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  • Online Resource  (3,702)
  • 2010-2014  (3,702)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (3,702)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How's Life in Your Region? : Measuring Regional and Local Well-being for Policy Making (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264211216
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Parallel Title: Print version How's Life in Your Region? : Measuring Regional and Local Well-being for Policy Making
    DDC: 303.4
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Abstract: How's life? The answer can depend on the region in which you live. Many factors that influence people's well-being are local issues, such as employment, access to health services, pollution and security. Policies that take into account regional differences beyond national averages can therefore have a greater impact on improving well-being for the country as a whole. This report presents the OECD analytical framework for measuring well-being at the regional level, as well as internationally comparable indicators on 9 well-being dimensions for 362 regions across 34 OECD countries. It also sets
    Description / Table of Contents: Foreword; Acknowledgements; Table of contents; Reader's guide; Acronyms and abbreviations; Executive summary; Chapter 1. A framework for measuring regional and local well-being; Introduction: Why measure well-being on a regional level?; A framework for measuring regional well-being; Measuring well-being where it is lived; Focus on results and outcome indicators; Multi-dimensionality of well-being; Regional disparities in well-being outcomes; The role of citizenship, governance and institutions in shaping well-being; Building synergies across well-being dimensions
    Description / Table of Contents: Dynamics of well-being and the resilience of regionsConclusion; Notes; Bibliography; Chapter 2. How to measure regional and local well-being; Introduction; A common set of well-being indicators for regions; The geography of well-being in OECD regions and cities; Accounting for interactions among well-being dimensions; The way forward in measuring well-being in regions and cities: The statistical agenda; Notes; Bibliography; Chapter 3. Using well-being measures to improve policy results in regions and cities; Introduction; What are regional well-being indicators used for?
    Description / Table of Contents: A multi-stakeholder process for implementing a regional well-being strategyTranslating well-being objectives into policy-relevant indicators; Selecting indicators; Identifying baselines and targets; Monitoring progress and evaluating the potential of different places; Fostering citizen engagement and communication; Conclusion: Guidelines for using regional well-being data to build stronger communities; Annex 3.A1 - Overview of regional well-being measurement initiatives in seven OECD case study regions; Bibliography; Chapter 4.Regional well-being in OECD countries; Australia; Austria; Belgium
    Description / Table of Contents: CanadaChile; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea; Mexico; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; United Kingdom; United States
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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    GBV
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How's Life in Your Region? : Measuring Regional and Local Well-being for Policy Making (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264217416
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (172 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm
    RVK:
    MS 1280
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: How's life? The answer can depend on the region in which you live. Many factors that influence people's well-being are local issues, such as employment, access to health services, pollution and security. Policies that take into account regional differences beyond national averages can therefore have a greater impact on improving well-being for the country as a whole. This report presents the OECD analytical framework for measuring well-being at the regional level, as well as internationally comparable indicators on 9 well-being dimensions for 362 regions across 34 OECD countries. It also sets out guidance for all levels of government in using well-being measures to better target policies at the specific needs of different communities. Drawing on a variety of practical experiences from OECD regions and cities, the report discusses methodological and political solutions for selecting regional well-being outcome indicators, monitoring the progress of regional well-being performance over time, and implementing a process of multi-stakeholder engagement to promote social change
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264217416-en
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Guide TALIS 2013 à l'intention des enseignants : Enquête internationale sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264216143
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Series Statement: TALIS
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A Teachers' Guide to TALIS 2013; Teaching and Learning International Survey
    DDC: 370
    Keywords: Education ; Electronic books
    Abstract: L’Enquête internationale sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage (TALIS) de l’OCDE est une enquête internationale à grande échelle portant sur les conditions de travail des enseignants et l’environnement d’apprentissage dans leurs établissements. Le Guide TALIS à l’intention des enseignants aide les enseignants et les chefs d’établissements à comprendre les résultats de l’enquête, tout en leur suggérant des possibilités de mesures pour améliorer l’enseignement et l’apprentissage au sein de leurs établissements.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264216143-fr
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Examens OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : Suisse 2013 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264196339
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews; Switzerland 2013
    DDC: 338.9
    Keywords: Development ; Switzerland ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Cette examen évalue les politiques et les programmes d’aide au développement de la Suisse pour les dernières cinq années. Il couvre dans leur globalité les activités de coopération pour le développement et d’aide humanitaire en les replaçant dans le système envisagé dans son entier.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264196339-fr
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Austria 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264300255
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD skills strategy diagnostic report
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Österreich ; Education ; Employment ; Austria ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills are central to Austria’s future prosperity and the well-being of its people. The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Austria identifies 14 skills challenges for Austria. The project and this report build on both the insights from workshops as well as latest international comparative analysis from OECD and national sources. The report provides cases illustrating how other countries have tackled similar challenges, which can be used as input to potential policy options on how to tackle these challenges. The challenges are described under each of the main pillars of the OECD Skills Strategy. The first 11 challenges refer to specific outcomes across the three pillars of developing, activating and using skills. The next three challenges refer to the “enabling” conditions which strengthen the overall skills system. Success in tackling these skills challenges will boost performance across the whole skills system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264300255-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis 2014 : Phase 2: Implementation of the Standard in Practice (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264217799
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis 2014
    DDC: 336.20091724
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; St. Kitts und Nevis ; Taxation ; Saint Kitts and Nevis
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264217799-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Making Economic Growth more Socially Inclusive in Germany (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1175
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: While past labour market reforms have been successful in terms of employment, the relative poverty risk and income inequality have remained broadly unchanged in recent years. Some social groups remain particularly vulnerable, including individuals in non-regular employment, the unemployed and the low skilled. If in employment, their jobs tend to be unstable and wages and income mobility low. Continued efforts are needed to foster economic growth in a more inclusive manner, such that the most vulnerable groups benefit from and contribute to economic growth more strongly and such that the gaps between the rich and the poor in terms of income and wellbeing are reduced. These efforts should include enhancing the labour market outcomes of the most vulnerable and increase upward income mobility among disadvantaged individuals; strengthening skills at the lower end of the skills distribution; revising the tax and benefit system to improve incentives and to ensure efficient and well-targeted redistribution; and to make health and old-age pension insurance more inclusive. This working paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Germany (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-germany.htm).
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrmdjk28kg-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Entrepreneurial Activities in Europe - Entrepreneurship for People with Disabilities (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Employment Policy Papers no.6
    Keywords: Employment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Disability impacts a large number of people – approximately 16 % of the working age population in the EU is afflicted with a long-standing health problem or disability (European Commission, 2007). And this number will grow as the population ages in industrialised countries due to the associated increased susceptibility to mental and physical disorders (Lutz et al., 2011; Pascarelli et al., 2001). Disabilities are extremely diverse and are not a fixed characteristic of individuals. Many disabilities are invisible to the eye yet popular stereotypes of disabled people as permanent wheelchair users or as blind from birth persist.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmkcxjq4-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Saint Lucia 2014 : Phase 2: Implementation of the Standard in Practice (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264217898
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Saint Lucia 2014
    DDC: 338.979843009047
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; St. Lucia ; Taxation ; Saint Lucia
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Saint Lucia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264217898-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Perspectives régionales de l'OCDE 2011 : Des régions résilientes pour des économies plus fortes (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264121126
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Regional Outlook 2011; Building Resilient Regions for Stronger Economies
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Fondée sur les données quantitatives et les éléments qualitatifs présentés dans l’édition 2011 du Panorama des régions de l’OCDE, l’analyse formulée dans les pages qui suivent révèle les limites, dans le contexte actuel, des politiques uniformes censées favoriser la croissance à l’échelle d’un pays entier. Elle postule qu’une démarche plus différenciée, tenant compte des spécificités des régions de l’OCDE, permettrait de mieux optimiser les synergies entre les différents pans de l’action publique et d’assurer une gestion aussi efficace que possible des investissements publics susceptibles de favoriser la croissance. Cette publication souligne le rôle central que les régions et les politiques régionales ont à jouer pour relancer l’emploi et permettre aux économies de l’OCDE de réaliser leur potentiel d’innovation. Elle analyse également la contribution respective des villes et des zones rurales à la lutte contre le changement climatique et à la transition des économies de l’OCDE vers une croissance verte.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264121126-fr
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La gouvernance des services de l'eau en Tunisie : Surmonter les défis de la participation du secteur privé (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264213807
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: tudes de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Water Governance in Tunisia; Overcoming the Challenges to Private Sector Participation
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Tunisia
    Abstract: Ce rapport analyse les principaux défis de gouvernance à la participation du secteur privé (PSP) au secteur des services de l’eau et de l’assainissement en Tunisie et suggère des recommandations de politiques publiques pour les surmonter, basées sur le corpus analytique et de bonnes pratiques de l’OCDE. Sur la base du diagnostic sur les défis de gouvernance (Chapitre 1), ce rapport identifie trois axes de réflexion et de recommandations principales (Chapitre 2) pour les autorités tunisiennes : i) comprendre la variété des modalités de PSP, leurs objectifs et conditions de succès ; ii) assurer la viabilité financière et la soutenabilité budgétaire de la PSP dans le secteur de l’eau en Tunisie ; et iii) améliorer les mécanismes de transparence et renforcer l’engagement des parties prenantes. Ce rapport comprend également un plan d’actions (Chapitre 3) assorti de mesures concrètes pour mettre en œuvre les recommandations proposées. Ce rapport s’inscrit dans le cadre du dialogue sur les politiques conduit conjointement par l’OCDE et le Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-Med) en Tunisie dans le cadre du projet labellisé par l’Union pour la Méditerranée (UpM) « Gouvernance et Financement du Secteur de l’Eau en Méditerranée », avec le soutien financier du fonds fiduciaire FEMIP de la Banque Européenne d’Investissement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264213807-fr
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Government at a Glance : Latin America and the Caribbean 2014: Towards Innovative Public Financial Management (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264209480
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Panorama de las Administraciones Públicas ; América Latina y el Caribe 2014; Innovación en la gestión financiera pública
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Latin American and Caribbean Government at a Glance offers a dashboard of more than 30 indicators to help decision makers and citizens analyze and benchmark government performance both within the LAC region and compared to the OECD countries. The publication focuses in four broad areas: budgeting practices; public sector pay and employment; public procurement and public finances. Furthermore, the policy chapter deepens in the budgetary and fiscal innovations which have taken place for the LAC region in the past years. Despite the fact that the LAC region has not been so badly affected by the recent Global and Financial crisis, the Latin American an Carribbean Government at a Glance argues that governments need to be more inclusive, transparent, receptive and efficient. For that, they need to improve among other budgetary, employment and procurement practices, as well as increase the transparency levels.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264209480-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Indicators of the Economic Burdens of Environmental Policy Design : Results from the OECD Questionnaire (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1178
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Environmental policies seek to address market failures related to the protection of the environment. However, they may also increase barriers to entry and distort competition. If stringent environmental policies can be designed in a way that minimises such economic burdens, they can facilitate the achievement of economic and environmental goals and a cleaner growth model. This paper reports evidence on selected competition-relevant aspects of environmental policy design from a cross-country questionnaire. Information on administrative burdens related to environmental licenses, differential treatment among incumbents and new entrants and the procedures to evaluate economic effects of environmental policies are summarised in a set of indicators of the Burden on the Economy due to Environmental Policies (BEEP). The indicators allow for a set of tentative conclusions. Firstly, the BEEP captures information on anti-competitive regulations absent from the OECD’s product market regulation indicators (PMR). Secondly, though it is not yet possible to evaluate the economic impact of anti-competitive aspects of environmental policies, it is likely they impact well beyond the sectors directly concerned, hampering productivity growth, as shown for other product market regulations. Finally, the burdens of environmental policies are not related to their actual stringency, indicating that ambitious environmental targets can be pursued in ways that are more (or less) friendly to competition.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrjnbnbm8v-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Eurostat-OECD Methodological Guide for Developing Producer Price Indices for Services : Second Edition (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264220676
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (450 p.)
    Edition: Second edition
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Europäische Kommission. Statistisches Amt Eurostat-OECD methodological guide for developing producer price indices for services
    Keywords: Erzeugerpreisindex ; Dienstleistungssektor ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; OECD ; Erzeugerpreis ; Preisindex ; Dienstleistungssektor
    Abstract: The International Producer Price Index Manual, Theory and Practice (PPI Manual) published by the IMF in 2004 consituted a landmark for international standards on price measurement and contains detailed, comprehensive information for the compilation of producer price indices as well as an extensive coverage of the conceptual and theoretical issues. This second edition of the Methodological Guide for Developing Producer Price Indices for Services (SPPI Guide) is a complement to the PPI Manual in two ways: it focuses on service-specific aspects in the PPI compilation by developing further the conceptual framework and it adds detailed descriptions of PPI measurement for a wide range of individual service industries. This second edition of the SPPI Guide has been jointly produced by the OECD, Eurostat, the members of a task Force with deleguates from 14 OECD/EU members countries (Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States)and in synergy with the Voorburg Group. Several countries contributed to the Guide by providing descriptions of service PPIs for individual industries, other countries were represented by national experts in at least one meeting of the Task Force.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264220676-en
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  • 15
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    Online Resource
    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Latvia 2014 : Phase 1: Legal and Regulatory Framework (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264210295
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Lettland ; Taxation ; Latvia
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 1 Global Forum Peer Review report for Latvia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264210295-en
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  • 16
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Malaysia 2014 : Phase 2: Implementation of the Standard in Practice (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264210004
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Malaysia ; Taxation ; Malaysia
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 2 Global Forum Peer Review report for Malaysia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264210004-en
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    A Teachers' Guide to TALIS 2013 : Teaching and Learning International Survey (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264216075
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: TALIS
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guide TALIS 2013 à l'intention des enseignants ; Enquête internationale sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This publication not only presents the main results of TALIS 2013, it also takes those findings and, backed by the research literature on education and the large body of OECD work on education, offers insights and advice to teachers and school leaders on how they can improve teaching and learning in their schools. It is both a guide through TALIS and a handbook for building excellence into teaching.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264216075-en
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  • 18
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: United Arab Emirates 2014 (Supplementary Report) : Phase 1: Legal and Regulatory Framework (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264728967
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Taxation ; United Arab Emirates
    Abstract: This publication contains the Supplementary Phase 1 Peer Review Report for the United Arab Emirates.
    DOI: 10.1787/7eac5306-en
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  • 19
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    Portugal: Deepening Structural Reform to Support Growth and Competitiveness (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264217270
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Portugal; Consolidação dareforma estrutural para o apoio ao crescimento e à competitividade
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Portugal: Consolidação dareforma estrutural para o apoio ao crescimento e à competitividade
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal
    Abstract: Having been hit hard by the global crisis, the Portuguese government has taken action to put its economy back on track, and to correct external and budgetary imbalances. Public finances have strengthened, and the current account deficit has closed on the back of gains in competitiveness and improvements in export performance. Portugal has also been able to reduce income inequality and relative poverty, a major accomplishment during a severe crisis with record levels of unemployment. As Portugal successfully exits the EU-IMF-ECB-supported programme and emerges from recession, it is more important than ever to build on these achievements. At the request of the Portuguese authorities, the OECD has carried out an assessment of the impact of the reforms implemented to date on the economy’s longer-term growth outlook. The analysis is based on OECD indicators of the restrictiveness of Product Market Regulation (PMR) and the strictness of Employment Protection Legislation (EPL). It updates the OECD report Portugal: Reforming the State to Promote Growth, published in 2013. According to the OECD’s Going for Growth exercise, Portugal is among the OECD countries with the best recent track record of responsiveness to structural reform recommendations. The reforms undertaken since 2009 to promote competition in product markets and enhance the dynamism of the labour market are expected to raise productivity and potential GDP by at least 3.5% by 2020.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264217270-en
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  • 20
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    Colombia: La implementación del buen gobierno (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264202351
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (514 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Estudios de la OCDE sobre Gobernanza Pública
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Colombia; Implementing Good Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Colombia: Implementing Good Governance
    Keywords: Governance ; Colombia
    Abstract: Colombia ha experimentado un cambio profundo durante la última década y ha tenido un progreso importante al poner en marcha su agenda de gobernanza con políticas orientadas a fortalecer sus instituciones para promover la sostenibilidad y el crecimiento incluyente en todas las regiones del país. El Estudio de la OCDE sobre Gobernanza Pública proporciona asesoría para ayudar a Colombia a afrontar de manera efectiva y eficiente sus retos de gobernanza a lo largo del tiempo. Aporta análisis y recomendaciones sobre cómo mejorar su capacidad para fijar, dirigir e implementar una estrategia nacional plurianual de desarrollo. El informe atiende la coordinación del gobierno central, la toma de decisiones basadas en evidencia, la gobernanza multinivel y las cuestiones relacionadas con una gestión estratégica del recurso humano del sector público integrado, el e-gobierno, y las compras públicas. En general, una agilidad estratégica en la conducción de una administración pública eficiente y efectiva que provea una política sólida a los ciudadanos y a las empresas con el apoyo de una mayor seguridad en el país, el crecimiento y la prosperidad, son clave para que el gobierno de Colombia pueda proporcionar políticas de tal forma que impulse el desarrollo de largo plazo del país, la cohesión, y la agenda de competitividad y prosperidad.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264202351-es
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  • 21
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    Essai n 487 : Essai in vitro de micronoyaux sur cellules de mammifères (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224445
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 487; In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Test No. 487: In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’essai micronoyau in vitro est un essai de génotoxicité pour la détection des micronoyaux dans le cytoplasme de cellules en interphase. Les micronoyaux peuvent provenir de fragments de chromosomes acentriques (c’est-à-dire sans centromère), ou de chromosomes entiers qui ne peuvent migrer vers les pôles pendant l’étape d’anaphase de la division cellulaire. L’essai détecte l’activité de substances d’essai clastogènes et aneugènes dans les cellules qui ont subi une division cellulaire au cours ou après l’exposition à une substance d’essai. Cette Ligne directrice prévoit l’utilisation de protocoles, avec et sans cytochalasine B (inhibiteur de polymérisation de l’actine). La cytochalasine B permet l’identification et l’analyse sélective de la fréquence des micronoyaux dans les cellules qui ont complété une mitose, ces cellules étant binucléées. La Ligne directrice permet l’utilisation de protocoles sans blocage de la cytokinèse à condition qu’il soit démontré que la population cellulaire a subi une mitose.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224445-fr
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  • 22
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    Essai n 238 : Essai de Toxicité sur Myriophyllum Spicatum dans un Système Sans Sédiment (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224148
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 238; Sediment-Free Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Test No. 238: Sediment-Free Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne Directrice vise à évaluer la toxicité des produits chimiques sur le développement des plantes aquatiques submergées Myriophyllum spicatum cultivées dans un milieu sans sédiment. Dans le milieu d’Andrew modifié les cultures de Myriophyllum spicatum sont exposées à au moins 5 concentrations différentes du produit chimique d’essai pendant 14 jours. On utilise minimum de 10 réplicats pour les témoins et 5 réplicats pour chaque solution d’essai. Les variables mesurées sont : la croissance de la longueur de la tige, des branches latérales et des racines, l’évolution du poids frais et sec, et l’augmentation du nombre de verticilles. On détermine le taux de croissance spécifique (r) et le rendement (y), qui sont ensuite utilisés pour obtenir la CxEr et la CxEy (x pouvant être par exemple 10, 20, 50). De plus, la concentration minimale avec effet observé (CMEO) et la concentration sans effet observé (CSEO) peuvent être déterminé par calcul statistique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224148-fr
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  • 23
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    Guidance Document on Regulatory Incentives for the Registration of Pesticide Minor Uses (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221710
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.63
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document provides guidance to national regulatory authorities in providing greater incentives to encourage applicants (manufacturers/registrants) to register agricultural pesticides (including both synthetically and naturally derived products) for minor uses.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221710-en
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  • 24
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    Water Based Washing Operations at Industrial and Institutional Laundries (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264220973
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (133 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.29
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals to be used in water washing machines at industrial and institutional laundries. The document presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to chemicals used in water washing machines in laundries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264220973-en
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  • 25
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    Income Inequality, Urban Size and Economic Growth in OECD Regions (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Working Papers no.2014/10
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Stadtwachstum ; Stadtgröße ; Regionales Wachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to understand how income inequality is associated with economic growth in OECD regions and whether the degree and type of urban concentration affects this relationship. Both income inequality and urban concentration can be seen as patterns of resource allocation that are particularly interlinked at the regional level. We combine household survey data and macroeconomic databases, covering a period ranging from 2004 to 2012 for comparable regions in 15 OECD countries. Econometric results show that, at least for the short period under consideration, there is a general negative association between inequalities and economic growth, especially since the start of the economic crisis. This relationship is sensitive to the type of urban structure. Higher inequalities seem to be more detrimental for growth in large cities, while regions characterised by small cities and rural areas are less affected.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmg88l8r-en
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  • 26
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    Greening Household Behaviour : Cross-domain Comparisons in Environmental Attitudes and Behaviours Using Spatial Effects (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.68
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Discussions of the importance of public attitudes in shaping policy often lack clear evidence on causal relations between stated attitudes and observed behaviours. The 2011 OECD Survey of over 12,000 households allows analysing households’ environmental attitudes and behaviours in five different domains (electricity, food, transport, waste and water). Using econometric analysis, we investigate the relationship between stated environmental attitudes and indicators of civic engagement, such as voting in local elections, charity membership and membership in environmental organisations...
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrclsj8z7b-en
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  • 27
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    Greening Household Behaviour and Food (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.75
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report focuses on households’ behaviour in relation to food consumption. It presents the results of follow-up econometric analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication OECD (2014). It studies expenditure and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for organic food and food labelled as taking animal welfare into account...
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrclntbvs0-en
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  • 28
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    Green Development Co-Operation in Zambia : An Overview (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Papers no.2014/03
    Keywords: Environment ; Zambia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Embracing green growth can secure strong, stable and sustainable development. Green growth recognises and integrates the value of natural capital into economic decision-making and development planning, which is critical to avoid natural capital depletion, the worst of climate change and social and national security risks (OECD, 2013). This is particularly true for developing countries, because of their dependence on natural assets and acute exposure and vulnerability to environmental risks, ranging from air, water and soil pollution, as well as natural resource scarcity and extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change. A green growth policy framework recognises and aims to address both micro- and macro-level pressures that countries face to grow their economies, while also managing environmental risks. In poorer developing countries, micro-level pressures may include lack of access to basic services such as shelter, fuel, water; while macro-level pressures are threats to stable livelihoods due to...
    DOI: 10.1787/5js6b25c2r5g-en
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  • 29
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    Greening Household Behaviour : Overview of Results from Econometric Analysis and Policy Implications (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.79
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Haushaltsstatistik ; Ökonometrie ; Australien ; Kanada ; Chile ; Frankreich ; Israel ; Japan ; Korea ; Niederlande ; Spanien ; Schweden ; Schweiz ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The second round of the OECD Survey on Environmental Policy for Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) was implemented in 2011. A publication providing an overview of the survey data from over 12 000 households in eleven countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) is available.1 Follow-up econometric analyses were conducted in each of the thematic areas covered (energy, food, transport, waste and water), as well as on cross-domain comparisons in environmental attitudes and behaviours.2 This report presents a synthesis of main results from econometric analysis using the data from the 2011 EPIC survey, as well as policy implications.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcllt1kq5-en
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  • 30
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    Countering Harmful Tax Practices More Effectively, Taking into Account Transparency and Substance (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264218970
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lutter plus efficacement contre les pratiques fiscales dommageables, en prenant en compte la transparence et la substance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Wirksamere Bekämpfung schädlicher Steuerpraktiken unter Berücksichtigung von Transparenz und Substanz
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Countering Harmful Tax Practices More Effectively, Taking into Account Transparency and Substance; (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Countering Harmful Tax Practices More Effectively, Taking into Account Transparency and Substance; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Countering Harmful Tax Practices More Effectively, Taking into Account Transparency and Substance: (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Countering Harmful Tax Practices More Effectively, Taking into Account Transparency and Substance: (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Lutter plus efficacement contre les pratiques fiscales dommageables, en prenant en compte la transparence et la substance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Wirksamere Bekämpfung schädlicher Steuerpraktiken unter Berücksichtigung von Transparenz und Substanz
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Countering harmful tax practices more effectively, taking into account transparency and substance
    Keywords: Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation
    Abstract: Preferential regimes continue to be a key pressure area in international taxation. The OECD’s 2013 BEPS report recognises that these need to be dealt with more effectively and the work of the Forum on Harmful Tax Practices (FHTP) needs to be refocused with an emphasis on substance and transparency. This is an interim report that sets out the progress made to date.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264218970-en
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    Accountability and Democratic Governance : Orientations and Principles for Development (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264183636
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Series Statement: DAC Guidelines and Reference Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Accountability and democratic governance
    DDC: 320.97301
    Keywords: Governance-Ansatz ; Governance ; Development
    Abstract: The ability of citizens to demand accountability and more open government is fundamental to good governance. There is growing recognition of the need for new approaches to the ways in which donors support accountability, but no broad agreement on what changed practice looks like. This publication aims to provide more clarity on the emerging practice. Based on four country studies Mali, Mozambique, Peru and Uganda, a survey of donor innovations and cutting-edge analysis in this field, and the findings of a series of special high-level international dialogues on how to best support accountability support to parliaments, political parties, elections and the media. The publication takes the view that a wholesale shift in behaviour is required by parts of the development assistance community - moving outside conventional comfort zones and changing reflexes towards new approaches to risk taking, analysis and programming around systems of accountability and ‘do no harm’ efforts in political engagement. This piece is aimed at a range of development practitioners, as well as a wider audience, including civil society actors and citizens around the world who interact with donors working on accountability support.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264183636-en
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    La gouvernance des régulateurs (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264222649
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Principes de bonne pratique de l’OCDE en matière de politique réglementaire
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Governance of Regulators
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: The Governance of Regulators
    RVK:
    QR 300
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Ce rapport vise à construire un cadre général pour les initiatives destinées à poursuivre l’amélioration des performances dans les systèmes réglementaires en relation avec les organismes ou autorités de réglementation nationaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264222649-fr
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  • 33
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    Modelling Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.70
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Agrarproduktion ; Anpassung ; Bewässerung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates how climate change can affect agricultural production and proposes some adaptation measures that could be undertaken to mitigate the negative effects of climate change while enhancing the positive ones. The paper stresses the importance of planned adaptation measures and highlights possible strategies for reducing risk and improving resilience. To quantify the possible effects of climate change and the effects of adaptation measures this study uses the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT). The analysis first explores the potential effects of climate change on yields and prices. It then goes on to analyse the potential impacts of two distinctive sets of adaptation strategies on yields, prices, and food security, namely: i) research and development (to develop new crop varieties that are better suited to changed climate conditions) and ii) changes in irrigation technology. Last, the analysis in this paper estimates the public and private investment needs in research and development (R&D) for developing new crop varieties, and further develops estimates of the cost of improving irrigation technologies in OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en
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    Insecticides, Acaricides and Products to Control Other Arthropods for Household and Professional Uses (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221123
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.18
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information to be used for risk assessment for active substances and products used as biocidal (i.e. non agricultural) insecticides, acaricides and products to control other arthropods (in the EU, product type 18 [PT18] c).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221123-en
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  • 35
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    OECD Guidance to the Environmental Safety Evaluation of Microbial Biocontrol Agents (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221659
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.67
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document dealing with biological pesticides provides guidance to both industry and regulatory authorities, in the context of applications for the approval of microbial biological control agents (mBCAs), and for the registration of microbial biological control products (mBCPs).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221659-en
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    OECD Issue Paper on Microbial Contaminants Limits for Microbial Pest Control Products (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221642
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.65
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document examines the establishment of acceptable limits of microbiological contamination in microbial pest control products.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221642-en
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  • 37
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    Test No. 431: In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Reconstructed Human Epidermis (Rhe) Test Method (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224193
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 431 ; Corrosion Cutanée In Vitro ; Essai sur Modèle de Peau Humaine
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Essai n 431: Corrosion Cutanée In Vitro ; Essai sur Modèle de Peau Humaine
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The present Test Guideline addresses the human health hazard endpoint skin corrosion, following exposure to a test chemical. Skin corrosion is defined as the production of irreversible tissue damage, manifested as visible necrosis of the skin, according to the definition of the Globally Harmonised System for Classification and Labeling of Chemicals. This Test Guideline describes an in vitro procedure allowing the identification of non-corrosive and corrosive substances and mixtures, based on three-dimensional human skin model which reliably reproduces histological, morphological, biochemical, and physiological properties of the upper layers of human skin, including a functional stratum corneum. The procedure on reconstituted human epidermis is based on the principle that corrosive chemicals are able to penetrate the stratum corneum by diffusion or erosion, and are cytotoxic to the underlying cell layers. Two tissue replicates are used for each treatment (or exposure time), and for controls. Corrosive materials are identified by their ability to produce a decrease in cell viability below defined threshold levels at specified exposure time. Cell viability is measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT into a blue formazan salt that is quantitatively measured after extraction from tissues. Corrosive substances are evidenced by their capacity to reduce cell viability below the defined threshold. Several validated methods are referenced in the Test Guideline and follow the procedure described above. Some of the methods referenced allow sub-categorisation among corrosive chemicals. This Test Guideline also includes a set of Performance Standards (PS) for the assessment of similar and modified TER-based test methods.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224193-en
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  • 38
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    Social Media Use by Governments : A Policy Primer to Discuss Trends, Identify Policy Opportunities and Guide Decision Makers (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Public Governance no.26
    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; Social Web ; Welt ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper takes a comparative snapshot of social media use in and by OECD governments. The focus is on government institutions, as opposed to personalities, and how they manage to capture the opportunities of new social media platforms to deliver better public services and to create more open policy processes. The analysis is based on a large amount of empirical data, including a survey of OECD governments on policies and objectives in this area. Major challenges are discussed, notably those related to the uncertainty of institutions on how to best leverage social media beyond “corporate” communications. The paper proposes tools to guide decision makers: a checklist of issues to be considered by government institutions, a set of potential indicators to appraise impacts, and a range of options for more in-depth policy analysis.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmghmk0s-en
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  • 39
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    Food Waste Along the Food Chain (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.71
    Keywords: Lebensmittel ; Lieferkette ; Abfallvermeidung ; Kommunale Abfallwirtschaft ; Öffentlichkeitsarbeit ; Datenerhebung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Reducing food losses and food waste is attracting growing public attention at the international, regional, and national levels, and is widely acknowledged to contribute to abating interlinked sustainability challenges such as food security, climate change, and water shortage. However, the pattern and scale of food waste throughout the supply chain remains poorly understood, despite growing media coverage and public concerns in recent years. This paper takes stock of available data on food waste and explores policies related to food waste in OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmftzj36-en
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  • 40
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    Quel avantage salarial le niveau de formation procure-t-il ? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.27
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. What Are the Earnings Advantages from Education?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: What Are the Earnings Advantages from Education?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’augmentation du nombre de diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire ne semble pas avoir entraîné de phénomène d’« inflation » susceptible d’éroder la valeur de ce diplôme sur le marché du travail. Toutefois, les diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire bénéficient de l’avantage le plus élevé en termes de revenus du travail relatifs lorsqu’ils vivent dans un pays où les diplômés de ce niveau d’enseignement sont peu nombreux. En moyenne, par comparaison avec les revenus du travail des adultes diplômés du deuxième cycle du secondaire, les adultes diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire gagnent environ 1.6 fois plus, tandis que les adultes dont le niveau de formation est inférieur au deuxième cycle du secondaire gagnent 24 % de moins. L’élévation du niveau de formation et du niveau de compétence en littératie entraîne une augmentation des revenus ; toutefois, cet avantage est plus marqué pour les hommes que pour les femmes, et semble s’accroître avec l’âge. La crise a creusé les écarts de revenus entre les moins instruits et les plus instruits : dans les pays de l’OCDE, la différence moyenne de revenus du travail entre ces deux groupes est passée de 75 points de pourcentage en 2008 à 79 points de pourcentage en 2012. Les diplômes sont plus reconnus que les compétences : l’élévation du niveau de formation a un impact positif plus fort sur les revenus du travail que l’élévation du niveau de compétence en littératie.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcljnrzr2-fr
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  • 41
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    Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.163
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In most OECD countries, the gap between rich and poor is at its highest level since 30 years. Today, the richest 10 per cent of the population in the OECD area earn 9.5 times the income of the poorest 10 per cent; in the 1980s this ratio stood at 7:1 and has been rising continuously ever since. However, the rise in overall income inequality is not (only) about surging top income shares: often, incomes at the bottom grew much slower during the prosperous years and fell during downturns, putting relative (and in some countries, absolute) income poverty on the radar of policy concerns. This paper explores whether such developments may have an impact on economic performance. Drawing on harmonised data covering the OECD countries over the past 30 years, the econometric analysis suggests that income inequality has a negative and statistically significant impact on subsequent growth. In particular, what matters most is the gap between low income households and the rest of the population. In contrast, no evidence is found that those with high incomes pulling away from the rest of the population harms growth. The paper also evaluates the “human capital accumulation theory” finding evidence for human capital as a channel through which inequality may affect growth. Analysis based on micro data from the Adult Skills Survey (PIAAC) shows that increased income disparities depress skills development among individuals with poorer parental education background, both in terms of the quantity of education attained (e.g. years of schooling), and in terms of its quality (i.e. skill proficiency). Educational outcomes of individuals from richer backgrounds, however, are not affected by inequality. It follows that policies to reduce income inequalities should not only be pursued to improve social outcomes but also to sustain long-term growth. Redistribution policies via taxes and transfers are a key tool to ensure the benefits of growth are more broadly distributed and the results suggest they need not be expected to undermine growth. But it is also important to promote equality of opportunity in access to and quality of education. This implies a focus on families with children and youths – as this is when decisions about human capital accumulation are made -- promoting employment for disadvantaged groups through active labour market policies, childcare supports and in-work benefits.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en
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  • 42
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    Entrepreneurial Activities in Europe - Finance for Inclusive Entrepreneurship (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Employment Policy Papers no.5
    Keywords: Employment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: More than one-third of the European Union’s adult population would rather be self-employed than an employee if given the chance to choose, according to the 2012 Flash Eurobarometer survey. At the same time, there is a large entrepreneurial potential in social groups that are either disadvantaged in the labour market (e.g. youth, migrants, and the low-skilled) or underrepresented in the entrepreneurial population (e.g. women and seniors). Inclusive entrepreneurship policies aim to give the opportunity for people from these groups to start-up in business and self-employment both for economic reasons and to support the goal of social inclusion.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmkgkzzs-en
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  • 43
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    Does Homework Perpetuate Inequities in Education? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.46
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les devoirs entretiennent-ils les inégalités en matière d'éducation ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Les devoirs entretiennent-ils les inégalités en matière d'éducation ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: While most 15-year-old students spend part of their after-school time doing homework, the amount of time they spend on it shrank between 2003 and 2012. Socio-economically advantaged students and students who attend socio-economically advantaged schools tend to spend more time doing homework. While the amount of homework assigned is associated with mathematics performance among students and schools, other factors are more important in determining the performance of school systems as a whole.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrhqhtx2xt-en
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  • 44
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    Greening Household Behaviour and Transport (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.77
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on personal transport choices. It presents the results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) survey where econometric techniques are applied. The report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication OECD (2014). The objective of the analysis is to understand the determinants of household choices in the following areas: the use of alternative modes of transportation car ownership, willingness-to-pay for an electric vehicles and the relative importance of environmental factors when buying a car. The results indicate that the choice of non-motorized modes of transportation is strongly correlated with the proximity of the destination and that attitudinal variables play only a minor role. The same is true for the use of public transport. Households that say that they trust information about environmental impact of products, are better educated about impact of private transport and are in favour of government actions to reduce CO2, tend to have a higher willingness to pay for electric vehicles.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrclmd0gjb-en
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  • 45
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    L' élaboration d'un instrument multilatéral pour modifier les conventions fiscales bilatérales (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264222021
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: Projet OCDE/G20 sur l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ausarbeitung eines multilateralen Instruments zur Modifikation bilateraler Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties; (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Ausarbeitung eines multilateralen Instruments zur Modifikation bilateraler Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties: (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties: (Korean version)
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Ce rapport identifie les questions que soulève l’élaboration d’un instrument multilatéral pour modifier les conventions fiscales bilatérales. Faute d’un mécanisme de mise en application immédiate, les modifications apportées aux modèles de conventions fiscales ne font que creuser l’écart entre le contenu de ces modèles et celui des conventions fiscales en vigueur. Il est nécessaire de mettre au point un mécanisme d’application rapide, non seulement pour combattre l’érosion de la base d’imposition et le transfert de bénéfices, mais également pour assurer la pérennité d’un cadre, fruit d’un consensus, permettant d’éliminer la double imposition. Une telle démarche est sans précédent dans le domaine de la fiscalité, mais il existe des exemples d’instruments multilatéraux permettant de modifier des conventions bilatérales dans d’autres secteurs du droit public international. Grâce aux connaissances de spécialistes du droit public international et de la fiscalité, le rapport conclut qu’il est souhaitable et réaliste d’élaborer un instrument multilatéral et que des négociations portant sur cet instrument devraient être engagées rapidement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264222021-fr
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  • 46
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    Shifting Responsibilities - 20 Years of Education Devolution in Sweden : A Governing Complex Education Systems Case Study (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.104
    Keywords: Education ; Sweden
    Abstract: This case study examines the consequences of important education decentralisation reforms that took place in Sweden in the early 1990s. The sudden shift away from a traditionally centralised education system towards a decentralised one meant that municipalities had to quickly accommodate new responsibilities. Difficulties related to this shift were noticed early on and then confirmed by international surveys, in particular PISA, which revealed that student performance was deteriorating while the gap increased between and top- and bottom-performers. Key elements to this include the fact that decentralisation took place without enough support from the central authorities, municipalities (particularly smaller ones) lacked local capacity to manage their new responsibilities, and as a result the reform has resulted in a mismatch between official responsibilities and the actual powers of the various stakeholders. The central government, steering education at arm’s length, has few tools to incentivise compliance with national goals. At the municipal level, financial resources are often allocated based on tradition and local politics rather than actual needs. This is in part due to misuse of available data and of expert knowledge by decision-makers. The case study also provides a series of recommendations for improvement.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2jg1rqrd7-en
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  • 47
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    Équité de l'affectation des ressources : Quels liens avec la performance des élèves ? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.44
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How is Equity in Resource Allocation Related to Student Performance?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: La façon dont les ressources pédagogiques sont affectées compte autant que la quantité des ressources disponibles. Dans les pays et économies très performants, l’affectation des ressources tend à être plus équitable entre les établissements favorisés et les établissements défavorisés sur le plan socio-économique. Parmi les pays et économies où les établissements sont mieux dotés en termes de ressources – selon les chefs d’établissement, l’équité de l’affectation des ressources n’est pas liée à la qualité globale de ces dernières.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvhcn4tbg8-fr
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  • 48
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    Trouver des solutions créatives : Quelles sont les compétences des jeunes de 15 ans en résolution de problèmes ? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.38
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Are 15-Year-Olds Creative Problem-solvers?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Pour réussir la première évaluation PISA des compétences créatives en résolution de problèmes, les élèves doivent se montrer ouverts à la nouveauté, accepter le doute et l’incertitude, et oser utiliser leur intuition pour amorcer une solution. Le simple fait qu’un élève obtienne de bons résultats dans les matières scolaires fondamentales ne garantit pas sa bonne performance en résolution de problèmes. En Australie, au Brésil, en Corée, aux États-Unis, en Italie, au Japon, à Macao (Chine), en Angleterre (Royaume Uni) et en Serbie, les élèves affichent un niveau de compétence en résolution de problèmes significativement plus élevé, en moyenne, que celui des élèves d’autres pays dont la performance en compréhension de l’écrit, en mathématiques et en sciences est similaire. Parmi les participants du PISA les plus performants en résolution de problèmes figurent de nombreux pays et économies d’Asie, où les élèves font preuve d’un niveau élevé de compétences de raisonnement et de capacités d’apprentissage autodirigé. D’un autre côté, par comparaison avec des élèves présentant un niveau similaire de performance globale, les élèves du Brésil, de Corée, des Etats Unis et d’Irlande obtiennent les meilleurs résultats en résolution de problèmes interactifs, qui demandent aux élèves d’explorer la situation du problème afin de trouver des informations pertinentes et d’adapter leur stratégie en fonction des informations qu’ils découvrent à mesure qu’ils avancent dans la résolution.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz6zgzmkbhj-fr
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  • 49
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    Taking Stock of the UNFCCC Process and its Inter-linkages (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/04
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Governments are currently negotiating the elements of a new climate change agreement to be adopted at the forthcoming COP 21 conference in Paris in 2015. The aim of this paper is to take stock of existing UNFCCC institutions and arrangements and the inter-linkages between them in the areas of mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage, means of implementation, and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), with a view to informing discussions on the possible elements of a 2015 agreement. A pragmatic agreement would focus on using existing institutions and arrangements more effectively, before creating new ones. Some institutions and arrangements have been established only recently, and time is needed before their effectiveness can be fairly assessed.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qf553zf8-en
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  • 50
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    Shipping Emissions in Ports (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/20
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Shipping could – in one way - be considered a relatively clean transport mode. This is particularly the case if one takes the angle of emissions per tonne-kilometre. Typical ranges of CO2 efficiencies of ships are between 0 and 60 grams per tonne-kilometre, this range is 20-120 for rail transport and 80-180 for road transport (IMO 2009). There is considerable variety between vessel types and CO2 efficiency generally increases with vessel size; e.g. CO2 emissions per tonne-km (in grams per year) for a container feeder ship (with capacity up to 500 TEU) were 31.6, three times higher than the emissions for Post Panamax container ships, with a capacity larger than 4,400 TEU (Psaraftis and Kontovas, 2008). This difference is even larger for dry bulk ships, with a difference of more than a factor 10 between the smallest vessels (up to 5000 dwt) and capsize vessels (〉 120,000 dwt).
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw1ktc83r1-en
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  • 51
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    Réussite : les élèves sont-ils motivés ? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.37
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Do Students Have the Drive to Succeed?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Lorsque les élèves pensent que les efforts qu’ils fournissent pour apprendre peuvent faire la différence, ils obtiennent des résultats significativement plus élevés en mathématiques. Le fait que dans la plupart des pays, d’importants pourcentages d’élèves pensent que la réussite scolaire est principalement le fruit d’un travail assidu, plutôt que de capacités intellectuelles héréditaires, laisse penser que l’éducation et son contexte social peuvent jouer un rôle déterminant dans la transmission de valeurs qui encouragent la réussite. L’utilisation par les enseignants de stratégies d’activation cognitive, telles que le fait de donner aux élèves des problèmes qui nécessitent une longue réflexion de leur part ou des problèmes pour lesquels la méthode de résolution n’apparaît pas immédiatement, et d’aider les élèves à apprendre de leurs erreurs, est en corrélation avec l’engagement des élèves. Les élèves auxquels les enseignants fixent des objectifs clairs d’apprentissage et apportent un retour d’information sur leur performance en mathématiques tendent également à faire part d’un niveau plus élevé de persévérance et d’ouverture à l’égard de la résolution de problèmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz72pjp1tbv-fr
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  • 52
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    Appraising Transformational Projects : The Case of the Grand Paris Express (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.3
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’évaluation des projets transformationnels : Le cas du Grand Paris Express
    Keywords: Transport ; France
    Abstract: This paper starts from the premise that the scope of the appraisal of transport projects should depend upon the presence (or absence) of various forms of market failure. It reviews the purposes and processes of transport appraisal before setting out a typology of market failures. Then it examines what distinguishes marginal, non-marginal and transformational projects in appraisal terms and what special challenges are created by transformational projects. The report then considers the methods available for the appraisal of such projects and the challenges faced.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlwvzhlj935-en
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  • 53
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    Valuing Convenience in Public Transport : Roundtable Summary and Conclusions (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/02
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The experience of transport systems users, in terms of comfort, reliability, safety and above all convenience, is critical in determining demand for transport services, at least when there is a choice of alternative ways to travel. Convenience is one of the strongest attractions of the private car for passenger transport. For users of public transport, convenience is also clearly important but not always clearly defined and not often measured in designing transport systems or monitoring their operating performance. In many situations, an increase in public transport convenience reduces the unit costs of travel (euros/dollars per hour or cents per minute) and so provides benefits equivalent to an increase in travel speed. This report focuses on convenience and its importance to the user experience. It reviews operational definitions of convenience, evidence for the willingness of users to pay for convenience and the use of indicators to assess and improve the convenience of public transport, with a view to making it more effective and more competitive.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz40rk8h2f0-en
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  • 54
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    Kosovo assessment report 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: SIGMA Country Assessment Reports no.2014/08
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Each year SIGMA produces assessment reports as a contribution to the EC's annual reports on EU candidate countries and potential candidates, as well as to its programming of technical assistance. These reports assess progress made in public administration reform by our beneficiary countries. The report for Kosovo* analyses and takes stock of progress achieved by this country in 2014, with an aim to also provide inputs into its reform agenda. It focuses on legal framework and civil service management. *This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm0xw43398n-en
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    TPICS TIGER and US Experience : A Focus on Case-based Ex-post Economic Impact Assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/11
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of research recently conducted by the authors on ex-post analysis focused on the long-term economic impacts of transportation system investments in the United States (US). For a variety of reasons, the US has had a tradition of making transport investments to address economic development goals and applying ex-post analysis to assess achievement of economic development impacts. These past studies are reviewed, as are some of the deficiencies and suggested improvements in methods for ex-post analysis. The paper also reviews methods to refine ex-post analysis of economic development in the US via the Transportation Impact Project Case Studies (TPICS) system developed as a national database of land and economic development impact studies. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations for broader distribution and support for the tools and methods developed in TPICS, and an assessment of the challenges facing wider adoption and application of the ex-post analysis in the US context. Specific adoption and implementation issues and opportunities are addressed in the context of the US Department of Transportation’s TIGER (Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery) discretionary grant program.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw2z2fqgf1-en
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  • 56
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    Evaluating Measurement Invariance of TALIS 2013 Complex Scales : Comparison between Continuous and Categorical Multiple-Group Confirmatory Factor Analyses (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.103
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper evaluates measurement invariance of complex scales from a social survey using both a continuous approach and a categorical approach to help inform future decisions in choosing the most appropriate methods to perform the validation of complex scales. In particular, continuous and categorical approaches are compared for constructing and validating 11 complex scales across 23 countries participating in the first round of the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS). Two invariance testing approaches were compared – 1) continuous multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis; 2) categorical multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis. Latent variable modelling was employed to account for the complex structure of the relationships between many items in each scale. The performance of the models is reported and illustrated based on the evaluation of the level of measurement invariance. All of the scales established configural and metric levels of invariance from both approaches, and three scales established scalar invariance from the categorical approach, allowing for a meaningful mean score comparison across countries. Limitations of the models compared in this study and future considerations for construction and validation of scaling complex scales are discussed.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2kbbvlb7k-en
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  • 57
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    Valuation and Assessment of Immovable Property (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.19
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: This paper addresses the following questions about immovable property taxation in OECD and partner countries: What is valued? How is it valued? And who values? It draws on published information and data on property tax policy and administration in 172 countries. It focuses on value-based taxes and the features of mass valuation systems. Main system options (such as whether taxes are based on annual rental values or capital values as reflected by sales prices) are described and briefly evaluated. It notes that valuation practices frequently ignore revaluation requirements; it identifies four areas for improving valuation performance based on the experiences of leading systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5pzvr28hk-en
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  • 58
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    2014 EU Directives - Public Sector and Utilities Procurement (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: SIGMA Public Procurement Briefs no.30
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This Public Procurement Brief presents two new EU public procurement Directives (2014/24/EU and 2014/25/EU) on procurement by public and utilities sectors. The Directives are part of a recently adopted EU legislative package reforming the EU public procurement rules. The Brief provides an overview of the new regulations, focusing on the following issues: general principles and scope, exclusions, procedures, centralised purchasing activities, technical specifications, transparency obligations, selection of candidates and contract award criteria, subcontracting and modification and termination of contracts. The Brief is just a short introduction – it is not intended to provide an exhaustive analysis of all of the provisions of the Directives.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js4vmngsbvk-en
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  • 59
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    Do Parents' Occupations Have an Impact on Student Performance? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.36
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La profession des parents a-t-elle un impact sur la performance des élèves ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Students whose parents work in professional occupations generally outperform other students in mathematics, while students whose parents work in elementary occupations tend to underachieve compared to their peers. The strength of the relationship between parents’ occupations and student performance varies considerably across countries: for example, when it comes to mathematics performance, the children of cleaners in Shanghai-China outperform the children of professionals in the United States, and the children of professionals in Germany outperform the children of professionals in Finland, on average. Finland and Japan achieve high levels of performance by ensuring that the children of parents who work in elementary occupations are given the same education opportunities and the same encouragement as the children of professionals.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8mr7kp026-en
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  • 60
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    Public Private Partnerships for Transport Infrastructure : Renegotiations, How to Approach Them and Economic Outcomes (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/25
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The use of public private partnerships (PPPs) for investment in transport infrastructure has a long history, spreading rapidly in Latin America in the 1980s and in the 1990s in the UK. There are many forms of PPP, ranging from the project finance type (e.g. Design, Build, Finance, Maintain, Operate (DBFMO) contracts) to concessions with economic regulation, with the line between partnership and outright privatisation somewhat blurred. PPPs sought to bring efficiency incentives from private sector management into network industries (power transmission, water supply, road and rail infrastructure provision) that bear the hallmarks of natural monopoly and were traditionally managed by the state in many places.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw1kn72gs0-en
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    Causal Influence for Ex-post Evaluation of Transport Interventions (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/13
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper reviews methods that seek to draw causal inference from non-experimental data and shows how they can be applied to undertake ex-post evaluation of transport interventions. In particular, the paper discusses the underlying principles of techniques for treatment effect estimation with non-randomly assigned treatments. The aim of these techniques is to quantify changes that have occurred due to explicit intervention (or ‘treatment’). The paper argues that transport interventions are typically characterized by non-random assignment and that the key issues for successful ex-post evaluation involve identifying and adjusting for confounding factors. In contrast to conventional approaches for ex-ante appraisal, a major advantage of the statistical causal methods is that they can be applied without making strong a-priori theoretical assumptions. The paper provides empirical examples of the use of causal techniques to evaluate road network capacity expansions in US cities and High Speed Rail investments in Spain.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw2z02frjk-en
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  • 62
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    Quel est l'impact de la crise économique sur les dépenses publiques d'éducation ? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.18
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe What is the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Public Education Spending?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Au lendemain de la crise financière de 2008, un nombre significatif de pays ont réduit leurs dépenses publiques d’éducation. Malgré l’augmentation du PIB dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE entre 2009 et 2010, les dépenses publiques au titre des établissements d’enseignement ont chuté dans un tiers d’entre eux. Entre 2009 et 2011, les salaires des enseignants ont été soit gelés, soit réduits dans 12 des 25 pays de l’OCDE qui disposent de données, ce qui pourrait avoir pour effet de décourager les étudiants très performants qui souhaitaient embrasser cette carrière. La demande d’enseignement et de formation est en constante augmentation alors même que les mesures d’austérité font pression sur les ressources allouées à l’éducation. Dans les années à venir, les établissements d’enseignement devront obtenir davantage de résultats, mais avec des moyens plus restreints.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8ssmrbbhb-fr
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  • 63
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    L’évaluation des projets transformationnels : Le cas du Grand Paris Express (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Appraising Transformational Projects: The Case of the Grand Paris Express
    Keywords: Transport ; France
    Abstract: Une évaluation économique correctement menée peut montrer au décideur publique si un investissement dans un projet est un bon usage de ressources et contribuer à la décision d’approuver, reporter ou rejeter le projet. Les fondements micro-économiques d’équilibre partiel de l’analyse coûts-bénéfices sont cependant mis en question par des projets tels que le Grand Paris Express, un projet qui doit transformer le niveau de développement économique de l’aire qu’il desservira. Un tel projet pose de multiples défis en termes de modélisation, prévisions et évaluation, notamment la décision contrefactuelle de faire autre chose et en ce qui concerne la représentation du système économique à l’intérieur duquel la population, l’emploi et les revenus dépendent de la réalisation ou non du projet. Il faut décrypter les implications concrètes de concepts tels que les bénéfices économiques d’agglomération afin de prévoir les réactions de secteurs dont les réponses à des changements d’accessibilité sont des facteurs déterminants des résultats de l’investissement dans ce projet. L’objet de ce rapport est d’examiner la conduite d’une évaluation dans un contexte qui pose un réel défi. Ce rapport fait partie de la série des Analyses de politiques spécifiques du Forum International des Transports (FIT). Ce sont des études sur des thèmes d’actualité du domaine de la politique des transports menées par le FIT à la requête d’un pays
    DOI: 10.1787/643edb4b-fr
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  • 64
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    Comparison of PIAAC and PISA Frameworks for Numeracy and Mathematical Literacy (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.102
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper describes key aspects of the frameworks for the assessment of adult numeracy and mathematical literacy in PIAAC and PISA, which are OECD two flagship programs for international comparative assessment of competencies. The paper examines commonalities and differences in how the constructs of adult numeracy and mathematical literacy were assessed in PIAAC and PISA, and sketches selected challenges associated with interpretation of results from these surveys.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz3wl63cs6f-en
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  • 65
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    Time Efficiency at World Container Ports (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/08
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The ability of ports to ensure efficient cargo transfers is one central dimension of their overall function as transport nodes. Before containerization, such as in the late nineteenth century, large seaports were already competing in their attempt providing fast transit between sea and land, in a context of growing global trades (Marnot, 2012). Such aspects are even more crucial nowadays when the port can be considered as only one element of value-driven supply chains (Robinson, 2002) or as a set of independent terminals operated by global actors (Olivier and Slack, 2006). While port efficiency as a whole may be understood from various perspectives, its influence on trade facilitation (Clark et al., 2004) and regional development (Haddad et al., 2010) has been well underlined. Ways to measure port efficiency and performance are very diverse, but the time factor has been so far largely left aside, especially in international comparative studies of ports. More frequent are case studies of specific aspects such as fast-ship services (De Langen, 1999), broader approaches such as the global synchronization of transport terminals in a context of space/time collapse (Rodrigue, 1999), or operations research about queuing models of vessels in relation to port entrance channels and berth allocation and productivity.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw2z46t56l-en
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  • 66
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    Combien de temps les élèves du primaire et du premier cycle du secondaire passent-ils en classe ? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.22
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How Much Time Do Primary and Lower Secondary Students Spend in the Classroom?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Dans les pays de l’OCDE, les élèves sont censés suivre un total de 7 751 heures d’instruction, en moyenne, durant leur scolarité dans le primaire et le premier cycle du secondaire ; la majeure partie de ce temps d’instruction est obligatoire. En règle générale, le nombre annuel d’heures d’instruction augmente avec le niveau d’enseignement. La lecture, les mathématiques et les sciences représentent environ 50 % du temps d’instruction obligatoire dans le primaire, contre seulement 40 % dans le premier cycle du secondaire. La forte variation du temps d’instruction entre les pays de l’OCDE laisse penser qu’on est loin d’avoir trouvé un consensus concernant les politiques les plus efficaces en matière de temps scolaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44fngj6vk-fr
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    The Role of the 2015 Agreement in Mobilising Climate Finance (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/07
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Shifting public and private investment from “brown” to “green” is an essential part of climate change. The post-2020 climate agreement to be agreed at COP 21 in December 2015 has the potential to play a significant role in signalling the importance of such a shift. This paper explores how the 2015 agreement could spur further mobilisation of climate finance by examining the current state of play regarding existing financing environments and mechanisms. These include examining the existing international institutional arrangements under the UNFCCC to see how balanced financing, co-ordination, streamlining and complementarity between institutions could be achieved. The paper also highlights the key role that in-country enabling environments can play in further mobilising public and private climate finance, and discusses how the 2015 agreement could enhance both “pull” and “push” factors for mobilisation. In addition, the paper also discusses how the agreement could facilitate the broad use of a spectrum of financial instruments and the further development of an enhanced system for measurement, reporting and verification of climate finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js03h9ztlbr-en
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  • 68
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    Albania Priorities Report 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: SIGMA Country Assessment Reports no.2014/13
    Keywords: Governance ; Albania
    Abstract: As a continuation of the 2014 SIGMA assessments and as part of a longer-term programme of work, SIGMA has identified country priorities for public administration reform (PAR) for Albania. Priorities cover the overall PAR needs of the country, including areas which were not covered by the 2014 SIGMA assessments. Priorities in areas outside the scope of SIGMA assessments are based on other analytical sources and SIGMA’s practical experience of working with the country. SIGMA proposes priority 2020 targets for the countries, sub-targets when needed, and sequenced priority activities in 1-2, 3-5 and 5+ year time perspectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm0xw4zzfvh-en
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  • 69
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    Renegotiations in Public-Private Partnerships: Theory and Evidence (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/17
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have the potential to increase efficiency and improve resource allocation. However, contract renegotiations are common and make us question the benefits to PPPs. Under current accounting standards, PPPs allow intertemporal reallocations of infrastructure spending that do not occur under traditional methods of procuring infrastructure and which allow governments to escape the constraints of congressional purview. We review the theoretical results in Engel et al. [2009a] as well as data from Colombia, Chile and Peru, comprising 610 highway PPPs and 540 renegotiations processes to verify these predictions. The data and original analysis comes from Bitran et al. [2013], complemented with additional descriptive statistics. The empirical evidence supports the predictions of the theoretical model.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw2xxwdlr8-en
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  • 70
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    Les indicateurs d'efficience du transport ferroviaire en France (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/24
    Keywords: Transport ; France
    Abstract: La France est un acteur clé de l’Europe ferroviaire. Elle occupe, et de loin, la première place pour la grande vitesse ferroviaire (53 milliards de voyageurs-kilomètres en 2013). Grâce à l’importance de ce segment de marché, la France est le pays d’Europe qui affiche chaque année le plus grand nombre de voyageurs-kilomètres (92,4 milliards en 2013). En ce qui concerne le fret, ses 32 milliards de tonnes kilomètres la placent au troisième rang en Europe derrière l’Allemagne et la Pologne (Respectivement 112 et 40 milliards de TK en 2013). Ces résultats sont à mettre en relation avec les politiques publiques conduites en France depuis de nombreuses années dans le domaine du ferroviaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw1knfjfs5-fr
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  • 71
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    Trust: What it is and Why it Matters for Governance and Education (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.108
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Trust is indispensable for social and economic relations; it is the glue that holds organisations together and appears to work somehow mysteriously. Overall, trust is a ubiquitous ingredient in policymaking and implementation across many governance systems including education, whether it concerns accountability mechanisms, capacity building or strategic thinking. Yet our understanding, conceptualisation and measurement of these issues remain limited. This working paper asks the question: what is trust and how does it matter for governance, especially in education systems? It explores why trust is key for policymaking and where it fits within current governance issues. The paper examines different definitions of trust, presents various ways of measuring trust and discusses some of their benefits and limitations. It proposes a definition of trust made up of three parts: trust as an expectation, a willingness to be vulnerable and a risk-taking act. The paper then presents a simple model of trust and governance and reviews the relationship between trust and different elements in education systems, such as complexity, asymmetries in information and power, collaboration/cooperation, monitoring and accountability, and professionalisation. It concludes with some policy findings and identifies several research gaps.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxswcg0t6wl-en
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  • 72
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    Expanding Airport Capacity : Competition and Connectivity: The case of Gatwick and Heathrow (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.44
    Keywords: Transport ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The Airports Commission was set up by the Government of the United Kingdom in 2012 to take an independent look at the UK’s future airport capacity needs. It has been tasked with setting out the nature, scale, and timing of steps needed to maintain the UK’s status as an international hub for aviation, alongside recommendations for making better use of the UK’s existing runway capacity by the end of 2013; and setting out recommendations on how to meet any need for additional airport capacity in the longer-term by the summer of 2015. In December 2013 the Commission published its Interim Report, which included a short-list of three options for increasing the UK’s aviation capacity in the long-term: two at Heathrow and one at Gatwick. To determine which alternative would provide the largest benefits to passengers, freight businesses and the UK economy overall it is important to understand how airlines are likely to respond to increased runway capacity. This report examines the likely responses from airlines in all segments of the market: the local hub carrier, BA, other network airlines, short and long haul low-cost carriers and charter airlines. It identifies the main drivers of airline behaviour and considers the possible influence of changes to existing business models and the introduction of new types of aircraft, such as the Boeing Dreamliner and Airbus A350. The report develops six sets of responses, three following expansion of Gatwick and three following expansion of Heathrow, to test the likely evolution of the market. As the future of the highly dynamic aviation market is uncertain, it checks the resilience of each across five different scenarios of how the global aviation sector may develop in the future. The analysis maps the implications for connectivity and potential benefits to the consumer through airline competition and relieving congestion at airports and reducing the associated economic rents. This report is part of the International Transport Forum’s Country-Specific Policy Analysis (CSPA) series. These are topical studies on specific transport policy issues of concern to a country carried out by ITF on request.
    DOI: 10.1787/a2ff134d-en
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  • 73
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    À quel âge les étudiants obtiennent-ils leur premier diplôme universitaire ? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.23
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe At What Age Do University Students Earn Their First Degree?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Dans les pays de l’OCDE, l’âge médian d’obtention du premier diplôme universitaire a baissé de 6 mois entre 2005 et 2011. L’âge médian d’obtention du premier diplôme universitaire va d’environ 22 ans en Belgique et au Royaume-Uni, à plus de 27 ans en Islande et en Israël. Le pourcentage d’étudiants à temps partiel est passé de 19.8 % en 2005 à 22.0 % en 2011, suggérant que le choix de parcours plus flexibles entre études et travail prend progressivement de l’ampleur. Le pourcentage de nouveaux inscrits à l’université âgés de 30 ans ou plus est resté stable entre 2005 et 2011, s’établissant à environ 10 %-11 % en moyenne.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz3wks7nq26-fr
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  • 74
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    Valuation of Urban Rail Service : Experiences from Tokyo, Japan (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/01
    Keywords: Transport ; Japan
    Abstract: Promoting public transportation, which includes rail, metro, bus rapid transit, and bus services is one of the most popular urban transportation policies among transportation authorities in many countries. This popularity may reflect the social requirement to pursue a sustainable transportation system by motivating people to use an environmentally friendly transportation mode. In particular, the modal shift from the automobile to public transportation is highlighted in urban transportation planning because many cities have suffered from serious traffic congestion, which has caused economic losses as well as negative impacts on local, regional, and global environments. In order to attract individuals to use public transportation, the improvement of service is critical. This includes increasing service frequency, decreasing travel time, upgrading station facilities, and introducing higher-capacity vehicles.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz40rkhdtf4-en
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  • 75
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    School Improvement Through Strong Leadership (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Teaching in Focus no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Une direction solide pour de meilleurs établissements
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: According to the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), principals, on average, report frequently engaging in a number of activities that are consistent with instructional leadership. However, this is not the case in every country and large proportions of them report that their training did not include any instructional leadership training or course. Although continuous professional development could help fill those gaps, many school leaders report a number of obstacles preventing them from taking part in such learning, including a lack of support and opportunities, and personal and professional obstacles.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxv7lg2wpr7-en
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    Who Are the School Truants? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.35
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Absentéisme des élèves : Prévalence et conséquences
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Across OECD countries, 18% of students skipped classes at least once in the two weeks prior to the PISA test, and 15% of students skipped a day of school or more over the same period. Few students in high-performing school systems skip classes or days of school. For students in OECD countries, skipping classes is associated with a 32-point lower score in mathematics, while skipping days of school is associated with a 52-point lower score. Truancy is observed among all students, whether advantaged or disadvantaged.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb019jwmd5-en
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  • 77
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    L' envie d'apprendre vient en apprenant : Participation des adultes à la formation tout au long de la vie (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.26
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Learning Begets Learning: Adult Participation in Lifelong Education
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Au Danemark, en Finlande, en Norvège, aux Pays-Bas et en Suède, plus de 60 % des adultes participent à des activités de formation ; ils ne sont en revanche qu’un tiers dans ce cas, voire moins, en Fédération de Russie, en Italie et en République slovaque. Plus le niveau de formation d’un adulte est élevé, plus il est susceptible de participer à des activités de formation : le taux de participation est ainsi d’environ 70 % parmi les adultes diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire, contre seulement 27 % parmi les adultes dont le niveau de formation est inférieur au deuxième cycle de l’enseignement secondaire. Les actifs occupés sont plus susceptibles de participer à des activités de formation pour adultes : dans la moitié des pays à l’étude, la différence de taux de participation entre les actifs occupés et les chômeurs est supérieure à 15 points de pourcentage. La motivation stimule la participation aux activités de formation pour adultes : les pays où un pourcentage important d’adultes expriment le souhait de participer à davantage d’activités de formation sont également ceux où l’on observe les taux les plus élevés de participation.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxsslw21qkd-fr
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  • 78
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    International Freight and Related CO2 Emissions by 2050: A New Modelling Tool (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/21
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: International trade has grown rapidly in the post-war era with trade volume growing twenty-seven fold between 1950 and 2007, three times faster than world GDP growth (WTO, 2007). Growth in trade is expected to outpace the GDP growth also over the next 50 years, according to recent OECD projections. The value of international trade is estimated to grow by a factor of four by 2050 in real terms (Fontagné et al., 2014). Trade patterns will however change due to fragmentation of production processes and integration of emerging markets into global markets. Trade liberalisation, either at global or regional level, will also have an impact on global patterns.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw1kslrm9t-en
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  • 79
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    Built to Last : Designing a Flexible and Durable 2015 Climate Change Agreement (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/03
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is to explore what a flexible and durable 2015 climate change agreement could look like and propose pragmatic options for the design of such an agreement. A durable 2015 climate change agreement would continue to be ambitious, fair and effective in 2020 and beyond. An agreement that is designed to be durable could also help to encourage widespread participation by governments, as well as improve the credibility of the agreement for investors. To achieve these objectives, a degree of flexibility could be included in the mitigation and other provisions of the 2015 agreement. If so, a balance may need to be struck between (i) providing enough flexibility for countries to feel comfortable participating in the agreement, (ii) providing predictability regarding the provisions of the agreement and the actions that governments intend to take, and (iii) the collective level of ambition of the agreement. Success will be needed on all fronts if the agreement is to be durable. Building some flexibility into the design of the 2015 agreement could make it more durable in the face of new scientific discoveries, external changes and shocks, as well as evolving country circumstances. The focus of this paper is on the mitigation part of the 2015 agreement. The paper outlines possible processes for consultations and updating of mitigation contributions. It also discusses the possible structure of the 2015 agreement and the implications of different mitigation contribution types for the flexibility and durability of the agreement.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qf5cjnvd-en
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  • 80
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    Concurrence entre les établissements d'enseignement : Quand est-elle bénéfique ? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.42
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe When is Competition Between Schools Beneficial?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Dans la plupart des systèmes d’éducation, plus de 50 % des élèves de 15 ans fréquentent un établissement en concurrence avec un autre établissement pour attirer les élèves d’une même zone résidentielle. Parmi les pays et économies à l’étude, la performance ne présente pas de lien avec le fait que les établissements soient en concurrence ou non pour leurs effectifs d’élèves. Lors du choix de l’établissement de leur enfant, les parents prennent en compte tout un ensemble de critères ; pour les parents issus d’un milieu défavorisé, les facteurs liés aux coûts occupent une place souvent aussi, voire plus, importante que les facteurs liés à la qualité de l’enseignement. Les systèmes d’éducation présentant un faible niveau de concurrence entre les établissements font souvent preuve d’un niveau élevé d’inclusion sociale : les élèves issus de milieux sociaux différents y fréquentent les mêmes établissements. Par contraste, dans les systèmes où les parents ont la possibilité de choisir l’établissement de leur enfant et où les établissements sont en concurrence pour leurs effectifs d’élèves, il existe souvent une forme plus marquée de ségrégation sociale entre les établissements.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz15937b3mv-fr
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  • 81
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    Réunion à haut niveau du CAD - Communiqué final 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe DAC High Level Meeting Final Communiqué 2014
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Les 15 et 16 décembre 2014, le Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'OCDE est parvenu à un consensus important et historique sur la manière de moderniser son cadre statistique pour mesurer le financement du développement dans les pays en voie de développement. Il ouvre la voie aux ambitieux objectifs de développement durable (ODD).
    DOI: 10.1787/22894fb0-fr
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  • 82
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    Compendium des indicateurs agro-environnementaux de l'OCDE (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264181243
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (205 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Compendium of Agri-environmental Indicators
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Ce livre fournit l’ensemble des indicateurs agro-environnementaux les plus récents et les plus complets concernant les 34 pays membres de l’OCDE sur la période 1990-2010. Il s’appuie sur les travaux conduits pendant vingt ans par l’OCDE dans ce domaine. Ces indicateurs ont pour objet de décrire l’état actuel de l’environnement dans l’agriculture et sa tendance ; de mettre en évidence les lieux où des situations critiques sont en train d’apparaître ; de comparer l’évolution des performances entre périodes et entre pays ; et de fournir un ensemble d’indicateurs et une base de données pour suivre et évaluer l’action publique, projeter les tendances futures et concevoir des indicateurs de croissance verte.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264181243-fr
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  • 83
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    Trade Patterns in the 2060 World Economy (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1142
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: This paper presents long-term trade scenarios for the world economy up to 2060 based on a modelling approach that combines aggregate growth projections for the world with a detailed computable general equilibrium sectoral trade model. The analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions reflecting faster growth in non-OECD countries. The relative importance of different regions in specific export markets is set to change markedly over the next half century with emerging economies gaining export shares in manufacturing and services. Trade liberalisation, including gradual removal of tariffs, regulatory barriers in services and agricultural support, as well as a reduction in transaction costs on goods, could increase global trade and GDP over the next 50 years. Specific scenarios of regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries or partial multilateral liberalisation could, respectively, raise trade by 4% and 15% and GDP by 0.6% and 2.8% by 2060 relative to the status quo. Finally, the model highlights that investment in education has an influence on trade and high-skill specialisation patterns over the coming decades. Slower educational upgrading in key emerging economies than expected in the baseline scenario could reduce world exports by 2% by 2060. Lower up-skilling in emerging economies would also slow-down the restructuring towards higher value-added activities in these emerging economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrmdk5f86j-en
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  • 84
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    What Are the Earnings Advantages from Education? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.27
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quel avantage salarial le niveau de formation procure-t-il ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Rising levels of tertiary attainment seem not to have led to an “inflation” eroding the labour-market value of qualifications. However, tertiary graduates have the highest relative earnings advantage when they live in a country with low tertiary attainment rates. On average, compared to those with an upper secondary education, tertiary-educated adults earn about 1.6 times more than their peers, while individuals without an upper secondary education earn 24% less. Higher educational attainment and literacy skills increase earnings, but the advantages are more pronounced for men than for women and seem to increase as adults get older. The crisis has widened the wage gap between less educated and highly educated individuals: across OECD countries, the average difference in earnings from employment between these two groups increased from 75 percentage points in 2008 to 79 percentage points in 2012. Qualifications are more rewarded than skills: attaining a higher level of education has a stronger positive impact on earnings than better literacy proficiency.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcllj8pwl-en
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  • 85
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    Guidance Document on Standardised Test Guidelines for Evaluating Chemicals for Endocrine Disruption (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (524 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.150
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is a tool to support regulatory authorities’ decisions on the hazard of specific chemicals when they receive test results from a Test Guideline (TG) or draft TG for the screening/testing of chemicals for endocrine disrupting properties. The contexts for these decisions will vary, depending on local legislation and practice, so the advice is worded in such a way as to permit flexible interpretation. It provides guidance on how to interpret the outcome of individual tests and how to increase evidence on whether or not a substance may be an endocrine disrupter; to this end, it recommends a test method that may be performed if regulatory authorities need more evidence.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221413-en
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  • 86
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    Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : France 2013 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264196216
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews; France 2013
    Keywords: Development ; France
    Abstract: Le Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE procède à des examens périodiques des efforts individuels de coopération au développement des membres du CAD. Les politiques et les programmes de chacun des membres font l’objet d’un examen critique une fois tous les cinq ans. Les examens par les pairs évaluent la performance du membre considéré, non pas seulement celle de son organisme de coopération pour le développement, et examinent les aspects ayant trait tant à la définition de la politique qu’à sa mise en œuvre. Ils couvrent dans leur globalité les activités de coopération pour le développement et d’aide humanitaire du membre soumis à examen en les replaçant dans le système envisagé dans son entier.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264196216-fr
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  • 87
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    Panorama du PISA 2009 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    ISBN: 9789264200579
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: La publication Panorama du PISA 2009 a été conçue pour accompagner les Résultats du PISA 2009, le rapport en six volumes du cycle d’enquête 2009 mené par le Programme international de l’OCDE pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA). L’enquête PISA évalue dans quelle mesure les élèves proches de la fin de leur scolarité obligatoire ont acquis certains des savoirs et savoir-faire essentiels à leur pleine participation à nos sociétés modernes. Elle évalue tous les trois ans les compétences de jeunes de 15 ans en compréhension de l’écrit, en mathématiques et en sciences. Panorama du PISA 2009 offre des données facilement accessibles sur certains des grands thèmes analysés dans le rapport complet : savoirs et savoir-faire des élèves, surmonter le milieu social, apprendre à apprendre, et les clés de la réussite des établissements d’enseignement. Chaque thème est présenté sur une double page : celle de gauche explique les tenants et les aboutissants à la fois pour les élèves et pour les pays et économies participants, analyse les principaux résultats et propose au lecteur désireux d’approfondir ce sujet des références à d’autres publications et bases de données de l’OCDE ; celle de droite présente des graphiques et des tableaux clairs et accessibles, assortis d’hyperliens dynamiques (StatLinks) qui redirigent le lecteur vers les données correspondantes au format Excel®. Panorama du PISA 2009 constitue une introduction idéale au PISA et au riche corpus de données comparables au niveau international que collecte l’OCDE dans les domaines de l’éducation et de l’apprentissage.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264200579-fr
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  • 88
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    Making Innovation Policy Work : Learning from Experimentation (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264185739
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (286 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Making innovation policy work
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Innovationsförderung ; Innovation ; Industriepolitik ; Unternehmenspolitik ; Umweltschutzmarkt ; Produktion ; Wirtschaft ; Ökologie ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Entwicklung ; Unterentwicklung ; Ursache ; Tendenz ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This book explores emerging topics in innovation policy for more inclusive and sustainable growth, building on concrete examples. It develops the notion of experimental innovation policy – which integrates monitoring and feedback at the policy design stage, and occurs continuously to improve impact and implementation. This approach should help improve the quality and efficiency of public expenditures supporting innovation policy. Experimental policy making is particularly important for new and emerging innovation domains, where the scope for learning and improvement is the greatest. To make the discussion as concrete and relevant as possible for practitioners and policy makers, three emerging domains of innovation policy are explored in greater detail: innovative entrepreneurship, green innovation, and pro-poor or base-of-the-pyramid (BoP) innovation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264185739-en
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  • 89
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    Employment and Skills Strategies in Ireland (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264207912
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Employment and skills strategies in Ireland
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Irland ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Ireland
    Abstract: Employment and Skills Strategies in Ireland focuses on the role of local employment and training agencies in contributing to job creation and productivity. This report looks at the range of institutions and bodies involved in employment and skills policies, focusing on local activities in the Dublin and South East regions. It can help national, regional and local policy makers in Ireland build effective and sustainable partnerships at the local level, which join-up efforts and achieve stronger outcomes across employment, training, and economic development policies. The report is part of a comparative OECD review of local job creation policies, which explores how countries are putting measures in place at the local level to stimulate quality employment, social inclusion and growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264207912-en
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  • 90
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    Gérer les migrations économiques pour mieux répondre aux besoins du marché du travail (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264217027
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (424 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Matching Economic Migration with Labour Market Needs
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Cette publication présente de nouvelles illustrations de l’influence des migrations internationales en Europe et dans quelques autres pays de l’OCDE sur la population active ; sur les niveaux d’éducation ; et sur l’évolution de la distribution des professions au cours de la dernière décennie. Elle analyse les compétences dont disposent les migrants et la façon dont elles sont utilisées sur la base d’une revue approfondie de la littérature ; et présente de nouvelles analyses des données européennes et américaines , canadiennes et de l’OCDE en général en se basant sur les données de l’Évaluation des compétences des adultes – PIAAC. Enfin, plusieurs chapitres discutent du rôle que les migrations internationales pourraient jouer pour répondre aux besoins de main-d’oeuvre présents et futurs en Europe, aux États-Unis et dans l’Union européenne. Ces travaux montrent que si les migrations peuvent contribuer de façon importante à l’accroissement de la population active, leur capacité à contrer les effets du vieillissement de la population dépendront de la capacité des pays à mettre en adéquation les besoins en main-d’oeuvre avec les caractéristiques des migrants. Dans ce domaine, des efforts doivent être réalisés pour mieux utiliser les compétences des migrants et adapter les systèmes de gestion des migrations de travail aux besoins des employeurs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264217027-fr
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  • 91
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    Evaluer la commodité d'usage des transports publics (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282107706
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.156
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Valuing Convenience in Public Transport
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: L’expérience de l’usager, en termes de fiabilité, de confort et surtout de commodité d’usage est un aspect essentiel pour déterminer la demande de services de transports publics, tout au moins là où un choix d’alternatives existe. Le succès pour le moins des politiques pour attirer les usagers urbains de la voiture particulière vers les transports publics repose dans une large mesure sur la commodité d’usage de ces derniers. Les méthodes actuelles d’évaluation dans le domaine des transports tendent cependant à se focaliser sur la vitesse et le prix des services, sous-évaluant ou négligeant la commodité d’usage. Ceci fausse les décisions en matière d’investissements et de planification. Ce rapport vise à faciliter une prise en compte plus systématique de la commodité d’usage dans la planification et la pratique des politiques de transport. Il analyse les définitions opérationnelles de la commodité d’usage et rassemble des informations sur la disposition à payer à cet égard et sur l’utilisation d’indicateurs pour apprécier et améliorer la commodité d’usage des transports publics.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282107706-fr
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  • 92
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    Migración internacional : El lado humano de la globalización (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264205086
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Esenciales OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Migration; The Human Face of Globalisation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les migrations internationales ; Le visage humain de la mondialisation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationale Migration; Die menschliche Seite der Globalisierung
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Cerca de 190 millones de personas en el mundo viven fuera de su país natal. Estos migrantes aportan energía, espíritu empresarial e ideas frescas a nuestras sociedades. Pero el asunto tiene desventajas: jóvenes migrantes que fracasan en el ámbito educativo, adultos que no encuentran empleo y, por supuesto, la migración irregular. Estos retos pueden hacer que la migración se convierta en un pararrayos político y en tema de un acalorado debate. A partir de los conocimientos especializados de la OCDE, singulares en este terreno, en la presente obra se avanza más allá de la retórica para analizar las realidades de la migración internacional en nuestros días: ¿de dónde provienen y a dónde van los migrantes?, ¿cómo gestionan la migración los gobiernos?, ¿cuán bueno es el desempeño de los migrantes en la educación y en la fuerza de trabajo? y ¿ayuda —u obstaculiza— la migración a los países en desarrollo?
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264205086-es
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  • 93
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    Etude de l'OCDE sur la gestion des risques d'inondation : la Seine en Île-de-France 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264207929
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Seine Basin, Île-de-France, 2014; Resilience to Major Floods
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; France
    Abstract: Cette étude s'intéresse à la prévention du risque d'inondation de la Seine en Ile-de-France. Elle étudie l'impact qu'une inondation majeure telle que celle produite en 1910 pourrait avoir sur le bien-être des citoyens, le fonctionnement de la métropole et l'économie. Elle propose des pistes d'amélioration relative à la gouvernance et la prévention de ce risque majeur.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264207929-fr
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  • 94
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Colombia 2014 : Phase 1: Legal and Regulatory Framework (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264210301
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Kolumbien ; Taxation ; Colombia
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 1 Global Forum Peer Review report for Colombia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264210301-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Slovak Republic 2014 : Phase 2: Implementation of the Standard in Practice (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264210080
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Slowakei ; Taxation ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 2 Global Forum Peer Review report for the Slovak Republic. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264210080-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Managing environmental and health impacts of uranium mining (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264216044 , 9264216049
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Nuclear energy ; Nuclear Energy ; Uranbergbau ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltüberwachung ; Umweltbezogenes Management ; Umweltschutz ; Uranbergbau ; Berge ; Spülfeld ; Umweltschutz ; Arbeitsschutz ; Gesundheitsschädlicher Stoff
    Abstract: Uranium mining and milling has evolved significantly over the years. By comparing currently leading approaches with outdated practices, this report demonstrates how uranium mining can be conducted in a way that protects workers, the public and the environment. Innovative, modern mining practices combined with strictly enforced regulatory standards are geared towards avoiding past mistakes committed primarily during the early history of the industry when maximising uranium production was the principal operating consideration. Today’s leading practices in uranium mining aim at producing uranium in an efficient and safe manner that limits environmental impacts to acceptable standards. As indicated in this report, the collection of baseline environmental data, environmental monitoring and public consultation throughout the life cycle of the mine enables verification that the facility is operating as planned, provides early warning of any potentially adverse impacts on the environment and keeps stakeholders informed of developments. Leading practice also supports planning for mine closure before mine production is licensed to ensure that the mining lease area is returned to an environmentally acceptable condition. The report highlights the importance of mine workers being properly trained and well equipped, as well as that of ensuring that their work environment is well ventilated so as to curtail exposure to radiation and hazardous materials and thereby minimise health impacts.
    Note: Gesehen am 25.06.2018
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264216044-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Slovenia 2014 : Phase 2: Implementation of the Standard in Practice (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264210158
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    DDC: 336.73
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Slowenien ; Taxation ; Slovenia
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 2 Global Forum Peer Review report for Slovenia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264210158-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: The Federated States of Micronesia 2014 : Phase 1: Legal and Regulatory Framework (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264210226
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Mikronesien ; Taxation ; Micronesia, Federated States of
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 1 Global Forum Peer Review report for the Federated States of Micronesia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264210226-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Connecting People with Jobs : Activation Policies in the United Kingdom (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264217188
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252 p.)
    Series Statement: Connecting People with Jobs
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Connecting people with jobs
    Keywords: Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Großbritannien ; Employment ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This report examines recent activation policies in the United Kingdom aimed at moving people back into work. It offers insight into how countries can improve the effectiveness of their employment services and also control spending on benefits. The United Kingdom's policies have helped limit the rise in unemployment during the crisis. It has been at the forefront of reform efforts by OECD countries to transform and modernise policies designed to help the unemployed find work, through major new programmes such as Universal Credit and the Work Programme. Although time is needed for these to gain momentum as well as for a full evaluation of their impact to be carried out, the report identifies a number of areas where consideration should be given to additional measures or adjustments to existing ones.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264217188-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Food Losses and Food Waste in China : A First Estimate (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Edition: Online-Ressource Online-Ausg; [Online-Ausg.]
    Edition: Online-Ausg.:
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.66
    Note: Online-Ausg.: , Online-Ausg; [Online-Ausg.]
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5sq5173lq-en
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jz5sq5173lq-en
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