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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789401539609
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (532p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 19
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Style.
    Abstract: Inaugural Study -- The Aesthetics of Nature in the Human Condition -- I The Poetics of the Sea as an Element in the Human Condition: Literary Interpretation -- A. Resoundings of the Sea in the Elemental Twilight of the Human Soul -- Death or Life of the Spirit: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner — Thalassian Poetry in the Nineteenth Century -- The Waves of Life in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves -- On the Shores of Nothingness: Beckett’s Embers -- Ego Formation and the Land/Sea Metaphor in Conrad’s Secret Sharer -- Wordsworth: The Sea and Its Double -- El mistico significado del mar (en el lenguaje poetico) -- B. Man’s Elemental Response to the Vital Challenge at the Cross Section of Ancient Cultures -- Between Land and Sea: The End of the Southern Sung -- Hesiodic Fable and Weather Lore: Text and Context in Figurative Discourse -- The Response of Biblical Man to the Challenge of the Sea -- The Sea as Metaphor: An Aspect of the Modern Japanese Novel -- C. The Poetic Inspiration of the Sea in Literary Experience -- The Poetic and Elemental Language of the Sea -- The Sea as Medium for Artistic Experience -- Las dimensiones poéticas del mar y la idea del tiempo -- The Oneiric Valorization of the Sea: Instances of Poetic Sensibility and the „Non-Savoir“ -- Figuring the Elements: Trope and Image in Shakespeare -- D. The Watery Mirror of the Elemental -- Mirror Reflections: The Poetics of Water in French Baroque Poetry -- The St. Lawrence in the Poetry of Gatien Lapointe -- II The Elemental Thread in the Twilight of Consciousness; The Ciphering of Life-Significance in the Poiesis of Art — From Interpretation to Theory -- A. On the Brink -- On the Brink: The Artist and the Sea -- The Rapture of the Deep -- The Voices of Silence and Underwater Experience -- A Contrast Between the Sea and the Mountain: A Comparative Study of Occidental and Chinese Poetic Symbolism -- B. The Shorelines: Elemental Moves in the Twilight of Consciousness -- Literal/Littoral/Littorananima: The Figure on the Shore in the Works of James Joyce -- Already Not-Yet: Shoreline Fiction Metaphase -- Thalassic Regression: The Cipher of the Ocean in Gottfried Benn’s Poetry -- Derrida and Husserl on the Status of Retention -- Nonlogical Moves and Nature Metaphors -- C. Poetic Discourse: „Reality“ and the Retrieval of Life-Significance -- The Reading as Emotional Response: The Case of a Haiku -- Literature and the Ladder of Discourse -- The Sea in Faust and Goethe’s Verdict on His Hero -- III Creative Orchestration in the Poiesis of Life and in Fiction -- Preamble -- What Makes Philosophical Literature Philosophical? -- Kaelin on Philosophical Literature -- The Hermeneutics of Literary Impressionism: Interpretation and Reality in James, Conrad, and Ford -- Hermeneutics and History: A Response to Paul Armstrong -- Index of Names.
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401577236
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIV, 315 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Hendricks, John L. Theology and Bioethics: Exploring the Foundations and Frontiers. Earl E. Shelp 1989
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 20
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I: Theology, Science, and Bioethics -- Religion and the Renaissance of Medical Ethics in the United States: 1965–1975 -- Theology and Science: Their Difference as a Source of Interaction in Ethics -- Scientific and Religious Aspects of Bioethics -- Hartshorne, Theology, and the Nameless God -- The Potential of Theology for Ethics -- The Role of Theology in Bioethics -- Looking for God and Finding the Abyss: Bioethics and Natural Theology -- Section II: Foundations and Frontiers in Religious Bioethics -- Theology and Bioethics: Christian Foundations -- Theological Frontiers: Implications for Bioethics -- Contextuality and Convenant: The Pertinence of Social Theory and Theology to Bioethics -- Feminist Theology and Bioethics -- Doing Ethics in a Plural World -- Section III: Religious Reasoning about Bioethics and Medical Practice -- Salvation and Health: Why Medicine Needs the Church -- Love and Justice in Christian Biomedical Ethics -- Contemporary Jewish Bioethics: A Critical Assessment -- Medical Loyalty: Dimensions and Problems of a Rich Idea -- Responsibility for Life: Bioethics in Theological Perspective -- Epilogue: Does Theology Make a Contribution to Bioethics? -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: We who live in this post-modern late twentieth century culture are still children of dualism. For a variety of rather complex reasons we continue to split apart and treat as radical opposites body and spirit, medicine and religion, sacred and secular, private and public, love and justice, men and women. Though this is still our strong tendency, we are beginning to­ discover both the futility and the harm of such dualistic splitting. Peoples of many ancient cultures might smile at the belatedness of our discovery concerning the commonalities of medicine and religion. A cur­ sory glance back at ancient Egypt, Samaria, Babylonia, Persia, Greece, and Rome would disclose a common thread - the close union of religion and medicine. Both were centrally concerned with healing, health, and wholeness. The person was understood as a unity of body, mind, and spirit. The priest and the physician frequently were combined in the same individual. One of the important contributions of this significant volume of essays is the sustained attack upon dualism. From a variety of vantage points, virtually all of the authors unmask the varied manifestations of dualism in religion and medicine, urging a more holistic approach. Since the editor has provided an excellent summary of each article, I shall not attempt to comment on specific contributions. Rather , I wish to highlight three 1 broad themes which I find notable for theological ethics.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789400952355
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 18
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: One/ The Social and Scientific Setting -- I/ The Status of the Physician -- II/ Theories of Health and Disease -- III/ Attitudes Toward Death -- Two/ The Rise of Medical Ethics -- IV/ Who was Hippocrates? -- V/ The Hippocratic Oath -- Three/ Abortion and Euthanasia -- VI/ The Problem of Abortion -- VII/ The Problem of Euthanasia -- VIII/ The Physician’s Moral Responsibility -- IX/ Conclusion -- X/ Epilogue -- Appendices -- Appendix A -- Principles of Medical Ethics -- Appendix B -- A Patient’s Bill of Rights -- Appendix C -- Declaration of Geneva -- Notes -- Select Bibliography.
    Abstract: The idea of reviewing the ethical concerns of ancient medicine with an eye as to how they might instruct us about the extremely lively disputes of our own contemporary medicine is such a natural one that it surprises us to real­ ize how very slow we have been to pursue it in a sustained way_ Ideologues have often seized on the very name of Hippocrates to close off debate about such matters as abortion and euthanasia - as if by appeal to a well-known and sacred authority that no informed person would care or dare to oppose_ And yet, beneath the polite fakery of such reference, we have deprived our­ selves of a familiarity with the genuinely 'unsimple' variety of Greek and Roman reflections on the great questions of medical ethics. The fascination of recovering those views surely depends on one stunning truism at least: humans sicken and die; they must be cared for by those who are socially endorsed to specialize in the task; and the changes in the rounds of human life are so much the same from ancient times to our own that the disputes and agreements of the past are remarkably similar to those of our own.
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  • 4
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400951594
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 112
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 112
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. Political and Intellectual Background -- Perspectives on Tracy and the idéologues -- Tracy’s life and writings: an outline -- 2. Scientific Method and Ideology -- Science and certainty -- The concept of idéologie -- 3. Signs, Language, and the Critique of Metaphysics -- The science of signs -- Metaphysics and religion -- 4. Individuals and Social Relations -- Individual will as desire and action -- The bases of social existence -- 5. Social Morality and Civil Society -- Moral education and policing -- Legislation and instruction -- 6. Social Science and Public Policy -- Tracy’s ‘science sociale’ -- Limits of social mathematics -- 7. Production and Economic Classes -- The creation of wealth -- Economic classes -- 8. The Problem of Economic Inequality -- 9. Liberal Politics and Elitism -- Enlightened democracy -- Critique of Montesquieu -- 10. Public Instruction and Ideology -- Ideological education -- Defence of the ‘classe savante’ -- 11. Conclusion: Social Science and Liberalism.
    Abstract: This book attempts to present a detailed and critical account of the thought of Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836). Major importance has been placed on the analysis of his published writings. Biographical details have been provided only to the extent necessary to elucidate the circumstances of the composition and publication of his writings: in particular, the intellectual and political currents in France during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods. The book has three main themes. The first is Tracy's philosophy of ideologie, which was concerned to clarify concepts and provide guarantees of reliable knowledge. The second is Tracy's attempt to elaborate a science of social organisation, la science sociale, whose objective was to recommend institutions and policies which could maximise social happiness. The third theme is Tracy's development of liberal and utilitarian approaches to the fields of politics, economics and education. This study began life as a doctoral dissertation at the London School of Economics and Political Science. I am grateful for the guidance of my supervisor, Professor Ken Minogue, and for helpful comments from Professor Maurice Cranston, Professor Jack Lively, and Dr John Hooper.
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400950498
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (282p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H.L. Van Breda et Publiée Sous Le Patronage Des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 98
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 98
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Group I -- Essay 1. Husserl, Frege and the overcoming of psychologism -- Essay 2. Intentionality and noema -- Essay 3. Intentionality and “possible worlds” -- Essay 4. Husserlian phenomenology and the de re and de dicto intentionalities -- Essay 5. Rorty, phenomenology and transcendental philosophy -- Essay 6. Intentionality, causality and holism -- Group II -- Essay 7. Towards a phenomenology of self-evidence -- Essay 8. “Life-world” and “a priori” in Husserl’s later thought -- Essay 9. Intentionality and the mind/body problem -- Essay 10. Consciousness and life-world -- Essay 11. Consciousness and existence: Remarks on the relation between Husserl and Heidegger -- Essay 12. On the roots of reference: Quine, Piaget, and Husserl -- Group III -- Essay 13. Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology and essentialism -- Essay 14. The destiny of transcendental philosophy -- Essay 15. Transcendental philosophy and the hermeneutic critique of consciousness.
    Abstract: These essays span a period of fourteen years. The earliest was written in 1960, the latest in 1983. They all represent various attempts to understand the motives and the central concepts of Husserl's transcen­ dental phenomenology, and to locate the latter in the background of other varieties of transcendental philosophy. Implicitly, they also con­ tain a defense of transcendental philosophy, and make attempts to respond to the more familiar criticisms against it. It is hoped that they will contribute to a better understanding not only of Husserl's transcen­ dental phenomenology but also of transcendental philosophy in gener­ al. The ordering of the essays is not chronological. They are rather divided thematically into three groups. The first group of six essays is concerned with relating Husserlian phenomenology to more contem­ porary analytic concerns: in fact, the opening essay on Husserl and Frege establishes a certain continuity of concern with my last published book with that title. Of these, Essay 2 was written for an American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division symposium in which the other symposiast was John Searle. The discussion in that symposium concentrated chiefly on the relation between intentionality and causali­ ty - which led me to write Essay 6, later read as the Gurwitsch Memo­ rial Lecture at the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philos­ ophy meetings in 1982 at Penn State.
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  • 6
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401099363
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (254p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 8
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I The Historical Context -- 1. From Phenomenology to Pope John XXIII -- 2. From Humanae Salutis to the Opening of the Council -- 3. The Developing Consciousness of the Bishops in Council -- 4. The Influence of Pacem in Terris -- II Ambiguities, Technicalities and Adjustments -- 5. The Ambiguities: Integralism, Pluralism and Communication -- 6. Phenomenology in the Context of Vatican II -- 7. The Dynamics of an Adjusting Ecclesial Consciousness -- III The Final Achievement -- 8. The New Ecclesial Hermeneutics -- 9. The Church in the Modern World -- 10. The Vertical Dimension of the New Ecclesial Hermeneutics -- Epilogue: The Moral Challenge of the New Global Task -- Technical Excursus (I–IX).
    Abstract: The thesis of this essay may be stated quite briefly: Vatican II is a demonstration­ model of the phenomenological method employed on an international scale. It exemplifies the final developmental stage, postulated by Husserl, of an inter­ subjective phenomenology which would take its point of departure, not from individual subjectivity, but from transcendental intersubjectivity. Vatican II, accordingly, offers a unique application of a universal transcendental philosophy in the field of religious reflection for the practical purposes of moral and socio­ cultural renewal. Phenomenology, as a distinctively European development, is relatively un­ known in America - at least in its pure form. Our contact with this style of 1 intuitive reflection is usually filtered through psychology or sociology. How­ ever, Edmund Husserl, The Father of Phenomenology, was originally trained in mathematics, and he entered the field of philosophy because he recognized 2 that the theoretical foundations of modern science were disintegrating. He foresaw that, unless this situation were rectified, modern men would eventually slip into an attitude of absolute scepticism, relativism, and pragmatism. After the First World War he saw this theoretical problem mirrored more and more in the social turbulence of Europe, and his thoughts turned to the need for a 3 renewal at all levels of life. In 1937 when Nazism was triumphant in Germany, and Europe on the brink of World War II, he wrote his last major work, The 4 Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Philosophy.
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  • 7
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400952232
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (436p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 5
    Series Statement: Profiles 5
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Plantinga on Trans-World Identity -- Plantinga on Possible Worlds -- Plantinga on the Reduction of Possibilist Discourse -- Plantinga’s Theory of Proper Names -- Plantinga and the Philosophy of Mind -- Plantinga on the Problem of Evil -- Plantinga and the Ontological Argument -- Plantinga on Foreknowledge and Freedom -- Plantinga’s Epistemology of Religious Belief -- Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of Alvin Plantinga -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc.) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PROFILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of significant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant historical and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussions will also be included.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789400953390
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 32
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 32
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: One: Introduction: The Immortal Chimpanzee at its Typewriter -- A. Plenitude and the Temporal-Frequency Model of the Modalities -- B. Plenitude and Atomist Cosmology? -- C. Summary and Conclusion -- Notes -- Two: The Legacy of Aristotle -- A. Pitfalls -- B. Three Types of Necessity -- C. Aristotle’s Fundamental Modal Principle -- D. Absolute Necessity and the Ultimate Mover -- E. Aristotle and Determinism -- F. The Energeia-Kin?sis Distinction and Aristotelian Determinism -- G. Summary and Conclusion -- Notes -- Three: Diodorean Fatalism -- A. Diodorus the Megarian? -- B. Diodorus’Denial of Motion -- C. Diodorus’ Account of the Alethic Modalities and His Fatalism -- D. The Master Argument and Diodorean Fatalism -- E. Summary and Conclusion -- Notes -- Four: Chrysippus’ Compatibilism -- A. The Avoidance of Necessity and Retention of Fate -- B. “Obscure Causes” and Chrysippus’ Compatibilism -- C. “What Is Up to Us” and Fate -- D. Chrysippean and Spinozistic Reconciliationism -- E. Summary and Conclusion -- Notes -- Five: Peripatetic Polemics -- A. Stoic and Peripatetic Conceptions of Heimarmen? -- B. Causal/Temporal Sequences: Stoic and Peripatetic Conceptions -- C. A Fronte Conditional Necessity -- D. A Tergo Conditional Necessity -- E. Summary and Conclusion -- Notes -- Six: Cosmic Cycles, Time, and Determinism -- A. Two Versions of Cosmic Cycles -- B. Cosmic Cycles and the Temporal-Frequency Model of the Modalities -- C. Cosmic Cycles and the Actuality of the Future -- D. Summary and Conclusion -- Notes -- Seven: Plotinus and Human Autonomy -- A. Book III of the Nicomachean Ethics and its Aftermath -- B. A Stoic Metaphysical Move -- C. Moral Responsibility and Aristotle’s Predicament -- D. Plotinus and Ennead 3 -- E. Plotinus and Ennead 6 -- F. The Constative and Performative Views of Responsibility-Attribution -- G. Summary and Conclusion -- Notes -- Eight: Philosophical Postscript -- A. The Temporal-Frequency Model of the Alethic Modalities -- B. Responsibility and Determinism -- Notes -- Notes -- Index Locorum -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: It is not very surprising that it was no less true in antiquity than it is today that adult human beings are held to be responsible for most of their actions. Indeed, virtually all cultures in all historical periods seem to have had some conception of human agency which, in the absence of certain responsibility-defeating conditions, entails such responsibility. Few philosophers have had the temerity to maintain that this entailment is trivial because such responsibility-defeating conditions are always present. Another not very surprising fact is that ancient thinkers tended to ascribe integrality to "what is" (to on). That is, they typically regarded "what is" as a cosmos or whole with distinguishable parts that fit together in some coherent or cohesive manner, rather than either as a "unity" with no parts or as a collection containing members (ta onta or "things that are") standing in no "natural" relations to one another. 1 The philoso­ phical problem of determinism and responsibility may, I think, best be characterized as follows: it is the problem of preserving the phenomenon of human agency (which would seem to require a certain separateness of individual human beings from the rest of the cosmos) when one sets about the philosophical or scientific task of explaining the integrality of "what is" by means of the development of a theory of causation or explanation ( concepts that came to be lumped together by the Greeks under the term "aitia") .
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400950573
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: 1 The subject matter of ethics -- 1 The raw material -- 2 Subdivisions -- 2 Moral psychology -- 1 General properties of conscious beings -- 2 Some peculiarities of human minds -- 3 Classification of experiences -- 4 More detailed account of certain kinds of experience -- 3 Ethical problems: right and wrong -- 1 Right and wrong -- 4 Ethical problems: good and evil -- 1 Good and evil -- 5 Metaphysics of morals -- 1 Determinism, indeterminism, and libertarianism -- 2 Arguments for and against determinism -- 3 Consequences of determinism -- Guide to authors/subjects.
    Abstract: This volume contains C. D. Broad's Cambridge lectures on Ethics. Broad gave a course of lectures on the subject, intended primarily for Part I of the Moral Sciences Tripos, every academic year from 1933 - 34 up to and in­ cluding 1952 - 53 (except that he did not lecture on Ethics in 1935 - 36). The course however was frequently revised, and the present version is es­ sentially that which he gave in 1952 - 53. Broad always wrote out his lectures fully beforehand, and the manuscript on Ethics, although full of revisions, is in a reasonably good state. But his handwriting is small and close and in places difficult to decipher. I therefore fear that some words may have been misread. There was an additional complication. In the summer of 1953 Broad revised and enlarged two sections of the course, namely the section on "Moore's theory" and that on "Naturalistic theories" (both sections occur in Chapter 4). The revised version of the section on Moore is undoubtedly superior to the earlier version, and I have therefore included it. But in my opinion this is not true of the new version of the section on naturalistic theories: although more comprehensive than the earlier version, it is not only repetitive in itself, but also repeats, sometimes almost verbatim, passages which occur elsewhere in the lectures. In brief, the new version is not fully integrated with the rest of the course.
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  • 10
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400950832
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Aesthetics ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The three domains of creativity -- Creativity in science -- Every horse has a mouth: a personal poetics -- Criteria of creativity -- The creative imagination -- The rationality of creativity -- Creative product and creative process in science and art -- Creativity as learning process -- Creating and becoming -- On the dialectical phenomenology of creativity -- Name index.
    Abstract: This third volume of American University Publications in Philos­ ophy continues the tradition of presenting books in the series shaping current frontiers and new directions in phi. osophical reflection. In a period emerging from the neglect of creativity by positivism, Professors Dutton and Krausz and their eminent colleagues included in the collection challenge modern philosophy to explore the concept of creativity in both scientific inquiry and artistic production. In view of the fact that Professor Krausz served at one time as Visiting Professor of Philosophy at The American University we are especially pleased to include this volume in the series. HAROLD A. DURFEE, for the editors of American University Publications in Philosophy EDITORS' PREFACE While the literature on the psychology of creativity is substantial, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the subject by philos­ ophers in recent years. This fact is no doubt owed in 'part to the legacy of positivism, whose tenets have included a sharp distinction between what Hans Reichenbach called the context of discovery and the context of justification. Philosophy in this view must address itself to the logic of justifying hypotheses; little of philo­ sophical importance can be said about the more creative business of discovering them. That, positivism has held, is no more than a merely psychological question: since there is no logic of discovery or creation, there can be no philosophical reconstruction of it.
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  • 11
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400953413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: A Pallas Paperback 47
    Series Statement: Sovietica 47
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. The Death of Stalin -- 2. The Ordinary Soviet Russian -- 3. “Thieves” in the USSR as a Social Phenomenon -- 4. The Psychology of the Soviet Leaders -- 5. The Inner World of the Soviet Intelligentsia -- 6. The Revival of the Russian Intelligentsia and Dissent -- 7. The Russian Intelligentsia and Its Religious Revival -- 8. Free Literature and Songs -- 9. Pasternak, Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov -- 10. Yuri Andropov: A Recent Leader of Russia -- 11. The Impact of the Russian Past on Its Present -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: I have been working on this book since leaving Russia in April of 1972. It was my wish to write this book in English, and there were what seemed to me to be serious reasons for doing so. In recent years there has appeared a wealth of literature, in Russian, about Russia. As a rule, this literature has been published outside the USSR by authors who still live in the Soviet Union or who have only recently left it. A fair amount of important literature is being translated into English, but I believe it will be read main­ ly by specialists in Russian studies, or by those who have a great interest in the subject already. The majority of Russian authors write, of course, for the Russian reader or for an imagined Western public. It is my feeling that Russian authors have serious difficulties in understanding the men­ tality of Westerners, and that there still exists a gap between the visions of Russians and non-Russians. I have made my humble attempt to bridge ~his gap and I will be happy if I am even partly successful. The Russian world is indeed fascinating. Many people who visit Russia for a few days or weeks find it a country full of historical charm, fantastic architecture and infinite mystery. For many inside the country, especial­ ly for those in conflict with the Soviet authorities.
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  • 12
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400953703
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 180
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Prologue -- Gene-Culture Coevolution: Humankind in the Making -- I. Sociobiological Conceptions -- Sociobiology and the Information Metaphor -- Phenotypic Plasticity, Cultural Transmission, and Human Sociobiology -- Sociobiology and Human Culture -- Evolutionary Biology, Human Nature, and Knowledge -- Love and Morality: The Possibility of Altruism -- II. Epistemological Reflections -- Biological Reductionism and Genic Selectionism -- Adaptationalist Imperatives and Panglossian Paradigms -- Methodological Behaviorism, Evolution, and Game Theory -- Sociobiological Explanation and the Testability of Sociobiological Theory -- Science and Sociobiology -- Epilogue -- Evolutionary Epistemology: Can Sociobiology Help? -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The papers presented in this special collection focus upon conceptual, the­ oretical and epistemological aspects of sociobiology, an emerging discipline that deals with the extent to which genetic factors influence or control patterns of behavior as well as the extent to which patterns of behavior, in turn, influence or control genetic evolution. The Prologue advances a compre­ hensive acco/unt of the field of gene-culture co-evolution, where Lumsden and Gushurst differentiate between "classical" sociobiology (represented especially by Wilson's early work) and current research on human socio­ biology (represented by Lumsden and Wilson's later work), which emphasizes interplay between genes, minds, and culture. The specter of genetic deter­ minism, no doubt, has created considerable controversy, some of which may be laid to rest by Hanna's analysis of the (ambiguous) notion of a "genetic program", which indicates the necessity for distinguishing between descriptive and prescriptive dimensions of this complex concept. Brandon offers a framework for assessing the respective contributions of nature and of nurture by advancing a means for measuring genetic and cultural influences upon "inheritance", which supports the conclusion that evolving patterns of behavior do not always maximize inclusive fitness, contrary to what socio­ biologists have claimed. The influence of culture upon genetic evolution, of course, can be adequately appraised only when a suitable account of culture itself has been found, a desideratum Smillie attempts to satisfy by utilizing the notion of "cinfo" as culturally transmitted ecological informa­ tion, a resource other species tend not to exploit.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401097383
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (222p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H.L. Van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 97
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 97
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I: Attitude and Horizon -- II: Reality and Practicability -- III: Work and Labour -- IV: Diversification of Action: History and Technology -- V: Playing -- VI: Political Activity -- VII: Moral Activity -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789400952119
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (290p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 83
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 83
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Relativistic Deduction -- Preface -- 1. The Quantitative -- 2. Reality -- 3. The Spatial -- 4. The Principle of Inertia -- 5. Relativism, a Theory About Reality -- 6. Gravitation -- 7. Time -- 8. Electrical Phenomena -- 9. Biological Phenomena -- 10. Universal Explanation -- 11. Matter -- 12. Essence and Existence -- 13. Diversity -- 14. Interpretation -- 15. The Relativistic Imagination -- 16. The Appeal of Relativism -- 17. The Deducible and the Real -- 18. The System -- 19. Relativism and Mechanism -- 20. Rational Explanation and the Progress Of Mathematics -- 21. Progress in Making Things Rational -- 22. The Aprioristic Tendency and Experience -- 23. The Evolution of Reason -- 24. Dogmatism and Skepticism in Science -- 25. The Outlook for the Future -- Appendix 1. Review by Albert Einstein -- Appendix 2. Einstein—Meyerson Exchange -- Name Index.
    Abstract: When the author of Identity and Reality accepted Langevin's suggestion that Meyerson "identify the thought processes" of Einstein's relativity theory, he turned from his assured perspective as historian of the sciences to the risky bias of contemporary philosophical critic. But Emile Meyerson, the epis­ temologist as historian, could not find a more rigorous test of his conclusions from historical learning than the interpretation of Einstein's work, unless perhaps he were to turn from the classical revolution of Einstein's relativity to the non-classical quantum theory. Meyerson captures our sympathy in all his writings: " . . . the role of the epistemologist is . . . in following the development of science" (250); the study of the evolution of reason leads us to see that "man does not experience himself reasoning . . . which is carried on unconsciously," and as the summation of his empirical studies of the works and practices of scientists, "reason . . . behaves in an altogether predict­ able way: . . . first by making the consequent equivalent to the antecedent, and then by actually denying all diversity in space" (202). If logic - and to Meyerson the epistemologist is logician - is to understand reason, then "logic proceeds a posteriori. " And so we are faced with an empirically based Par­ menides, and, as we shall see, with an ineliminable 'irrational' within science. Meyerson's story, written in 1924, is still exciting, 60 years later.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789400953949
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of Classical India 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Regional planning ; Philosophy, modern ; Ethnology. ; Culture.
    Abstract: I: N?ge?a’s Interpretation of the BP -- 1. The Structure of N?ge?a’s discussion -- 2. The Meanings of A?ga -- 3. The Justifications of the Paribh??? -- 4. Restrictions on the Use of the BP -- 5. The Two-Word Principle -- 6. Summary and Illustrations -- II: More from the P? on PAR. L -- 7. Some Difficult Passages in the Discussion of Par. L (I) -- 8. Some Difficult Passages in the Discussion of Par. L (II) -- 9. Vaidyan?tha P?yagu??a and ?e??drisudh? -- 10. An Apparent Contradiction Resolved -- 11. Excursus: On the Development of Certain of N?ge?a’s Ideas Regarding the Philosophy of Grammar -- 12. A Use of BP2 in the Context of BP1 -- III: The Remainder of the P? -- 13. Par. LI -- 14. Further Passages from the P? -- IV: What Went Wrong? -- 15. Vaidyan?tha P?yagu??a on Par. L -- 16. Concluding Remarks -- Appendices -- I. The Original Text of the Paribh??endu?ekhara on Par. L -- III. On the Relative Chronology of N?ge?a’s Grammatical Works -- IV. Changes in N?ge?a’s Opinions Regarding the BP and the NP -- Notes.
    Abstract: This book was written as a doctoral thesis. It was submitted to and accepted by the University of Poona in 1979. Several people contributed to the creation of this book, in various ways. Prof. S. D. Joshi, my supervisor, introduced me to the study of the Sanskrit grammatical tradition. His unfailing skepticism towards and disagreement with the ideas worked out in this book contributed more to their development than he may have been aware. Prof. Paul Kiparsky gave encouragement when this was badly needed. In the years following 1979 Dr. Dominik Wujastyk was kind enough to read the manuscript and suggest improvements in language and style. To all of these lowe a debt of gratitude, but most of all lowe such a debt to Pandit Shivarama Krishna Shastri. In the course of several years he read with me many portions of Nagesa's grammatical and other works, and much besides. His ability to understand difficult grammatical and philosophical texts in Sanskrit was unequalled, and without his help it would have taken far longer to write this book and indeed might very well have proved impossible. Shivarama Krishna Shastri never saw the result of our reading; he died before this book could appear in print. I dedicate it to his memory. J. BRONKHORST Xl INTRODUCTION In the following pages an attempt will be made to establish that the part of Nagesa's Paribha$endusekhara (PS) which deals with Par.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789400952850
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (348p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 45
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 45
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I / Ethical Universalizability: A Variety of Theses -- The How and Why of Universalizability -- II / Universalizability and Ethical Consistency -- Universalizability and the Generalization Principle -- The Universalizability Dilemma -- Universalizability and the Commitment to Impartiality -- Reflections on a Passage in Mill’s Utilitarianism -- Reason, Impartiality and Utilitarianism -- Abortion and the Civil Rights of Machines -- III / Kantian Universalizability -- Consistency in Action -- Kantian Universalizability and the Objectivity of Moral Judgments -- IV / Consequentialist Universalizability -- Utilitarianism, Universalization, Heteronomy and Necessity -- The Deontic Structure of the Generalization Argument -- Moral Reasons and the Generalization Test in Ethics -- Select Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In the past 25 years or so, the issue of ethical universalizability has figured prominently in theoretical as well as practical ethics. The term, 'universaliz­ ability' used in connection with ethical considerations, was apparently first introduced in the mid-1950s by R. M. Hare to refer to what he characterized as a logical thesis about certain sorts of evaluative sentences (Hare, 1955). The term has since been used to cover a broad variety of ethical considerations including those associated with the ideas of impartiality, consistency, justice, equality, and reversibility as well as those raised in the familar questions: 'What if everyone did that?' and 'How would you like it if someone did that to you? But this recent effloresence of the use of the term 'universalizability' is something that has deep historical roots, and has been central in various forms to the thinking about morality of some of the greatest and most influential philosophers in the western tradition. While the term is relatively new, the ideas it is now used to express have a long history. Most of these ideas and questions have been or can be formulated into a principle to be discussed, criticized, or defended. As we discuss these ideas below this prin­ ciple will be stated on a separate numbered line. The concepts of justice and equality were closely linked in Greek thought. These connections between these two concepts are apparent even in two authors who were hostile to the connection, Plato and Aristotle.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789400951990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (360p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 29
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 29
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: Zeno’s Stricture and Predication in Plato, Aristotle, and Plotinus -- Form and Predication in Aristotle’s Metaphysics -- Forms and Compounds -- On the Origins of Some Aristotelian Theses About Predication -- Plato’s Third Man Argument and the ‘Platonism’ of Aristotle -- Things versus ‘Hows’, or Ockham on Predication and Ontology -- Buridan’s Ontology -- Phenomenalism, Relations, and Monadic Representation: Leibniz on Predicate Levels -- Predication, Truth, and Transworld Identity in Leibniz -- Towards a Theory of Predication -- On the Origins of Some Aristotelian Theses About Predication: Appendix on The Third Man Argument’ -- Alan Code -- Notes on the Contributors -- Index of Labeled Expressions -- Name Index.
    Abstract: One of the earliest and most influential treatises on the subject of this volume is Aristotle's Categories. Aristotle's title is a form of the Greek verb for speaking against or submitting an accusation in a legal proceeding. By the time of Aristotle, it also meant: to signify or to predicate. Surprisingly, the "predicates" Aristotle talks about include not only bits of language, but also such nonlinguistic items as the color white in a body and the knowledge of grammar in a man's soul. (Categories I/ii) Equally surprising are such details as Aristotle's use of the terms 'homonymy' and 'synonymy' in connection with things talked about rather than words used to talk about them. Judging from the evidence in the Organon, the Metaphysics, and elsewhere, Aristotle was both aware of and able to mark the distinction between using and men­ tioning words; and so we must conclude that in the Categories, he was not greatly concerned with it. For our purposes, however, it is best to treat the term 'predication' as if it were ambiguous and introduce some jargon to disambiguate it. Code, Modrak, and other authors of the essays which follow use the terms 'linguistic predication' and 'metaphysical predication' for this.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400950672
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 99
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 99
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I. Some Observations on the History of Aesthetics and on the Manner in which Heidegger Has Tried to Retrieve Some of its Essential Moments -- § 1. Introduction. Aesthetics: The Discipline and the Name -- I. The Classical Conceptions of Beauty and Art -- II. Modern Aesthetics -- III. Hegel -- IV. The Century after Hegel -- II. Heidegger’s “On the Origin of the Work of Art” -- I. Introductory Reflections. — The Historical Context of the Lectures. — Their Subject Matter and Method -- II. The Thing and The Work -- III. Art Work and Truth -- IV. Truth and Art -- V. On the Essence of Art. Its Coming-to-Presence and Its Abidance -- Notes.
    Abstract: This book grew from a series of lectures presented in 1983 in the context of the Summer Program in Phenomenology at The Pennsylvania State University. For these lectures I made use of notes and short essays which I had written between 1978 and 1982 during interdisciplinary seminars on Heidegger's later philosophy in general, and on his philosophy of language and art in particular. The participants in these seminars consisted of faculty members and graduate students concerned with the sciences, the arts, literature, literary criticism, art history, art education, and philosophy. On both occasions I made a special effort to introduce those who did not yet have a specialized knowledge of Heidegger's philosophy, to his later way of thinking. In this effort I was guided by the conviction that we, as a group, had to aim for accuracy, precision, clarity, faithfulness, and depth, while at the same time taking distance, comparing Heidegger's views with ideas of other philosophers and thinkers, and cultivat­ ing a proper sense of criticism. Over the years it has become clear to me that among professional philoso­ phers, literary critics, scholars concerned with art history and art education, and scientists from various disciplines, there are many who are particularly interested in "Heidegger's philosophy of art". I have also become convinced that many of these dedicated scholars often have difficulty in understanding Heidegger's lectures on art and art works. This is understandable.
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  • 19
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400950696
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Hartshorne’s Approach -- 1. The Religious Term “God” -- 2. Hartshorne’s Method -- II Hartshorne’s Concept of God -- 3. God’s Reality -- 4. God’s Knowledge -- 5. God’s Power -- 6. God’s Goodness -- Concluding Remarks -- Postscript -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: One of the controversial issQes which have recently come into prominence among philosophers and theologians is how one should understand the term l God. It seems that, despite the fact that a certain idea of God is assumed by not most, people, there is a degree of disagreement over the meaning many, if of the term. "God" is generally taken to refer to a supreme Being, the Creator, who is perfect and self-existent, holy, personal and loving. This understanding of "God" corresponds to what many have either been brought up to believe in or have come to accept as the meaning of this word. Neverthe­ less, theists appear to be defending a particular idea of God and to be accusing atheists of attacking another, one which does not tie in with the theistic interpretation. Cardinal Maximos IV, for instance, is quoted as saying, "The God the atheists don't believe in is a God I don't believe in either. "2 On the other hand, atheists have been challenging believers to explain clearly what they mean by "God" because these critics cannot see how that idea can have any acceptable meaning. Furthermore, theists them­ selves seem to be divided over the issue. H. P. Owen in his book Concepts of Deity shows quite convincingly that there is "a bewildering variety of concepts of God" among theists. ' One has only to ask around for confirma­ tion of this observation.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789400954960
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 94
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 94
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Sociology.
    Abstract: On the Empirical Application of Mathematics and Some of its Philosophical Aspects -- On the Empirical Application of Mathematics: A Comment -- Meaning and Our Mental Life -- Meaning and Our Mental Life: A Comment -- The Persecution of Absolutes: On the Kantian and Neo-Kantian Theories of Science -- Origin and Spontaneity: A Comment -- Cognitive Illusions in Judgment and Choice -- The Past of an Illusion: A Comment -- Molecular Genetics and the Falsifiability of Evolution -- On Experimental Approaches and Evolution: A Comment -- Darwin’s Principle of Divergence as Internal Dialogue -- On Darwin’s Principle of Divergence: A Comment -- Molecular versus Biological Evolution and Programming -- Gamow’s Theory of Alpha-Decay -- On Gamow’s Theory of Alpha-Decay: A Comment -- The Group Construction of Scientific Knowledge: Gentlemen-Specialists and the Devonian Controversy -- On the Devonian Controversy: A Comment -- Knowledge and Power in the Sciences -- Knowledge and Power in the Sciences: A Comment -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This collection is the first proceedings volume of the lectures delivered within the framework of the Israel Colloquium for the History, Philosophy and Sociology of Science, in its year of inauguration 1981-82. It thus marks the beginning of a new venture. Rather than attempting to express an ideology of the l}nity of science, this collection in fact aims at presenting a kaleidoscopic picture of the variety of views about science and within science. Three main disciplines come together in this volume. The first of scientists, the second of historians and sociologists of science, the third of philosophers interested in science. The scientists try to present the scientific body of knowledge in areas where the scientific adventure kindles the imagination of the culture of our time. At the same of course, they register their own reflections on the nature of this body time, of knowledge and on its likely course of future development. For the historians and sociologists, in contrast, science is there to be studied diachronically, as a process, on the one hand, and synchronically, as a social institution, on the other. As for the phil9sophers, finally, their contribution to this series is not meant to remain within the confines of what is usually seen as the philosophy of science proper, or to be limited to the analysis of the scientific mode of reasoning and thinking: it is allowed, indeed encouraged, to encompass alter­ native, and on occasion even competing, modes of thought.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789401714563
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (III, 484 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: On Inductive Support and Some Recent Tricks -- Inductive Inference in the Limit -- Probability and Laws -- Commensurability, Incommensurability and Cumulativity in Scientific Knowledge -- Social Habits and Enlightened Cooperation: Do Humans Measure Up to Lewis Conventions? -- Theoretical Terms and Bridge Principles: A Critique of Hempel’s (Self-) Criticisms -- On Reduction of Theories -- Reflexive Reflections -- Explaining the Actions of the Explainers -- On Explaining Beliefs -- Explaining the Unpredictable -- The Logician’s Dilemma: Deductive Logic, Inductive Inference and Logical Empiricism -- Explanation in Physical Cosmology: Essay in Honor of C. G. Hempel’s Eightieth Birthday -- Statements and Pictures -- Truth and Best Explanation -- Utility Theory and Preference Logic -- Der erste Wiener Kreis -- Are Synoptic Questions Illegitimate? -- On Determining Dispositions -- Die Logik der Unbestimmtheiten und Paradoxien -- Bemerkungen zur pragmatisch-epistemischen Wende in der Wissenschaftstheoretischen Analyse der Ereigniserklärungen -- Zur Verteidigung einiger Hempelscher Thesen gegen Kritiken Stegmüllers.
    Abstract: Professor C. G. Hempel (known to a host of admirers and friends as 'Peter' Hempel) is one of the most esteemed and best loved philosophers in the If an Empiricist Saint were not somewhat of a Meinongian Impos­ world. sible Object, one might describe Peter Hempel as an Empiricist Saint. In­ deed, he is as admired for his brilliance, intellectual flexibility, and crea­ tivity as he is for his warmth, kindness, and integrity, and does not the presence of so many wonderful qualities in one human being assume the dimensions of an impossibility? But Peter Hempel is not only possible but actual! One of us (Hilary Putnam) remembers vividly the occasion on which he first witnessed Hempel 'in action'. It was 1950, and Quine had begun to attack the analytic/synthetic distinction (a distinction which Carnap and Reichenbach had made a cornerstone, if not the keystone, of Logical Em­ piricist philosophy). Hempel, who is as quick to accept any idea that seems to contain real substance and insight as he is to demolish ideas that are empty or confused, was one of the first leading philosophers outside of Quine's immediate circle to join Quine in his attack. Hempel had come to Los Angeles (where Reichenbach taught) on a visit, and a small group consisting of Reichenbach and a few of his graduate students were gath­ ered together in Reichenbach's home to hear Hempel defend the new posi­ tion.
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  • 22
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400954908
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 29
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 29
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introduction: The Natural Philosophy of Leibniz -- The Problem of Indiscernibles in Leibniz’s 1671 Mechanics -- Leibniz and the Foundations of Physics: The Middle Years -- Why Motion is Only a Well-Founded Phenomenon -- Monadic Relations -- Miracles and Laws -- The Status of Scientific Laws in the Leibnizian System -- Leibniz on the Side of the Angels -- Leibniz and Kant on Mathematical and Philosophical Knowledge -- Leibniz’s Theory of Time -- Leibniz and Scientific Realism.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400951914
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 49
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 49
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One: The Phenomenological Method and Its Actual Real Content -- One: The Intuition of Essences -- Two: The Thematization of Concrete Consciousness -- Three: The Problems of Reason -- Four: The Result of Phenomenology -- Two: The Dialectic of Real Movement -- to Part Two -- One: The Dialectic of Animal Behavior as the Becoming of Sense Certainty -- Two: The Dialectic of Human Societies as the Becoming of Reason -- Notes -- Bibliography of Works Cited -- Index of Names.
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  • 24
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400950931
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (225p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 19
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Self. ; Philosophy of mind.
    Abstract: 1. Third World Epistemology -- 2. Psychoanalysis, Pseudo-Science and Testability -- 3. Popper and the Mind-Body Problem -- 4. Social Facts and Psychological Facts -- 5. Methodological Individualism: An Incongruity in Popper’s Philosophy -- 6. Popper and Liberalism -- 7. Making Sense of Critical Dualism -- 8. Beyond Cultural Relativism -- 9. Good and Bad Arguments against Historicism -- 10. Popper’s Critique of Marx’s Method -- 11. Popper and German Social Philosophy -- 12. Socrates and Democracy -- Notes on Contributors -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Although Sir Karl Popper's contributions to a number of diverse areas of philosophy are widely appreciated, serious criticism of his work has tended to focus on his philosophy of the natural sciences. This volume contains twelve critical essays on Popper's contribution to what we have called the 'human sciences' , a category broad enough to include not only Popper's views on the methods of the social sciences but also his views on the relation of mind and body, Freud's psychology, and the status of cultural objects. Most of our contributors are philosophers whose own work stands outside the Popperian framework. We hope that this has resulted in a volume whose essays confront not merely the details of Popper's argu­ ments but also the very presuppositions of his thinking. With one exception, the essays appear here for the first time. The exception is L.J. Cohen's paper, which is a revised and considerably expanded ver­ sion of a paper first published in the British Journalfor the Philosophy of Science for June 1980. We would like to thank Loraine Hawkins and Jane Hogg for their editorial assistance and June O'Donnell for typing various manuscripts and all the correspondence which a volume of essays entails.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789400951310
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: 1. Some Relevant Pre-Stoutian Theories -- 1. Early Greek Philosophers -- 2. Medieval and Later Philosophers -- 3. Stout’s Older Contemporaries -- 2. Stout’s Theory of Universals (1): Some Key Terms -- 1. General Statement of Stout’s Position -- 2. Distributive Unity -- 3. Resemblance -- 4. Classes and Kinds in Stout’s Philosophy -- 5. Possiblities in Stout’s Philosophy -- 3. Stout’s Theory of Universals (2): Stout’s Abstract Particularism -- 1. Stoutian Particulars as Predicates -- 2. General Criticisms of Stout’s Abstract Particularism -- 4. A Suggested Approach to the Problem of Universals -- 1. Jerrold Levinson’s Theory of Attributes -- General Index.
    Abstract: by D. M. Armstrong In the history of the discussion of the problem of universals, G. F. Stout has an honoured, and special. place. For the Nominalist, meaning by that term a philosopher who holds that existence of repeatables - kinds, sorts, type- and the indubitable existence of general terms, is a problem. The Nominalist's opponent, the Realist, escapes the Nominalist's difficulty by postulating universals. He then faces difficulties of his own. Is he to place these universals in a special realm? Or is he to bring them down to earth: perhaps turning them into repeatable properties of particulars (universalia in res), and repeatable relations between universals (universalia inter res)? Whichever solution he opts for, there are well-known difficulties about how particulars stand to these universals. Under these circumstances the Nominalist may make an important con­ cession to the Realist, a concession which he can make without abandoning his Nominalism. He may concede that metaphysics ought to recognize that particulars have properties (qualities, perhaps) and are related by relations. But, he can maintain, these properties and relations are particulars, not universals. Nor, indeed, is such a position entirely closed to the Realist. A Realist about universals may, and some Realists do, accept particularized properties and relations in addition to universals. As Dr. Seargent shows at the beginning of his book. a doctrine of part­ icularized properties and relations has led at least a submerged existence from Plato onwards. The special, classical.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789400953451
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Falsifiability of Theories: Total or Partial? A Contemporary Evalutation of the Duhem-Quine Thesis -- On Science and Phenomenology -- Recent Contributions to the Theory of Innate Ideas -- The ‘Innateness Hypothesis’ and Explanatory Models in Linguistics -- The Epistemological Argument -- Conceptual Revolutions in Science -- Is Logic Empirical? -- Empiricism at Bay? Revisions and a New Defense -- Empiricism at Sea -- Teleological and Teleonomic, a New Analysis -- A Note on the Concept of Scientific Practice -- Explanation and Evolution -- Constraints on Science -- Complex Scientific Problems -- Experiment, Theory, Practice -- Perception, Representation, and the Forms of Action: Towards an Historical Epistemology -- Analysis as a Method of Discovery During the Scientific Revolution -- Biological Competition: Decision Rules, Pattern Formation, and Oscillations -- Valuation and Objectivity in Science -- Reflections on the Philosophy of Bohr, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger -- Name Index. .
    Abstract: The Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science began 2S years ago as an interdisciplinary, interuniversity collaboration of friends and colleagues in philosophy, logic, the natural sciences and the social sciences, psychology, religious studies, arts and literature, and often the celebrated man-in-the­ street. Boston University came to be the home base. Within a few years, pro­ ceedings were seen to be candidates for publication, first suggested by Gerald Holton for the journal Synthese within the Synthese Library, both from the D. Reidel Publishing Company of Dordrecht, then and now in Boston and Lancaster too. Our colloquium was inheritor of the Institute for the Unity of Science, itself the American transplant of the Vienna Circle, and we were repeatedly honored by encouragement and participation of the Institute's central figure, Philipp Frank. The proceedings were selected, edited, revised in the light of the discussions at our colloquia, and then other volumes were added which were derived from other symposia, in Boston or elsewhere. A friendly autonomy, in­ dependent of the Synthese Library proper, existed for more than a decade and then the Boston Studies became fully separate. We were grateful to Jaakko Hintikka for his continued encouragement within that Library. The series Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science was conceived in the broadest framework of interdisciplinary and international concerns. Natural scientists, mathematicians, social scientists and philosophers have contributed to the series, as have historians and sociologists of science, linguists, psychologists, physicians, and literary critics. .
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400952492
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science and Related Fields 26
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / The Deductive Model of Explanation: A Statement -- 1.1. Explanation and Deduction -- 1.2. The Humean Account of Laws -- 1.3. The Evidential Worth of Law-Assertions -- 1.4. That Some Explanations Are Better than Others -- 1.5. That Technical Rules of Computation Are Laws -- 2 / The Reasonability of the Deductive Model -- 2.1. Why Ought the Deductive Model Be Accepted? -- 2.2. Are There Reasoned Predictions Which Are Not Explanations? -- 2.3. Is Correlation Less Explanatory than Causation? -- 2.4. Is Causation Inseparable from Action? -- 2.5. Are There Explanations Without Predictions? -- 2.6. Explanation and Judgment -- 3 / Explanations and Explanings -- 3.1. Explanations in the Context of Communication -- 3.2. Formalist Criticisms of the Deductive Model -- 3.3. Explanations and Explanatory Content -- 3.4. Narrative and Integrating Explanations -- 3.5. Are Laws Evidence for, or Part of, Explanations? -- 3.6. Can We Know Causes Without Knowing Laws? -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Notes to Chapter 1 -- Notes to Chapter 2 -- Notes to Chapter 3 -- Notes to Conclusion -- Name Index.
    Abstract: The purpose of this essay is to defend the deductive-nomological model of explanation against a number of criticisms that have been made of it. It has traditionally been thought that scientific explanations were causal and that scientific explanations involved deduction from laws. In recent years, however, this three-fold identity has been challenged: there are, it is argued, causal explanations that are not scientific, scientific explanations that are not deductive, deductions from laws that are neither causal explanations nor scientific explanations, and causal explanations that involve no deductions from laws. The aim of the present essay is to defend the traditional identities, and to show that the more recent attempts at invalidating them fail in their object. More specifically, this essay argues that a Humean version of the deductive-nomological model of explanation can be defended as (1) the correct account of scientific explanation of individual facts and processes, and as (2) the correct account of causal explanations of individual facts and processes. The deductive-nomological model holds that to explain an event E, say that a is G, one must find some initial conditions C, say that a is F, and a law or theory T such that T and C jointly entail E, and both are essential to the deduction.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400952331
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Emergency medicine ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Public health. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: A Movable Medical Crisis -- Moral Absurdities in Critical Care Medicine: Commentary on a Parable -- Moral Tensions in Critical Care Medicine: “Absurdities” as Indications of Finitude -- “Conceptual Construals” vs. Moral Experience: A Rejoinder -- Can Principles Survive in Situations of Critical Care? -- Coercion, Conversation and the Casuist: A Reply to Jay Katz -- Justice and the Hippocratic Tradition of Acting for the Good of the Sick -- Clinical Ethics and Resource Allocation: The Problem of Chronic Illness in Childhood -- Moral Choice, the Good of the Patient, and the Patient’s Good -- What Good is Another Paper on The Good? No Codes and Dr. Pellegrino -- Allocating Resources Within Health Care: Critical Care vs. Prevention -- Report of the President’s 2003 Commission on the Fall of Medicine -- Triage and Critical Care -- The Ethics of Critical Care in Cross-Cultural Perspective -- Triage: Philosophical and Cross-Cultural Perspectives -- Critical Care in an Historical Context -- Commentary on Stanley J. Reiser’s ‘Critical Care in an Historical Context’ -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: The expense of critical care and emergency medicine, along with widespread expectations for good care when the need arises, pose hard moral and political problems. How should we spend our tax d'ollars, and who should get help? The purpose of this volume is to reflect upon our choices. The authors whose papers appear herein identify major difficulties and offer various solutions to them. Four topics are discussed throughout the volume: First, encounters between patients and health professionals in critical situations in general, and where scarcity makes rationing necessary; second, allocation and social policy, including how much to spend on preventive, chronic or critical care medicine, or for medicine in general compared to other important social projects; third, conflicts between or ranking of important goals and values; and fourth, conceptual issues affecting the choices we make. Since these topics are raised by the authors in almost every essay, we did not divide the papers into separate sections within the volume. Warren Reich begins the volume with a parable illustrating a key problem for contemporary medicine and two very different approaches to its solution. His story begins with the "delivery" of three indigent, critically ill, foreign patients to the emergency room of a large American private hospital. Although the hospital is legally bound to care for these patients, providing long term, high cost care for them and others soon becomes a major financial strain.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400952294
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Historical Analyses -- Virtue and Health/Medicine in Pre-Christian Antiquity -- Virtue and Medicine from Early Christianity Through the Sixteenth Century -- Virtue and Medicine During the Enlightenment in Germany -- Virtues, Etiquette, and Anglo-American Medical Ethics in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries -- Section II / Theories of Virtue -- Virtue and Vice -- Two Cheers for Meno: The Definition of the Virtues -- Critique of Pure Virtue: Animadversions on a Virtue-Based Ethics -- The Virtues: A Theological Analysis -- Section III / Virtue and medicine -- Virtues and Vices: The Social and Historical Construction of Medical Norms -- The Virtues of Medicine: Meaning and Import -- Virtue and Medicine: A Physician’s Analysis -- The Virtuous Physician, and the Ethics of Medicine -- Virtue and the Practice of Nursing -- The Virtuous Patient -- Virtue and Public Health: Societal Obligation and Individual Need -- Section IV / Critique -- What’s So Special About the Virtues? -- Against Virtue: A Deontological Critique of Virtue Theory in Medical Ethics -- On Medicine and Virtue: A Response -- Notes on Contributors.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400950757
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: History, Historicism, and Hermeneutics -- One British Idealism and the Philosophy of History: Sources of Sustenance -- Two Historians of Political Thought and Their Critics: Sources of Anxiety -- Three Philosophical History: W.H. Greenleaf and the Study of the History of Political Thought -- Four The Priority of Paradigms: The Pocock Alternative -- Five The View from the Inside: Skinner and the Priority of Retrieving Authorial Intentions -- Assessment and Conclusion.
    Abstract: The methodology of the study of the history of political thought is an area of study which has occupied my interests for nearly a decade. I was introduced to the subject in University College, Swansea. My teachers there provided me with an excellent grounding in political studies. I am particularly indebted to Bruce Haddock, Peter Nicholson and W. H. Greenleaf. Professor Greenleaf was kind enough to supply me with a copy of his bibliography and copies of two of his unpublished papers. I continued to pursue my interest in methodology at the London School of Economics and Political Science. I am indebted to Ken Minogue and Robert Orr who taught me there. My greatest debt is to Dr. Joseph Femia ofthe University of Liverpool who devoted a great deal of time to considering the arguments presented here. His criticisms and suggestions for improvement proved to be invaluable. I would also like to thank Alan Ryan for his general comments and encouraging advice. It would be remiss of me if I neglected to express my gratitude to Dewi Beynon who was my first teacher of politics. The research for this project was carried out in the following places; The British Library of Political Science, London; The Sidney Jones Library, University of Liverpool; The National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; The Main Library, University of Edinburgh; The Arts and Social Science Library, University College, Cardiff; and the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400951891
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 30
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Mechanics ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / On the Problem of Chronometry in the Present-Day Theory of Science -- 1. Introduction: Establishment of a Reference to Known Positions in the Theory of Science -- 2. Affirmative Theory of Science and the Language of Physics -- 3. The Affirmative Theory of Measurement -- 4. Affirmative Explanations of the Choice of the Time Standard -- II / On the Method of Physics -- 1. Preliminary Remarks -- 2. Method as a Validity Criterion. On the Foundational Theory of Hugo Dingler -- 3. Logic and Protophysics. On the Foundational Theory of Paul Lorenzen -- 4. On the Method of Physics -- 5. On the Criticism of Protophysics -- III / Chronometry -- 1. What Purpose Shall Time-Measurement Serve? -- 2. Moved Bodies -- 3. Comparisons of Motion -- 4. Forms of Motion -- IV / On a History of Chronometry -- 1. Preliminary Remarks: Terminological Distinction of Practical and Theoretical Chronometry -- 2. The Development of Chronology -- 3. Short History of the Water Clock -- 4. Short History of Mechanical Escapement Clocks -- 5. The Principles of Clock Construction -- 6. Time Theories -- Notes -- References -- Name Index.
    Abstract: For protophysics, the fascinating and impressive constructive re-establish­ ment of the foundations of science by Professor Paul Lorenzen, working with his colleagues and students of the Erlangen School, no task is more central than to.furmulate a theoretical understanding of the practical art of measurement of time. We are pleased, therefore, to have a new third edition of Peter Janich's masterful monograph on the protophysics of time, available in this English translation within the Boston Studies. We also look forward to the Boston University Symposium on protophysics in april of this year within which the full program of protophysics will be critically examined by German and American physicists and philosophers, supporters and critics. We are also grateful to Paul Lorenzen for contributing his powerful instructive essay on the 'axiomatic and constructive method' which intro­ duces this book. March 1985 ROBERT S. COHEN Center for the Philosophy and History of Science Boston University MARX W. WARTOFSKY Department of Philosophy Barnch College City University of New York vii PAUL LORENZEN CONSTRUCTIVE AND AXIOM A TIC METHOD Mathematics is like a big building with many apartments. We have at least Arithmetic and Analysis, Algebra and Topology - and we have Geometry and Probability-Theory. Very often the tenants of these different apartments seem not to understand each other. The Bourbaki movement promised a new unity of Mathematics by admit­ ting only the axiomatic method of Hilbert as genuine mathematical.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400954465
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: Philosophy and Transcendental Thinking -- 2: The Manifest Image and the Scientific Image -- I Conceptualizing the World -- II The Stereoscopic View of the World -- 3: The Myth of the Given World, Knowledge, and Language -- I The Myth and its Constituents -- II What is Wrong with the Myth? -- 4: Scientific Realism — Science’s Own Philosophy -- I Kant and Scientific Realism -- II General Arguments for Scientific Realism -- Appendix on Quantum Mechanics, Bell’s Inequalities, and Scientific Realism -- 5: Methodological Arguments for Scientific Realism -- I The Theoretician’s Dilemma and Scientific Realism -- II Theoretical Concepts within Inductive Systematization -- III Quantificational Depth and the Methodological Usefulness of Theoretical Concepts -- IV A Scientific Realist’s View of the Role of Theoretical Concepts -- 6: Internal Realism -- I Metaphysical and Internal Realism -- II Causal Internal Realism -- III Picturing -- 7: Science as the Measure of What There is -- I On the Various Kinds of Scientific Realism -- II Ontology and the Scope of the scientia mensura-thesis -- 8: Social Action and Systems Theory -- I The Conceptual Nature of Social Action -- II We-intentions and Social Action -- III Joint Action and Systems Theory -- 9: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge -- I Truth and Explanation in the Context of Scientific Growth -- II A Pragmatic Account of Scientific Explanation -- III What is Best Explanation? -- IV Inductive Logic, Epistemic Truth, and Best Explanation -- V Scientific Realism and the Growth of Science -- 10: Science, Prescience, and Pseudoscience -- I The Method of Science -- II Science and Prescience -- III Magic and Religion -- IV Pseudoscience -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Were one to characterize the aims of this book ambitiously, it could be said to sketch the philosophical foundations or underpinnings of the scientific world view or, better, of the scientific conception of the world. In any case, it develops a comprehensive philosophical view, one which takes science seri­ ously as the best method for getting to know the ontological aspects of the world. This view is a kind of scientific realism - causal internal realism, as it is dubbed in the book. This brand of realism is "tough" in matters of ontology but "soft" in matters of semantics and epistemology. An ancestor of the book was published in Finnish under the title Tiede, toiminta ja todellisuus (Gaudeamus, 1983). That book is a shortish undergraduate-level monograph. However, as some research-level chapters have been added, the present book is perhaps best regarded as suited for more advanced readers. I completed the book while my stay at the University of Wisconsin in Madison as a Visiting Professor under the Exchange Program between the Universities of Wisconsin and Helsinki. I gratefully acknowledge this support. I also wish to thank Juhani Saalo and Martti Kuokkanen for comments on the manuscript and for editorial help. Dr Matti Sintonen translated the Finnish ancestor of this book into English, to be used as a partial basis for this work. His translation was supported by a grant from Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden edistamisvarat. Finally, and as usual, I wish to thank Mrs.
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789400954304
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 28
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; System theory. ; Physical chemistry. ; Mathematical physics.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Paradoxes -- 2.1 Early Studies of Heat and Attempts to Formulate Equations of Heat Flow -- 2.2 Thompson’s 1852 Statement on Irreversibility -- 2.3 Dissipative Processes and Irreversible Processes Not Yet Distinguished -- 2.4 Statistical Notions Enter Kinetic Theory -- 2.5 Boltzmann Tries to Reduce the Second Law to Mechanics -- 2.6 The “H” Theorem and Loschmidt’s Reversibility Paradox -- 2.7 The Reversibility Paradox Rediscovered -- 2.8 Boltzmann’s Philosophy of Science -- 2.9 The Boltzmann-Planck Debate -- 2.10 Ehrenfests and the Problem of Irreversibility -- 3. The Applications -- 3.1 Transport Rates Determined by Mean Free Paths -- 3.2 Transport Rates Determined by the Boltzmann Equation -- 4. Return to the Paradoxes -- 4.1 The Loss of Information -- 4.2 Microscopic Reversibility -- 4.3 The Role of Recent Equilibrium -- 4.4 Molecular Chaos and the BBGKY Theory -- 4.5 Later Developments -- 5. Various Kinds of Irreversibility -- 5.1 Inertial Irreversibility -- 5.2 Temporal Irreversibility -- 5.3 Exclusion Irreversibility -- 5.4 Mixing the Criteria: Thermodynamic Irreversibility -- 5.5 Mixing the Criteria: Paradoxical Irreversibility -- 5.6 Refinements: de Facto and Nomological Irreversibility -- 5.7 Statistical Irreversibility: Necessarily de Facto -- 6. Proposed Origins of Irreversibility -- 6.1 Probabilistic Origins -- 6.2 Mechanical Origins -- 7. The Origin of Exclusion Irreversibility -- 7.1 The Simplest Newtonian Models -- 7.2 The Role of Time Scales -- 7.3 Exclusion and Dissipation -- 7.4 The Principle of Recent Equilibrium -- 7.5 A Reflection -- 8. Irreversibility in Fluid Dynamics -- 8.1 The Fluid Concept -- 8.2 Fluid Processes -- 8.3 Fluid Equations -- 8.4 Fundamental Equations of Change -- 8.5 Stochastic Equations of Change -- 8.6 Simple Equations of Flux -- 8.7 Complex Equations of Flux -- 8.8 Equations of Equilibrium -- 9. Irreversibility in Statistical Mechanics -- 9.1 The Method of Statistical Mechanics -- 9.2 Generalization to Systems of Interacting Particles -- 9.3 Generalization to a Continuum of States -- 9.4 The Liouville Theorem -- 9.5 Joining Statistics and Mechanics: The One-Particle Approximation -- 9.6 Complex Equations of Flux in the One-Particle Approximation -- 9.7 The Two-Particle Approximation -- 9.8 Higher Approximations -- 10. Irreversibility in Quantum statistical Mechanics -- 10.1 The Schrödinger Equation -- 10.2 The One-Particle Approximation -- 10.3 The Two-Particle Approximation -- 10.4 The Chemical Approximation -- 11. On Alternative Approaches -- Appendix - Some Reflections on Time and Temporality -- Notes -- References -- Name Index.
    Abstract: A dominant feature of our ordinary experience of the world is a sense of irreversible change: things lose form, people grow old, energy dissipates. On the other hand, a major conceptual scheme we use to describe the natural world, molecular dynamics, has reversibility at its core. The need to harmonize conceptual schemes and experience leads to several questions, one of which is the focus of this book. How does irreversibility at the macroscopic level emerge from the reversibility that prevails at the molecular level? Attempts to explain the emergence have emphasized probability, and assigned different probabilities to the forward and reversed directions of processes so that one direction is far more probable than the other. The conclu­ sion is promising, but the reasons for it have been obscure. In many cases the aim has been to find an explana­ tion in the nature of probability itself. Reactions to that have been divided: some think the aim is justified while others think it is absurd.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789400953499
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (404p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 89
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 89
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I: Self and Society -- Love, Friendship, and Utility: On Practical Reason and Reductionism -- The “Internal Politics” of Biology and the Justification of Biological Theories -- Two Motivations for Rationalism: Descartes and Spinoza -- The Invention of Split Personalities -- Positivism, Sociology, and Practical Reasoning: Notes on Durkheim’s Suicide -- II: Interpreting the Tradition -- Adequate Causes and Natural Change in Descartes’ Philosophy -- Heidegger and the Scandal of Philosophy -- Spinoza and the Ontological Proof -- Tracking Aristotle’s Noûs -- III: Science and Explanation -- Two Kinds of Teleological Explanation -- Philosophy and Medicine in Antiquity -- Anthropocentrism Reconsidered -- Location and Existence -- Forms of Aggregativity -- IV: Rencontre -- Descartes and Merleau-Ponty on the Cogito as the Foundation of Philosophy -- The Worst Excess of Cartesian Dualism -- Genius, Scientific Method, and the Stability of Synthetic A Priori Principles -- Should Hume Be Answered or Bypassed? -- V: Reflections -- In and On Friendship -- The Professional Activities of Marjorie Grene -- The Publications of Marjorie Grene -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Everybody knows Marjorie Grene. In part, this is because she is a presence: her vividness, her energy, her acute intelligence, her critical edge, her quick humor, her love of talking, her passion for philosophy - all combine to make her inevitable. Marjorie Grene cannot be missed or overlooked or undervalued. She is there - Dasein personified. It is an honor to present a Festschrift to her. It honors philosophy to honor her. Professor Grene has shaped American philosophy in her distinc­ tive way (or, we should say, in distinctive ways). She was among the first to introduce Heidegger's thought ... critically ... to the American and English philosophical community, first in her early essay in the Journal of Philosophy (1938), and then in her book Heidegger (1957). She has written as well on Jaspers and Marcel, as in the Kenyon Review (1957). Grene's book Dreadful Freedom (1948) was one of the most important and influential introductions to Existentialism, and her works on Sartre have been among the most profound and insightful studies of his philosophy from the earliest to the later writings: her book Sartre (1973), and her papers 'L'Homme est une passion inutile: Sartre and Heideg­ ger' in the Kenyon Review (1947), 'Sartre's Theory of the Emo­ tions' in Yale French Studies (1948), 'Sartre: A Philosophical Study' in Mind (1969), 'The Aesthetic Dialogue of Sartre and Merleau-Ponty' in the initial volume of the Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology (1970), 'On First Reading L'Idiot de.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789400952812
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (353p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 7
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: of Epistemology III -- 1. The Chasm between S&T and the Humanities -- 2. Bridging the Chasm -- 3. Towards a Useful PS&T -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- 1. Formal Science: From Logic to Mathematics -- 1. Generalities -- 2. Mathematics and Reality -- 3. Logic -- 4. Pure and Applied Mathematics -- 5. Foundations and Philosophy -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- 2. Physical Science: From Physics to Earth Science -- 1. Preliminaries -- 2. Two Classics -- 3. Two Relativities -- 4. Quantons -- 5. Chance -- 6. Realism and Classicism -- 7. Chemistry -- 8. Megaphysics -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aims of this Introduction are to characterize the philosophy of science and technology, henceforth PS & T, to locate it on the map ofiearning, and to propose criteria for evaluating work in this field. 1. THE CHASM BETWEEN S & T AND THE HUMANITIES It has become commonplace to note that contemporary culture is split into two unrelated fields: science and the rest, to deplore this split - and to do is some truth in the two cultures thesis, and even nothing about it. There greater truth in the statement that there are literally thousands of fields of knowledge, each of them cultivated by specialists who are in most cases indifferent to what happens in the other fields. But it is equally true that all fields of knowledge are united, though in some cases by weak links, forming the system of human knowledge. Because of these links, what advances, remains stagnant, or declines, is the entire system of S & T. Throughout this book we shall distinguish the main fields of scientific and technological knowledge while at the same time noting the links that unite them.
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789400952874
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (360p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: of Epistemology III -- 3. Life Science: From Biology to Psychology -- 1. Life and its Study -- 2. Two Classics -- 3. Two Moderns -- 4. Brain and Mind -- 5. Strife Over Mind -- 6. From Biology to Sociology -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- 4. Social Science: From Anthropology to History -- 1. Society and its Study -- 2. Anthropology -- 3. Linguistics -- 4. Sociology and Politology -- 5. Economics -- 6. History -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- 5. Technology: from Engineering to Decision Theory -- 1. Generalities -- 2. Classical Technologies -- 3. Information Technology -- 4. Sociotechnology -- 5. General Technology -- 6. Technology in Society -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401577069
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 329 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History.
    Abstract: One: Justice — Legal Justice — Social Justice -- 1: The Concept of Justice -- 2: Problems of Justification: Social Contract and Intuition -- 3: Substantive Justice and Equality before the Law -- Two: Justice as Equilibrium -- 4: The Principle of Equilibrium -- 5: Distribution According to Desert -- 6: Needs and Justice -- 7: Preferential Treatment -- 8: Punishment and the Theory of Justice -- Postscript -- 9: Beyond Social Justice -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: During the last half of the twentieth century, legal philosophy (or legal theory or jurisprudence) has grown significantly. It is no longer the domain of a few isolated scholars in law and philosophy. Hundreds of scholars from diverse fields attend international meetings on the subject. In some universities, large lecture courses of five hundred students or more study it. The primary aim of the Law and Philosophy Library is to present some of the best original work on legal philosophy from both the Anglo-American and European traditions. Not only does it help make some of the best work avail­ able to an international audience, but it also encourages increased awareness of, and interaction between, the two major traditions. The primary focus is on full-length scholarly monographs, although some edited volumes of original papers are also included. The Library editors are assisted by an Editorial Advisory Board of internationally renowed scholars. Legal philosophy should not be considered a narrowly circumscribed field.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789401577045
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 272 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 86
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 86
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Popper’s Views of Kant’s Problem -- 2 / Popper’s Problems as a Revision of Those of Kant -- 3 / A Reconstruction of Kant’s Problem -- 4 / The Kantian Theory of Scientific Knowledge and its Popperian Counterpart -- 5 / Our Cognitive Grasp of an Objective World -- 6 / Realism and Objective Knowledge -- Index of Names and Subjects.
    Abstract: Kant and Popper. The affmity between the philosophy of Kant and the philosophy of Karl Popper has often been noted, and most decisively in Popper's own reflections on his thought. But in this work before us, Sergio Fernandes has given a cogent, comprehensive, and challenging investigation of Kant which differs from what we may call Popper's Kant while nevertheless showing Kant as very much a precursor of Popper. The investigation is directly conceptual, although Fernandes has also contributed to a novel historical understanding of Kant in his reinterpretation; the novelty is the genuine result of meticulous study of texts and commentators, characterized by the author's thorough command of the epistemological issues in the philosophy of science in the 20th century as much as by his mastery of the Kantian themes of the 18th. Naturally, we may wish to understand whether Kant is relevant to Popper's philosophy of knowledge, how Popper has understood Kant, and to what extent the Popperian Kant has systematically or historically been of influence on later philosophy of science, as seen by Popper or not.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400953178
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 337 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Royal Institute of Philosophy Conferences 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Philosophy (General) ; History ; Philosophy—History. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: The End of Metaphysics: Philosophy’s Supreme Fiction? -- ‘The End of Metaphysics’ and the Historiography of Philosophy -- The End of Metaphysics: A Comment -- Reply to Ayers and Manser -- Epistemology without Foundations -- Philosophy after Rorty -- Comment on Rorty -- ‘Heterodox’, ‘Xenodox’, and Hermeneutic Dialogue -- Reply to Mary Hesse -- Occultism and Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century -- Occultism and Reason -- Reply to Simon Schaffer -- First Philosophy and Natural Philosophy in Descartes -- Cartesian Science in France, 1660–1700 -- Caricatures in the History of Philosophy: The Case of Spinoza -- Leibniz’s Break with Cartesian ‘Rationalism’ -- Lockean Mechanism -- Lockean Mechanism: A Comment -- Hume and the “Metaphysical Argument A Priori” -- The Historical and Philosophical Significance of Hume’s Theory of the Self -- Kant’s Refutation of Idealism -- The Hagiography of Common Sense: Dugald Stewart’s Account of the Life and Writings of Thomas Reid.
    Abstract: The Royal Institute of Philosophy has been sponsoring conferences in alternate years since 1969. These have from the start been intended to be of interest to persons who are not philosophers by profession. They have mainly focused on interdisciplinary areas such as the philosophies of psychology, education and the social sciences. The volumes arising from these conferences have included discussions between philosophers and distinguished practitioners of other disciplines relevant to the chosen topic. Beginning with the 1979 conference on 'Law, Morality and Rights' and the 1981 conference on 'Space, Time and Causality' these volumes are now constituted as a series. It is h.
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789401577199
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Kiener, Ronald C. Rudavsky's "Divine Omniscience and Omnipotence" 1988
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 25
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Religion. ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Philosophy, Medieval.
    Abstract: Introductory -- Divine Omniscience, Omnipotence and Future Contingents: An Overview -- Nos Ipsi Principia Sumus: Boethius and the Basis of Contingency -- Islamic Perspectives -- Wrongdoing and Divine Omnipotence in the Theology of Ab? Is??q An-Na???m -- Can God do What is Wrong? -- Divine Omniscience and Future Contingents in Alfarabi and Avicenna -- Some Reflections on the Problem of Future Contingency in Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes -- Jewish Perspectives -- The Binding of Isaac: A Test-Case of Divine Foreknowledge -- Philosophical Exegesis in Historical Perspective: The Case of the Binding of Isaac -- Providence, Divine Omniscience and Possibility: The Case of Maimonides -- Divine Omniscience, Contingency and Prophecy in Gersonides -- Christian Perspectives -- Divine Omnipotence in the Early Sentences -- Divine Knowledge, Divine Power and Human Freedom in Thomas Aquinas and Henry of Ghent -- The Dialectic of Omnipotence in the High and Late Middle Ages.
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