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  • Online Resource  (4)
  • 1985-1989  (4)
  • Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands  (4)
  • Science.  (4)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400931534
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Science.
    Abstract: 1 An introduction to optimization methods -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The optimization problem -- 1.3 Some simple examples -- 1.4 Minimization procedures -- 1.5 Constrained minimization -- 1.6 Summary -- 2 Direct search methods -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Univariate search methods -- 2.3 Multiparameter search methods -- 2.4 Summary -- 3 Gradient methods -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The method of steepest descent -- 3.3 The Newton—Raphson method -- 3.4 The Davidon—Fletcher—Powell method -- 3.5 The Fletcher—Reeves method -- 3.6 Summary -- 4 Some examples of the application of optimization techniques to statistical problems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Maximum likelihood estimation -- 4.3 Maximum likelihood estimation for incomplete data -- 4.4 Summary -- 5 Optimization in regression problems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Regression -- 5.3 Non-linear regression -- 5.4 Log-linear and linear logistic models -- 5.5 The generalized linear model -- 5.6 Summary -- 6 Optimization in multivariate analysis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Maximum likelihood factor analysis -- 6.3 Cluster analysis -- 6.4 Multidimensional scaling -- 6.5 Summary -- Appendix: exercises -- References.
    Abstract: Optimization techniques are used to find the values of a set of parameters which maximize or minimize some objective function of interest. Such methods have become of great importance in statistics for estimation, model fitting, etc. This text attempts to give a brief introduction to optimization methods and their use in several important areas of statistics. It does not pretend to provide either a complete treatment of optimization techniques or a comprehensive review of their application in statistics; such a review would, of course, require a volume several orders of magnitude larger than this since almost every issue of every statistics journal contains one or other paper which involves the application of an optimization method. It is hoped that the text will be useful to students on applied statistics courses and to researchers needing to use optimization techniques in a statistical context. Lastly, my thanks are due to Bertha Lakey for typing the manuscript.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 An introduction to optimization methods1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The optimization problem -- 1.3 Some simple examples -- 1.4 Minimization procedures -- 1.5 Constrained minimization -- 1.6 Summary -- 2 Direct search methods -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Univariate search methods -- 2.3 Multiparameter search methods -- 2.4 Summary -- 3 Gradient methods -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The method of steepest descent -- 3.3 The Newton-Raphson method -- 3.4 The Davidon-Fletcher-Powell method -- 3.5 The Fletcher-Reeves method -- 3.6 Summary -- 4 Some examples of the application of optimization techniques to statistical problems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Maximum likelihood estimation -- 4.3 Maximum likelihood estimation for incomplete data -- 4.4 Summary -- 5 Optimization in regression problems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Regression -- 5.3 Non-linear regression -- 5.4 Log-linear and linear logistic models -- 5.5 The generalized linear model -- 5.6 Summary -- 6 Optimization in multivariate analysis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Maximum likelihood factor analysis -- 6.3 Cluster analysis -- 6.4 Multidimensional scaling -- 6.5 Summary -- Appendix: exercises -- References.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789401091664
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 317 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Science.
    Abstract: Molecular Cytogenetics -- Genetics of Heterochromatin in Drosophila and Maize -- Chromosome Accomodation to Integration of Foreign DNA -- Rapidly Evolving Bkm DNA is Associated with Hypervariable Domains -- Chromosomes of Drosophila -- Molecular Dissection of the Drosophila Chromosome -- Polytene Chromosomes of Drosophila -- Structure and Function of Y Chromosomal Genes in Drosophila -- Chromosomes and Evolution -- A Model for Heterochromatin Dispersion and the Evolution of C-Band Patterns -- The Role of Chromosomes in Speciation: A new Interpretation -- Chromosome Evolution in Marsupials -- Comparative gene Mapping and Primate Evolution -- Chromosomes and Malignant Changes -- Chromosomal Abnormalities in Malignant Lymphoid cell Proliferations. Recent Advances -- Retroviruses with two Oncogenes -- PH1 Chromosome: Cytogenetics and Molecular Aspects -- Sex Chromosomes -- Conservation in toto of the Mammalian X-Linkage Group as A Frozen Accident -- The Genetic Basis of Testis Determination in Man -- A Molecular Analysis of the Human Y Chromosome -- An Evolutionaryly Conserved Early Replicating Segment on the sex Chromosomes of Man and the Great Apes -- Meiosis and Aneuploidy -- Meiotic Behavior of Sex Chromosomes; what is Normal? -- DNAse I Hypersensitivity Characterizes the XY Pairing Region at Meiosis in Man -- Chromosome Behaviour at Female Meiosis in two Murine (Robertsonian) Trisomies -- Meiotic Chromosome Pairing in the Human Male. Experience from Surface Spread Synaptonemal Complexes -- The Oocyte Spindle and Predisposition to Aneuploidy in Mice -- Nucleolus Organiser -- The Molecular Organization of the Human Ribo-Somal Gene -- Nucleolus Organizer Regions and Nucleoli: Cytological Findings -- Relations Between Nucleoli and Nucleolus-Organizing Regions During the cell Cycle -- Nucleolar Organisers in Plants -- Immunocytochemical Localization of RNA Poly-Merase I in the Fibrillar Centers of Nucleoli -- Distribution of Rdna and of Its Transcription Sites in the Nucleolus of the Human Sertoli cell -- Association of Ribosomal Genes in the Human Oocyte At Meiotic Prophase. Cytogenetic Consequences.
    Description / Table of Contents: Molecular CytogeneticsGenetics of Heterochromatin in Drosophila and Maize -- Chromosome Accomodation to Integration of Foreign DNA -- Rapidly Evolving Bkm DNA is Associated with Hypervariable Domains -- Chromosomes of Drosophila -- Molecular Dissection of the Drosophila Chromosome -- Polytene Chromosomes of Drosophila -- Structure and Function of Y Chromosomal Genes in Drosophila -- Chromosomes and Evolution -- A Model for Heterochromatin Dispersion and the Evolution of C-Band Patterns -- The Role of Chromosomes in Speciation: A new Interpretation -- Chromosome Evolution in Marsupials -- Comparative gene Mapping and Primate Evolution -- Chromosomes and Malignant Changes -- Chromosomal Abnormalities in Malignant Lymphoid cell Proliferations. Recent Advances -- Retroviruses with two Oncogenes -- PH1 Chromosome: Cytogenetics and Molecular Aspects -- Sex Chromosomes -- Conservation in toto of the Mammalian X-Linkage Group as A Frozen Accident -- The Genetic Basis of Testis Determination in Man -- A Molecular Analysis of the Human Y Chromosome -- An Evolutionaryly Conserved Early Replicating Segment on the sex Chromosomes of Man and the Great Apes -- Meiosis and Aneuploidy -- Meiotic Behavior of Sex Chromosomes; what is Normal? -- DNAse I Hypersensitivity Characterizes the XY Pairing Region at Meiosis in Man -- Chromosome Behaviour at Female Meiosis in two Murine (Robertsonian) Trisomies -- Meiotic Chromosome Pairing in the Human Male. Experience from Surface Spread Synaptonemal Complexes -- The Oocyte Spindle and Predisposition to Aneuploidy in Mice -- Nucleolus Organiser -- The Molecular Organization of the Human Ribo-Somal Gene -- Nucleolus Organizer Regions and Nucleoli: Cytological Findings -- Relations Between Nucleoli and Nucleolus-Organizing Regions During the cell Cycle -- Nucleolar Organisers in Plants -- Immunocytochemical Localization of RNA Poly-Merase I in the Fibrillar Centers of Nucleoli -- Distribution of Rdna and of Its Transcription Sites in the Nucleolus of the Human Sertoli cell -- Association of Ribosomal Genes in the Human Oocyte At Meiotic Prophase. Cytogenetic Consequences.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400940918
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Science.
    Abstract: One Introduction -- 1 Wildlife conservation evaluation: attributes, criteria and values -- 2 Assessing representativeness -- 3 Ecological succession and the evaluation of non-climax communities -- Two Approaches in different geographical areas -- 4 Evaluation of tropical land for wildlife conservation potential -- 5 Evaluation methods in the United States -- 6 Selection of important areas for wildlife conservation in Great Britain: the Nature Conservancy Council’s approach -- 7 Wildlife conservation evaluation in the Netherlands: a controversial issue in a small country -- 8 Evaluation at the local scale: a region in Scotland -- Three Specific habitats and groups of organisms -- 9 Forest and woodland evaluation -- 10 Evaluating the wildlife of agricultural environments: an aid to conservation -- 11 Ornithological evaluation for wildlife conservation -- 12 Assessments using invertebrates: posing the problem -- Four General principles -- 13 Conservation evaluation in practice -- 14 Design of nature reserves -- References -- Author index.
    Abstract: In the mid 1970s two events led me to get to know the Yorkshire Dales better than I had previously. Since 1964 I had been to the Malham Tarn Field Centre with groups of students, first from the University of Edinburgh and then from the University of York, and my family very much enjoyed the summer days we spent amid this magnificent hill scenery. In 1976, the British Ecological Society and the National Trust jointly worked on a survey of the biological interest of the National Trust properties of the Kent, East Anglian and Yorkshire Regions. Malham Tarn itself, and the surrounding farms, formed one of the twenty properties of the Yorkshire Region. I spent the bank holiday, that commemorated the Queen's Silver Jubilee, at Malham, looking fairly closely at the National Trust's landholding there. Miss Sarah Priest, who also looked at the National Trust properties, and I produced a report in late 1977, attempting both to describe and to evaluate the nature resources of the National Trust in Yorkshire. In the following year, 1978, the Nature Conservancy Council wanted to survey the whole of the upland area that was known as the Malhaml Arncliffe SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest). A contract to look at such an exciting area, considering where boundaries should go, and looking to see if there were important areas of habitat that should be brought within the SSSI, was a superb practical antidote to an office in the University.
    Description / Table of Contents: One Introduction1 Wildlife conservation evaluation: attributes, criteria and values -- 2 Assessing representativeness -- 3 Ecological succession and the evaluation of non-climax communities -- Two Approaches in different geographical areas -- 4 Evaluation of tropical land for wildlife conservation potential -- 5 Evaluation methods in the United States -- 6 Selection of important areas for wildlife conservation in Great Britain: the Nature Conservancy Council’s approach -- 7 Wildlife conservation evaluation in the Netherlands: a controversial issue in a small country -- 8 Evaluation at the local scale: a region in Scotland -- Three Specific habitats and groups of organisms -- 9 Forest and woodland evaluation -- 10 Evaluating the wildlife of agricultural environments: an aid to conservation -- 11 Ornithological evaluation for wildlife conservation -- 12 Assessments using invertebrates: posing the problem -- Four General principles -- 13 Conservation evaluation in practice -- 14 Design of nature reserves -- References -- Author index.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400949485
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Science.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1. Origins -- 2. The Coffee Plant -- 3. Producing Countries -- 4. Agricultural Practices -- 5. Processing at Origin -- 6. Roasted Coffee -- 7. Soluble (Instant) Coffee -- 8. Decaffeination -- 9. Composition -- 10. Physiological Effects -- 11. Coffee Quality -- 12. Coffee Substitutes -- References -- 2 Water and Mineral Contents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water Content of Green Coffee -- 3. Water Content of Parchment Coffee -- 4. Water Content of Roasted Coffee -- 5. Water Content of Instant Coffee -- 6. Water Content of Coffee Extracts -- 7. Mineral Content of Green and Roasted Coffee -- 8. Mineral Content of Instant Coffee -- 9. Trace Elements in Coffees -- References -- 3 Carbohydrates -- 1. Carbohydrates of Green Coffee -- 2. Carbohydrates of Roasted Coffee -- 3. Carbohydrates of Coffee Brews, Extracts and Instant Coffee -- 4. Some Physical Properties of Coffee Carbohydrates -- 5. Determination of Carbohydrates -- References -- 4 Nitrogenous Components -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Alkaloids (Caffeine) -- 3. Trigonelline -- 4. Nicotinic Acid -- 5. Proteins and Free Amino Acids -- References -- 5 Chlorogenic Acids -- 1. Introduction and Brief History -- 2. Chlorogenic Acids Nomenclature -- 3. Chemical Synthesis -- 4. Physical Properties -- 5. Origin and Function -- 6. Chlorogenic Acids Extraction and Analysis -- 7. Chlorogenic Acids Content in Green Coffee Beans -- 8. Chlorogenic Acids Content of Roasted Beans and Soluble Powders -- 9. Organoleptic Properties -- References -- 6 Lipids -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Coffee Oil -- 3. Coffee Wax -- References -- 7 Volatile Components -- 1. Preamble -- 2. Methodology -- 2.5. Summary -- 3. The Nature of the Volatile Components of Coffee -- References -- 8 Carboxylic Acids -- 1. The Role of Acids in Infusions -- 2. The Acid Content of Green Coffee -- 3. The Acid Content of Roasted Coffee -- 4. The Acid Content of Dried Coffee Extracts (Instant Coffees) -- 5. Determination of Acids -- 6. The Origins of Acids Found in Coffee Infusions -- References.
    Abstract: The term 'coffee' comprises not only the consumable beverage obtained by extracting roasted coffee with hot water, but also a whole range of intermediate products starting from the freshly harvested coffee cherries. Green coffee beans are, however, the main item of international trade (believed second in importance only to oiI), for processing into roasted coffee, instant coffee and other coffee products, prepared for local consumers. The scientific and technical study of coffee in its entirety therefore involves a wide range of scientific disciplines and practical skills. It is evident that green coffee is a natural product of great compositional complexity, and this is even more true for coffee products deriving from the roasting of coffee. The present volume on the chemistry of coffee seeks to provide the re ader with a full and detailed synopsis of present knowledge on the chemical aspects of green, roasted and instant coffee, in a way which has not been attempted before, that is, within the confines of a single volume solely devoted to the subject. Each chapter is directed towards a separate generic group of constituents known to be present, ranging individually over carbohydrate, nitrogenous and lipid components, not forgetting the important aroma components of roasted coffee, nor the water present and its significance, together with groups of other important components.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction1. Origins -- 2. The Coffee Plant -- 3. Producing Countries -- 4. Agricultural Practices -- 5. Processing at Origin -- 6. Roasted Coffee -- 7. Soluble (Instant) Coffee -- 8. Decaffeination -- 9. Composition -- 10. Physiological Effects -- 11. Coffee Quality -- 12. Coffee Substitutes -- References -- 2 Water and Mineral Contents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water Content of Green Coffee -- 3. Water Content of Parchment Coffee -- 4. Water Content of Roasted Coffee -- 5. Water Content of Instant Coffee -- 6. Water Content of Coffee Extracts -- 7. Mineral Content of Green and Roasted Coffee -- 8. Mineral Content of Instant Coffee -- 9. Trace Elements in Coffees -- References -- 3 Carbohydrates -- 1. Carbohydrates of Green Coffee -- 2. Carbohydrates of Roasted Coffee -- 3. Carbohydrates of Coffee Brews, Extracts and Instant Coffee -- 4. Some Physical Properties of Coffee Carbohydrates -- 5. Determination of Carbohydrates -- References -- 4 Nitrogenous Components -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Alkaloids (Caffeine) -- 3. Trigonelline -- 4. Nicotinic Acid -- 5. Proteins and Free Amino Acids -- References -- 5 Chlorogenic Acids -- 1. Introduction and Brief History -- 2. Chlorogenic Acids Nomenclature -- 3. Chemical Synthesis -- 4. Physical Properties -- 5. Origin and Function -- 6. Chlorogenic Acids Extraction and Analysis -- 7. Chlorogenic Acids Content in Green Coffee Beans -- 8. Chlorogenic Acids Content of Roasted Beans and Soluble Powders -- 9. Organoleptic Properties -- References -- 6 Lipids -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Coffee Oil -- 3. Coffee Wax -- References -- 7 Volatile Components -- 1. Preamble -- 2. Methodology -- 2.5. Summary -- 3. The Nature of the Volatile Components of Coffee -- References -- 8 Carboxylic Acids -- 1. The Role of Acids in Infusions -- 2. The Acid Content of Green Coffee -- 3. The Acid Content of Roasted Coffee -- 4. The Acid Content of Dried Coffee Extracts (Instant Coffees) -- 5. Determination of Acids -- 6. The Origins of Acids Found in Coffee Infusions -- References.
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