elasticity -- 36. Special problems in elasticity -- 37. Wave propagation -- 38. Elastic waves -- 39. The equations of motion of a viscous fluid -- 40. Special problems in viscosity -- 41. Plastic flow in two dimensions -- IV Applications -- 42. Introductory -- 43. Experimental results on the mechanical properties of rocks -- 44. Systems having one or more planes of weakness -- 45. Porous media -- 46. Further discussion of criteria for failure -- 47. Stresses and faulting in the crust -- 48. The Coulomb-Navier theory in terms of invariants -- 49. The representation of two-dimensional stress fields -- 50. Stresses around openings -- 51. The use of the complex variable -- 52. Displacements -- 53. Underground measurements and their results -- 54. Measurement of rock properties -- 55. Effects of flaws, size and stress gradient -- 56. The complete stress-strain curve -- V Applications to Structural Geology -- 57. Introductory -- 58. Combination of strains -- 59. Determination of finite strain from deformed objects -- 60. Progressive deformation -- 61. Analysis of strain in folding -- 62. Instability theory: folding and kinking -- 63. Development of preferred orientations of ellipsoidal particles -- Notation -- Author Index.

Abstract: IN this monograph I have attempted to set out, in as elemen­ tary a form as possible, the basic mathematics of the theories of elasticity, plasticity, viscosity, and rheology, together with a discussion of the properties of the materials involved and the way in which they are idealized to form a basis for the mathe­ matical theory. There are many mathematical text-books on these subjects, but they are largely devoted to methods for the solution of special problems, and, while the present book may be regarded as an introduction to these, it is also in­ tended for the large class of readers such as engineers and geologists who are more interested in the detailed analysis of stress and strain, the properties of some of the materials they use, criteria for flow and fracture, and so on, and whose interest in the theory is rather in the assumptions involved in it and the way in which they affect the solutions than in the study of special problems. The first chapter develops the analysis of stress and strain rather fully, giving, in particular, an account of Mohr's repre­ sentations of stress and of finite homogeneous strain in three dimensions. In the second chapter, on the behaviour of materials, the stress-strain relations for elasticity (both for isotropic and simple anisotropic substances), viscosity, plas­ ticity and some of the simpler rheological models are described.

Abstract: The subject of this book is the higher transcendental function known as the confluent hypergeometric function. In the last two decades this function has taken on an ever increasing significance because of its use in the application of mathematics to physical and technical problems. There is no doubt that this trend will continue until the general theory of confluent hypergeometric functions becomes familiar to the majority of physicists in much the same way as the cylinder functions, which were previously less well known, are now used in many engineering and physical problems. This book is intended to further this development. The important practical significance of the functions which are treated hardly demands an involved discussion since they include, as special cases, a number of simpler special functions which have long been the everyday tool of the physicist. It is sufficient to mention that these include, among others, the logarithmic integral, the integral sine and cosine, the error integral, the Fresnel integral, the cylinder functions and the cylinder function in parabolic cylindrical coordinates. For anyone who puts forth the effort to study the confluent hypergeometric function in more detail there is the inestimable advantage of being able to understand the properties of other functions derivable from it. This gen­ eral point of view is particularly useful in connection with series ex­ pansions valid for values of the argument near zero or infinity and in connection with the various integral representations.

Abstract: 1 Symmetry in General -- 1-1. Introduction -- 1-2. Definition of Symmetry -- 1-3. Symmetry in Our Culture -- 1-4. Symmetry in Nature -- 1-5. Symmetry in Science -- 1-6. References -- 2 Symmetry in Chemistry -- 2-1. Introduction -- 2-2. Symmetry Elements -- 2-3. Point Groups -- 2-4. Rules for Classification of Molecules into Point Groups -- 2-5. Problems -- 2-6. References -- 2-7. Bibliography -- 3 Elementary Mathematics -- 3-1. Definition of a Group -- 3-2. Finite and Infinite Groups -- 3-3. Subgroups -- 3-4. Classes -- 3-5. Definition of a Matrix -- 3-6. Multiplication of Matrices -- 3-7. Transpose of a Matrix -- 3-8. Representation of Groups -- 3-9. Problems -- 3-10. References -- 4 The Character Table -- 4-1. Introduction -- 4-2. Types of Representations -- 4-3. Character Tables for the More Common Point Groups -- 4-4. Problem -- 5 Derivation of Selection Rules -- 5-1. Derivation of Selection Rules for Nonlinear Molecules of the Most Common Point Groups -- 5-2. The Td Point Group -- 5-3. The D4h Point Group -- 5-4. The Oh Point Group -- 5-5. The D3h Point Group -- 5-6. The C3v Point Group -- 5-7. The C2v Point Group -- 5-8. Derivation of Selection Rules for Linear Molecules -- 5-9. Problem -- 5-10. References -- 6 Potential Force Fields -- 6-1. The General Quadratic Potential Function -- 6-2. The Central Force Field -- 6-3. The Valence Force Field -- 6-4. The Generalized Valence Force Field -- 6-5. The Urey—Bradley Function -- 6-6. References -- 7 The Normal Coordinate Treatment for Molecules with C2v, C3v, Td, and Oh Symmetry -- 7-1. Procedure Necessary in the NCT Method -- 7-2. Normal Coordinate Treatment of H2O (C2v Symmetry) -- 7-3. Normal Coordinate Treatment of NH3(C3v Symmetry) -- 7-4. Normal Coordinate Treatment of CH4(Td Symmetry) -- 7-5. Normal Coordinate Treatment of UF6(Oh Symmetry) -- 7-6. Some Results of NCT of Molecules -- 7-7. The Product Rule -- 7-8. The Sum Rule -- 7-9. Summary -- 7-10. Problems -- 7-11. References -- 8 Applications of Group Theory -- 8-1. Introduction -- 8-2. Procedure Used in Determing the Structure of a Molecule -- 8-3. Examples Illustrating the Use of Group Theory in Determining Molecular Structure -- 8-4. Practice Problem -- 8-5. Selection of Rules for A3 to A8 Molecules -- 8-6. Forbidden Vibrations for Several Point Groups -- 8-7. Problems -- 8-8. References -- Appendices -- 1. Conversion Table for Wavelength and Wave Number Units -- 3. Diagrams of Normal Vibrations for Common Point Groups -- 4. Calculation of Thermodynamic Functions for Vibrational—Rotational Spectra -- 6. General Method of Obtaining Molecular Symmetry Coordinates -- 7. Conversion Chart for Various Forms of Energy and Velocities.

Abstract: This volume is a consequence of a series of seminars presented by the authors at the Infrared Spectroscopy Institute, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York, over the last nine years. Many participants on an intermediate level lacked a sufficient background in mathematics and quantum mechan­ ics, and it became evident that a non mathematical or nearly nonmathe­ matical approach would be necessary. The lectures were designed to fill this need and proved very successful. As a result of the interest that was developed in this approach, it was decided to write this book. The text is intended for scientists and students with only limited theore­ tical background in spectroscopy, but who are sincerely interested in the interpretation of molecular spectra. The book develops the detailed selection rules for fundamentals, combinations, and overtones for molecules in several point groups. Detailed procedures used in carrying out the normal coordinate treatment for several molecules are also presented. Numerous examples from the literature illustrate the use of group theory in the in­ terpretation of molecular spectra and in the determination of molecular structure.

Abstract: to Volume Two -- Classification -- The 18-electron rule -- 1. Two-Electron Ligands -- A. Classification -- B. The preparation of olefin-transition metal complexes -- C. A molecular orbital description of the bonding in organo-metallic complexes -- D. A description of the bonding of 2-electron ligands to transition metals -- E. General comments of 2-electron ligands -- F. Particular complexes of metals with 2-electron ligands -- 2. Three-Electron Ligands -- A. Preparation of ?-enyl complexes -- B. The structure of ?-enyl complexes -- C. The ?-allyl metal bond -- D. Dynamic equilibria in allyl complexes -- E. The chemistry of particular ?-enyl complexes -- 3. Four-Electron Ligands -- A. Some differences between unconjugated and conjugated olefin ligands -- B. The bonding of 4-electron ligands to transition metals -- C. Particular studies -- 4. Five-Electron Ligands -- A. Cyclopentadienyl metal complexes -- B. ?-Cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- C. Cyclopentadienide transition metal complexes -- D. The bonding in mono-?-cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- E. ?-Cyclopentadienyl carbonyl complexes -- F. ?-Cyclopentadienyl nitrosyl complexes -- G. Brief notes on binuclear ?-cyclopentadienyl complexes containing bridging ligands -- H. ?-Cyclopentadienyl hydride complexes -- I. ?-Cyclopentadienyl halides and oxides -- J. Other 5-electron ligands -- K. The organic chemistry of ?-cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- L. Some particular reactions -- 5. Six-Electron Ligands -- A. Arene transition metal complexes -- (a) Preparation -- B. Olefin 6-electron ligands -- C. Transition metal complexes containing ?-bonded heterocyclic ligands -- 6. Seven-Electron Ligands Mixed Sandwich Complexes Related Azulene Derivatives and Cyclo-Octatetraene Complexes -- A. 7-Electron ligands -- B. Mixed sandwich complexes -- C. Metal complexes formed from azulenes -- D. Cyclo-octatetraene complexes -- 7. One-Electron Ligands -- I.1. Hydrocarbon alkyl and aryl complexes -- I.2 Transition metal-acyl complexes -- I.3. ?-Cyclopentadienyl complexes -- II. Transition metal fluorocarbon complexes -- III. Transition metal acetytides and alkynyls -- 8. Organometallic Complexes Formed From Acetylenes -- A. Monoacetylene, mononuclear complexes: acetylenes as 2-elec-tron ligands -- B. Monoacetylene binuclear complexes: acetylenes as 4-electron ligands -- C. Monoacetylene trinuclear complexes -- D. Monoacetylene tetranuclear complexes -- E. Bis-acetylene mononuclear complexes -- F. Bis-acetylene trinuclear complexes -- G. Tris-acetylene mononuclear complexes -- H. Tris-acetylene binuclear complexes -- I. Miscellaneous -- 9. The Role of Organotransition Metal Complexes in Some Catalytic Reactions -- A. Some chemistry of transition metal hydride complexes -- B. Some catalytic reactions which involve hydrogen transfer: isomerization reactions -- C. Homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins and acetylenes -- D. Some dimerization oligomerization and polymerization reactions of olefins and acetylenes -- E. Hydroformylation and related carhonylation reactions -- F. Some general comments on the relationship between heterogeneous and homogeneous transition metal catalysts -- G. Miscellaneous -- Author -- Subject -- Crystal Structures〉.

Abstract: to thank Messrs J. R. Sanders, W. E. Lindsell and M. G. Swanwick for helping to check the text and references and prepare indexes. Finally, I should like to thank my wife for the very considerable assis­ tance she has given me in the writing and production of this book. M. L. H. G. Contents Preface to the Third Edition, Volume Two Page v INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME TWO I Oassification I The IS-electron rule 2 (i) The basis of the I8-electron rule p. 4, (ii) Exceptions to the I8-electron rule p. 5 1. TWO-ELECTRON LIGANDS 7 A. Classification 7 B. The preparation of olefin-transition metal complexes 7 (a) Displacement of solvent ligands p. 9, (b) Preparations from metal carbonyls p. 9, (c) Less common preparative routes p. 11, Reductive olefination method p. 12 C. A molecular orbital description of the bonding in orga- metallic complexes 13 (a) General comments p. 13, (b) Symmetry considerations p. 13, (c) Energies of the molecular orbitals p. 14 D. A description of the bonding of 2-electron ligands to transition metals 14 E. General comments of 2-electron ligands 19 (a) Infrared studies p. 20, (b) Effect of olefin substituents p. 21, (c) The rotation of ethylene about the ligand-metal bond p. 22, (d) Chemical properties p. 23 F. Particular complexes of metals with 2-electron ligands 25 (a) Copper, silver and gold p. 25, Complexes with benzene p. 28, (b) Nickel, palladium and platinum p.

Abstract: I Basic Texts and General Information -- I. Basic Texts -- II. The European Commission of Human Rights -- III. The European Court of Human Rights -- IV. Principal Developments in the Council of Europe Concerning the Protection of Human Rights -- II Decisions of the European Commission and the European Court of Human Rights -- I. Cases Before the Commission -- II. Case Struck off the List After Being Declared Admissible -- III. Case Having Resulted in a Friendly Settlement -- IV. Cases Brought Before the Court -- III The Convention within the Member States of the Council of Europe -- I. The Convention in the Parliaments of the Member states -- II. The Convention in the Domestic Courts of the Contracting Parties -- Appendix Documentation and Bibliography -- A. Council of Europe Documents -- B. Selective Bibliography of Publications Concerning the European Convention on Human Rights -- Alphabetical Index.

Abstract: 1. Purpose of Protective Relays and Relaying. Causes of Faults. Definitions. Functions of Protective Relays. Application to a Power System -- 2. Relay Design and Construction. Characteristics. Choice of Measuring Units. Construction of Measuring Units. Construction of Timing Units. Details of Design. Cases. Panel Mounting. Operation Indicators. Finishes -- 3. The Main Characteristics of Protective Relays. Phase and Amplitude Comparators. Relay Characteristics. General Equation for Characteristics. Inversion Chart. Resonance. Appendix -- 4. Overcurrent Protection. Time-Current Characteristics. Application. Limits of Error. Ratings. Directional Overcurrent Protection. A.C. Tripping. Schemes for Radial Feeders. Construction. Application. Problem -- 5. Distance Relays. General Principles. Special Characteristics. Limitations. Application to Lines. Settings. Multi-terminal Lines. Construction. A.C. Potential Supply. Simultaneous Ground Faults. Auto-reclosing Zero Sequence Compensation -- 6. Switched and Polyphase Distance Relays. Reduction of Measuring Units. Automatic Switching Schemes. Polyphase Distance Relays. Phase and Amplitude Comparators. Analysis of Polyphase Comparators -- 7. Directional Pilot Relaying. Basic Principles. Pilot Wire Schemes. Carrier Channel Schemes. Carrier Signal Checking. Future Trends -- 8. A.C. Pilot Relaying. Pilot Wire Schemes. Phase and Amplitude Comparators. Effect of Load Current. Multi-terminal Lines. Pilot Wire Limitations. Pilot Supervision. Phase Comparison Carrier -- 9. Protection of A.C. Machines. Generator Protection. Stator Faults. Rotor Faults. Miscellaneous Faults. Motor Protection. Faults. Unbalanced Conditions. Power Station Auxiliaries. Current Differential Relaying -- 10. Power Transformer Protection. Types of Faults. Gas Relays. Differential Relays. Magnetising Inrush. Minimising of Effects. Relay Solutions. Grounding Transformers. Generator Transformer Units. Transformer Feeders -- 11. Bus-Zone Protection. General Principles. Current Differential Protection. Voltage Differential. Frame Leakage Protection. Directional Comparison. Back-up. Supervision -- 12. Back-Up Protection. Basic Principles. Precautions for Reliability Remote Back-up. Local Back-up. Relay Back-up. Breaker Back-up. A.C. Supplies. D.C. Supply -- 13. Maintenance and Testing of Relays. Commissioning. Periodic Maintenance. Transfer to Test Circuit. Tools. Safety Measures. Mechanical Tests. Electrical Tests. Manufacture Tests -- 14. Miscellaneous. Static Relays. Future of Electromagnetic Relays. D.C. Protection Relays. Protection Engineering as a Career -- References.

Abstract: One: Historical Background -- One: Pre-Islamic Arabia -- Two: Evolvement of Muslim International Law -- Two: Muslim Legal Legacy -- One: Nature and Genesis of International Law -- Two: Sources and Methods of Interpretation of Muslim International Law -- Three: Subjects and Domain of Muslim International Law -- Three: The Muslim Conception of International Law -- One: Muslim Classical Conception of International Law -- Two: The Classical Doctrine Considered -- Three: Towards a Conventional Interpretation -- Epilogue -- Epilogue.

Abstract: The traditional doctrine of Islamic law in regard to international re­ lations is well known. The Shari'a includes many excellent provisions about declarations of war, treaties of peace, armistices, diplomatic envoys, negotiations and guarantees of safe conduct. But the fact remains that it divides the world, broadly speaking, into the "Abode of Islam" and the "Abode of 'War," and that it envisages the continu­ ance of intermittent war between them until the latter is absorbed in the former. In the course of such fighting, and in the intervals in be­ tween, many civilities were to be meticulously observed; but prisoners of war could be killed, sold or enslaved at the discretion of the Muslim authorities, and the women of those who resisted the advance of Islam could be taken as slave-concubines, regardless of whether they were single or married. The "Abode of Islam" did not, indeed, consist ex­ clusively of Muslims, for those whose religion was based on a book accepted by Islam as originally inspired and in practice, indeed, those other religions too - were not forced to embrace Islam but only to accept Muslim rule. They were granted the status of dhimmis, were protected in their persons and their property, were allowed to follow their own religion in an unobtrusive fashion, and were accorded the position of essentially second-class citizens. They were also of course, perfectly free to embrace Islam; but for a Muslim to be converted to another faith involved the death penalty.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Genesis of the Hymenoptera -- Palaeontological and comparative morphological data. Hypotheses on the origin of the Hymenoptera -- The archaic terrestrial phase -- 3 Genesis of the Lower Hymenoptera (Phytophaga) -- The transition from saprophytic feeding to phytophagy. The exophytic cephoid phase. Modern relicts -- The endophytic cephoid phase. The transition from feeding on normal plant tissues to feeding on galls -- 4 Genesis of the Terebrantia -- The problem of the origin of the first carnivorous Hymenoptera -- Hypotheses on the origin of the Terebrantia -- The transition from phytophagy to zoophagy and the genesis of the Terebrantia -- The archaic inquilinoid phase -- The predatory oöphagous (ectoöphagous) phase -- The parasitic oöphagous (endoöphagous) phase -- The secondary phytophagous (phytoöphagous) phase -- The delayed parasitic (metaparasitic) phase -- The intermediate parasitic (planidial) phase -- The hypermetamorphic parasitic phase -- The polyembryonic parasitic phase -- The passive parasitic (trigonaloid) phase -- The direct parasitic (orthoparasitic) phase -- The imaginai parasitic phase -- 5 Genesis of the Wasps (Vespiformia s. lat.) -- The problem of the origin of the wasps -- Elements of wasp life in the Terebrantia -- The wasp-like (bethyloid) phase page -- The primary wasp (pompiloid) phase -- The secondary wasp (sphecoid) phase -- The third wasp (crabronoid) phase -- The fourth wasp (bembicoid) phase -- The fifth wasp (moneduloid) phase -- The neo-wasp (vespoid) phase -- The hypotheses of Bouvier and his followers on the origin of the instincts of wasps -- 6 Genesis of the Ants (Formicoidea) -- Hypotheses on the origin of the ants. The problem -- The predatory semi-familial phase -- The ectoparasitic semi-familial phase -- The familial ectoparasitic (hemiformicoid) phase -- The primary ant (proformicoid) phase -- The secondary ant (formicoid) phase -- 7 Genesis of the Bees (Apoidea) -- Hypotheses on the origin of the bees. The problem -- The bee-like phase in the vespoid wasps -- The primary bee phase of vespoid type -- The secondary bee phase of vespoid type -- Evolution of the sphecoid wasps and the problem of the genesis of the true bees -- The primary bee phase of sphecoid type and its genesis -- Index of Authors -- Index of Latin Names.

Abstract: The late Professor S. I. Malyshev, who died from a cerebral haemorrhage on 9 May 1967 at the age of 83 in the train while travelling to field work, was one of the foremost European students of the Hymenoptera, in particular of the habits of solitary bees, a subject on which he had published many papers since 1908, mostly in Russian. In 1935 he published an important paper on part of his work, and I helped to edit the publication, which was in English. A few years ago some of my friends in California asked me if I could not persuade him to complete his early paper on solitary bees, offering if necessary to arrange for a translation. When I wrote to Professor Malyshev making this suggestion he no longer had the health to produce a new work, but he sent me a copy of his recent book on the evolution of the Hymenoptera which he thought might be worth trans­ lating. Sir Boris Uvarov was good enough to translate for me the chapter and section headings, and it seemed to both of us that a lot of new ground was covered in a highly original way. The explanation of the changes in behaviour that must have taken place when the simple, plant-feeding saw­ flies developed into highly specialized parasites or into industrious, food­ collecting, social insects such as the ants, bees, and wasps can well be regarded as one of the major challenges to zoologists.

Abstract: I: International Custom: its Statics and Dynamics -- Some Traditional Criteria of the Growth of International Custom -- The Law of the Continental Shelf in Theory -- II: The Continental Shelf, its Utilization and Control -- The Continental Shelf and its Riches -- National Shelf Policies -- Industrial Involvement on the Shelf -- The Shelf and the State -- Political and Industrial Limits of the Shelf -- III: Political and Legal Problems of the Continental Shelf: an Outline -- Political and Legal Aspects of the Doctrine: 1945 -- Conceptual Enlargement of the Shelf Doctrine: 1945–1958 -- The 1958 Conference on the Law of the Sea -- IV: Bilateral Perspectives of the Legal Regime of the Continental Shelf -- American and British Shelf Practice in the 1940’s -- Coastal Right of Exclusive Control in Bilateral Perspectives -- Shelf Utilization and Responsibility of States: From Bilateral to Multilateral Perspectives -- Provisional Conclusions -- V: The Continental Shelf and International Custom: Assessment and Conclusions -- The Continental Shelf Regime -- International Custom: Aspects of Growth -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: One of the reasons for the speed with which international law has been changing in recent years has been the acceleration in the development of technology. New technological capabilities create opportunities for new kinds of economic activities which in turn require new legal norms to regulate them. Many such norms are formulated by express agreement and embodied in multilateral treaties. Much of contemporary air and space law is being developed by this method. For various reasons, however, the treaty­ making process is not always adequate for the development of new law, at least in its initial stages. Express agreement of a substantial majority of states on norms formulated with some precision requires much time and effort. Eighteen years have passed, for example, since the United Nations International Law Commission began its work on the law of the sea which led to the formulation of four conventions at the Geneva Conference of 1958 on this subject. Ten years after this Conference, none of the four conventions has been ratified or acceded to by a majority of the states of the world. It is not surprising, therefore, that in some fie1ds new law first emerges as a set of customary norms of varying degrees of c1arity and general accep­ tance. But the nature of the process of development and change of customary norms has remained inadequately understood and explained in the theory of intemationallaw. Some eminent jurists have called it "a mystery.

Abstract: Table des Matières -- Transformation des principes généraux en règles positives du droit international -- Remarques sur l’interdiction d’intervention -- Les problèmes de la subjectivité internationale -- Le statut juridique des partisans et des mouvements de résistance armée: évolution historique et aspects actuels -- Die Vereinigten Nationen und das Kriegsrecht -- International Freedom of Information. New Dimensions -- Observations sur une enquête internationale: L’affaire du «Tavignano» -- La souveraineté dans l’histoire du droit des gens. De Vitoria à Vattel -- Norwegian Attitude to International and Foreign Judgments. Recent Developments -- The Evolution of Space Law Continues -- Contribution à l’étude des rapports entre le droit international public et le droit international privé -- Betrachtungen zum Europäischen Niederlassungabkommen vom 13. Dezember 1955 -- Le rôle de la condition des mains propres de la personne lésée dans les réclamations devant les tribunaux internationaux -- Unverbindliche Abmachungen im zwischenstaatlichen Bereich -- La non-reconnaissance des actes contraires au droit -- La motivation et la révision des sentences arbitrales à la Confêrence de la paix de la Haye (1899) et le conflit frontalier entre le Royaume-Uni et le Vénézuéla -- The Problem of the Application of Military Measures by the General Assembly of the United Nations -- Politique et droit dans les Balkans. Etude d’histoire de la diplomatie et du droit international -- The Special Function of the Principle of Restrictive Interpretation -- La règle juridique, le droit subjectif et le sujet de droit en droit international. Essai d’une nouvelle théorie -- Der Primat des Völkerrechts und die Vereinten Nationen -- Bibliographie des travaux scientifiques de Juraj Andrassy.

Abstract: Table Des MatiÈres -- Transformation des principes généraux en règles positives du droit international -- Remarques sur l’interdiction d’intervention -- Les problèmes de la subjectivité internationale -- Le status juridique des partisans et des mouvements de résistance armée: évolution historique et aspects actuels -- Die Vereinigten Nationen und das Kriegsrecht -- International Freedom of Information. New Dimensions -- Observations sur une enquête internationale: L’affaire du „Tavignano” -- La souveraineté dans l’histoire du droit des gens. De Vitoria à Vattel -- Norwegian Attitude to International and Foreign Judgments. Recent Developments -- The Evolution of Space Law Continues -- Contribution à l’étude des rapports entre le droit international public et le droit international privé -- Betrachtungen zum Europäischen Niederlassungsabkommen vom 13. Dezember 1955 -- Le rôle de la condition des mains propres de la personne lésée dans les réclamations devant les tribunaux internationaux -- Unverbindliche Abmachungen im zwischenstaatlichen Bereich -- La non-reconnaissance des actes contraires au droit -- La motivation et la révision des sentences arbitrales à la Conférence de la paix de la Haye (1899) et le conflit frontalier entre le Royaume-Uni et le Vénézuéla -- The Problem of the Application of Military Measures by the General Assembly of the United Nations -- Politique et droit dans les Balkans. Etude d’histoire de la diplomatie et du droit international -- The Special Function of the Principle of Restrictive Interpretation -- La règle juridique, le droit subjectif et le sujet de droit en droit international. Essai d’une nouvelle théorie -- Der Primat des Völkerrechts und die Vereinten Nationen -- Bibliographie des travaux scientifiques de Juraj Andrassy.

Abstract: I: Equality of Treatment, Trade Discrimination and International Law -- I: Introduction -- II: Trade Discrimination and International Law -- II: Most-Favoured-Nation Clause vs. Discrimination in Gatt -- III. Background to M. N. F. Clause in Gatt -- IV: Equality of Treatment vs. Discrimination in Gatt: Article I(I) -- V: Exceptions to M. F. N. Clause in Article I (I) and Discrimination -- VI: Exceptions in Favour of Frontier Traffic, Customs Unions, Free Trade Areas and Discrimination -- VII: Equality of Ttreatment vs. Discrimination in Other Articles of GATT -- VIII: Quantitative Restrictions and Non-Discrimination -- IX: Remedies and Organisational Structure -- X: Conclusions.

Abstract: Doctor Hyder's meticulous and comprehensive study throws much­ needed light on the often invoked but little understood concept of "discrimination" in international law. It is also of great practical value to those who are concerned with the law of international trade. "Discrimination" is a word with bad connotations. It suggests un­ fairness, prejudice and favouritism. It seems to point to adeparture from the ideal of equal opportunities, equal rewards and even-handed legal protection of all human beings without regard to differences of race, religion, ethnic origin or sex. Similarly, in public international law "discrimination" suggests violation of the principle of equality of states. Yet there are vast areas of international relations in whieh states are regarded as being legally free, except as specially provided in treaties, to make distinctions between other states or their nationals. The principle of equality of states merely means that the many rules constituting what is often called "general (or universal) international law" apply equally to all independent states. Hence, by definition, such states have equal rights and duties under general international law. But the latter leaves vast areas of transnational activity to be regulated by states at their discretion either unilaterally or by special agreement with other states. No state has, in fact, exactly the same totality of rights and duties as other states, since no two states are parties to exactly the same treaties. By treaty, astate often grants to another state a right which it may withhold from third states.

Abstract: 1. Connected Networks -- 1.0 Introduction -- 1.1 Set Theory -- 1.2 Sets with Two or Less Elements -- 1.3 Generalized Union -- 1.4 Relations and Functions -- 1.5 Superpositions and Inverses -- 1.6 Restrictions -- 1.7 Cartesian Products -- 1.8 Some Special Symbols -- 1.9 Finite Sequences -- 1.10 Networks -- 1.11 Geometrical Realization of a Network -- 1.12 Subnetworks -- 1.13 Degree of a Vertex -- 1.14 Path in a Network -- 1.15 Proper Path in a Network -- 1.16 Reduction of a Path to a Proper Path -- 1.17 Connected Networks -- 1.18 Isolated Vertices -- 1.19 Connected Sets of Branches -- 1.20 Path Connected Set of Branches -- 1.21 Union of Connected Sets of Branches -- 1.22 Connectedness of Paths -- 1.23 Component of a Set of Branches -- 1.24 Existence of Components -- 1.25 Partition into Components -- 1.26 Removal of a Branch -- 2. Loops, Trees, and Cut Sets -- 2.0 Introduction -- 2.1 Loop in a Network -- 2.2 Loops -- 2.3 Subloops of a Loop -- 2.4 Branches and Vertices of a Loop -- 2.5 Paths in a Loop -- 2.6 Removal of a Branch from a Loop -- 2.7 Tree in a Network -- 2.8 Trees -- 2.9 Connected Subset of a Tree -- 2.10 Branches and Vertices of a Tree -- 2.11 Number of Vertices of a Connected Set of Branches -- 2.12 Addition of a Branch to a Tree -- 2.13 Existence of Maximal Trees -- 2.14 Cut Set in a Network -- 2.15 Existence of Cut Sets -- 2.16 Alternate Characterization of Cut Sets -- 3. Incidence Functions and Incidence Matrices -- 3.0 Introduction -- 3.1 Incidence Functions -- 3.2 Matrices and Arrays -- 3.3 Submatrices -- 3.4 Determinants -- 3.5 Incidence Matrices -- 3.6 Square Submatrices of an Incidence Matrix -- 3.7 Unimodular Matrices -- 3.8 Laplacian Expansion of a Determinant -- 3.9 Reduced Incidence Matrix of a Tree -- 3.10 Incidence Matrix of a Loop -- 4. Linear Algebra Review -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1 The Field of Scalars -- 4.2 Addition and Scalar Multiplication of Functions -- 4.3 Linear Space of 0-Chains -- 4.4 Canonical Base of the Space of 0-Chains -- 4.5 Inner Product -- 4.6 Linear Maps -- 4.7 Transpose of a Linear Map -- 4.8 Direct Sum Decomposition -- 4.9 Dimension and Direct Sum Decomposition -- 5. Boundary Operator and Coboundary Operator -- 5.0 Introduction -- 5.1 Assumptions of This Chapter -- 5.2 Chain Spaces -- 5.3 The Boundary Operator -- 5.4 Boundaries and Cycles -- 5.5 Summation Over Finite Sets -- 5.6 The Coboundary Operator -- 5.7 Coboundaries and Cocycles -- 5.8 Boundaries, Coboundaries, and Inner Products -- 5.9 Orthogonality of Cycles and Coboundaries -- 5.10 Orthogonality of Boundaries and Cocycles -- 5.11 Decomposition of ?(K) into Cycles and Coboundaries -- 5.12 Decomposition of ? (V) into Boundaries and Cocycles -- 5.13 Isomorphism of Coboundaries and Boundaries -- 5.14 Dimension of the Space of Cocycles -- 6. Axioms of Network Analysis -- 6.0 Introduction -- 6.1 Assumptions of This Chapter -- 6.2 Resistive Networks -- 6.3 Currents and Voltages -- 6.4 Ohm’s Law -- 6.5 Sources -- 6.6 Kirchhoff’s Laws for Voltage Sources -- 6.7 Kirchhoff’s Laws for Current Sources -- 7. Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions -- 7.0 Introduction -- 7.1 Assumptions of This Chapter -- 7.2 Linearity of L and H -- 7.3 Existence and Uniqueness with Voltage Sourcess -- 7.4 Existence and Uniqueness with Current Sources -- 7.5 Current Variables -- 7.6 Voltage Variables -- 8. Kirchhoff’s Third and Fourth Laws -- 8.0 Introduction -- 8.1 Assumptions of This Chapter -- 8.2 The Cycle Map -- 8.3 The Chord Map -- 8.4 The Sum of Tree Chord Products -- 8.5 The Current Chain with Voltage Sources -- 8.6 The Coboundary Map -- 8.7 The Tree Branch Map -- 8.8 The Sum of Tree Branch Products -- 8.9 The Voltage Chain with Current Sources -- 8.10 Invariance Under Change of Incidence -- References.

Abstract: In this book we attempt to develop the fundamental results of resistive network analysis, based upon a sound mathematical structure. The axioms upon which our development is based are Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, and Kirchhoff's Current Law. In order to state these axioms precisely, and use them in the development of our network analysis, an elaborate mathematical structure is introduced, involving concepts of graph theory, linear algebra, and one dimensional algebraic topology. The graph theory and one dimensional algebraic topology used are developed from first principles; the reader needs no background in these subjects. However, we do assume that the reader has some familiarity with elementary linear algebra. It is now stylish to teach elementary linear algebra at the sophomore college level, and we feel that the require­ ment that the reader should be familiar with elementary linear algebra is no more demanding than the usual requirement in most electrical engineering texts that the reader should be familiar with calculus. In this book, however, no calculus is needed. Although no formal training in circuit theory is needed for an understanding of the book, such experience would certainly help the reader by presenting him with familiar examples relevant to the mathematical abstractions introduced. It is our intention in this book to exhibit the effect of the topological properties of the network upon the branch voltages and branch currents, the objects of interest in network analysis.

Abstract: III Applying Scientific Ideas -- 9. Explanation -- 10. Prediction -- 11. Action -- IV Testing Scientific Ideas -- 12. Observation -- 13. Measurement -- 14. Experiment -- 15. Concluding -- Author Index.

Abstract: This volume is a logical sequel of Volume I, The Search for System: indeed, it concerns the ways theoretical systems are put to work and subjected to test. Yet it can be read independently by anyone familiar with some factual theories, referring back to Volume I when necessary. Special Symbols AS;B the set A is included in the set B AvB the union of the sets A and B AnB the common part of the sets A and B aEB the individual a is in (or belongs to) the set A Card (A) cardinality (numerosity) of the set A AxB Cartesian product of the sets A and B en(A) consequence(s) of the set A of assumptions equals by definition =dt definition Dt· some x (or there is at least one x such that) (3 x) e empirical datum e* translation of e into a semiempirical, semitheoreticallanguage h hypothesis m(r) measured value of the degree r m(;) average (or mean) value of a set of measured values of ,; P-jT T presupposes P p, q arbitrary (unspecified) propositions (statements) P(x) x has the property P (or x is a P) {xl P(x)} set of the x such that every x is a P pVq p and/or q (inclusive disjunction) p &q p and q (conjunction) p-+q if p, then q (conditional or implication) p if and only if q (biconditional or equivalence) p-q sum over i 2:; t theorem, testable consequence.

Abstract: I: Introduction -- 1. Outline -- 2. Ships -- 3. Nationality -- II: The Meaning of Allocation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The term jurisdiction -- 3. Which international person may have the power to prescribe rules of conduct, to threaten sanctions, and to enforce sanctions with regard to the ship-users? -- 4. The right to prescribe rules for ship-users -- 5. The right to enforce sanctions against ship-users -- 6. The right of protection -- 7. The duties of the flag state -- III: Acquisition of Allocation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Terminology -- 3. The relation between immatriculation, “nationality”, “registration”, “documentation” and “flag” -- 4. The cognoscible decision to immatriculate -- 5. Multiple allocation -- 6. Fraud -- 7. Evidence of allocation -- IV: Sufficient Authority -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of the third sentence of article 5 -- 3. Exclusive authority -- 4. The purpose of the “genuine link” -- 5. “Genuine link” — the expression and its concretion -- 6. Means — government agencies outside the flag state -- 7. Means — government agencies within the flag state -- 8. A complete and a partial irrelevance -- 9. The “genuine link” a condition and a precept -- 10. Some conclusions with respect to the application of the “genuine link” rule -- V: Three Particular Questions -- 1. Loss and change of allocation -- 2. Statelessness -- 3. International Organizations -- VI: Summary -- Cases Mentioned in the Text -- General Index.

Abstract: It gives me great pleasure to introduce this work by Dr. H. Meyers. The problem of "The Nationality of Ships" has long been one of the most difficult problems in the international law of the sea. It has been made more acute recently by the growth of "flags of convenience". Legally, the problem has been complicated or simplified-according to one's point of view-by the emergence of the concept of the "genuine link" associated with the Judgment of the International Court of Justice in the Nottebohm case (second phase) in 1955. Other develop­ ments have included the thorough preparatory work of the Internation­ al Law Commission leading up to the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, held in Geneva in 1958; the debates at that Con­ ference and particularly its adoption of the Convention on the High Seas; and finally the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice in the case concerning the Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organisation in 1960. All these developments have thrown light on the problem ofthe allocation of ships to one or other of the politically organised territorial communities (or States) of which the present international society is largely composed. But an agreed solution acceptable to all the interests concerned seems as far away as ever. The question of ships operated by international institutions such as the United Nations is another problem which awaits a satisfactory answer.

Abstract: A Note on Soviet Alloy Designations -- I The Phenomenon of Passivity in Metals -- Definition of Passivity -- Mechanism and Theory of Passivity -- Electrochemical Methods for Investigating Passivity -- Anodic Potentiostatic Charge Curves -- Anodic Galvanostatic Charge Curves -- Cathodic Reduction Curves -- Study of Potential Drop Curves -- Measurement of the Double-Layer Capacity -- Study of the Kinetics of Electrode Processes Under the Action of Alternating Currents -- Investigation of the Nature and Structure of Passive Films. -- Optical Method -- Electron Diffraction -- Microchemical Method for Determining Film Composition -- Kinetics of the Anodic Processes -- Anodic Processes on a Passive Electrode -- Method of Plotting Potentiostatic Curves -- II Passive Systems -- Active State -- Passive-Active State -- Spontaneously Stable Passive State -- Pitting Formation -- The Transpassive State and Secondary Passivity -- Construction of Corrosion Rate-Potential Curves -- III Basic Principles for Increasing the Corrosion Resistance of Alloys by Increasing Their Passivity -- Inhibiting the Anodic Process -- Reduction of Corrosion in Passive Systems by Increasing the Effectiveness of the Cathodic Process -- IV Anodic Protection -- Anodic Protection of Stainless Steels -- Anodic Protection of Carbon Steels -- Anodic Protection of Titanium -- Practical Application of Anodic Protection -- Prospects for the Development of Anodic Protection -- V Passivation of Metals by Contact with Cathodes -- Use of Cathodic Protectors -- Cathodic Coatings -- of Cations of Electropositive Metals into the Corrosive Medium -- VI Passivation of Metals by the Introduction of Oxidizers into the Corrosion Medium -- Mechanism of the Protective Effect of Oxidizing Inhibitors -- Nature of the Oxidizing Inhibitor -- Effect of the Metal and Aggressiveness of the Medium -- References.

Abstract: Considerable progress has been made in the past 20 years toward understanding the basic mechanisms of corrosion, and the application of this knowledge to its control. From the very beginning, educational institutions and industrial research laboratories have contributed greatly toward determining and elucidating the fundamental principles of corrosion reactions. Some of the basic principles involved in cor­ rosion of metals can be credited to early investigators. Michael Faraday in 1830-1840 studied the relationship between the quantity of a metal dissolved and the electric current which was produced by this reaction. He also proposed that the passivation of iron was through the formation of a film and that the dissolution of a metal was electro­ chemical in nature. Sir Humphrey Davy in 1824 worked out the funda­ mentals of galvanic corrosion of ships' hulls and applied sacrificial zinc anodes to protect them from sea water corrosion. Richard Arlie in 1847 demonstrated that corrosion produced by oxygen at the surface of iron in a flowing stream generated a current. With the fundamental knowledge available to him from these early investigators, Willis Rodney Whitney developed and expressed, in its most useful form, one of the basic scientific principles which provides modern corrosion specialists with a fundamental basis of corrosion control. Dr. Whitney concluded that corrosion of iron is electrochemical, and that the rate is simply a function of the electromotive force and resistance of the circuit.

Abstract: I. Linear Approximation -- § 1. The General Linear Approximation Problem -- § 2. Dense Systems -- § 3. General Theory of Linear Tchebycheff Approximation -- § 4. Special Tchebycheff Approximations -- § 5. Estimating the Magnitude of Error in Trigonometric and Polynomial Approximation -- § 6. Approximation by Polynomials and Related Functions -- § 7. Numerical Methods for Linear Tchebycheff Approximation -- II. Non-linear Approximation -- § 8. General Theory of Non-linear Tchebycheff Approximation -- § 9. Rational Approximation -- § 10. Exponential Approximation -- § 11. Segment Approximation.

Abstract: for example, the so-called Lp approximation, the Bernstein approxima­ tion problem (approximation on the real line by certain entire functions), and the highly interesting studies of J. L. WALSH on approximation in the complex plane. I would like to extend sincere thanks to Professor L. COLLATZ for his many encouragements for the writing of this book. Thanks are equally due to Springer-Verlag for their ready agreement to my wishes, and for the excellent and competent composition of the book. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. W. KRABS, Dr. A. -G. MEYER and D. SCHWEDT for their very careful reading of the manuscript. Hamburg, March 1964 GUNTER MEINARDUS Preface to the English Edition This English edition was translated by Dr. LARRY SCHUMAKER, Mathematics Research Center, United States Army, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, from a supplemented version of the German edition. Apart from a number of minor additions and corrections and a few new proofs (e. g. , the new proof of JACKSON'S Theorem), it differs in detail from the first edition by the inclusion of a discussion of new work on comparison theorems in the case of so-called regular Haar systems (§ 6) and on Segment Approximation (§ 11). I want to thank the many readers who provided comments and helpful suggestions. My special thanks are due to the translator, to Springer-Verlag for their ready compliance with all my wishes, to Mr.

Abstract: 1 Elementary Concepts of Specific Heats -- 1.1. Definitions -- 1.2. Thermodynamics of Simple Systems -- 1.3. Difference Between Cp and Cv -- 1.4. Variation of Specific Heats with Temperature and Pressure -- 1.5. Statistical Calculation of Specific Heats -- 1.6. Different Modes of Thermal Energy -- 1.7. Calorimetry -- 2 Lattice Heat Capacity -- 2.1. Dulong and Petit’s Law -- 2.2. Equipartition Law -- 2.3. Quantum Theory of Specific Heats -- 2.4. Einstein’s Model -- 2.5. Debye’s Model -- 2.6. Comparison of Debye’s Theory with Experiments -- 2.7. Shortcomings of the Debye Model -- 2.8. The Born-Von Kármán Model -- 2.9. Calculation of g(v) -- 2.10. Comparison of Lattice Theory with Experiments -- 2.11. Debye ? in Other Properties of Solids -- 3 Electronic Specific Heat -- 3.1. Specific Heat of Metals -- 3.2. Quantum Statistics of an Electron Gas -- 3.3. Specific Heat of Electrons in Metals -- 3.4. Electronic Specific Heat at Low Temperatures -- 3.5. Specific Heat and Band Structure of Metals -- 3.6. Specific Heat of Alloys -- 3.7. Specific Heat of Semiconductors -- 3.8. Phenomenon of Superconductivity -- 3.9. Specific Heat of Superconductors -- 3.10. Recent Studies -- 4 Magnetic Contribution to Specific Heats -- 4.1. Thermodynamics of Magnetic Materials -- 4.2. Types of Magnetic Behavior -- 4.3. Spin Waves—Magnons -- 4.4. Spin Wave Specific Heats -- 4.5. The Weiss Model for Magnetic Ordering -- 4.6. The Heisenberg and Ising Models -- 4.7. Specific Heats Near the Transition Temperature -- 4.8. Paramagnetic Relaxation -- 4.9. Schottky Effect -- 4.10. Specific Heat of Paramagnetic Salts -- 4.11. Nuclear Schottky Effects -- 5 Heat Capacity of Liquids -- 5.1. Nature of the Liquid State -- 5.2. Specific Heat of Ordinary Liquids and Liquid Mixtures -- 5.3. Liquid 4He at Low Temperatures -- 5.4. Phonon and Roton Specific Heats -- 5.5. Transition in Liquid 4He -- 5.6. Specific Heat of Liquid 3He -- 5.7. Liquid 3He as a Fermi Liquid -- 5.8. Mixtures of 4He and 3He -- 5.9. Supercooled Liquids—Glasses -- 6 Specific Heats of Gases -- 6.1. Cp and Cv of a Gas -- 6.2. Classical Theory of Cv of Gases -- 6.3. Quantum Theory of Cv of Gases -- 6.4. Rotational Partition Function -- 6.5. Homonuclear Molecules—Isotopes of Hydrogen -- 6.6. Vibrational and Electronic Specific Heats -- 6.7. Calorimetric and Statistical Entropies—Disorder in Solid State -- 6.8. Hindered Rotation -- 6.9. Entropy of Hydrogen -- 7 Specific-Heat Anomalies -- 7.1. Spurious and Genuine Anomalies -- 7.2. Cooperative and Noncooperative Anomalies -- 7.3. Order-Disorder Transitions -- 7.4. Onset of Molecular Rotation -- 7.5. Ferroelectricity -- 7.6. Transitions in Rare-Earth Metals -- 7.7. Liquid-Gas Critical Points -- 7.8. Models of Cooperative Transitions -- 8 Miscellaneous Problems in Specific Heats -- 8.1. Specific Heat Near Phase Transitions -- 8.2. Specific Heat at Saturated Vapor Pressure -- 8.3. Relaxation of Rotational and Vibrational Specific Heats -- 8.4. Defects in Solids -- 8.5. Surface Effects -- 8.6. Compilations of Specific-Heat Data -- 8.7. Tabulations of Specific-Heat Functions -- Appendix (Six-Figure Tables of Einstein and Debye Internal-Energy and Specific-Heat Functions) -- Author Index.

Abstract: This work was begun quite some time ago at the University of Oxford during the tenure of an Overseas Scholarship of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 and was completed at Banga­ lore when the author was being supported by a maintenance allowance from the CSIR Pool for unemployed scientists. It is hoped that significant developments taking place as late as the beginning of 1965 have been incorporated. The initial impetus and inspiration for the work came from Dr. K. Mendelssohn. To him and to Drs. R. W. Hill and N. E. Phillips, who went through the whole of the text, the author is obliged in more ways than one. For permission to use figures and other materials, grateful thanks are tendered to the concerned workers and institutions. The author is not so sanguine as to imagine that all technical and literary flaws have been weeded out. If others come across them, they may be charitably brought to the author's notice as proof that physics has become too vast to be comprehended by a single onlooker. E. S. RAJA GoPAL Department of Physics Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 12, India November 1965 v Contents Introduction ................................................................. .

Abstract: 1. Line Integrals -- 1. Preliminary remarks about curves -- 2. Definition of a curvilinear integral -- 3. Area -- Exercises -- 2. Double Integrals -- 1. Definition of a double integral -- 2. Double integrals over a rectangle -- 3. Double integrals over normal regions -- 4. Green’s Theorem in two dimensions -- 5. Change of variables -- 6. Transformation of double integrals -- 7. Improper integrals -- 8. Volumes -- Exercises -- 3. Surface Integrals -- 1. Preliminary remarks about surfaces -- 2. The area of surface -- 3. Surface integrals -- Exercises -- 4. Volume Integrals -- 1. Definition of a volume integral -- 2. Reduction to repeated integral -- 3. Gauss’s Theorem (divergence theorem) -- 4. Change of variables -- 5. Stokes’s Theorem -- Exercises -- Solutions to Exercises.

Abstract: The aim of this book is to give an elementary treatment of multiple integrals. The notions of integrals extended over a curve, a plane region, a surface and a solid are introduced in tum, and methods for evaluating these integrals are presented in detail. Especial reference is made to the results required in Physics and other mathematical sciences, in which multiple integrals are an indispensable tool. A full theoretical discussion of this topic would involve deep problems of analysis and topology, which are outside the scope of this volume, and concessions had to be made in respect of completeness without, it is hoped, impairing precision and a reasonable standard of rigour. As in the author's Integral Calculus (in this series), the main existence theorems are first explained informally and then stated exactly, but not proved. Topological difficulties are circumvented by imposing some­ what stringent, though no unrealistic, restrictions on the regions of integration. Numerous examples are worked out in the text, and each chapter is followed by a set of exercises. My thanks are due to my colleague Dr. S. Swierczkowski, who read the manuscript and made valuable suggestions. w. LEDERMANN The University of Sussex, Brighton.

Abstract: 1 Markov Chains -- 1: Definition -- 2: Transition and absolute probabilities -- 3: Determination of the higher transition probabilities -- 4: Classification of states -- 5: The limit of the higher transition probabilities -- 6: Classification of Markov chains -- 7: The limiting distributions of irreducible Markov chains -- Problems -- 8: Markov chains with continuous state space -- Problems -- 9: Stationary stochastic sequences -- Problems -- 2 Markov Processes -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Definition -- 3: Poisson process -- 4: Markov process with a finite or denumerably infinite number of states -- 5: Markov process with continuous transition -- 6: Mixed Markov processes -- Problems -- 3 Non-Markovian Processes -- 1: Recurrent processes -- 2: Stationary stochastic processes -- 3: Secondary stochastic processes generated by a stochastic process -- Problems -- 4 Solutions of Problems -- 1: Markov chains -- 2: Markov processes -- 3: Non-Markovian processes -- References.

Abstract: It is not so very long ago that up-to-date text-books on statistics were almost non-existent. In the last few decades this deficiency has largely been remedied, but in order to cope with a broad and rapidly expanding subject many of these books have been fairly big and expensive. The success of Methuen's existing series of monographs, in physics or in biology, for example, stresses the value of short inexpensive treatments to which a student can turn for an introduc­ tion to, or a revision of, specialised topics. In this new Methuen series the still-growing importance of prob­ ability theory in its applied aspects has been recognised by coupling together Probability and Statistics; and included in the series are some of the newer applications of probability theory to stochastic models in various fields, storage and service problems, 'Monte Carlo' techniques, etc. , as well as monographs on particular statistical topics. M. S. BARTLETT ix AUTHOR'S PREFACE The theory of stochastic processes has developed in the last three decades. Its field of application is constantly expanding and at present it is being applied in nearly every branch of science. So far several books have been written on the mathematical theory of stochastic processes. The nature of this book is different because it is primarily a collection of problems and their solutions, and is intended for readers who are already familiar with probability theory.

Abstract: Some Aspects of Classical Surface Thermodynamics -- Modern Theory of Fluid Surface Tension -- Nucleation in Homogeneous Vapors -- Nucleation Processes in Deposition onto Substrates -- Nucleation and Condensation in Polymer Systems -- Panel Discussion: Session I -- Surface Self-Diffusion at High Temperatures -- Self-Diffusion on Nearly Pure Metallic Surfaces -- Defects Near Ionic Crystal Surfaces -- Effect of Surfaces on Mechanical Behavior of Metals -- Ultrafine Particles in the Gas Phase -- Panel Discussion: Session II.

Abstract: This volume explores in detail the four interrelated branches of the study of surface phenomena-surface thermodynamics, nucleation, diffusion, and fine-particles technology-providing an unusual and comprehensive body of knowledge that will be of interest and practical value to both materials researchers and practising engineers. The growing awareness-since the advent of the space age-among solid-state physicists, metallurgists, ceramists, chemical engineers, and mechanical engineers of the need for a broad interdisciplinary under­ standing of the fundamental phenomena common to all matedals has led in recent years to the development of a new field of scientific investigation, Materials Science. To help promote interest in and con­ tributions to this new technology, annual symposia on "Fundamental Phenomena in the Materials Sciences" have been organized by the Ilikon Corporation. The first symposium, reported in Volume 1 of this series, was held in Boston, Massachusetts, on February 1 and 2, 1963; sintering and plastic deformation were the main topics of discussion. The second meeting, also held in Boston, on January 27 and 28, 1964, was exclusively concerned with the general interdisciplinary problems related to surface phenomena, that is, all of those physical and chemical areas that are pertinent to the surface of a solid, or to the interface between a solid and a gas, a solid and a liquid, or a solid and a solid.

Abstract: I. Historical Survey of the Treaty-Making Practice of International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Treaty-Making Practice in the Inter-War Period -- C. Development after the Second World War -- II. The Basis of the Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Constitutional Provisions -- C. International Personality -- D. The Implied Power Theory -- E. The Basis of Treaty-Making Capacity -- III. The Conclusion of Treaties -- A. Form of Agreements -- B. Constitutional Requirements — Limitation on the Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations -- C. Constitutional Requirements — Organs Competent to Conclude Treaties -- D. Procedure of Conclusion -- IV. Certain Kinds of Treaties -- A. Succession Agreements -- B. Relationship Agreements -- C. Institutional Treaties -- D. Trusteeship Agreements -- E. Technical Assistance Agreements -- F. UNICEF, Special Fund, and OPEX Agreements -- G. Loan and Guarantee Agreements -- H. Conclusion -- V. The Legal Character of Agreements Concluded by International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Legal Character in General -- C. Tests to Decide the Legal Character of An Agreement -- Conclusions.

Abstract: Mter an international organization is established, if it is necessary for it to acquire certain rights or assume duties or new functions not provided in its constitution, there are four techniques to achieve that 1 end. The first is to amend the constitution of the organization. If the organization has only a limited number of members, then this technique is not too cumbersome. But, the procedure for amending a constitution is usually complicated and requires a substantial period of time. Thus this technique has at least the disadvantage of delay. 2 The second technique is to conclude a treaty among the member States of the organization. The organization is not a party to that treaty, but it can acquire some rights, assume some duties, or new functions under the treaty. 3 The disadvantage of this technique is similar to the first one, i. e. , the conclusion of a multilateral treaty may mean delay since the procedure involved is so complicated and cumber­ some. 1 E. g. , the Constitution of the ILO, Cmd. No. 393 (T. S. No. 4 of 1919), [1919] 13 Foreign ReI. U. S. : Paris Conf. 695 (1947), was amended on October 9, 1946,62 Stat. 3485, T. I. A. S. No. 1868, 15 U. N. T. S.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Early History of Formosa -- Original Inhabitants of Formosa -- Early Settlers -- Kingdom of Koxinga -- Legality of China’s Acquisition of Formosa -- Formosa Under Chinese Rule -- Japanese Acquisition of Formosa -- III. Conferences and Declarations: Their Effect on the Status of Formosa -- Cairo Conference -- Potsdam Conference -- Instrument of Surrender -- The Effect of the Cairo, Potsdam Declarations and the Instrument of Surrender on the Status of Formosa -- IV. Claims of the Formosan Nationalists -- Chinese Law on Nationality -- Republic of Formosa -- Formosa as A Province of China -- The Right of the Nationalist Government to Establish Its Seat on Formosa -- The Right of Self-Determination -- Validity of Formosan Claims -- V. International Opinions on the Status of Formosa -- The British Position -- The Russian Position -- The American Position -- The Japanese Position -- The Indian Position -- The Irish Position -- The Two-China Theory -- The Conlon Report -- VI. Claims of the Chinese Communists -- Russia and Its Relations with the Chinese Communists Before the End of World War II -- Russia’s Interference in the Domestic Affairs of China After World War II -- The Legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Government -- China Representation Question and Legal Status of Formosa are Separate but Closely Related Issues -- Chinese Communist Position on the Status of Formosa and the Representation Question -- Validity of Communist China’s Claims -- VII. Claims of the Republic of China -- Nationalist Government is the Legitimate Government of China -- Succession of Governments -- Succession of States -- The Republic of China Has Never Extended Recognition to the Chinese Communists in any Form -- State of Hostilities Still Exists -- San Francisco Treaty of Peace -- Sino-Japanese Treaty of April 28, 1952 -- Nationalist Government’s Views on Status of Formosa -- Legitimacy of Nationalist China’s Claims -- Transfer of Title Through A Treaty of Cession -- Title Through Prescription -- VIII. Present Status of Formosa.

Abstract: Can two-Chinas co-exist in the present world order? In a sense they co-exist now-Free China in Taiwan (Formosa) and Communist China on the mainland. Barring a military showdown, this situation could remain for years to come. However, if we seek to put Free China and Communist China on some permanent basis and give them interna­ tional juridical status as abiding and separate entities, then we are faced with serious difficulties. Free China and Communist China co­ exist at present simply because neither can effectively alter the situa­ tion. Each is backed by a power bloc that recognizes the legal existence of only one of these political regimes. The United States does not re­ cognize Peiping, even though it has conducted meetings on the ambas­ sadorial level with the Regime for several years. In a corresponding way, the Soviet bloc of nations refuses to recognize Nationalist China. The situation is very similar to that of two-Germanys, two-Koreas and two-Vietnams. To seek a solution to this political impasse, it is suggested that a "Sino-Formosan State" or some kind of "self-determination" by the Formosans be instituted. This was first expressed by Chester Bowles in his article "The China Problem Reconsidered" (Foreign Affairs, April 1960), and supported by John Carter Vincent in his letter to the editor of the New York Times (December 7,1961). The Conlon Report of 1959 held the same posi. tion. Also, Arnold J.

Abstract: Preface -- 1 Patterns in Nature -- 2 Ecological Survey -- 3 Wytham Hill -- 4 The Classification of Habitats -- 5 Recording Communities: The Wytham Ecological Survey -- 6 Open Ground and Meadow -- 7 Heath, Mountain and Croplands -- 8 The Terrestrial Maritime Zone -- 9 Scrub and Hedgerow -- 10 The Forest Canopy: Herbivores -- 11 Hunters in the Forest Canopy -- 12 The Ground-Plan of Woodland -- 13 Natural Fuel Stations: Concourses on Flowers and Fruits -- 14 Dying and Dead Wood -- 15 Bracket Fungi and Toadstools -- 16 Carrion, Dung and Nests -- 17 Woods and Water Bodies -- 18 Dispersal and Invaders -- 19 The Whole Pattern -- References -- Notes.

Abstract: THE ECOLOGICAL SURVEY on which this book is based began to be planned in 1942, and since 1945 has been mainly centred upon Oxford University's estate at Wytham Woods, where a rich series of habitats from open ground and limestone to woodland with many springs and marshes interspersed occupies a hill set in riverine surroundings. Here biological research workers from the University have accumulated a considerable body of knowledge, some of which I have arranged in a general setting that allows one to comprehend some of the inter-related parts of the whole system. It is also intended to provide a framework for understanding animal communities elsewhere. The ecological inquirer is, more than most scien­ tific people, apt to fmd himself lost in a large labyrinth of interrelations and variables. The dictionary defmes a labyrinth as 'an intricate structure of inter­ communicating passages, through which it is difficult to fmd one's way without a clue'. This could equally be a figurative description of plant and animal communi­ ties. The present book seeks to provide a plan of construction of the labyrinth and a few new clues that may help the inquirer to know where he is on the gene­ ral ecological map. In presenting this blue-print of animal communities I have avoided giving long lists of species such as the botanist, with his smaller kingdom, can handle fairly well.

Abstract: New Developments in Our Knowledge of the Universe -- Biological Evolution and Human Equality -- Limits of Scientific Enquiry -- The Socialization of Science -- Practical Uses of Atomic Energy -- Population Trends and Population Control -- The Impact of New Materials and New Instrumentation on our Foreseeable Technology -- Design for a Brain -- The Revolution in Biology and Medicine -- Is There Life on Other Worlds.

Abstract: During the period September 1963 to December 1964. Georgetown University commemorated the 175th anniversary of its founding by presenting a series of special lectures in the various disciplines appropriate to a university. Among the subjects covered. in separate and coherent series. were the humanities. the arts. medicine. law. and religion. One of the series. entitled as a group. "Science and Society." is represented by this book. The ten papers presented here must be looked at in context: an effort was made to present to a largely lay audi­ ence a cross section of those aspects of recent advances in science and technology that were considered to haye the most striking or inclusive effects on man's view of his world. on desirable public policy. and on man's antici­ pations as to how further advances and applications of these advances were likely to change his environment. Clearly. so ambitious an undertaking could not be carried out within the compass of ten brief lectures. Within a general structure. it was necessary to use a sampling technique. The general plan was adopted of having three lectures representative of the philosophical sector. three of the public policy structure. and three which would partake of the nature of extrapolations into v vi INTRODUCTION the future. A tenth lecture was later added which could be considered to fit equally well into the second or third of these categories.

Abstract: I. The Higher Mental Functions and Their Organization In The Brain -- 1. The Problem of Localization of Functions in the Cerebral Cortex -- 2. Modern Data on the Structural Organization of the Cerebral Cortex -- 3. Disturbances of the Higher Mental Functions in the Presence of Local Brain Lesions -- II. Disturbances of the Higher Cortical Functions in the Presence of Local Brain Lesions -- 1. Some Functional Investigative Problems -- 2. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with Lesions of the Temporal Region -- 3. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with Lesions of the Occipital and Occipitoparietal Regions -- 4. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with Lesions of the Sensorimotor Regions -- 5. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with Lesions of the Frontal Region -- III. Methods of investigating the Higher Cortical Functions in Local Brain Lesions (Syndrome Analysis) -- 1. Objectives of Clinicopsychological Investigation of Higher Cortical Functions in the Presence of Local Brain Lesions -- 2. The Preliminary Conversation -- 3. Investigation of Motor Functions -- 4. Investigation of Acoustico-Motor Coordination -- 5. Investigation of the Higher Cutaneous and Kinesthetic Functions -- 6. Investigation of the Higher Visual Functions -- 7. Investigation of Speech Functions. Receptive Speech -- 8. Investigation of Speech Functions. Expressive Speech -- 9. Investigation of Writing and Reading -- 10. Investigation of Arithmetical Skill -- 11. Investigation of Mnestic Processes -- 12. Investigation of Intellectual Processes -- Conclusion -- Russian -- Non-Russian -- Author Index.

Abstract: This full-length translation of Professor Luria's book introduces to the English­ speaking world a major document in neuropsychology, summarizing Professor Luria's earlier contributions to that area for nearly a third of a century. It is a monumental contribution. Nothing of this scope exists in the Western literature of this field, with the possible exception of Ajuriaguerra and Hecaen's book (in French) on the cerebral cortex. Professor Luria's book thus marks a further and decisive step toward the eventual coalescence of neurology and psychology, a goal to which only a few laboratories in the East and West have been devoted over the last decades. The book is unique in its organization. The first half deals with observations and interpretations concerning the major syndromes of man's left cerebral hemisphere: those grievous distortions of higher functions traditionally described as aphasia, agnosia, and apraxia. There is also a detailed and brilliant analysis of the syndrome of massive frontal-lobe involvement. The entire second half of the book is given over to a painstaking description of Professor Luria's tests, many of them introduced by himself, and set out in such detail that anyone could repeat them and thus verify Professor Luria's interpretations.

Abstract: Environmental Health: Everybody’s Business -- Man’s Relationship to His Thermal Environment -- Man’s Relationship to His Sensory Environment — Hearing and Vision -- Atmospheric Ecology I: The Confined Ambient — The Dirty Nest -- Atmospheric Ecology II: The Troubled Outdoors -- Atmospheric Ecology III: Remedial Atmospheres -- Panel Discussion I: The Environmental Spectrum — Today -- Man and His Thermal Environment -- Acoustical Aspects of the Environmental Spectrum -- Odor in Man’s Environment -- The Sensory Environmental Spectrum -- The Relationship of Man to Microbe -- Panel Discussion II: The Environmental Spectrum — Tomorrow -- Ionizing Radiation -- The Medical Environmental Spectrum -- Air Pollution Control -- The Toxic Environment -- Urban Area Environmental Spectrum -- Man and His Environment: Where Are We? Where Are We Going? -- Contributors.

Abstract: This symposium was a joint effort, co-sponsored by Northwestern University and Borg-Warner Corporation and included representatives of the latter-day estates of univerSity, industry, and government. All of these groups were deeply interested in participating, since the problems of man and his environment, especially his urban environ­ ment, are ones which can be solved only through a cooperative effort. The symposium proceedings present a review of the present position of man and his environment and outline the physical and social-science efforts being made to solve the problems posed by man's rapidly changing environment. The format of this book is such that Dr. Luther L. Terry's speech, "Environmental Health: Every­ body's Business," serves as an introduction to the many-faceted dis­ cussions on the interactions of man and his environment. Mr. P. B. Gordon's speech "Man and His Environment - Where Are We? Where Are We Going"?" aptly summarizes this symposium and serves this purpose in this publication. Every effort was exerted to make this symposium a general dis­ cussion meeting where contributions from both the formal speakers and the audience were received. The records of two panel discussions, including comments from the floor and replies by the speakers, are included in this volume. This publication is the result of the coordinated efforts of many contributors: the speakers, Northwestern University, Borg-Warner Corporation, the Symposium Planning Committee consisting of D. W.

Abstract: of Volume 2 -- Ferrous Powder Metallurgy -- Some Aspects of the Sintering of Iron Powder -- The Mechanism of Sintering of ?-Iron -- Alpha and Gamma Phase Sintering of Carbonyl and Other Iron Powders -- Investigation of the Activated Sintering of Iron Powder -- The Use of Byproduct Steel Powder from Ball-Bearing Production in Powder Metallurgy -- The Corrosion Resistance of Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel -- Dispersion Strengthening -- Dispersion-Strengthened Nickel by Compaction and Rolling of Powder Produced by Pressure Hydrometallurgy -- On the Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation of SAP-Type Alloys -- Electron Microscopy of SAP Following Tensile Deformation or Quenching -- Damage and Diffusion in Aluminum and an Al-Al2O3 Alloy Following Bombardments with Oxygen or Inert Gas -- An Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Study of the Recovery on Annealing of Cold-Worked, Dispersion-Strengthened Alloys -- Development of Dispersion-Hardened Cobalt-Base Cutting-Tool Alloys from Atomized Powders -- Stability of Selected Submicron Refractory Dispersoids in Tungsten -- High-Temperature Materials -- A Comprehensive Investigation into a Nickel-Base Superalloy From Prealloyed Powders -- Gravity-Sintering and Low-Pressure Pressing of Tungsten Powders -- Tungsten Powder Metallurgy in the Production of Large Crucibles and Susceptors -- Studies of Tungsten Composites Containing Fibered or Reacted Additives -- Tungsten Ionizers with Controlled Porosity for Cesium-Ion Engines -- A Kinetic Study of the Densification of TiB2 at High Pressure and High Temperature -- Fiber-Reinforced, Sintered Composites.

Abstract: I Declarations and the Development of International Law -- 1. The Nature of the Declarations -- 2. Significance of Declarations in Relation to Specific Powers of the Assembly under the Charter -- 3. Significance of Declarations as Interpretation and Application of International Law -- 4. Declarations as Subsequent Practice and as Aid in the Judicial Interpretation of the Charter -- 5. Declarations as Evidence of Custom or General Principles of International Law -- 6. Declarations as Agreements Within the United Nations System -- 7. Factors Affecting the Significance of Declarations -- II Declarations Which Purport to State Existing Principles of International Law -- 1. Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Wealth and Resources -- 2. The Declaration on the Prohibition of the Use of Nuclear and Thermo-Nuclear Weapons -- 3. The Resolution Affirming Principles of International Law embodied in the Charter of the Nurnberg Tribunal -- III Declarations Which Purport to Create New Principles of International Law -- 1. Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space -- IV Declarations Intended to Promote Specific Charter Programs -- 1. The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples -- 2. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- 3. The Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination -- 4. The Declaration of the Rights of the Child -- V Significance of Declarations in the Practice of States and of International Organizations -- 1. Significance of Declarations in the Practice of States -- 2. Significance of Declarations in International Organizations -- Conclusion.

Abstract: Mr. Asamoah's book is concerned with an area of growing importance in the evolution of contemporary international law. The traditional division of the sources of International law into custom and treaties has already been supplemented in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice by the "general principles of law re­ cognized by civilized nations" and-as subsidiary sources, the judicial decisions and the teachings of highly qualified publicists. But in order to cope with the diversity of international law in our time, we have to look to a far greater variety of sources of international law, and we shall have to recognize that, in accordance with the many-sided character of international law, these sources may vary greatly in intensity. In recent years, Declaratory Resolutions of the General Assembly have been much concerned with the general princi­ ples of international law. Sometimes these Declarations are interpre­ tations of the Charter and other instruments; sometimes they are evi­ dence of state practice and a developing customary international law ; sometimes they formulate new principles which, in some cases will eventually lead to international treaties or new custom, or in other cases will be accepted as authorative statements of international legal principles, in circumstances where a formal treaty cannot be attained. There are many reasons--often of an internal character-which prevent the conclusion of a treaty but not the acceptance of the principles contained in it.

Abstract: I Introduction -- II The basis of and reason for a sociological approach -- III The method of the sociological approach -- IV International law and sociology -- V The “sociological jurists” -- VI The theory of international relations -- VII The sociological theories -- I. The philosophical systems of sociology -- II. The middle and small range theories -- VIII The concepts of formal and informal structure -- IX The reality structure of world society -- X The formal structure of world society -- XI The interaction between formal and informal structure -- XII The “change” factor in world society -- XIII About the image of the future.

Abstract: The academic or scientific occupation with international relations is not always an encouraging task. At times one gets an image of the enormous psychic and physical forces which operate in the international realm, and it then seems that the role of the publicist is almost a negligible one. If one, in addition, arrives at the conclusion that human social action is not really a volitional process, then there is indeed ample room for pessimism and despair. Nevertheless, in the complexity of our consciousness, the different elements of which life is made of blend into a unity of which the idea is as much a part or even more so than the deed or action. The stress on action expresses the crudeness of our times but the idea has been much more the motivation of history and its cohesive force over long periods. Action in terms of force is never in itself the entire solution because it carries no conviction or understanding, at least unless its role is a very moderate one.

Abstract: I. Implementing Man’s Natural Rights: The Developing International Law -- Failure at the International Level -- The Regional Approach -- Purpose of the Study -- The Natural Rights of Man -- II. The Development of Procedural Remedies -- From Antiquity to the Modern State -- The Status of the Individual under Roman Law -- Present Theories of Individual Procedural Status -- Other Subjects of the Law -- Early International Courts -- III. The Inter-War Period -- The U.S.-Mexican Mixed Claims Commission -- Mixed Claims Commissions -- Arbitral Tribunals -- IV. The Efforts of the United Nations -- Failure at the International Level -- International Labour Organization -- International Court of Justice -- V. The Council of Europe: Political Unification -- The Realization of an Ideal -- The Council of Europe and Unification -- The Individual and the Commission Convention of Human Rights -- Protection of States -- Regional Tribunals and the Individual Commission of Human Rights -- The Court of Human Rights -- Committee of Ministers -- The Individual as a Beneficiary -- Conclusions: Political Organizations -- VI. European Economic Organizations -- The Common Market -- Economic Integration of Europe -- The European Communities and the Individual -- Combined Community Court -- The Individual and the EEC -- The Role of the Court in an Expanding Legal System -- Treaty Texts and the Individual -- Article 177 and the Individual -- Court Decisions and Individual Rights -- Advisory Jurisdiction -- The Individual as a Beneficiary -- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development -- Conclusions: Economic Organizations -- VII. Conclusions -- Individual Right of Action -- Political and Economic Organizations Compared -- The Future Global Efforts -- International Court of Justice -- Private Undertakings -- Trend of World Law -- Table of Cases -- Subject Matter Index -- Index of Authorities.

Abstract: The most important sipgle factor in guaranteeing the effective pro­ tection of human rights - including economic and property interest- is that private individuals and groups be capable of maintaining a judicial action against any sovereign State causing them injury. Thus, individuals must possess the necessary locus standi at both the regional and international levels. A private individual must be able to prosecute an action before an international tribunal - in his own name - against an offending Government, particularly his own. Unfortunately, this necessary right of action was not recognized under traditional internatio­ nallaw. It is only very recently, since the adoption of the European Convention of Human Rights and the Establishing Treaty of the Common Market, that nongovernmental entities have achieved locus standi before international courts. As this book is being written, it is no longer valid to hold that only States are procedural subjects of international law. Nevertheless, it must - tragically - be conceded that individuals do not enjoy the same standing as Member States. This same generalization applies to the United Nations. Starting with the proposition that the individual is a subject of the Law, this book not only analyses examples supporting this viewpoint, but it concentrates on the more important shortcomings, primarily those existing within the Council of Europe, the European Economic Community, and the United Nations. Therefore, recommendations are offered as to the specific improvements that must be made.

Abstract: 1 Classical atomic, theory and interatomic binding -- 2 Quantum mechanics and band theory -- 3 Statistical mechanics -- 4 Semiconductors in thermodynamic equilibrium -- 5 Current flow in semiconductors -- 6 Semiconductors in non-equilibrium conditions -- 7 Current flow across semiconductor junctions -- 8 Minority carrier transistors -- 9 Space-charge-limited currents in semiconductors and insulators Majority carrier transistors -- Appendices -- II Common-emitter characteristics -- III The transistor as a charge controlled device. Circuit problems.

Abstract: This book is intended as an introduction to the application of physical theory to the study of semiconductors and transistor devices. The book is based on lecture courses given by the authors to second and third year honours students in the Electronics Department of Southampton University, England. Some elementary knowledge of physics, circuit theory, and vector methods is assumed. The book deals almost exc1u­ sively with the theoretical aspects, but references are given to experi­ mental work. The first two chapters discuss c1assical atomic theory and quantum mechanical applications to electron energy levels in atoms, in particular the hydrogen atom, and in one-dimensional crystalline solids leading to the distinctions between metals, insulators, and semiconductors. Chapter 3 deals with statistical mechanics in some detail, so that the reader can appreciate the historical background leading to the Fermi­ Dirac statistics for electrons in metals and semiconductors, and in chapter 4 these statistics are applied to determine the current carrier density in various types of semiconductor. Equations for drift and diffusion currents are obtained in chapter 5, and the results applied to uiliform and graded impurity semiconductors in chapter 6. Current flow across p-n junctions is analysed in chapter 7, and the p-n-p transistor theory is developed in chapter 8. The discussion is limited to p-n-p transistors, but similar results apply for the n-p-n transistor.

Abstract: Time Dependent Evolution Equations in a Locally Convex Space -- On a Map from a Function Space to a Hyperspace -- Invariant Metrics -- Über den Index abgeschlossener Operatoren in Banachräumen. II. -- Complementary Inequalities. III: Inequalities Complementary to Schwarz’s Inequality in Hilbert Space -- Von Klassen konvexer Körper erzeugte Hilberträume -- Kommutative symmetrische Operatorenalgebren in Pontryaginschen Räumen ?k -- Invariante positiv definite Klassenfunktionen und ergodische Maße -- Integration und holomorphe Funktionen in lokalbeschränkten Räumen -- Eine Mandelbrojtsche Formel zur Bestimmung von Punkten aus dem Spektrum eines beschränkten Operators -- Quasi-interior Points and the Extension of Linear Functionals -- Eindeutige Hahn-Banach-Erweiterungen -- Équations Hyperboliques Non-Strictes: Contre-Exemples, du Type de Giorgi, aux Théorèmes d’Existence et d’Unicité -- Ratios of Laplace Transforms, Mikusi?ski Operational Calculus -- Heredity of Tensor Products of Topological Algebras -- Wave Operators and Similarity for Some Non-selfadjoint Operators -- Nonlinear Operators in Banach Spaces -- Über die Einbettung der nuklearen Räume in (8)?. -- Über das Randspektrum positiver Operatoren -- A Spectral Theory for Certain Operators on a Direct Sum of Hilbert Spaces -- Variations on a Theme by Mikhlin -- Some Examples of Normed Köthe Spaces -- On a Generalization of the Köthe Coordinated Spaces -- A Representation Theorem for Positive Functionals on Involution Algebras.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Limitations of the Classical Theory of Navier and Stokes -- 2. Incompressible Simple Fluids -- 3. Plan and Scope of this Monograph -- II. Theory of Incompressible Simple Fluids -- 4. Kinematics -- 5. The Dynamical Equations -- 6. The Principle of Material Objectivity -- 7. The Definition of an Incompressible Simple Fluid -- 8. Static Behavior of Simple Fluids -- III. General Theory of Viscometric Flows -- 9. The Kinematics of Simple Shearing Flow -- 10. The Viscometric Functions -- 11. The Dynamics of Simple Shearing Flow; Viscosity -- 12. The Definition of a Viscometric Flow -- 13. Curvilineal Flows -- IV. Special Viscometric Flows -- 14. Flow through a Channel -- 15. General Properties of Helical Flows -- 16. Flows between Concentric Cylinders -- 17. Couette Flow -- 18. Flow between Stationary Concentric Cylinders -- 19. Poiseuille Flow -- 20. Normal Stress Effects at Free Boundaries -- 21. Cone and Plate Flow -- 22. Torsional Flow -- V. Experimental Methods and Results -- 23. General Considerations -- 24. Simple Shearing Flow -- 25. Couette Flow -- 26. Other Flows between Coaxial Cylinders -- 27. Poiseuille Flow -- 28. Cone and Plate Flow -- 29. Torsional Flow -- VI. Historical Remarks -- 30. History of the Development of the Theory -- 31. History of Experiments -- A. Appendix on Mathematical Concepts -- A 1. Vectors -- A 2. Bases, Linear Forms -- A 3. Points, Euclidean Space -- A 4. Tensors -- A 5. Multiplication of Tensors -- A 6. Transposition; Symmetric, Skew, and Orthogonal Tensors -- A 7. Traces and Determinants -- A 8. Point, Vector, and Tensor Functions -- A 9. Deformations, Gradients -- A 10. Coordinates -- A 11. Special Coordinate Systems -- References.

Abstract: We here attempt to give a complete but concise treatment of the theory of steady viscometric flows of simple (non-Newtonian) fluids and to use that theory to discuss the design and interpretation of ex­ periments. We are able to present the theory with less mathematical machinery than was used in our original papers, partly because this Tract has more limited aims than those papers, and partly because we employ a method, found by Noll and published here for the first time, for dealing with visco metric flows without the apparatus of rela­ tive Cauchy-Green tensors and reduced constitutive equations. To make the theory accessible to students not familiar with modern mathematics, we have added to our Tract an appendix explaining some of the mathe­ matical concepts essential to continuum physics. Pittsburgh, July 1965 BERNARD D. COLEMAN HERSHEL MARKOVITZ WALTER NOLL CONTENTS I. Introduction page 1. Limitations of the Classical Theory of Navier and Stokes. 1 5 2. Incompressible Simple Fluids. . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Plan and Scope of this Monograph . . . . . . . . . 7 II. Theory of Incompressible Simple Fluids 4. Kinematics. . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5. The Dynamical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6. The Principle of Material Objectivity . . . . . . 14 7. The Definition of an Incompressible Simple Fluid . 17 8. Static Behavior of Simple Fluids . . . . . . . . 19 III. General Theory of Viscometric Flows 9. The Kinematics of Simple Shearing Flow 21 10. The Viscometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . 22 11. The Dynamics of Simple Shearing Flow; Viscosity 26 12. The Definition of a Viscometric Flow 29 13. Curvilineal Flows. . . . . . . . 30 1. Kinematical Description . . . .

Abstract: One Diplomatic Relations, Functions and Privileges -- I. Historical Introduction -- II. Relations between Nations -- III. Establishment and Conduct of Diplomatic Relations -- IV. Functions of a Diplomatic Agent -- V. Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges -- VI. Position in Third States -- VII. Termination of a Mission -- Two Consular Functions, Immunities and Privileges -- VIII. Consular Relations in General -- IX. Consular Functions -- X. Consular Privileges and Immunities -- XI. Termination of Consular Functions and Position in Third States -- Three International Law — Selected Topics -- XII. Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad -- XIII. Passport and Visas -- XIV. Asylum and Extradition -- XV. Commercial Activities of States and Immunities in Relation Thereto -- XVI. Recognition of States and Governments -- XVII. Treaty Making -- Appendices -- I. Extracts from the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 -- II. Extracts from the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 -- Agreements, Treaties and Conventions -- National Laws and Regulations.

Abstract: It gives me great pleasure to write a foreword to :\1r. Sen's excellent book, and for two reasons in particular. In the first place, in producing it, Mr. Sen has done something vvhich I have long felt needed to be done, and which I at one time had am­ bitions to do myself. \Vhen, over thirty years ago, and after some years of practice at the Bar, I first entered the legal side of the British Foreign Service, I had not been working for long in the Foreign Office before I conceived the idea of writing - or at any rate compiling - a book to which (in my own mind) I gave the title of "A ~fanual of Foreign Office Law. " This work, had I ever produced it in the form in which I visualised it, could probably not have been published con­ sistently with the requirements of official discretion. But this did not worry me as I was only contemplating something for private circulation within the Service and in Government circles. :Mr. Sen's aim has been broader and more public-spirited than mine was; but its basis is essentially the same.

Abstract: I. Voice Communication -- 1.1. The Advent of Telephony -- 1.2. Efficient Transmission of Speech -- 1.3. Capacity of the Human Channel -- 1.4. Analysis-Synthesis Telephony: An Approach to Improved Efficiency -- II. The Mechanism of Speech Production -- 2.1. Physiology of the Vocal Apparatus -- 2.2. The Sounds of Speech -- 2.3. Quantitative Description of Speech -- III. Acoustical Properties of the Vocal System -- 3.1. The Vocal Tract as an Acoustic System -- 3.2. Equivalent Circuit for the Lossy Cylindrical Pipe -- 3.3. The Radiation Load at the Mouth and Nostrils -- 3.4. Spreading of Sound About the Head -- 3.5. The Source for Voiced Sounds -- 3.6. The Source for Noise and Transient Excitation of the Tract. -- 3.7. Some Characteristics of Vocal Tract Transmission -- 3.8. Fundamentals of Speech and Hearing in Analysis-Synthesis Telephony -- IV. The Ear and Hearing -- 4.1. Mechanism of the Ear -- 4.2. Computational Models for Ear Operation -- 4.3. Illustrative Relations Between Subjective and Physiological Behavior -- V. Techniques for Speech Analysis -- 5.1. Spectral Analysis of Speech -- 5.2. Formant Analysis of Speech -- 5.3. Analysis of Voice Pitch -- 5.4. Articulatory Analysis of the Vocal Mechanism -- 5.5. Automatic Recognition of Speech -- 5.6. Automatic Speaker Recognition -- VI. Speech Synthesis -- 6.1. Mechanical Speaking Machines; Historical Efforts -- 6.2. Electrical Methods for Speech Synthesis -- VII. Perception of Speech and Speech-Like Sounds -- 7.1. Differential vs Absolute Discrimination -- 7.2. Differential Discriminations Along Signal Dimensions Related to Speech -- 7.3. Absolute Discrimination of Speech and Speech-Like Sounds.. -- 7.4. Effects of Context and Vocabulary Upon Speech Perception -- 7.5. The Perceptual Units of Speech -- 7.6. Articulation Tests for Transmission System Evaluation -- 7.7. Calculating Intelligibility Scores from System Response and Noise Level: The Articulation Index -- 7.8. Supplementary Sensory Channels for Speech Perception -- VIII. Systems for Analysis-Synthesis Telephony -- 8.1. Channel Vocoders -- 8.2. Reduced Redundancy Channel Vocoders -- 8.3. Voice-Excited Vocoders -- 8.4. Correlation Vocoders -- 8.5. Formant Vocoders -- 8.6. Articulatory Vocoders -- 8.7. Other Methods for Bandwidth Reduction -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: This book has its origin in a letter. In November of 1959, the late Prof. Dr. WERNER MEYER-EpPLER wrote to me, asking if I would contribute to a series he was planning on Communication. His book " Grundlagen und Anwendungen der Informationstheorie" was to serve as the initial volume of the series. After protracted consideration, I agreed to undertake the job provided it could be done outside my regular duties at the Bell Telephone Laboratories. Shortly afterwards, I received additional responsibilities in my research organization, and felt that I could not conveniently pursue the manuscript. Consequently, except for the preparation of a detailed outline, the writing was delayed for about a year and a half. In the interim, Professor MEYER-EpPLER suffered a fatal illness, and Professors H. WOLTER and W. D. KEIDEL assumed the editorial re­ sponsibilities for the book series. The main body of this material was therefore written as a leisurc­ time project in the years 1962 and 1963. The complete draft of the manuscript was duplicated and circulated to colleagues in three parts during 1963. Valuable comments and criticisms were obtained, revisions made, and the manuscript submitted to the publisher in March of 1964. The mechanics of printing have filled the remaining time. If the reader finds merit in the work, it will be owing in great measure to the people with whom I have had the good fortune to be associated.

Abstract: Detailed Table of Contents -- 1. Introduction -- I. The Aims of the Project on International Procedure -- II. United States Procedures of International Cooperation in Litigation -- 2. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Austria -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Austria -- III. Co-Operation Rendered by Austria -- 3. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Belgium -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Rendered by Belgium -- III. Co-Operation Sought by Belgium -- 4. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Denmark -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Denmark -- III. Co-Operation Granted by Denmark -- 5. International Co-Operation in Litigation: England -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Rendered by England -- III. Co-Operation Sought by England -- 6. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Finland -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Finland -- III. Co-Operation Rendered by Finland -- 7. International Co-Operation in Litigation: France -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by France -- III. Co-Operation Rendered by France -- 8. International Co-Operation in Litigation: the Federal Republic of Germany -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Germany -- III. CO-Operation Granted by Germany -- 9. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Greece -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Greece -- III. Co-Operation Rendered in Greece -- 10. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Italy -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Rendered by Italy -- III. Co-Operation Sought by Italy -- 11. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Norway -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Norway -- III. Co-Operation Provided by Norway -- 12. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Portugal -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Portugal -- III. Co-Operation Provided by Portugal -- 13. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Spain -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Spain -- III. Co-Operation Provided by Spain -- 14. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Sweden -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Sweden -- III. Co-Operation Granted by Sweden -- 15. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Switzerland -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Provided by Switzerland -- III. Co-Operation Sought by Switzerland -- 16. International Co-Operation in Litigation: The Netherlands -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by the Netherlands -- III. Co-Operation Rendered by the Netherlands -- Appendix A. New Federal Statute -- I. An Act to Improve Judicial Procedures for Serving Documents, Obtaining Evidence, and Proving Documents in Litigation with International Aspects -- II. Report of the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives on the Bill -- Appendix B. New Federal Rules -- I. Rules 4(i), 26(c), and 28(b) of the Rules of Civil Procedure for the United States District Courts -- II. Proposed Amended Rule 44 and New Rule 44.1 of the Rules of Civil Procedure for the United States District Courts -- III. Proposed New Rule 26.1 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure for the United States District Courts -- Appendix C. Uniform Interstate and International Procedure Act.

Abstract: The reports collected in this book were prepared at the initiative and under the auspices of the Project on International Procedure of the School of Law of Columbia University within the framework of its co-operation with the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure, a body created by Act of Congress of September 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1743. The Commission is charged with studying domestic and foreign procedures of international co-operation in litigation with a view to suggesting improvements. Since June 1960, the Project has assisted the Commission in carrying out this statutorily assigned task. Work on the reports here presented was begun in the fall of 1960. The Project invoked the assistance of an active practitioner in each of the foreign countries se1ected and submitted to hirn an extensive questionnaire summarizing American procedures and posing detailed quest ions about foreign practices. The elaborate answers to these questionnaires provided the information on which the American co­ authors relied in drafting the English versions of the reports. By having proceeded in this fashion, the Project hopes to have prepared reports that reflect the knowledge and experience of the foreign practitioners and at the same time are drafted in terms intelligible to common law lawyers. Furthermore, to ensure that the reports would take due account of official views, in almost all instances, final drafts of the reports were submitted for comments and suggestions to appropriate foreign public officials.

Abstract: one: The Elements of Ergonomic Practice -- 1. The Physical Basis of Man’s Perception of His Environment -- The Human Body -- 2. I. Bones, Joints and Muscles -- 3. II. Metabolism and Heat Regulation -- 4. III. Body Size, Limits of Movement and Functioning of Limbs -- 5. IV. The Nervous System -- 6. Man as a System Component -- two: Practical Ergonomics -- Design Factors -- 7. I. Layout of Equipment -- 8. II. Design of Seating -- 9. III. Design of Instrumental Displays -- 10. IV. Compatibility -- 11. V. Design Characteristics of Controls -- Environmental Factors -- 12. I. Environmental Temperature and Humidity -- 13. II. Noise -- 14. III. The Visual Environment -- 15. IV. Vibration -- Organizational Factors -- 16. I. Methods of Investigating Work -- 17. II. The Organization of Work -- 18. III. Inspection -- 19. IV. Shift Work -- 20. V. Age -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: Until quite recently conditions in industry were often rough. Long hours were worked in insanitary and murky workshops, often with little regard to the effects upon the workpeople who were considered to be expendable. Now, however, these adverse conditions have been recognized and so remedied that there remains little in industrial conditions to disturb the public conscience. This does not mean that conditions of work in office or factory are perfect. The obvious and dramatic abuses of the human frame may have gone, but in their place have arisen stresses and strains which, taking effect only in the long term, are generally undramatic and often unrecognized. They exist none the less. No organized effort to study the effect of working conditions on man's performance was made until the end of World War I, when the Industrial Fatigue Research Board was set up. For the first time, men trained in the human sciences entered industry to study men at work. They made con­ tributions which set a new standard of scientific investigation into human performance and allowed executive action on the basis of evidence rather than of hunch. The Board's work differed from the contribution of Gilbreth in America in that the principles of Motion Study which he developed were, to a large extent, based on intelligent observation rather than controlled experiment. During the 1920S the National Institute of Industrial Psychology was founded and there was close collaboration between it and the I.F.R.B.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. The acquisition of territory: the evolution of the modern concept -- 2. The acquisition of territory: the differing approach of academic and practising lawyers -- 3. The various modes of acquiring territory — Classification -- 4. Plan of the work -- II. Prescription in International Law -- 5. The distinction between acquisitive prescription and extinctive prescription -- 6. Prescription as a private law concept -- 7. Private law concepts in international law -- 8. Divergence of the definition of prescription between the continental and English legal systems -- 9. Prescription in municipal law — Roman law -- 10. Prescription in municipal law — English law -- 11. Prescription in municipal law — Conclusions -- 12. Doctrinal reasons for the existence of prescription in international law -- 13. The existence of prescription in international law ? Opinions of writers -- 14. The existence of prescription in international law — Judicial decisions rendered by international tribunals -- 15. The existence of prescription in international law — Judicial decisions rendered by municipal courts -- 16. The existence of prescription in international law — Practice of States -- III. Acquiescence as the Juridical Basis of an Historic Title -- 17. General -- 18. The creation of a customary rule of international law — The generality of practice and the time element -- 19. The creation of a customary rule of international law — Opinio jurisand acquiescence -- 20. The consensual basis of customary international law -- 21. Recognition and acquiescence -- 22. The role of the time element in the creation of special customary or “historic” rights -- 23. Some historic rights viewed as remainders of more extensive ancient rights -- 24. Non-exclusive historic rights -- 25. Acquiescence versus prescription as the legal basis of historic rights -- 26. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Opinions of writers -- 27. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Opinions of learned bodies -- 28. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Decisions of international tribunals -- 29. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Decisions of municipal courts -- 30. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — State practice -- 31. Acquiescence and estoppel -- IV. The Requirements for the Formation of an Historic Title and its Constituent Elements -- 32. Introductory -- 33. Effective display of State authority — General -- 34. Effective display of State authority — The notion of continuity in respect of territorial situations -- 35. Effective display of State authority — Intention and will to act as sovereign -- 36. Effective display of State authority — Manifestations of State sovereignty -- 37. Effective display of State authority — Possession à titre de souverain -- 38. Acquiescence in the display of State authority — General -- 39. Acquiescence in the display of State authority — The meaning of “acquiescence” -- 40. Notoriety of territorial situations -- 41. Is notification a prerequisite of notoriety? -- 42. Constructive knowledge -- 43. The plea of excusable ignorance -- 44. The relevance of protest to the formation of an historic title -- 45. The conditions for the validity of a protest -- 46. Anticipatory protest -- 47. Protest as a bar to the acquisition of an historic title -- 48. The repetition of protest -- 49. The relevance of the protest of a single State -- 50. Lack of protest does not always indicate acquiescence -- 51. The geographical element in the formation of an historic title -- 52. The role of “legitimate interests” in the formation of an historic title -- 53. The role of the time element in the formation of an historic title -- V. Miscellaneous Problems of Interpretation and Evidence Relating to the Acquisition of an Historic Title -- 54. General -- 55. The application of intertemporal law in the interpretation of an historic title -- 56. The selection, of the “critical date” -- 56. 57. The relative strength of competing claims -- 58. The burden of proving an historic title -- 59. Strict geographical interpretation of an historic title -- VI. Juridical Aspects Specifically Related to the Formation of Maritime Historic Titles -- 60. General -- 61. The impact of the principle of the freedom of the high seas on the formation of maritime historic rights -- 62. What is international acquiescence? -- 63. Manifestations of State authority over maritime areas -- 64. Historic waters — Historic bays in general -- 65. Can multinational bays be claimed as historic bays? -- 66. The effects of territorial changes along the coast of a bay -- 67. Historic waters other than historic bays — Historic rights of delimitation -- 68. Historic waters other than historic bays — Water areas lying within and around island formations -- 69. Historic waters other than historic bays — Historic rights to a greater breadth of the territorial sea -- 70. The juridical status of historic waters — Historic waters are internal waters -- 71. The juridical status of historic waters — The distinction between internal inland waters and internal non-inland waters -- 72. The juridical status of historic waters — Multinational bays -- 73. Non-exclusive historic rights over maritime areas -- 74. Historic rights of fishing -- 75. Are claims to the sea-bed and subsoil of an “historic” character ? -- 76. Sedentary fisheries as historic rights -- VII. Conclusions -- 77. Consolidation as the legal root of historic titles -- 78. Critical appraisal of the doctrine of historic titles -- Appendix — Uti possidetis in international law -- Selected bibliography -- Index of Names -- General Indepc.

Abstract: The question of Historic Titles in International Law has been much discussed in recent years. In particular, it was an issue of some im­ portance in several international arbitrations, such as the Gulf of Fon­ seca case, decided by the Central American Court of Justice; the Island of Palmas case, decided by Judge Huber as sole arbitrator, under the auspices of the Permanent Court of Arbitration; the case concerning the Legal Status rif Eastern Greenland before the Permanent Court of International Justice; and, more recently still, the cases concerning Fisheries (United Kingdom v. Norway); Minquiers and Ecrehos Islets (U nited Kingdom v. France) ; Certain Frontier Land (Belgium v. N ether­ lands); and Temple rif Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), before the International Court of Justice. Historic Titles are probably also a re­ levant factor in a number of territorial disputes that have not yet been submitted to arbitration or judicial settlement. The recent controversies over the proper breadth for the territorial sea and the exclusive fishing limits of coastal States have brought to the fore new aspects of the problem.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- § 1. Basis and Function of Private International Law. Terminology -- § 2. The History of Private International Law in Sweden -- § 3. Sources of Swedish Private International Law -- II. The Material -- § 4. General Observations on the Nature of the Material -- § 5. External Substantive Rules -- § 6. The Choice of Law Rules -- § 7. Foreign Law -- III. How the Material is used -- § 8. General Remarks. The Stages of an International Action -- § 9. The Choice of Law -- § 10. The Applicable Law (lex causae) 186 Enquiry into the Rules of the lex causae -- § 11. Refusal to Apply the lex causae -- § 12. The Decision -- IV. The Swedish Conflict Rules — A Résumé -- § 13. The Personal Law -- § 14. Family Law. Inheritance -- § 15. Property Law -- V. Conflict Avoidance -- § 16. An Excursus -- Table of Swedish Cases.

Abstract: The purpose of this book is to present to lawyers outside Sweden an introduction to Private International Law as applied in Sweden. As in the original Swedish version, (Internationell Privatriitt. Metod och Material, Stockholm 1962), emphazis is put on the structure and func­ tioning of conflict law, and the book does not attempt to present a comprehensive survey of Swedish conflict rules. A resume of these rules has, however, been included in the English edition. The author wants to express his thanks to those who have helped to make possible the publication of this book. Generous support was given by the Swedish State Council for Social Science Research. Dr. Stig Stromholm, Uppsala, prepared the translation into English of the original Swedish text. Some alterations were subsequently made in the, English version, including minor deletions of material which had ap­ peared in the Swedish original and the addition of some new material, including the whole of present chapter IV. The English text as a whole was finally revised by the author with the help, in the case of chapters I, IV, V and part of chapter II, of Mrs. Helen Moats Eek (Ph. D. , University of Chicago) and, in the case of chapter III and part of chapter II, of Mr. Richard Cox (B. Sc. Econ (Hons. ), F. R. Econ. Soc. ). Valua:ble assistance, particularly in the preparation of the bibliography and the index, was given also by Mr. Lars Lindgren (LL.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The notion of stability -- 1.2 The nature of non-linear stability problems -- 1.3 Formal approach to stability theory -- 2. A Class of Problems in One-Dimensional Space -- 2.1 Preliminary remarks -- 2.2 Formulation -- 2.3 Behaviour and properties of the linearized solutions -- 2.4 Series expansion in the case of self-adjoint operators -- 2.5 Series expansion in the case of not self-adjoint operators -- 2.6 Interpretation of the series expansion in terms of the Green’s function -- 2.7 The system of equations for the amplitude-functions -- 3. Behaviour of Solutions -- 3.1 Formal simplification of the system of equations -- 3.2 Stable and unstable stationary solutions -- 3.3 Effects of interactions. Forced solutions -- 3.4 Analysis of forced solutions -- 3.5 Instability to finite size perturbations -- 3.6 Other types of behaviour -- 4. Asymptotic Methods for Problems in One-Dimensional Space 2S -- 4.1 General outline -- 4.2 Weak stability or instability: the case aij(n) = 0 -- 4.3 Weak stability or instability: the case a0 0(0) = 0 -- 4.4 Weak stability and instability: the case a0 0(0) ? 0 -- 4.5 Method of approximation for the case of simple developed instability -- 4.6 Behaviour of solutions as functions of time -- 5. Analysis of Some One-Dimensional Problems -- 5.1 Introductory remarks -- 5.2 Burgers’ mathematical model of turbulence -- 5.3 Modification of Burgers’ model. The problem of stability -- 5.4 Asymptotic expansions in Burgers’ model -- 5.5 Another simple mathematical model -- 6. A Class of Problems in Two-Dimensional Space -- 6.1 Introductory remarks -- 6.2 Formulation -- 6.3 The problem of stability. Linearized theory -- 6.4 Fourier-analysis of the non-linear stability problem -- 6.5 Orthogonality relations -- 6.6 Initial conditions -- 7. Asymptotic Theory of Periodic Solutions -- 7.1 Basic equations and transformations -- 7.2 Forced solutions for the components ?m,m ? 1 -- 7.3 Analysis of the component ?1 -- 7.4 Further analysis of the forced solutions for ?m, m ? 1 -- 7.5 The equations of the asymptotic approximation -- 7.6 Harmonic solutions -- 7.7 A simple example -- 8. Stability of Periodic Solutions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Formulation of the stability problem -- 8.3 Analysis of small parameters -- 8.4 Perturbations in the region ?0(k) = 0 (1) -- 8.5 Perturbations in the region ?0(k) = 0 (?2) -- 8.6 Reduction of the system of equations -- 8.7 Forced solutions for ?? ? and $$ {\psi _{2{k_0}}} \pm \varepsilon \sigma $$ -- 8.8 The equations for A0(k,) and A0(k,,) -- 8.9 Solution of the stability problem for k0 = kcr -- 8.10 Regions of validity of the asymptotic results -- 8.11 Stability of periodic solutions in the case k0 ? kcr -- 8.12 Summary and interpretation of results -- 9. Periodic Solutions in Poiseuille Flow -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Formulation of the stability problem -- 9.3 Linearized stability theory -- 9.4 The adjoint linearized problem -- 9.5 Periodic solutions -- 9.6 Discussion of the results.

Abstract: Non-linear stability problems formulated in terms of non-linear partial differential equations have only recently begun to attract attention and it will probably take some time before our understanding of those problems reaches some degree of maturity. The passage from the more classical linear analysis to a non-linear analysis increases the mathematical complexity of the stability theory to a point where it may become discouraging, while some of the more usual mathematical methods lose their applicability. Although considerable progress has been made in recent years, notably in the field of fluid mechanics, much still remains to be done before a more permanent outline of the subject can be established. I have not tried to present in this monograph an account of what has been accomplished, since the rapidly changing features of the field make the periodical literature a more appropriate place for such a review. The aim of this book is to present one particular line of research, originally developed in a series of papers published in 'Journal de Mecanique' 1962-1963, in which I attempted to construct a mathematical theory for certain classes of non-linear stability problems, and to gain some understanding of the non-linear phenomena which are involved. The opportunity to collect the material in this volume has permitted a more coherent presentation, while various points of the analysis have been developed in greater detaiL I hope that a more unified form of the theory has thus been achieved.

Abstract: I: The Self-Adjoint Boundary Value Problem -- 1. Problems of Dirichlet’s and Poisson’s type -- 2. Better approximations -- 3. Energy on the boundary -- 4. Eigenvalue problems -- 5. Biharmonic problems -- 6. Adaption for practical purposes; the test example -- 7. Modes of oscillation of the plate -- II: Theory of Gradient Methods -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The residual polynomial -- 3. Methods with two-term recursive formulae -- 4. Methods with three-term recursive formulae -- 5. Combined methods -- 6. The cgT-method -- 7. Determination of eigenvalues -- III: Experiments on Gradient Methods -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Survey of the plate experiments -- 3. Solution of the system A x + b = 0 (Plate problem with coarse grid) -- 4. Determination of the eigenvalues of A -- 5. Solution of the system A x + b =0 and determination of the eigenvalues of A; fine grid -- 6. Second test example: the bar problem -- 7. Appendix: The first three eigenvectors of A -- IV: Overrelaxation -- 1. Theory -- 2. Numerical results (Plate problem) -- 3. The bar problem -- V: Conclusions -- 1. The plate problem -- 2. The bar problem -- 3. Computation of eigenvalues -- 4. Recollection of the facts -- References.

Abstract: 1. A Statement of the Problem -- 2. Opinions of Writers -- 3. The Declaration of London -- 4. Some Related Problems -- I. General Treaties -- I. Nonpolitical Conventions -- II. Treaties of a Constitutional Character -- III. Multipartite Peace Settlements -- II. Specific Territorial Regimes -- IV. The Regimes of International Rivers: The Rhine and the Danube -- V. The Regime of the Turkish Straits -- VI. International Regimes in Colonial Africa -- VII. Treaty Regimes Reinforced by Custom -- VIII. Conclusions -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: In international law the authority of the writers has been great and the Statute of the International Court of Justice still takes cognizance of them as subsidiary sources. Yet it has been widely recognized that on many points writers, even of the most respecta­ ble authority, have merely repeated the statements of their predecessors, sometimes with the result that error or some indivi­ dual dogma or predilection has been perpetuated. The three-mile limit of territorial waters, for example, was long identified with the range of cannon and with the famous dictum of Galiani until modern historical research revealed more accurately its historical origin in the practice of states. The very definition of internation­ al law as a law of which only states were subjects impelled to somewhat far-fetched inclusions of certain political entities as "states," and has had at last to yield at least to the concept that an international organization may also be a subject of inter­ national law. The long repetition of the essential attributes ot states - sovereignty, independence, equality - has not altered the realities of the very great differences between states in respect of each of these attributes. As Cardozo said of definitions, if our preconceived notions of international law do not accord with the facts of international life, so much the worse for those old no­ tions; they must be revised to be brought into line with reality.

Abstract: I — Sovereignty of States in Theory. Universalist and Nationalist Conceptions -- II — The Dominant Theory of Sovereignty -- III — Opponents of the Sovereignty of States -- IV — Soviet Conception of Sovereignty and International Law -- V — Sovereignty in the Practice of International Law. Domestic Jurisdiction -- VI — Equality and Other Fundamental Rights of States -- VII — Subjects of International Law Other Than Independent States and Individuals -- VIII — Individuals as Subjects of International Law -- Conclusion -- Annex — The Charter of the United Nations with the Statute of the I.C.J. -- Index of Names.

Abstract: This book in its entirety as well as in each of its parts is an outline of the problems under discussion. The subject matter of some eighty sections of the book is extensive; it could, indeed, be presented by ex­ perts in as many volumes. This study offers an attempt to formulate a synthesis, however difficult, of the vast amount of available material. Unlike the well-known standard Introductions to International Law which deal with all the major fields of international law, this book treats exclusively the present conceptions of that law as expressed in legal literature, international treaties and other agreements, inter­ national judgements and awards, governmental and diplomatic state­ ments and the like. Special attention is devoted, in several chapters of the book, to the "teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations" which are considered by Article 38 paragraph 1 (d) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice as "subsidiary means for the determination ofrules of law. " An endeavor is made to ascertain whether in certain fields of the theory of international law a "Communis opinio doctorum" has either been reached or is in the process of achievement. Some readers may consider that there are too many quotations from writings of publicists; others will certainly feel - as does this writer - that too many outstanding international lawyers have not been included.

Abstract: 1 Introduction to Coordinate Geometry -- 2 Rate of Change and Differentiation -- 3 Maxima and Minima and Taylor’s Theorem -- Answer to Exercises.

Abstract: THIS book is intended to provide the university student in the physical sciences with information about the differential calculus which he is likely to need. The techniques described are presented with due regard for their theoretical basis; but the emphasis is on detailed discussion of the ideas of the differ­ ential calculus and on the avoidance of false statements rather than on complete proofs of all results. It is a frequent experi­ ence of the university lecturer that science students 'know how to differentiate', but are less confident when asked to say 'what ix means'. It is with the conviction that a proper understand­ ing of the calculus is actually useful in scientific work and not merely the preoccupation of pedantic mathematicians that this book has been written. The author wishes to thank his colleague and friend, Dr. W. Ledermann, for his invaluable suggestions during the prepara­ tion of this book. P. J. HILTON The University. Manchester . . . Contents PAGE Preface V CHAPTER I Introduction to Coordinate Geometry I 6 2 Rate of Change and Differentiation I. The meaning of 'rate of change' 6 2. Limits 9 3. Rules for differentiating IS 4. Formulae for differentiating 21 Exerc-bses 2 3 3 Maxima and Minima and Taylor's Theorem 34 I. Mean Value Theorem 34 2. Taylor's Theorem 41 3. Maxima and minima 45 4.

Abstract: The scope of this study is narrow-the activities of a single ambas­ sador for little more than two years. The problem it treats is wide and universal-the origins of a great war. There can be no adequate history of the relations between states whieh does not take into account the knowledge, judgment and deci­ sions of individual statesmen. Diplomatie history, though only a part, is a necessary part of the history of international relations. Within a more or less c10sely circumscribed range of possibilities, men in power choose between alternative policies, with results they may or may not have anticipated. The historian therefore can and should describe the past, present and future, as it were, of the historical persons whom he studies: the past whieh provides them with oppor­ tunities and limitations, both objective and subjective; the present in whieh they act; the future in whieh the consequences of their actions appear, for the most part beyond their control. This is a study of the part played by a great diplomat-the perfect ambassador, his own age called hirn-in the formation of policy. My task has been a dual one. First, I have observed Arnauld de Pomponne at work. Second, I have attempted to evaluate the French plans for war against the Dutch republic, with particular attention to Pom­ ponne's contribution to them.

Abstract: Encyclopaedias — Biographies — Bibliography — Typography -- Philosophy — Psychology — Theology — Ecclesiastical History -- Exact Sciences — Technology -- Natural Sciences — Agriculture -- Economics — Social Sciences — Economic History -- Political Science — Law — International Law -- Literature — Linguistics — Folklore -- Music — Theater -- History -- General -- France -- Netherlands — Belgium -- Central and Eastern Europe -- Scandinavia -- America -- Asia — Africa — Australia -- Fine Arts — Architecture — Archeology.

Abstract: A. Legal Advice -- I. The Opinion Function -- II. Requests -- III. Formulation -- IV. Legal Force -- V. Practical Effect -- VI. Politics -- B. Opinions on the Law of Nations -- VII. Relation to Municipal Law -- VIII. International Status -- IX. Territory and Nationality -- X. Jurisdiction -- XI. Diplomatic and Consular Relations -- XII. International Agreements -- XIII. International Reclamation -- XIV. Neutrality -- XV. War -- Conclusions -- List of Attorneys General -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: The scope of this study is not as broad as its title might indicate. The Attorney General of the United States performs several functions that affect in one way or another the relations of the United States with foreign nations. But this study focuses mainly on only one of these, namely, the duty of the Attorney General to provide legal opinions to various officers of the federal government. The reasons for undertaking a study of those opinions of the Attorney General especially relating to international law and practice are set forth in the Introduction, and will not be com­ mented upon here. In like manner, the problems of method, sources and coverage encountered in the course of inquiry are discussed at appropriate points in the text. Much of the material used herein is based on the research done in connection with my doctoral dissertation, accepted by Duke University in 1951. I am indebted to the Duke University Council on Graduate Instruction and to the Tulane University Council on Research for substantial material aid which made possible both further research in connection with this study and its appearance in monograph form .

Abstract: was discussed by the Institut de Droit International at Siena 1 and recently, in 1954, it was the principal item of the meeting of the Netherlands Branch of the International Law Association 2. This study aims at contributing to the not too extensive literature on the subject. 11. BACKGROUND One cannot consider law and justice without considering at the same time the people whom they concern. And people again cannot be imagined without feelings, political and social views, and economic interests. The law could not exist without such a background. The history of various acts of confiscation in the twentieth century proves the enormous importance of the back­ ground underlying these problems. Russian confiscations are in the light of the Bolshevist doctrine only becoming intelligible of revolution; the M exicanization of the oil industry is in keeping with Mexican social development preceding it; the confiscations which took place in Germany under the Nazi regime must be understood as the outcome of a certain ideology; unfortunately confiscations due to operations in time of war are self-explana­ tory. A single school of thought governs each one alike: rights of individuals are considered of less and less importance. It was not by chance that the infringement of private property, notably in the great political upheavals, often went hand in hand with a dedining interest in the protection of the individual freedom. Where the state infringes the proprietary rights of individuals, it will even more readily do the same as regards personal freedom.

Abstract: Historical survey -- Chief problems -- I Sovereignty Over the Air Space -- The concept of air space -- Freedom of the air -- Devel­opment of the theory of sovereignty -- Restrictions on air traffic -- Historical development -- Present situation -- Conclusion -- II Nationality of Aircraft -- The aircraft -- Nationality -- Historical development -- Present situation -- Conclusion -- III Rights in Aircraft -- Aircraft as movable property -- Acquisition of title to aircraft -- Mortgages on aircraft -- IV Civil Jurisdiction over Aircraft -- Principles of the application of civil law -- Interna­tional law -- International court -- National law -- Conclusion -- V Criminal Jurisdiction over Aircraft -- Principles of the application of criminal law -- Inter­national law -- National law -- Conclusion -- VI Consequences of the Special Legal Status of Aircraft -- Consequences for the State of registry -- Other States -- Rights in aircraft -- Carriage by air -- Damage caused to third parties on the ground -- Final review -- Appendix. Draft Convention on Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction over Aircraft.

Abstract: I . Historical survey The legal status of aircraft is a problem that has given rise to innumerable questions ever since the earliest years of aviation. But the majority of these questions only relate to certain aspects of the legal status of aircraft, and the problem as a whole has hardly been studied at all. The evolutionary process in the study of a number of facets of the problem is outlined below. Nationality The question of the nationality of aircraft has always received a lot of attention. As far as the principle is concerned, there can be little dispute on this point nowadays. The subject of the nationality of aircraft was discussed at the aviation conferences which led to the Paris Convention in 1919, the Ibero-American Convention in 1926, the Havana Convention in 1928 and the Chicago Convention in 1944. According to Article 6 of the Paris Convention of 1919, an aircraft possesses the nationality of the State on whose register it is entered. The Ibero-American Convention of 1926 and the Pan-American Convention signed at Havana in 1928 start from the same principle.

Abstract: The Creation of the Court of Justice -- I. The Ratification Debates -- Views Expressed upon the Function of the Court -- The Nature of the Court -- Criticisms brought against the Court -- Opinions upon the Value of Appeals to the Court -- Opinions expressed upon Articles of the Treaty -- II. The Organisation of the Court -- The Judges -- The President of the Court -- The Chambers of the Court -- The Presidents of the Two Chambers -- The Juge Rapporteur -- Disqualifications -- Immunities -- The Ending of the Term of Office of a Judge -- The Advocates General -- The Registrar -- The Rapporteurs Adjoints -- The Attachés to the Court -- III. The Competence of the Court -- Categories of Competence granted to the Court -- An Analysis of the Competence of the Court -- IV. The Procedure of the Court -- Sessions and Deliberations of the Court -- The Vacations of the Court -- The Official Languages of the Court -- Representation -- The Submission of the Request -- The Written Procedure -- Third Party Intervention -- Preliminary Pleas of Defence -- The Instruction -- Witnesses and Experts before the Court -- The Oral Procedure -- The Judgement of the Court -- Corrections of the Judgement -- The Interpretation of the Judgement -- Judgements against a Defaulting Party -- Summary Procedure -- Actions concerning the Validity of the Délibérations of the High Authority -- The Amendment of the Powers of the High Authority -- The Withdrawal of a Case -- Costs -- Procedural Time Periods and Limitations -- Notifications -- V. Cases before the Court -- L’Union des Armateurs Allemands and others v. The High Authority -- Bunkerfirmen-Vereinigung v. The High Authority -- The Government of the French Republic v. The High Authority -- The Government of His Majesty the King of Belgium v. The High Authority -- The Government of the French Republic v. The High Authority -- The Government of the Italian Republic v. The High Authority -- L’Association ASSIDER v. The High Authority -- L’Association ISA v. The High Authority -- Société Anonyme de Charbonnages Réunis de la Minerie v. The High Authority -- The Government of the Netherlands v. The High Authority -- VI. The Proposed Future Development of the Court -- a. Proposed Extensions of Jurisdiction under the European Defence Community Treaty -- The Subordinate Tribunals of the Defence Community -- b. Extensions of Jurisdiction under the European (Political) Community Treaty -- Appendix I. The Ratification of the Treaty Instituting the European Coal and Steel Community -- a. Voting in the National Parliaments of the Six Member States -- b. Documents concerned with the Preliminary Discussions upon the Schuman Plan -- Appendix II. The Decisions and Recommendations of the High Authority — Arts. 33 and 35 of the Treaty -- A. Duties imposed upon the High Authority to take a Decision or formulate a Recommendation -- B. Powers granted to the High Authority to take a Decision or formulate a Recommendation -- Appendix III. Pecuniary Sanctions and Daily Penalty Payments — Art. 36 of the Treaty -- a. Decisions having Executory Force -- b. Agreement to Action Proposed by the High Authority -- c. Consultation with the High Authority -- Appendix VI. Obligations Imposed Upon Member States — Art. 88 of the Treaty -- Appendix VII. The Budget of the Court, 1954–1955.

Abstract: THE CREATION OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY On 9th May, 1950, M. Robert Schuman, the then Foreign Minister of France, speaking at a Press Conference in Paris, outlined the idea of establishing a Community within Europe to control the production of coal and steel. "The French Govern­ ment", he stated, "propose to place the whole of the Franco­ German production of coal and steel under a common high authorityl within an organisation open to the participation of other countries of Europe ... This will form the first concrete step towards a European Federation, which is indispensable for peace" 2. This statement, apart from the specific mention of a high authority, does not mention any proposed organs of such a Community, and, as will appear, no firm idea of the Community's structure existed at all at that date. Six weeks after this announcement in Paris, a Conference composed of the six States that were to form the Coal and Steel 4 Community3 met under the presidency of M. Monnet • This Conference continued its work "consciencieux et discret, rue 5 Martignac" until March, 1951 • The first reference that one finds to a judicial organ to control the activity of the Community is contained in the document sub­ mitted by the Commissariat general au Plan 6. When compared with 1 The term is given in small letters as a description rather than as a title. 2 Bulletin Quotidien, llth May, 1950.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Evolution of the International Trusteeship System -- 1. Origin of the Idea -- 2. Inception of the International Mandates -- 3. Inter-War Years -- 4. International Trusteeship in Embryo -- 5. Evaluation -- III. Drafting of the Mandates and Trusteeship Articles -- 1. The Paris and San Francisco Conferences -- 2. Compromises in the Two Systems -- 3. Framing of the Mandates and Trusteeship Article -- 4. Role of the Powers -- 5. Reception of the Two Systems -- IV. Establishment of the Two Systems -- 1. The Interregnum -- 2. Submission of the Territories -- 3. Drafting of the Trusteeship Agreements -- 4. Approval of the Trust Agreements -- 5. Mandates and Trusteeship Texts -- 6. The Inauguration of the Two Systems -- V. The Territorial Application of the Two Systems -- 1. Territories Under Mandate -- 2. Territories Detached from the Enemy States -- 3. Territories Voluntarily Placed Under the System -- 4. Evaluation -- VI. The Agencies of International Supervision -- 1. The General Assembly -- 2. The Security Council -- 3. The International Court of Justice -- 4. The International Secretariat -- VII. The Permanent Mandates Commission and the Trusteeship Council -- 1. Composition of the Commission and the Council -- 2. Organization of the Commission and the Council -- 3. Functions and Powers of the Commission and the Council -- 4. The Specialized Agencies -- VIII. Operation of the International Trusteeship System I -- 1. The Problem of Sovereignty Over Mandated and Trust Territories -- 2. General Questions Affecting Trust Territories -- 3. Special Questions Affecting Trust Territories -- IX. Operation of the International Trusteeship System II -- 1. Political Advancement -- 2. Economic Advancement -- 3. Social Advancement -- 4. Educational Advancement -- X. Conclusion -- I. Population of the Non-Self-Governing Territories in 1954 -- II. Territorial Distribution of the Non-Self-Governing Territories in 1954 -- III. Distribution of the Mandated and Trust Territories -- IV. Composition of the Visiting Missions, 1947–1955 -- V. Educational Advancement in Trust Territories -- Organization of the Department of Trusteeship and Information from Non-Self-Governing Territories -- Selected Bibliography -- Tables -- Chart.

Abstract: Bismarck once said: "I do not want any colonies at all. Their only use is to provide sinecures. That is all England at present gets out of her colonies, and Spain too. And as for us Gennans, colonies would be exactly like the silks and sables of the Polish nobleman who had no shirt to wear under them. " 1 It may be debated whether Bismarck was right or wrong, but the subsequent course of history e. g. , the Anglo­ French rivalry in Egypt, the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895, the Spa­ nish-American war of 1898, the Boer war of 1899-1902, the Russo­ Japanese war of 1904-1905, the Morocco crisis of 1906, the Turco­ Italian war of 1911, showed that the colonial territories, which were often treated as pawns in the diplomatic game for power, prestige, and markets were potential causes of war. 2 The chief cause of modern wars, if Hobson's analysis is accepted, is the competitive struggle of modern nations for economic privileges of one kind or another for powerful financial and trading groups of their 3 nationals. The keen desire of the Colonial Powers to acquire new mar­ kets and sources of raw materials by diplomatic pressure or force have been, according to him, "the chief directing influences in foreign policy, the chief causes of competing armaments, and the pennanent under­ lying menaces to peace.

Abstract: I Man’s Eating Customs -- Old and New Techniques Combined Solve Meat Problem -- Facts about Meat -- Changes after Slaughter -- Fresh and Seasoned Meat -- II Meat Characteristics -- Structure of Meat -- Composition of Meat -- Meat as Food -- Food Nutrients -- Modern Meat Consumption -- Game on the Table -- Domestic Rabbit -- Poultry -- Fish -- III Food Planning -- A Ready-Made Food Plan -- How to Figure the Family’s Needs -- Food and Economy -- Daily Dietary Needs -- Federal Meat Inspection -- Federal Meat Grading and Stamping Service -- Federal-State Grading and Inspection of Poultry -- IV Preslaughter Considerations -- Preparations for Butchering -- Equipment and Tools -- Primary Considerations -- Skinning or Flaying -- Examining the Carcass -- Regulations for Shipping Meat or Meat Food Products -- V Butchering Hogs -- Selection of Hogs for Slaughter -- Sticking -- Scalding -- Scraping -- Removing and Cleaning the Head -- Removing the Entrails -- Handling and Care of Edible Organs -- Cleaning the Intestines -- Chilling -- VI Butchering Cattle -- Stunning -- Bleeding -- Skinning and Removing Head -- Skinning the Carcass -- Opening the Abdominal Cavity -- Hoisting -- Splitting the Carcass -- Chilling -- Removing Tongue and Brains and Stripping Fat from Offal -- Cleaning the Tripe -- Slaughtering Calves -- VII Butchering Sheep and Lambs -- Lambs Selected for Slaughter -- Sticking and Stunning -- Skinning the Legs -- Fisting the Pelt off the Carcass -- Removing the Pelt -- Opening the Carcass -- Care of Internal Organs -- VIII Dressing Game Animals -- Big Game -- Dressing Deer on the Ground -- Butchering a Hanging Deer -- Removing the Tongue and Brains -- Saving the Head -- Small Game -- IX Handling Hides and Skins -- Salting and Curing -- Having Hides Tanned -- X Cutting the Carcass -- Pork -- Beef and Veal -- Lamb and Mutton -- Venison -- XI Dressing Poultry and Wild Fowl -- Methods of Killing Poultry -- Removing Feathers -- Drawing Poultry -- Wild Fowl -- XII Procuring, Cleaning, and Cutting Fish -- Purchasing Fresh Fish -- Purchasing Frozen Fish -- Catching Fish -- How to Clean Fish -- XIII Preserving Meat, Fowl, and Seafood -- Freezing -- Chemical Action Caused by Enzymes -- Ice Formation in Meat -- Drying or Freezer Burn -- Cut to Fit Family Needs -- Packaging Meat for Freezing -- Storage in the Home Freezer -- Thawing -- Cooking Frozen Meat -- Frozen-Food Locker Plants -- Curing Meats -- Pork -- Corning Beef -- Curing Tongue -- Lamb -- Curing Game Meats -- Curing Fowl -- Fish -- Pickling -- Drying Meat and Fish -- Smoking Meat and Fish -- Testing Smoked Meat -- Storing Cured and Smoked Meat -- Home Canning -- Procuring Raw Fish -- How to Pack the Container -- Recommended Canning Methods -- When Canning is Completed -- XIV Meat Products and By-Products -- Sausages and Puddings -- Other Meat Products -- Scrapple Recipes -- Rendering Lard -- Preserving Meat in Lard -- Soap Making -- XV Helpful References -- Appendix A—Publications of the Department of Agriculture -- Appendix B—Publications of the Department of the Interior -- Appendix C—Motion Pictures Produced by the Departments of Agriculture and the Interior -- Appendix D—Reference Books -- Appendix E—State Game Departments -- Appendix F—United States Agricultural Experiment Stations.

Abstract: This book is written primarily for the family to help solve the meat problem and to augment the food supply. Producing and preserving meats for family meals are sound practices for farm families and some city folks as well-they make possible a wider variety of meats, which can be of the best quality, at less cost. Meat is an essential part of the American diet. It is also an ex­ pensive food. With the costs high, many persons cannot afford to buy the better cuts; others are being forced to restrict the meat portion of the diet to a minimum, or to use ineffectual substitutes. Commercially in the United States, meat means the flesh of cattle, hogs, and sheep, except where used with a qualifying word such as reindeer meat, crab meat, whale meat, and so on. Meat in this book is used in a broader sense, although not quite so general as to com­ prise anything and everything eaten for nourishment either by man or beast. To be sure, it includes the flesh of domestic animals and large and small game animals as well; also poultry, domestic fowl raised for their meat and eggs, and game birds, all wild upland birds, shore birds, and waterfowl; and fish.