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  • Online Resource  (42)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (42)
  • 1983  (42)
  • Philosophy (General)  (42)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Methodology, Epistemology, and Philosophy of Science : Essays in Honour of Wolfgang Stegmüller on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, June 3rd, 1983 (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands | Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576765
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (424 p) , ill
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Content -- Theory and Measurement -- Vom Henker, vom Lügner und von ihrem Ende -- On the Current Status of the Issue of Scientific Realism -- Situation Semantics and the “Slingshot” Argument -- Notes on the Well-Made World -- Logical Foundations of Psychoanalytic Theory -- Friedlands Sterne oder Facta und Ficta -- Mathematics, the Empirical Facts, and Logical Necessity -- Quines Ontologiekriterium -- Zufall und Notwendigkeit in Wittgensteins Tractatus -- Moralbegründung ohne Metaphysik -- Probability as a Quasi-Theoretical Concept — J.V. Kries’ Sophisticated Account after a Century -- Valuations for Direct Propositional Logic -- Logical Semantics for Natural Language -- On How the Distinction between History and Philosophy of Science Should Not Be Drawn -- Vagueness and Alternative Logic -- The Rationalist Theory of Double Causality as an Object of Hume’s Criticism -- A Modest Concept of Moral Sense Perception -- Structuralism and Scientific Realism -- Deterministic and Probabilistic Reasons and Causes -- The Meaning of Probability Statements -- Normative Principles of Rational Communication -- Persönliche Anmerkungen.
    Description / Table of Contents: ContentTheory and Measurement -- Vom Henker, vom Lügner und von ihrem Ende -- On the Current Status of the Issue of Scientific Realism -- Situation Semantics and the “Slingshot” Argument -- Notes on the Well-Made World -- Logical Foundations of Psychoanalytic Theory -- Friedlands Sterne oder Facta und Ficta -- Mathematics, the Empirical Facts, and Logical Necessity -- Quines Ontologiekriterium -- Zufall und Notwendigkeit in Wittgensteins Tractatus -- Moralbegründung ohne Metaphysik -- Probability as a Quasi-Theoretical Concept - J.V. Kries’ Sophisticated Account after a Century -- Valuations for Direct Propositional Logic -- Logical Semantics for Natural Language -- On How the Distinction between History and Philosophy of Science Should Not Be Drawn -- Vagueness and Alternative Logic -- The Rationalist Theory of Double Causality as an Object of Hume’s Criticism -- A Modest Concept of Moral Sense Perception -- Structuralism and Scientific Realism -- Deterministic and Probabilistic Reasons and Causes -- The Meaning of Probability Statements -- Normative Principles of Rational Communication -- Persönliche Anmerkungen.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7676-5
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Duty and Inclination The Fundamentals of Morality Discussed and Redefined with Special Regard to Kant and Schiller (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400968301
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H.L. van Breda et Publiée Sous Le Patronage Des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 93
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 93
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I. Duty and Inclination -- A Ethico-Historical and Critical Part -- 1. Kants Systems of Ethics in Its Relation to Schiller’s Ethical Views -- 2: A Critique of the Groundwork of Kant’s Ethics -- B Systematic Part -- 3: The Method Required in Ethics -- 4: The Origins of the Moral Ought and Its Relations to Inclination and Willing -- II. On the Adaption of the Phenomenological Method to, and Its Refinement as a Method of, Ethics. (Zeitschrift fur Philo- sophische Forschung 29 (1975), pp. 108–117.) -- III. Is Value Ethics Out of Date? (Zeitschrift fur Philosophische Forschung 30 (1976), pp. 93–98.) -- IV. The Golden Rule and Natural Law. (Studia Leibnitiana 8 (1977), pp. 231–254.) -- V. Good and Value, The Philosophical Relevance of the Concept of Value -- Name index.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6830-1
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  • 3
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    The Place of Space and Other Themes : Variations on Kant’s First Critique (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400968691
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (190p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I: Transcendental Idealism, Free Will and Major Strategy of the First Critique -- Section 1 -- Section 2 -- II: The Status of Space and Time -- Section 1 -- Section 2 -- Section 3 -- Section 4 -- III: Some Remarks on the Nature of Transcendental Proofs and Related Problems -- Section 1 -- Section 2 -- Section 3 -- IV: The Analogies: Problems of Detailed Application -- Section 1 -- Section 2 -- Section 3 -- V: General -- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 7 -- 8 -- 9.
    Abstract: The book is divided into chapters, but several themes run across them. This is, in fact, the reason for writing a book rather than a number of independent articles; for it appears that several moments of Kant's work are characterized by similar problems, and consequently we might be unable to see the impact of these on a more 1 i mi ted canvas. But further, and perhaps no less importantly, the shared problems are likely to be indicative of the nature of the whole area under discussion. Given this, to concentrate our attention on them should provide clarification not accessible in any other way. It is one of the objects of the present book to obtai n thi s clarification, and to apply it to the area itself, rather than merely to utilize the results in Kantian exegesis and elucidation. Thus the aim is not predominantly historical. Of the various themes, the theme of Space and Time turns out to be of prime importance to the whole picture presented, and within it, the theme of space. This is not perhaps surprising, for Kant's central task is to provide for objectivity; i. e. , to explain how a "subjective" stream of perceptions can amount to a perception of the world in which there are both subjective and objective moments.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6869-1
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  • 4
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    Foundations of Morality, Human Rights, and the Human Sciences : Phenomenology in a Foundational Dialogue with the Human Sciences (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969759
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (604p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Ethics ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Essay -- The Moral Sense: A Discourse on the Phenomenological Foundation of the Social World and of Ethics -- I Phenomenology in an Interdisciplinary Communication with the Human Sciences: Questions of the Method -- A. The Phenomenological Challenge in Sociology -- Phenomenological Methods in Sociological Research -- On the Meaning of ‘Adequacy’ in the Sociology of Alfred Schutz -- Contribution to the Debate: On the Phenomenological Challenge in Sociology -- Twentieth-century Realism and the Autonomy of the Human Sciences: The Case of George Santayana -- Method in Integrative Transformism -- Methodological Neutrality in Pragmatism and Phenomenology -- Contribution to the Debate: Heidegger on Rhetoric -- B. Human Being, World, Cognition -- The Problem of Reality as Seen from the Viewpoint of Existential Phenomenology -- Heidegger’s Transcendental-Phenomenological “Justification” of Science -- Contribution to the Debate: Heidegger’s Theory of Authentic Discourse -- A Descriptive Science of the Pretheoretical World: A Husserlian Theme in Its Historical Context -- Darwin’s Phenomenological Embarrassment and Freud’s Solution -- Contribution to the Debate: Phenomenology and Empiricism -- The Relationship of Theory and Emancipation in Husserl and Habermas -- Contribution to the Debate: Professor Wallulis on Theory and Emancipation -- C. Some Issues for Phenomenology in Epistemology and Philosophy of Religion -- The Reductions and Existence: Bases for Epistemology -- Intersubjectivity and Accessibility -- Once More into the Lion’s Mouth: Another Look at van der Leeuw’s Phenomenology of Religion -- II The Foundations of Morality and the Human Sciences -- A. Foundations of Morality and Nature -- Aground on the Ground of Values: Friedrich Nietzsche -- Man as the Focal Point of Human Science -- On Biologicized Ethics: A Critique of the Biological Approach to the Human Sciences -- B. Foundations of Morality and the Life-World -- The Foundations of Morality and the Human Sciences -- Value and Ideology -- Schutz’s Thesis and the Moral Basis for Humanistic Sociology -- The Moral Crisis of Explanation in the Social Sciences -- C. Science and Morality -- Medicine and the Moral Basis of the Human Sciences -- Heidegger’s Existential Conception of Science -- Philosophy and Psychology Confronted with the Need for a Moral Significance of Life -- Contribution to the Debate: Scientific Psychology and Moral Philosophy in the Knowledge of Human Nature: Two Lines of Research -- Contribution to the Debate: Some Remarks on the Role of Psychology in Man’s Ethical World View -- Emotion and the Good in Moral Development -- The Genesis of Moral Judgment -- D. Morality: From Life-Experience to Moral Concepts -- Surrender to Morality as the Morality of Surrender -- The Socio-philosophical Conception of Kurt H. Wolff -- On Purpose, Obligation, and Transcendental Semantics -- III Phenomenology and the Human Sciences in a Common Approach to “Human Rights” -- Le Primat du théorique à l’égard du normatif chez Husserl -- La Intersubjetividad absoluta en Husserl y el ideal de una sociedad racional -- On Some Contributions of Existential Phenomenology to Sociology of Law: Formalism and Historicism -- Rights, Responsibilities, and Existentialist Ethics -- Elementos para una teoria de la transubjetividad – A la fenomenología de los derechos humanos -- The Person, Basis for Human Rights -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The essays in this volume constitute a portion of the research program being carried out by the International Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences. Established as an affiliate society of the World Institute for Ad­ vanced Phenomenological Research and Learning in 1976, in Arezzo, Italy, by the president of the Institute, Dr Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, this particular society is devoted to an exploration of the relevance of phenomenological methods and insights for an understanding of the origins and goals of the specialised human sciences. The essays printed in the first part of the book were originally presented at the Second Congress of this society held at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 12-14 July 1979. The second part of the volume consists of selected essays from the third convention (the Eleventh International Congress of Phenomenology of the World Phenomen­ ology Institute) held in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1981. With the third part of this book we pass into the "Human Rights" issue as treated by the World Phenomenology Institute at the Interamerican Philosophy Congress held in Tallahassee, Florida, also in 1981. The volume opens with a mono­ graph by Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka on the foundations of ethics in the moral practice within the life-world and the social world shown as clearly distinct. The main ideas of this work had been presented by Tymieniecka as lead lectures to the three conferences giving them a tight research-project con­ sistency.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6975-9
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  • 5
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    Concepts and Approaches in Evolutionary Epistemology : Towards an Evolutionary Theory of Knowledge (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400971271
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (340p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 36
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Evolutionary Epistemology — A Challenge to Science and Philosophy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Notion of the Innate — Immanuel Kant and Beyond -- 3. Patterns of Nature and the Nature of Cognition or, ‘Why the Eye is Attuned to the Sun’ -- 4. The Interdisciplinary Foundation of Evolutionary Epistemology -- 5. The Challenge to Science and Philosophy -- 6. Summary and Conclusion -- Notes -- Evolution and Evolutionary Knowledge — On the Correspondence Between Cognitive Order and Nature -- 1. Separate Approaches -- 2. Judgements and Prejudices -- 3. The Theory of Evolution -- 4. Epistemological Questions -- 5. Nature and Thinking -- 6. A System of Hypotheses -- 7. Natural and Cognitive Order 45 -- 8. The Kantian Apriori -- 9. Summary -- Notes -- A Short Introduction to the Biological Principles of Evolutionary Epistemology -- 1. Life as a Cognition Process -- 2. The “Hypotheses” of the Ratiomorphic Apparatus -- 3. Summary -- Notes -- Mesocosm and Objective Knowledge — On Problems Solved by Evolutionary Epistemology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Facts and Fits — What Evolutionary Epistemology Tries to Explain -- 3. Tenets and Traits — What Evolutionary Epistemology Does Assert -- 4. Caveats and Corrections — What Evolutionary Epistemology Does Not Assert -- 5. Mesocosm and Visualization -- 6. Projection and Reconstruction -- 7. Objectivity and Invariance -- 8. Mathematics and Reality -- 9. Causality and Energy Transfer -- 10. Mind and Evolution -- 11. Unfinished Tasks and Unsolved Problems -- Neurobiological Aspects of Intelligence -- The Evolution of Scientific Method -- 1. The Historical Background -- 2. Objective Scientific Knowledge as a Break with the Ratiomorphic Past: The “Third” Evolution -- 3. The Systematic Relationship of Empirical-Evolutionary Epistemology and Meta-Empirical or Pure “Transcendental” Epistemology -- 4. Information and Knowledge -- 5. Science as an Evolutionary Information System -- 6. The “Law of Three Stages” of the Evolution of Method -- Notes -- The Ethics of Science: Compatible with the Concept of Evolutionary Epistemology? -- 1. The Traditional Viewpoint -- 2. Values -- 3. Science -- 4. Motivation of Science -- 5. Scientific Communities -- 6. The Ethics of Science -- 7. Justification of the Code (Compatibility with Evolutionary Epistemology) -- 8. The Ethics of Science as a Partial Code of Conduct -- 9. Extention of the Ethics of Science to Society? -- 10. Homo investigans versus Homo politicus -- 11. Threats Bearing upon the Ethics of Science -- The Metaphysical Limits of Evolutionary Epistemology -- 1. Evolutionary Epistemology is a Philosophical Proposal -- 2. As a Philosophical Theory, Evolutionary Epistemology is a Variant of Naturalistic Realism -- 3. Evolutionary Epistemology and Causality -- 4. Difficulties with the Principle of “Fulguration” -- 5. By Its Claim to Truth, Evolutionary Epistemology Annuls Itself -- 6. Evolutionary Epistemology is Unable to Support Its Own Ethical Claims -- 7. Evolutionary Epistemology and Ethics -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Evolutionary Causality, Theory of Games, and Evolution of Intelligence -- 1. A Model for Evolutionary Causality -- 2. The Equivalence of the Theory of Evolution and Dynamic Games -- 3. Evolutionary Epistemology, Memory, and Intelligence -- References -- Evolutionary Epistemology — A New Copernican Revolution? -- Notes -- Appendix. The Logical Basis of Evolutionary Epistemology -- 1. The Limits of the Analytical Approach -- 2. The Logical Structure of the Evolutionary Approach to Epistemological Questions -- 3. Consistency Proof for Riedl’s Probability Hypothesis -- 4. The Problem of Theoretical Terms in Evolutionary Perspective -- Notes -- Index Of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The present volume brings together current interdisciplinary research which adds up to an evolutionary theory of human knowledge, Le. evolutionary epistemology. It comprises ten papers, dealing with the basic concepts, approaches and data in evolutionary epistemology and discussing some of their most important consequences. Because I am convinced that criticism, if not confused with mere polemics, is apt to stimulate the maturation of a scientific or philosophical theory, I invited Reinhard Low to present his critical view of evolutionary epistemology and to indicate some limits of our evolutionary conceptions. The main purpose of this book is to meet the urgent need of both science and philosophy for a comprehensive up-to-date approach to the problem of knowledge, going beyond the traditional disciplinary boundaries of scientific and philosophical thought. Evolutionary epistemology has emerged as a naturalistic and science-oriented view of knowledge taking cognizance of, and compatible with, results of biological, psychological, anthropological and linguistic inquiries concerning the structure and development of man's cognitive apparatus. Thus, evolutionary epistemology serves as a frame­ work for many contemporary discussions of the age-old problem of human knowledge.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7127-1
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  • 6
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    Space, Time and Causality : Royal Institute of Philosophy Conferences Volume 1981 (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969667
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 157
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Absolute versus Relative Space and Time -- Three Steps Towards Absolutism -- Reply to Mackie -- Absoluteness and Conspiracy -- Time And Causal Connectibility -- Prospects for a Causal Theory of Space-Time -- Verificationism and Theories of Space-Time -- Temporal and Causal Asymmetry -- Temporal and Causal Asymmetry -- Temporal and Causal Asymmetry -- Causality And Quantum Mechanics -- How the Measurement Problem Is an Artifact of the Mathematics -- Measurement, Unitarity, and Laws -- Causality, Relativity, and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox -- Nonlocality and Peaceful Coexistence -- Quantum Logic and Ensembles -- Notes On Contributors -- Index Of Names.
    Abstract: The Royal Institute of Philosophy has been sponsoring conferences in alter­ nate years since 1969. These have from the start been intended to be of interest to persons who are not philosophers by profession. They have mainly focused on interdisciplinary areas such as the philosophies of psychology, education and the social sciences. The volumes arising from these conferences have included discussions between philosophers and distinguished practitioners of other disciplines relevant to the chosen topic. Beginning with the 1979 conference on 'Law, Morality and Rights' and the 1981 conference on 'Space, Time and Causality' these volumes are now constituted as a series. It is hoped that this series will contribute to advancing philosophical understanding at the frontiers of philosophy and areas of interest to non-philosophers. It is hoped that it will do so by writing which reduces technicalities as much as the subject-matter permits. In this way the series is intended to demonstrate that philosophy can be clear and worthwhile in itself and at the same time relevant to the interests of lay people.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6966-7
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  • 7
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    Reason and the Search for Knowledge : Investigations in the Philosophy of Science (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401097314
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (500p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 78
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 78
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Critical Papers -- 1: Philosophy and the Analysis of Language -- 2: Mathematical Ideals and Metaphysical Concepts -- 3: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions -- 4: The Paradigm Concept -- 5: Meaning and Scientific Change -- 6: Notes Toward a Post-Positivistic Interpretation of Science, Part I -- II. Analyses of Issues -- 7: Space, Time, and Language -- 8: Interpretations of Science in America -- 9: Unity and Method in Contemporary Science -- 10: What Can the Theory of Knowledge Learn from the History of Knowledge? -- III. Toward a Systematic Philosophy of Science -- 11: The Character of Scientific Change -- 12: The Scope and Limits of Scientific Change -- 13: Scientific Theories and Their Domains -- 14: Remarks on the Concepts of Domain and Field -- 15: Alteration of Goals and Language in the Development of Science -- 16: The Concept of Observation in Science and Philosophy (Summary version) -- 17: Notes Toward a Post-Positivistic Interpretation of Science, Part II -- 18: Reason, Reference, and the Quest for Knowledge -- 19: Modern Science and the Philosophical Tradition -- List Of Publications -- Index Of Names -- Index Of Topics.
    Abstract: An impressive characteristic of Dudley Shapere's studies in the philosophy of the sciences has been his dogged reasonableness. He sorts things out, with logical care and mastery of the materials, and with an epistemological curiosity for the historical happenings which is both critical and respectful. Science changes, and the philosopher had better not link philosophical standards too tightly to either the latest orthodox or the provocative up­ start in scientific fashions; and yet, as critic, the philosopher must not only master the sciences but also explicate their meanings, not those of a cognitive never-never land. Neither dreamer nor pedant, Professor Shapere has been able to practice the modern empiricist's exercises with the sober and stimulat­ ing results shown in this volume: he sees that he can be faithful to philosoph­ ical analysis, engage in the boldest 'rational reconstruction' of theories and experimental measurements, and faithful too, empirically faithful we may say, to both the direct super-highways and the winding pathways of conceptual evolutions and metaphysical revolutions. Not least, Shapere listens! To Einstein and Calileo of course, but to the workings of the engineers and the scientific apprentices too, and to the various philosophers, now and of old, who have also worked to make sense of what has been learned and how that has happened and where we might go wrong.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9731-4
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  • 8
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    God, Free Will, and Morality : Prolegomena to a Theory of Practical Reasoning (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970779
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212p) , digital
    Edition: 1
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 27
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Ethics ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Introduction -- III / Practical Reasoning, Action, and Weakness of Will -- III/ The Dilemma of Obligability -- IV/ Was Free Will a Pseudo-Problem? -- V/ The Fly in the Flypaper -- VI/ Oughts and Cans -- VII/ Unprincipled Morality -- VIII/ Beyond Intuitionism — A Step -- IX/ “To Forgive All…” -- X/ “With God All is Permitted” -- Notes.
    Abstract: "He [Francis Bacon] writes of science like a Lord Chan cellor" - William Harvey "Don't say: 'There must be something common . . . ' - but look and see" Ludwig Wittgenstein In the history of western moral philosophy since Plato, there has been a pervasive tendency for the moral theorist to wri~e, in effect, like a scientist, Le. to seek completely general prin­ ciples of right conduct. Of late, moreover, there has been an attempt to set forth a theory underlying the general principles, not of right conduct, admittedly, but of justice. To be sure, we are sometimes warned that the principles (which must exist?) may be too complex to be formulated. Also they may not exist prior to action - nonetheless, we are told, they serve as guides to conduct! One inight argue that Baconian inductivism provides one basis for skepticism with respect to a number of familiar epistemological problems. Thus, the skeptic argues, a certain conclusion - say, the existence of another's pain - is not justified on the basis of (behavioral) evidence either deductively or inductively, and hence it is not justified at all. Similarly, I should claim, by establishing an unattainable standard, the search for exceptionless principles may become a source of moral skepticism. After all, when con­ fronted with a supposed principle designed to justify a particular ix x PREFACE action, one can generally imagine a counter-example to the prin­ ciple without excessive difficulty.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7077-9
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  • 9
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    Science under Scrutiny : The Place of History and Philosophy of Science (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576727
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 182 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 3
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Why Philosophy of Science? -- Knowledge and Power in the Sciences -- Facts and Values in Science Studies -- No History Without Health -- Science Policy Studies: Retrospect and Prospect -- Social Science: Education as Social Persuasion -- History and Philosophy of Science in the Pedagogical Process -- Science Teaching or Science Preaching? Critical Reflections on School Science -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: Only in fairly recent years has History and Philosophy of Science been recognized - though not always under that name - as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour. Previously, in the Australasian region as elsewhere, those few individuals working within this broad area of inquiry found their base, both intellectually and socially, where they could. In fact, the institutionali­ zation of History and Philosophy of Science began comparatively early in Australia. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne immediately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appointments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and '60s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia, and in New Zealand.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7672-7
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  • 10
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    Epistemology, Methodology, and the Social Sciences (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401714587
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 270 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 71
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 71
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Ideology and Objectivity -- Toward a Logic of Historical Constitution -- Beyond Causality in the Social Sciences: Reciprocity as a Model of Non-exploitative Social Relations -- Empiricism and the Philosophy of Science, or, n Dogmas of Empiricism -- Realism and the Supposed Poverty of Sociological Theories -- The Role and Status of the Rationality Principle in the Social Sciences -- Marxian Paradigms versus Microeconomic Structures -- Paradise not Surrendered: Jewish Reactions to Copernicus and the Growth of Modern Science -- The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man -- Technologies as Forms of Life -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The last decades have seen major reformations in the philosophy and history of science. What has been called 'post-positivist' philosophy of science has introduced radically new concerns with historical, social, and valuative components of scientific thought in the natural sciences, and has raised up the demons of relativism, subjectivism and sociologism to haunt the once­ calm precincts of objectivity and realism. Though these disturbances intruded upon what had seemed to be the logically well-ordered domain of the philoso­ phy of the natural sciences, they were no news to the social sciences. There, the messy business of human action, volition, decision, the considerations of practical purposes and social values, the role of ideology and the problem of rationality, had long conspired to defeat logical-reconstructionist programs. The attempt to tarne the social sciences to the harness of a strict hypothetico­ deductive model of explanation failed. Within the social sciences, phenome­ nological, Marxist, hermeneuticist, action-theoretical approaches vied in attempting to capture the distinctiveness of human phenomena. In fact, the philosophy of the natural sciences, even in its 'hard' forms, has itself become infected with the increasing reflection upon the role of such social-scientific categories, in the attempt to understand the nature of the scientific enterprise.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1458-7
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  • 11
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    Before it’s Too Late : A Scientist’s Case for Nuclear Energy (1983)
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    Details
    ISBN: 9781468445770
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Physics ; Engineering ; Renewable energy sources ; Social sciences ; Science—Philosophy. ; Astronomy.
    Abstract: 1. Problems in Public Understanding -- Reference Notes -- 2. How Dangerous is Radiation? -- Meet the Millirem -- Scientific Basis for Risk Estimates -- The Media and Radiation -- Genetic Effects of Radiation -- Other Health Effects of Radiation -- Public Insanity -- Reference Notes -- 3. The Fearsome Reactor Meltdown Accident -- Was Three Mile Island a Near Miss to Disaster? -- Roads to Meltdown -- How Secure Is the Containment? -- The Probabilities -- The Worst Possible Accident -- Land Contamination -- Why the Public Misunderstanding? -- Non-Safety Issues -- Reference Notes -- 4. Understanding Risk -- A Catalog of Risks -- Risks of Nuclear Energy—In Perspective -- Acceptability of Nuclear Power Risks -- Risks from Air Pollution in Coal Burning -- Risks in Other Energy Technologies -- Spending Money to Reduce Risk -- Reference Notes -- 5. Hazards of High-Level Radioactive Waste: The Great Myth -- A First Perspective -- High-Level Radioactive Waste—Hazards and Protective Barriers -- Quantitative Risk Assessment for High-Level Waste -- Long-Term Waste Problems from Chemical Carcinogens -- Should We Add Up Effects over Millions of Years? -- Why the Public Fear? -- Reference Notes -- 6. More on Radioactive Waste -- Radon Problems -- Routine Emissions of Radioactivity -- Low-Level Waste -- Transuranic Waste -- Summary of Results -- The Real Waste Problem -- West Valley—The Ultimate Waste Problem -- Leaking Waste Storage Tanks -- Waste Transport—When Radioactivity Encounters the Public -- A Radioactive Waste Accident in the Soviet Union -- Summary -- Reference Notes -- 7. Plutonium and Bombs -- Fuel of the Future -- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons -- Nonproliferation Politics -- A Tool for Terrorists? -- Plutonium Toxicity -- Reference Notes -- 8. Costs of Nuclear Power: The Achilles’ Heel -- Understanding Power Plant Construction Costs -- Regulatory Ratcheting -- Actual Costs of Nuclear Power Plants—Regulatory Turbulence -- Actual Costs -- The Situation in Other Countries -- The Political Battle Lost -- Cost per Kilowatt-Hour -- Coal versus Nuclear Costs -- Reference Notes -- 9. The Solar Dream -- Cost Problems -- Is It There When We Need It? -- Why Solar Electricity? -- Environmental Problems, the Media, and Politics And More Politics -- Reference Notes -- 10. What the Polls Tell Us -- Rothman-Lichter Polls -- Battelle and Media Institute Studies -- A Poll of Radiation Health Scientists -- Summary -- Reference Notes -- 11. Questions from the Audience -- Radioactivity and Radiation -- Trust and Faith -- Reactor Accidents and Safety -- Radioactive Waste -- Miscellaneous Topics -- 12. A Cry for Help.
    Abstract: I was not invited to write a foreword for this book. Dr. Cohen, knowing my busy schedule, would have considered such a request to be an imposition. I volunteered to do so in part to acknowledge my gratitude to him for having been a constant source of reference materials as I have turned my attention increasingly to informing both lay and scientific audiences concerning the biologic effects of low-level ionizing radiation. My primary reason for vol­ unteering, however, is to point to the importance of such a book for public education at a time when the media, in collaboration with a variety of activist groups, have developed among the people an almost phobic fear of radiation at any level. I take issue with the words of another Nobel laureate, George Wald, who states regularly "Every dose is an overdose. '" This philosophy has re­ sulted in women refusing mammography for the detection of breast cancer even though this methodology is the most sensitive for detection of such cancers in the early, curable stage, and even though, at present, breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women. It has led a Westchester County, New York legislator to state proudly in the New York Times that he v vi I FOREWORD had introduced legislation that would bar all radioactivity from the county's roads.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Problems in Public UnderstandingReference Notes -- 2. How Dangerous is Radiation? -- Meet the Millirem -- Scientific Basis for Risk Estimates -- The Media and Radiation -- Genetic Effects of Radiation -- Other Health Effects of Radiation -- Public Insanity -- Reference Notes -- 3. The Fearsome Reactor Meltdown Accident -- Was Three Mile Island a Near Miss to Disaster? -- Roads to Meltdown -- How Secure Is the Containment? -- The Probabilities -- The Worst Possible Accident -- Land Contamination -- Why the Public Misunderstanding? -- Non-Safety Issues -- Reference Notes -- 4. Understanding Risk -- A Catalog of Risks -- Risks of Nuclear Energy-In Perspective -- Acceptability of Nuclear Power Risks -- Risks from Air Pollution in Coal Burning -- Risks in Other Energy Technologies -- Spending Money to Reduce Risk -- Reference Notes -- 5. Hazards of High-Level Radioactive Waste: The Great Myth -- A First Perspective -- High-Level Radioactive Waste-Hazards and Protective Barriers -- Quantitative Risk Assessment for High-Level Waste -- Long-Term Waste Problems from Chemical Carcinogens -- Should We Add Up Effects over Millions of Years? -- Why the Public Fear? -- Reference Notes -- 6. More on Radioactive Waste -- Radon Problems -- Routine Emissions of Radioactivity -- Low-Level Waste -- Transuranic Waste -- Summary of Results -- The Real Waste Problem -- West Valley-The Ultimate Waste Problem -- Leaking Waste Storage Tanks -- Waste Transport-When Radioactivity Encounters the Public -- A Radioactive Waste Accident in the Soviet Union -- Summary -- Reference Notes -- 7. Plutonium and Bombs -- Fuel of the Future -- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons -- Nonproliferation Politics -- A Tool for Terrorists? -- Plutonium Toxicity -- Reference Notes -- 8. Costs of Nuclear Power: The Achilles’ Heel -- Understanding Power Plant Construction Costs -- Regulatory Ratcheting -- Actual Costs of Nuclear Power Plants-Regulatory Turbulence -- Actual Costs -- The Situation in Other Countries -- The Political Battle Lost -- Cost per Kilowatt-Hour -- Coal versus Nuclear Costs -- Reference Notes -- 9. The Solar Dream -- Cost Problems -- Is It There When We Need It? -- Why Solar Electricity? -- Environmental Problems, the Media, and Politics And More Politics -- Reference Notes -- 10. What the Polls Tell Us -- Rothman-Lichter Polls -- Battelle and Media Institute Studies -- A Poll of Radiation Health Scientists -- Summary -- Reference Notes -- 11. Questions from the Audience -- Radioactivity and Radiation -- Trust and Faith -- Reactor Accidents and Safety -- Radioactive Waste -- Miscellaneous Topics -- 12. A Cry for Help.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4577-0
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  • 12
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    In Search of Equity : Health Needs and the Health Care System (1983)
    Boston, MA : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781468444247
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Hastings Center Series in Ethics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: 1 Health Care Needs and Distributive Justice -- 2 For and Against Equal Access to Health Care -- 3 Jail and Prison Health Care Standards: A Determination of Need Without Reference to Want or Desire -- 4 How Should Values Count in the Allocation of New Technologies in Health Care? -- 5 The Neoconservative Health Strategy: Vouchers and the Rhetoric of Equity -- 6 Operationalizing Respect for Persons: A Qualitative Aspect of the Right to Health Care -- 7 Needs, Wants, Demands, and Interests: Their Interaction in Medical Practice and Health Policy -- 8 Physicians’ Refusals of Patient Demands: An Application of Medical Discernment -- Appendix A.
    Abstract: I Several years ago, when the Carter administration announced that it would support congressional action to end the public fund­ ing of abortions, the President was asked at a press conference whether he thought that such a policy was unfair; he responded, "Life is unfair." His remarks provoked a storm of controversy. For other than those who, for principled reasons, opposed abor­ tion on any grounds, it seemed that the President's comments were cruel, violating what was thought to be an American com­ mitment to providing equal access to health services to all citi­ zens, regardless of their capacity to pay. Those sentiments had, in fact, been reflected in public opinion polls that had, for at least three decades, indicated that Americans supported the propo­ sition that the government should guarantee health care to all. Ultimately, those beliefs had been translated into the oft-ex­ 1 pressed political demand for a one-class system of health care. This commitment to equality is rather remarkable. American society evidences a striking willingness to tolerate vast inequal­ ities with regard to income and wealth. While it guarantees ed­ ucation to all children, there is not even a pretense that the children of the wealthy and the children of the poor ought to get precisely the same kind of schooling. While some commitment 'Hazel Erskine. "The Polls: Health Insurance," Public Opinion Quarterly, XXXIX (Spring, 1975), 128-143.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4424-7
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  • 13
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    Direct Realism : A Study of Perception (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969087
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I. Caveats -- 1. Physicalism and Direct Realism -- 2. Adverbialism -- 3. Acts and Objects -- 4. Whither Direct Realism? -- II. The Sensory Scene -- 1. The Argument for Immediacy -- 2. The Argument from Infallibility -- 3. The Argument from Conceptual Frameworks -- 4. The Very Idea of Direct Realism -- III. Qualitative Appearing -- 1. The Sensum Theory -- 2. The Compound Thing Theory -- 3. The Multiple Inherence Theory -- 4. The Multiple Relation Theory -- 5. The Impasse: A Look Backward -- 6. The Multiple Relation Theory Revisited: Major Objections -- 7. Direct Realism and the Multiple Relation Theory Reconciled -- IV. Illusion -- 1. The Received Answers: Direct Realists Manqué -- 2. No Intrinsic Difference: Another Interpretation -- 3. Descriptive Neutrality and Direct Realism -- 4. Indeterminate Perceptual Objects: The Speckled Hen Example -- 5. The Phantom Limb Objection -- V. Time Lag -- 1. The Received Answers -- 2. A New Beginning -- 3. Obstacles and Objections -- 4. Common Sense and Causation -- 5. Microparticles: Causation’s Last Resort -- 6. Color Perception: A Counterexample -- VI. Phenomenalism -- 1. Classical Phenomenalism: Mill -- 2. Varieties of Phenomenalism: Hume -- 3. Phenomenalism and Logical Constructions: Russell -- 4. Phenomenalism: A Budget of Difficulties -- 5. The Anomaly of Phenomenalism.
    Abstract: or their surfaces can be translated without remainder into descriptions of ob­ jects that are neither material objects or surfaces of any material object. All of these claims have historically conspired to discredit Direct Realism. But Direct Realism can accommodate all of the premises of the three argu­ ments without admitting any of their conclusions. Inferential perceptual knowl­ edge assumes a kind of knowledge that is not inferential. Without this assump­ tion, we are given a vicious infinite regress. But this is compatible with the fact that any case of non-inferential knowledge has a material objeCt as its object. The fact ofinfallible perceptual awareness fails to discredit DireCt Realism for similar reasons. Infallibility is a characteristic, not of the objects which we perceive, but rather of the acts by which we perceive them. And this permits an object of such awareness to be either material or something other than material. It does not fol­ low from the fact of infallibility that the objects of awareness must be other than material objects. And, finally, the fact of translatability shows at most that we either can or must simultaneously perceive material objects and entities which are not material objects. It does not show that the perception of the one is the same as the perception of the other. The entire argument rests, as we shall learn, on an illicit assimilation of the notions of sameness and equivalence.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6908-7
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  • 14
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    The Game of Language : Studies in Game-Theoretical Semantics and Its Applications (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401098472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 22
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Game-Theoretical Semantics: Insights and Prospects -- 2 / Semantical Games and Transcendental Arguments -- 3 / Semantical Games, Subgames, and Functional Interpretations -- 4 / Any Problems — No Problems -- 5 / Temporal Discourse and Semantical Games -- 6 / Definite Descriptions in Game-Theoretical Semantics -- 7 / “Is”, Semantical Games, and Semantical Relativity -- 8 / Semantical Games and Aristotelian Categories -- 9 / On the Any-Thesis and the Methodology of Linguistics -- 10 / Theories of Truth and Learnable Languages -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Since the first chapter of this book presents an intro­ duction to the present state of game-theoretical semantics (GTS), there is no point in giving a briefer survey here. Instead, it may be helpful to indicate what this volume attempts to do. The first chapter gives a short intro­ duction to GTS and a survey of what is has accomplished. Chapter 2 puts the enterprise of GTS into new philo­ sophical perspective by relating its basic ideas to Kant's phi losophy of mathematics, space, and time. Chapters 3-6 are samples of GTS's accomplishments in understanding different kinds of semantical phenomena, mostly in natural languages. Beyond presenting results, some of these chapters also have other aims. Chapter 3 relates GTS to an interesting line of logical and foundational studies - the so-called functional interpretations - while chapter 4 leads to certain important methodological theses. Chapter 7 marks an application of GTS in a more philo­ sophical direction by criticizing the Frege-Russell thesis that words like "is" are multiply ambiguous. This leads in turn to a criticism of recent logical languages (logical notation), which since Frege have been based on the ambi­ guity thesis, and also to certain methodological sug­ gestions. In chapter 8, GTS is shown to have important implications for our understanding of Aristotle's doctrine of categories, while chapter 9 continues my earlier criticism of Chomsky's generative approach to linguistic theorizing.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9847-2
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  • 15
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    Philosophical Papers 1913-1946 : With a Bibliography of Neurath in English (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969957
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. The Lost Wanderers of Descartes and the Auxiliary Motive (On The Psychology of Decision) (1913) -- 2. On The Classification of Systems of Hypotheses (With Special Reference to Optics) (1916) -- 3. Ways of the Scientific World-Conception (1930) -- 4. Physicalism: The Philosophy of the Viennese Circle (1931) -- 5. Physicalism (1931) -- 6. Sociology in the Framework of Physicalism (1931) -- 7. Protocol Statements (1932) -- 8. Radical Physicalism and the ‘Real World’ (1934) -- 9. The Unity of Science as a Task (1935) -- 10. Pseudorationalism of Falsification (1935) -- 11. Individual Sciences, Unified Science, Pseudorationalism (1936) -- 12. An International Encyclopedia of Unified Science (1936) -- 13. Encyclopedia as ‘Model’ (1936) -- 14. Physicalism and the Investigation of Knowledge (1936) -- 15. Unified Science and Its Encyclopedia (1937) -- 16. The Concept of ‘Type’ in the Light of Modern Logic (1937) -- 17. The New Encyclopedia of Scientific Empiricism (1937) -- 18. The Departmentalization of Unified Science (1937) -- 19. Comments on the Papers by Black, Kokoszy?ska, Williams (1937) -- 20. The Social Sciences and Unified Science (1939) -- 21. Universal Jargon and Terminology (1941) -- 22. The Orchestration of the Sciences by the Encyclopedism of Logical Empiricism (1946) -- 23. Prediction and Induction (1946) -- 24. Bibliographies -- A. Bibliography of Works Cited -- B. Supplementary List of Works by Otto Neurath [See ‘List’, Which Is Chapter 12 of Empiricism and Sociology, 1973] -- C. Neurath in English -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The philosophical writings of Otto Neurath, and their central themes, have been described many times, by Carnap in his authobiographical essay, by Ayer and Morris and Kraft decades ago, by Haller and Hegselmann and Nemeth and others in recent years. How extraordinary Neurath's insights were, even when they perhaps were more to be seen as conjectures, aperfus, philosophical hypotheses, tools to be taken up and used in the practical workshop of life; and how prescient he was. A few examples may be helpful: (1) Neurath's 1912 lecture on the conceptual critique of the idea of a pleasure maximum [ON 50] substantially anticipates the development of aspects of analytical ethics in mid-century. (2) Neurath's 1915 paper on alternative hypotheses, and systems of hypotheses, within the science of physical optics [ON 81] gives a lucid account of the historically-developed clashing theories of light, their un­ realized further possibilities, and the implied contingencies of theory survival in science, all within his framework that antedates not only the quite similar work of Kuhn so many years later but also of the Vienna Circle too. (3) Neurath's subsequent paper of 1916 investigates the inadequacies of various attempts to classify systems of hypotheses [ON 82, and this volume], and sets forth a pioneering conception of the metatheoretical task of scientific philosophy.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6995-7
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  • 16
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    Epistemology & Methodology I : Exploring the World (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970274
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: of Epistemology I -- I. Cognition and Communication -- 1. Cognition -- 2. Knowledge -- 3. Communication -- II. Perceiving and Thinking -- 4. Perceiving -- 5. Conceiving -- 6. Inferring -- III. Exploring and Theorizing -- 7. Exploring -- 8. Conjecturing -- 9. Systematizing -- Appendices -- 1. The Power of Mathematics in Theory Construction: A Simple Model of Evolution -- 2. The Prose Identifying the Variables -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In this Introduction we shall state the business of both descriptive and normative epistemology, and shall locate them in the map oflearning. This must be done because epistemology has been pronounced dead, and methodology nonexisting; and because, when acknowledged at all, they are often misplaced. 1. DESCRIPTIVE EPISTEMOLOGY The following problems are typical of classical epistemology: (i) What can we know? (ii) How do we know? (iii) What, if anything, does the subject contribute to his knowledge? (iv) What is truth? (v) How can we recognize truth? (vi) What is probable knowledge as opposed to certain knowledge? (vii) Is there a priori knowledge, and if so of what? (viii) How are knowledge and action related? (ix) How are knowledge and language related? (x) What is the status of concepts and propositions? In some guise or other all of these problems are still with us. To be sure, if construed as a demand for an inventory of knowledge the first problem is not a philosophical one any more than the question 'What is there?'. But it is a genuine philosophical problem if construed thus: 'What kinds of object are knowable-and which ones are not?' However, it is doubtful that philosophy can offer a correct answer to this problem without the help of science and technology. For example, only these disciplines can tell us whether man can know not only phenomena (appearances) but also noumena (things in themselves or self-existing objects).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7027-4
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  • 17
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    Handbook of Philosophical Logic : Volume I: Elements of Classical Logic (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970663
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (504p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 164
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Mathematical logic. ; Computational linguistics.
    Abstract: to Volume I -- I.1. Elementary Predicate Logic -- I.2. Systems of Deduction -- I.3. Alternatives to Standard First-order Semantics -- I.4. Higher-order Logic -- I.5. Predicative Logics -- I.6. Algorithms and Decision Problems: A Crash Course in Recursion Theory -- Name Index -- Table of Contents to Volumes II, III, and IV.
    Abstract: The aim of the first volume of the present Handbook of Philosophical Logic is essentially two-fold: First of all, the chapters in this volume should provide a concise overview of the main parts of classical logic. Second, these chapters are intended to present all the relevant background material necessary for the understanding of the contributions which are to follow in the next three volumes. We have thought it to be of importance that the connections between classical logic and its 'extensions' (covered in Volume 11) as well as its most important 'alternatives' (covered in Volume Ill) be brought out clearly from the start. The first chapter presents a clear and detailed picture of the range of what is generally taken to be the standard logical framework, namely, predicate (or first-order quantificational) logic. On the one hand, this chapter surveys both propositionai logic and first-order predicate logic and, on the other hand, presents the main metalogical results obtained for them. Chapter 1. 1 also contains a discussion of the limits of first-order logic, i. e. it presents an answer to the question: Why has predicate logic played such a formidable role in the formalization of mathematics and in the many areas of philo­ sophical and linguistic applications? Chapter 1. 1 is prerequisite for just about all the other chapters in the entire Handbook, while the other chapters in Volume I provide more detailed discussions of material developed or hinted at in the first chapter.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7066-3
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  • 18
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    Law, Morality and Rights (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401720496
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 452 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 162
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Ethics ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Working Conceptions of “The Law” -- Rules and Reason -- The Rôle of the Judge -- Concluding Comments -- Justification as Coherence -- Precedent, Discretion and Fairness -- Rights and Claims -- Rights, Claims and Remedies -- Rights and Justified Claims -- Concluding Comments -- The Tendency to Deprave and Corrupt -- Obscenity and the Law -- Obscenity and the Law in Practice -- Concluding Comments -- Justifications of Reverse Discrimination -- Is Reverse Discrimination Fair? -- Reverse Discrimination -- Concluding Comments -- Duress per Minas as a Defence to Crime: I -- Duress per Minas as a Defence to Crime: II -- Duress per Minas as a Defence to Crime: III -- Duress and Necessity as Defences to Crime: A Postcript -- Cruel and Unusual Punishments -- Retributivism and the Death Sentence -- Punishment and Respect for Persons -- Concluding Comments -- Indexes.
    Abstract: The Royal Institute of Philosophy has been sponsoring conferences in alternate years since 1969. These have from the start been intended to be of interest to persons who are not philosophers by profession. They have mainly focused on interdisciplinary areas such as the philosophies of psychology, education and the social sciences. The volumes arising from these conferences have in­ cluded discussions between philosophers and distinguished prac­ titioners of other disciplines relevant to the chosen topic. Beginning with the 1979 conference on 'Law, Morality and Rights' and the 1981 conference on 'Space, Time and Causality' these volumes are now constituted as a series. It is hoped that this series will contribute to advancing philosophical understanding at the frontiers of philosophy and areas of interest to non-philos­ ophers. It is hoped that it will do so by writing which reduces technicalities as much as the subject-matter permits. In this way the series is intended to demonstrate that philosophy can be clear and worthwhile in itself and at the same time relevant to the interests of lay people.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2049-6
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  • 19
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    The Structure and Growth of Scientific Knowledge : A Study in the Methodology of Epistemic Appraisal (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576802
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 231 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 73
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 73
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Introduction: Methodology, Ideology, and Scientific Revolutions -- 2 / Epistemic Structuralism: The Limit to Radical Alternatives to Traditional Epistemology -- 3 / Problems of Structure and Growth: Towards an Interactive Model of The Growth of Scientific Knowledge -- 4 / Consequences and Alternative Methodologies -- 5 / The Nature of Methodological Variance: From Commensurable Canons to Incommensurable Strategies -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Professor Pandit, working among the admirable group of philosophers at the University of Delhi, has written a fundamental criticism and a constructive re-interpretation of all that has been preserved as serious epistemological and methodological reflections on the sciences in modern Western philosoph- from the times of Galileo, Newton, Descartes and Leibniz to those of Russell and Wittgenstein, Carnap and Popper, and, we need hardly add, onward to the troubling relativisms and reconstructions of historical epistemologies in the works of Hanson, Kuhn, Lakatos and Feyerabend. His themes are intrigu­ ing, set forth as they are with masterly case studies of physics and the life sciences, and within an original conceptual framework for philosophical analysis of the processes, functions, and structures of scientific knowing. Pandit's contributions deserve thoughtful examination. For our part, we wish to point to some among them: (1) an interactive articulation of subjective and objective factors of both problems and theories in the course of scientific development; (2) a striking contrast between the explanatory power of a scientific theory and its 'resolving power', i. e.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7680-2
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  • 20
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    Formal Thought and the Sciences of Man (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970373
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 75
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 75
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I. The Problem of Forms and the Philosophy of the Sciences -- The Possibility of Science and the Fact of Science -- Perception and Science -- Linguistic Expression and Scientific Forms -- Coordination and Subordination of Forms -- A ‘Ptolemaic’ Revolution -- II. Language as a Vehicle of Information -- Rhetoric and Contents -- Epistemology, Genetic Psychology and Axiomatization -- Critique of the Notion of ‘Grouping’ as a Form of Logical Thought -- Ordinary Language and Formalized Language -- Pure Informational Language -- Semantics and Syntax -- III. Scientific Languages and Formalisms -- The ‘Mixed’ Language of Science -- The Formation of the Language of Chemistry -- Reversal of the Relations between Oral Language and Writing -- Multi-Dimensionality and Spatiality of Signs -- Semantic Polyvalence -- IV. The Découpage of Phenomena -- The Myth and the Concept -- Experienced Meanings and Scientific Objects -- Organized Practice, the Cultural Environment of the Concept -- An Example of Structural Objectivation: the ‘Wager’ -- Two Apparently Opposed Movements: ‘Formalist’ Découpage and ‘Operational’ Découpage -- The Saussurian Reduction -- The Phonological Découpage -- Hierarchy of Phonological Structures -- Dynamics of Linguistic Structures -- ‘Language Engineering’ -- The Theory of Queues -- Theories of Learning [apprentissage] as Dynamic Games -- V. Quality and Quantity -- Quality of the Object and Quality of the lived Experience [vécu] -- Difference and Similarity -- Qualitative Responses and Information -- Probability of Response, and Division into Latent Classes -- Scaling Structure -- Search for a Metric -- The Interpretation of ‘Principal Components.’ Return to Structural Organization -- The General Theme of Linear Structures -- Disorder and Order -- Qassifications -- Linear Structures, Vectorial Spaces -- The Random Schemata -- Conclusion: Dialectic of Quality and Axiomatization -- VI. Structuring and Axiomatizing -- ‘Energetic’ Models and ‘Cybernetic’ Models -- Causality in the Models -- Meanings and Functions of Axiomatization in Mathematics -- Axiomatization in the Natural Sciences -- Axiomatization in the Sciences of Man -- The Evaluative Structure of Random Situations -- The Definition of a Norm of Decision -- Conclusions: Consciousness and Concept -- VII. The Understanding of the Individual -- The Clinical Situation and Structures in Psychoanalysis -- Diachronic and Synchronic: Personalities as Informational Systems -- Practice as Art and the Individual -- Individual and Alienation -- History as a Clinical Undertaking without Practice -- History and the Present -- Individual and Field -- Conclusions -- Postface to the English Edition (1982) -- Notes -- Bibliography of Works Cited -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: system reflected in Saussure's linguistic theory, and so influential in the great progress linguistic theory has made in this century. Indeed, Granger sees linguistic theory as expressing a paradigm for scientific theorizing, which research in other social sciences should adopt. But 'structuralism' as a method in science does not, in Granger's view, begin with Saussure and the linguists. It is nothing less than the strategy of all the sciences, both natural and social, since their beginnings. Now, 'structuralism' is a 'trendy' term no less in Anglophone methodology than in Francophone philosophy. But Granger's employment of the term is not to be assimilated to this trend, nor to the fashionable excesses for which this expression has been a watch­ word (he explicitly separates himself from this movement in the preface to the second edition). The exact nature of what Granger calls 'structuralist' methods is the subject of a large part of this work, and I will not dwell on it much further in this introduction. Suffice it to say that Granger's demand for structuralist description is nothing less than the recognition that the successful pursuit of science requires that its terms and predicates pick out what we may call 'natural kinds'; that is, describe classes of items that bear uniform nomolog­ ical relations to one another. A science whose descriptive terms do not meet this condition will never produce any laws that reflect such nomological connections.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7037-3
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  • 21
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    God and Skepticism : A Study in Skepticism and Fideism (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970830
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 28
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: Two Kinds of Fideism -- Skepticism, Classical and Modern -- Skepticism and Fideism -- 2: Conformist Fideism — I -- Erasmus, Montaigne, and Bayle -- Skepticism and Faith -- 3: Conformist Fideism — II -- The Coherence of Pyrrhonism -- Belief and Will -- The Pyrrhonist Stance -- The Clash with Reason -- Summary -- 4: Evangelical Fideism — I -- Pascal -- Kierkegaard -- 5: Evangelical Fideism — II -- The Rejection of Proof -- The Hiddenness of God -- Faith, Reason, and the Heart -- 6: Skepticism, Parity, and Religion — The Case of Hume -- Skepticism and Naturalism in Hume’s Philosophy -- Skepticism and Religion -- Hume and the Parity Argument -- 7: Fideism and Some Recent Arguments -- Evangelical Fideism — A Recapitulation -- Two Recent Versions of the Parity Argument -- Conformist Fideism and Contemporary Philosophy -- 8: The Nature of Faith.
    Abstract: This book is an exercise in philosophical criticism. What I criticize are some variations on a recurrent theme in religious thought: the theme that faith and reason are so disparate that faith is not undermined, but strengthened, if we judge that reason can give it no support. The common name for this view is Fideism. Those representatives of it that I have chosen to discuss do more, however, than insist on keeping faith free of the alleged contaminations of philosophical argument. They consider the case for Fideism to be made even stronger if one judges that reason cannot give us truth or assurance outside the sphere of faith any more than within it. In other words, they sustain their Fideism by an appeal to Skepticism. I call them, therefore, Skeptical Fideists. Skeptical Fideism is not a mere historical curiosity. Richard Popkin has shown us how wide its impact in the formative period of modern philosophy has been; and its impact on modern theological and apologetic reasoning has been immense. In my view, anyone who wishes to assess many of the assump­ tions current in the theologies of our time has to take account of it; I think, therefore, that there is a topical value in examining the figures whose views I discuss here - Erasmus, Montaigne, Bayle, and more importantly, Pascal and Kierkegaard.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7083-0
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  • 22
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    Justice, Rights, and Tort Law (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400972032
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ontology
    Abstract: Ethical Issues in the Law of Tort -- Moral Theories of Torts: Their Scope and Limits (Parts 1 and 2) -- The Search for Synthesis in Tort Theory -- Toward a Moral Theory of Negligence Law -- Tort Liability for Breach of Statute -- Putting Fault Back into Products Liability -- Liability for Failing to Rescue -- Rights, Goals, and Hard Cases.
    Abstract: The essays in this volume are the result of a project on Values in Tort Law directed by the Westminster Institute for Ethics and Human Values. We are indebted to the Board of Westminster Col­ lege for its financial support. The project involved two meetings of a mixed group of lawyers and philosophers to discuss drafts of papers and general issues in tort law. Beyond the principal researchers, whose papers appear here, we are grateful to John Bargo, Dick Bronaugh, Craig Brown, Earl Cherniak, Bruce Feldthusen, Barry Hoffmaster and Steve Sharzer for their helpful discussion, and to Nancy Margolis for copy editing. All of these papers except one have appeared before in the journal Law and Philosophy (Vol. 1 No.3, December 1982 and Vol. 2 No.1, Apri11983). Chapman's paper which was previously published in The University of Western Ontario Law Review (Vol. 20 No.1, 1982) appears here with permission. Westminster Institute for Ethics and Human Values, M.D.B. Westminster College, London, Canada B.C. vii INTRODUCTION The law of torts is society's primary mechanism for resolving disputes arising from personal injury and property damage.
    Description / Table of Contents: Ethical Issues in the Law of TortMoral Theories of Torts: Their Scope and Limits (Parts 1 and 2) -- The Search for Synthesis in Tort Theory -- Toward a Moral Theory of Negligence Law -- Tort Liability for Breach of Statute -- Putting Fault Back into Products Liability -- Liability for Failing to Rescue -- Rights, Goals, and Hard Cases.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7203-2
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  • 23
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    The Phenomenology of Man and of the Human Condition : Individualisation of Nature and the Human being Part I ; Plotting the Territory for Interdisciplinary Communication (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969698
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (508p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Anthropology ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I The Phenomenology of Man in Interdisciplinary Communication -- Inaugural Essay -- Can Fictional Narratives Be True? -- The Phenomenology of Man and of the Human Condition in Communication with the Human Sciences -- On the Impact of the Human Sciences on Our Conception of Man and Society -- The Question of the Unity of the Human Sciences Revisited -- ‘Cognition and Work’ -- Scheler’s Shadow on Us -- II Nature Retrieved -- Inaugural Essay -- Natural Spontaneity in the Translating Continuity of Beingness -- 1. Nature and the Expanding Self -- Transcendence and Evil -- Nature and Man in Edmund Husserl’s ‘Inner Historiography’ -- Man and Nature: Bearings, Resources -- The Relation between Man and World: A Transcendental-Anthropological Problem -- Les antitheses de la communication et leur influence sur l’etiologie des maladies -- 2. Nature, Life, World, Culture -- Life and Culture in the Analysis of the Relationship between Man and Nature -- La realisation du projet Husserlien de “monde naturel” selon Jan PatoSka -- Man-in-Nature as a Phenomenological Datum -- Nature and Man -- Humanity, Nature, and Respect for Law -- The Immersion in Transcendence of Man from Nature -- 3. Nature and Mimesis -- Le retrait de la metaphore -- Nature and Human Nature in Literary Contexts -- Creative Consciousness and the Natural World in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves -- Nature and Feeling: The Constitutive and the Subjective -- III Man, Nature and The Possible Worlds -- The Phenomenological Conception of the Possible Worlds and the Creative Function of Man -- Creativity and the Method of the Sciences: A Problematic Issue in Husserl’s Phenomenology -- Husserl and the Logic of Questions -- The Challenge of Philosophical Anthropology -- Back to Nature Itself! -- La connaissance du monde de l’art -- Annex Documents Illustrating the History of The World Phenomenology Institute and of Its Three International Societies: The International Husserl and Phenomenological Research Society, The International Society for Phenomenology and Literature, The International Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences, and of The Boston Forum for the Interdisciplinary Phenomenology of Man, during the first decade of their research work (1968–1978) -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6969-8
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  • 24
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    The Origins of Meaning : A Critical Study of the Thresholds of Husserlian Phenomenology (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400967786
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 338 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. Van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 88
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 88
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I The Contours of a Logistic Phenomenology of Meaning -- 1. Expression and Meaning -- 2. Meaning and Nominal Acts -- 3. Meaning and Propositional Acts -- 4. A Logistic Interpretation of Intentionality and Truth -- II Toward a Genetic Phenomenology of Perception -- 5. Static and Genetic Pheonomenology -- 6. The First Elaboration: A Noetics of Perception -- 7. The Second Elaboration: A Noematics of Perception -- 8. The Third Elaboration: Transcendental Aesthetics -- 9. The Nexus of Perception and World -- III Toward a Genetic Phenomenology of Speech-Acts -- 10. Genetic Analysis, Thought and Speech -- 11. Language, Intersubjectivity and the Origins of Meaning -- 12. The Dialectic of Language and Perception.
    Abstract: Whenever one attempts to write about a philosopher whose native tongue is not English the problem of translations is inevitable. For the sake of simplicity and accuracy we have translated all of our quotations from the German unless otherwise noted. But for the sake of easy reference we have included the page numbers of the English translations as well as the German texts. Because there is a new translation forthcoming, we have not included references to the English translation of Ideen I. Since the German texts are readily available, we did not reproduce them in the footnotes. All quotations translated from Husserl's unpublished manuscripts, however, do include the German text in the footnotes. This work is greatly indebted to the criticism and help of Professor Ludwig Landgrebe, whose support made possible two years at the UniversiHit Koln. Garth Gillan and Lothar Eley also have contributed much to the basic direction ofthis work. Others such as Edward Casey, Claude Evans, Irene Grypari, Don Ihde, Grant Johnson, Martin Lang, J. N. Mohanty, Robert Ray and Susan Wood have been more than helpful in their discussions with me on these topics and in their criticisms of some of the ambiguities of an earlier draft. Likewise a special word of thanks to Reto Parpan whose insightful corrections were most valuable and to Nancy Gifford for her discussions on matters epistemolo­ gical and for her help in the final preparation of the book.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6778-6
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  • 25
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    Proof Methods for Modal and Intuitionistic Logics (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401727945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 555 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 169
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: One / Background -- Two / Analytic Modal Tableaus and Consistency Properties -- Three / Logical Consequence, Compactness, Interpolation, and Other Topics -- Four / Axiom Systems and Natural Deduction -- Five / Non-Analytic Logics -- Six / Non-Normal Logics -- Seven / Quantifiers -- Eight / Prefixed Tableau Systems -- Nine / Intuitionistic Logic -- Special Notation.
    Abstract: "Necessity is the mother of invention. " Part I: What is in this book - details. There are several different types of formal proof procedures that logicians have invented. The ones we consider are: 1) tableau systems, 2) Gentzen sequent calculi, 3) natural deduction systems, and 4) axiom systems. We present proof procedures of each of these types for the most common normal modal logics: S5, S4, B, T, D, K, K4, D4, KB, DB, and also G, the logic that has become important in applications of modal logic to the proof theory of Peano arithmetic. Further, we present a similar variety of proof procedures for an even larger number of regular, non-normal modal logics (many introduced by Lemmon). We also consider some quasi-regular logics, including S2 and S3. Virtually all of these proof procedures are studied in both propositional and first-order versions (generally with and without the Barcan formula). Finally, we present the full variety of proof methods for Intuitionistic logic (and of course Classical logic too). We actually give two quite different kinds of tableau systems for the logics we consider, two kinds of Gentzen sequent calculi, and two kinds of natural deduction systems. Each of the two tableau systems has its own uses; each provides us with different information about the logics involved. They complement each other more than they overlap. Of the two Gentzen systems, one is of the conventional sort, common in the literature.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2794-5
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  • 26
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    The Clinical Encounter : The Moral Fabric of the Patient-Physician Relationship (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400971486
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Historical Inquiries and Perspectives -- Evolution of the Patient-Physician Relationship: Antiquity Through the Renaissance -- The Legacy of Modern Anglo-American Medical Ethics: Correcting Some Misperceptions -- American Medical Ethics and the Physician-Patient Relationship -- Section II / Models of the Patient-Physician Relationship -- Veatch, May, and Models: A Critical Review and a New View -- The Case for Contract in Medical Ethics -- A Rejoinder -- Legal Models of the Patient-Physician Relation -- The Common Law as a model of the Patient-Physician Relationship: A Response to Professor Brody -- Jewish Religious Law as a Model of the Patient-Physician Relationship: A Comment on Professor Brody’s Essay -- Response to Franck and White -- Section III / Conceptual and Theoretical Analyses -- The Healing Relationship: The Architectonics of Clinical Medicine -- The Psychiatric Patient-Physician Relationship -- The Physician as Stranger: The Ethics of the Anonymous Patient-Physician Relationship -- The Internal Morality of Medicine: An Essential Dimension of the Patient-Physician Relationship -- Scope of the Therapeutic Relationship -- Section IV / Morality in the Patient-Physician Relationship -- The Physician-Patient Relationship in a Secular, Pluralist Society -- The Therapeutic Relationship: Is Moral Conduct a Necessary Condition? -- A Theological Context for the Relationship Between Patient and Physician -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: The encounter between patient and physician may be characterized as the focus of medicine. As such, the patient-physician relationship, or more accurately the conduct of patients and physicians, has been the subject of considerable comment, inquiry, and debate throughout the centuries. The issues and concerns discussed, apart from those more specifically related to medical theory and therapy, range from matters of etiquette to profound questions of philosophical and moral interest. This discourse is impressive with respect both to its duration and content. Contemporary scholars and laypeople have made their contribution to these long-standing discussions. In addition, they have actively addressed those distinctively modern issues that have arisen as a result of increased medical knowledge, improved technology, and changing cultural and moral expectation. The concept of the patient-physician rela­ tionship that supposedly provides a framework for the conduct of patients and physicians seemingly has taken on a life of its own, inviolable, and subject to norms particular to it. The essays in this volume elucidate the nature of the patient-physician relationship, its character, and moral norms appropriate to it. The purpose of the collection is to enhance our understanding of that context, which many consider to be the focus of the entire medical enterprise. The con­ tributors have not engaged in apologetics, polemics, homiletics, or em­ piricism.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7148-6
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  • 27
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    Communication and Meaning : An Essay in Applied Modal Logic (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970694
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 168
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Signs and Signalling -- I.1. Lewis on Signalling Systems -- I.2. Signs and Meaning -- I.3. Sign Systems and the Possibility of Deceit -- I.4. Generalization of Rules of Information -- I.5. ISS’s and Lewis Indicative Signalling Systems -- I.6. Conventions of Truthfulness and Trust v. Rules of Information -- II: A Formal Language -- II.1. LC: its Syntax and the General Form of its Semantics -- II.2. Action Modalities -- II.3. Normative Modalities -- II.4. The Belief Modality -- II.5. Mutual Belief -- II.6. The Modality Va -- II.7. Deontic Modalities -- II.8. Knowledge that p -- II.9. On the Alleged Circularity of Possible-World Semantics -- III: Some Features of Communication Situations -- III.1. Truthfulness and Trust -- III.2. Moore’s Paradox of Saying and Disbelieving -- III.3. Informing and Asserting -- III.4. Trust of Type No-Deceit, Communicators’ Intentions and “Saying One Thing and Meaning Another” -- III.5. Non-Deceiving Performances and the Implementation of Rules of Information -- IV: Non-Indicatives -- IV.1. Non-Indicatives and Truth Conditions -- IV.2. Performatives -- IV.3. Sketch for a Logic of Imperative Inference -- IV.4. Other Types of Non-Indicatives -- IV.5. Non-Indicative Usage of Indicatives -- V: Intention-Dependent Evidence -- V.1. Bennett’s Defence of the Gricean Theory -- V.2. The Modality Shall and the Analysis of Signalling -- VI: The Double Bind -- VI.1. General Features of a Double-Bind Situation -- VI.2. The Illustration from Clinical Data — a Formal Description -- VI.3. Bateson’s Theory of Communication -- VI.4. The Double Bind and Levels of Communication -- Concluding Remarks -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This essay contains material which will hopefully be of interest not only to philosophers, but also to those social scientists whose research concerns the analysis of communication, verbal or non-verbal. Although most of the topics taken up here are central to issues in the philosophy of language, they are, in my opinion, indistinguishable from topics in descriptive social psychology. The essay aims to provide a conceptual framework within which various key aspects of communication can be described, and it presents a formal language, using techniques from modern modal logic, in which such descriptions can themselves be formulated. It is my hope that this framework, or parts of it, might also turn out to be of value in future empirical work. There are, therefore, essentially two sides to this essay: the development of a framework of concepts, and the construction of a formal language rich enough to express the elements of which that framework is composed. The first of these two takes its point of departure in the statement quoted from Lewis (1972) on the page preceding this introduction. The distinction drawn there by Lewis is accepted as a working hypothesis, and in one sense this essay may be seen as an attempt to explore some of the consequences of that hypothesis.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7069-4
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  • 28
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    Ethics, The Social Sciences, and Policy Analysis (1983)
    Boston, MA : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781468470154
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (408p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Hastings Center Series in Ethics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Social sciences
    Abstract: I. Policy Analysis in a New Key: Exploring Alternatives to Positivism -- 1. Interpretive Social Science and Policy Analysis -- 2 Social Science as Practical Reason -- 3 Comment on Robert N. Bellah, “Social Science as Practical Reason” -- 4 Imperfect Democracy and the Moral Responsibilities of Policy Advisers -- 5 Value-Critical Policy Analysis -- 6 Emancipatory Social Science and Social Critique -- II. Social Science and Political Advocacy -- 7 The British Tradition of Social Administration: Moral Concerns at the Expense of Scientific Rigor -- 8 Social Research and Political Advocacy: New Stages and Old Problems in Integrating Science and Values -- 9 Ideology, Interests, and Information: The Basis of Policy Positions -- III. Disciplinary Standards and Policy Analysis -- 10 Use of Social Science Data for Policy Analysis and Policymaking -- 11 Social Science and Policy Analysis: Some Fundamental Differences -- 12 Subverting Policy Premises -- 13 Partial Knowledge -- IV. Toward Ethical Guidelines -- 14 Toward Ethical Guidelines for Social Science Research in Public Policy.
    Abstract: The social sciences playa variety of multifaceted roles in the policymaking process. So varied are these roles, indeed, that it is futile to talk in the singular about the use of social science in policymaking, as if there were one constant relationship between two fixed and stable entities. Instead, to address this issue sensibly one must talk in the plural about uses of dif­ ferent modes of social scientific inquiry for different kinds of policies under various circumstances. In some cases, the influence of social scientific research is direct and tangible, and the connection between the find­ ings and the policy is easy to see. In other cases, perhaps most, its influence is indirect-one small piece in a larger mosaic of politics, bargaining, and compromise. Occasionally the findings of social scientific studies are explicitly drawn upon by policymakers in the formation, implementation, or evaluation of particular policies. More often, the categories and theoretical models of social science provide a general background orientation within which policymakers concep­ tualize problems and frame policy options. At times, the in­ fluence of social scientific work is cognitive and informational in nature; in other instances, policymakers use social science primarily for symbolic and political purposes in order to le­ gitimate preestablished goals and strategies. Nonetheless, amid this diversity and variety, troubling general questions persistently arise.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7015-4
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  • 29
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    Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis : Essays in Honour of Adolf Grünbaum (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970557
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 76
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 76
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind ; Psychiatry ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Geometry and Semantics: An Examination of Putnam’s Philosophy of Geometry -- The Epistemological Status of Recent Developments in Psychoanalytic Theory -- The Theory of Your Dreams -- Valuation and Objectivity in Science -- Simultaneity and Conventionality -- The Demise of the Demarcation Problem -- Grünbaum on Determinism and the Moral Life -- The Unpredictability of Future Science -- Freud’s Early Theories of Hysteria -- Clinical Trials: The Validation of Theory and Therapy -- Reflections on the Philosophy of Bohr, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger -- Zeno’s Paradox of Measure -- Special Relativity from Measuring Rods -- Causality and Spacetime Structure in Relativity -- Calibration: A Frequency Justification for Personal Probability -- Bibliography of Adolf Grünbaum -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: To celebrate Adolf Griinbaum's sixtieth birthday by offering him this bouquet of essays written for this purpose was the happy task of an autonomous Editorial Committee: Wesley C. Salmon, Nicholas Rescher, Larry Laudan, Carl G. Hempel, and Robert S. Cohen. To present the book within the Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science was altogether fitting and natural, for Griinbaum has' been friend and supporter of philosophy of science at Boston University for twenty-five years, and unofficial godfather to the Boston Colloquium. To regret that we could not include contributions from all his well-wishers, critical admirers and admiring critics, is only to regret that we did not have an encyclopedic space at the committee's disposal. But we, and all involved in this book, speak for all the others in the philo­ sophical, scientific, and personal worlds of Adolf Griinbaum in greeting him on May 15, 1983, with our wishes for his health, his scholarship, his happiness. Our gratitude is due to Carolyn Fawcett for her care and accuracy in editing this book, and for the preparation of the Index; and to Elizabeth McMunn for her help again and again, especially in preparation of the Bibliography of the Published Writings of Adolf Griinbaum; and to Thelma Griinbaum for encouraging, planning, and cheering. Boston University R.S.C. Center for the Philosophy and History of Science M.W.W.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7055-7
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    Soul and Body in Husserlian Phenomenology : Man and Nature (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970328
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Psychiatry ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Essay -- From Husserl’s Formulation of the Soul—Body Issue to a New Differentiation of Human Faculties -- I The Problem of Embodiment at the Heart of Phenomenology -- The Singularity and Plurality of the Viewpoint in Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology -- Das Problem der Leiblichkeit in der phänomenologischen Bewegung -- Seele und Leib in der kategorialen und in der originären Perspektive -- L’oeil de la chair -- II The Recurrent Question of Dualism -- Husserl and the Problem of Dualism -- “Seeing” and “Touching”, or, Overcoming the Soul—Body Dualism -- The Relativity of the Soul and the Absolute State of the Pure Ego -- The Significance of the Transcendental Ego for the Problem of Body and Soul in Husserlian Phenomenology -- Body—Soul—Consciousness Integration -- III The Soul—Body Territory -- Natural Man and His Soul -- Finitude as Clue to Embodiment -- Topoï of the Body and the Soul in Husserlian Phenomenology -- Husserls Sicht des Leib-Seele Problems -- The Ego-Body Subject and the Stream of Experience in Husserl -- Lived Experience of One’s Body within One’s Own Experience -- IV Soul and Body in Phenomenological Psychiatry -- Living Body, Flesh, and Everyday Body: A Clinical-Noematic Report -- The Experience of Sexual Leib in the Toxico-maniac: Phenomenological Premises -- Kinesthesias and Horizons In Psychosis -- Self-acceptance: The Way of Living with One’s Body in Obesity and Mental Anorexia -- V The Place of the Spirit within the Soul—Body Issue -- Body, Spirit and Ego in Husserl’s Ideas II -- Die Bedeutung des Gewissens für eine leibhafte Verwirklichung von Sittlichkeit -- Value Ethics and Experience -- The Significance of Death for the Experience of Body and World in Human Existence -- La transfiguration du corps dans la phénoménologie de la religion -- VI The Horizon of Nature and Being -- Merleau-Ponty’s Conception of Nature -- Merleau-Ponty’s Ontology Of the Wild Being -- Imagination and the Soul—Body Problem in Arabic Philosophy -- VII Husserl and the History of Philosophy -- Monism in Spinoza’s and Husserl’s Thought -- Husserl’s Berkeley -- Annex -- The Opening Address of the Salzburg Conference -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7032-8
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  • 31
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    Nature Animated : Historical and Philosophical Case Studies in Greek Medicine, Nineteenth-Century and Recent Biology, Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis/Papers Deriving from the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science, Montreal, Canada, 1980 Volume II (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969605
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (287p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 21
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Table of Contents: Volume II -- The New Dualism: “Res Philosophica” and “Res Historica” -- I -- Hippocrates and the School of Cos. Between Myth and Skepticism -- The Historical Hippocrates and the Origins of Scientific Medicine. Comments on Joly -- II -- What’s in a Word? Coming to Terms in the Darwinian Revolution -- Comments on Beatty -- Reply to Hull -- III -- The Politics of Truth: A Social Interpretation of Scientific Knowledge, with an Application to the Case of Sociobiology -- IV -- Anatomy of the Self in Psychoanalytic Theory -- The Unity of the Self -- Psychoanalysis, Personal Identity, and Scientific Method -- V -- Themes in British Psychiatry, J. C. Prichard (1785–1848) to Henry Maudsley (1835–1918) -- Comments on Bynum -- Name Index.
    Abstract: These remarks preface two volumes consisting of the proceedings of the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. The conference was held under the auspices of the Union, The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science. The meetings took place in Montreal, Canada, 25-29 August 1980, with Concordia University as host institution. The program of the conference was arranged by a Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science consisting of Robert E. Butts (Canada), John Murdoch (U. S. A. ), Vladimir Kirsanov (U. S. S. R. ), and Paul Weingartner (Austria). The Local Arrangements Committee consisted of Stanley G. French, Chair (Concordia), Michel Paradis, treasurer (McGill), Fran~ois Duchesneau (Universite de Montreal), Robert Nadeau (Universite du Quebec it Montreal), and William Shea (McGill University). Both committees are indebted to Dr. G. R. Paterson, then President of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science, who shared his expertise in many ways. Dr. French and his staff worked diligently and efficiently on behalf of all participants. The city of Montreal was, as always, the subtle mixture of extravagance, charm, warmth and excitement that retains her status as the jewel of Canadian cities. The funding of major international conferences is always a problem.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6960-5
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  • 32
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    Abstract Objects : An Introduction to Axiomatic Metaphysics (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 160
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Theory, Data, and Explanation -- 2. The Origins of the Theory -- I. Elementary Object Theory -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- 5. An Auxiliary Hypothesis -- II. Applications of the Elementary Theory -- 1. Modelling Plato’s Forms -- 2. Modelling the Round Square, etc. -- 3. The Problem of Existence 50 Appendix -- III. The Modal Theory of Abstract Objects (With Propositions) -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- IV. The Applications of the Modal Theory -- 1. Truth -- 2. Modelling Possible Worlds -- 3. Modelling Leibniz’s Monads -- 4. Modelling Stories and Native Characters -- 5. Modality and Descriptions -- V. The Typed Theory of Abstract Objects -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- VI. Applications of the Typed Theory -- 1. Modelling Frege’s Senses (I) -- 2. Modelling Frege’s Senses (II) -- 3. Modelling Impossible and Fictional Relations -- 4. Modelling Mathematical Myths and Entities -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- A. Modelling the Theory Itself -- B. Modelling Notions -- Notes.
    Abstract: In this book, I attempt to lay the axiomatic foundations of metaphysics by developing and applying a (formal) theory of abstract objects. The cornerstones include a principle which presents precise conditions under which there are abstract objects and a principle which says when apparently distinct such objects are in fact identical. The principles are constructed out of a basic set of primitive notions, which are identified at the end of the Introduction, just before the theorizing begins. The main reason for producing a theory which defines a logical space of abstract objects is that it may have a great deal of explanatory power. It is hoped that the data explained by means of the theory will be of interest to pure and applied metaphysicians, logicians and linguists, and pure and applied epistemologists. The ideas upon which the theory is based are not essentially new. They can be traced back to Alexius Meinong and his student, Ernst Mally, the two most influential members of a school of philosophers and psychologists working in Graz in the early part of the twentieth century. They investigated psychological, abstract and non-existent objects - a realm of objects which weren't being taken seriously by Anglo-American philoso­ phers in the Russell tradition. I first took the views of Meinong and Mally seriously in a course on metaphysics taught by Terence Parsons at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst in the Fall of 1978. Parsons had developed an axiomatic version of Meinong's naive theory of objects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6980-3
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  • 33
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    Nature Mathematized : Historical and Philosophical Case Studies in Classical Modern Natural Philosophy (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969575
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Feilds 20
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Do Historians and Philosophers of Science Share the Same Heritage? -- I -- Conceptual and Technical Aspects of the Galilean Geometrization of the Motion of Heavy Bodies -- The Galilean Geometrization of Motion: Some Historical Considerations -- Measure, Proportion and Mathematical Structure of Galileo’s Mechanics -- II -- Space, Geometrical Objects and Infinity: Newton and Descartes on Extension -- Finite and Otherwise. Aristotle and Some Seven- teenth Century Views -- III -- The Ideal of the Mathematization of All Sciences and of ‘More Geometrico’ in Descartes and Leibniz -- The “More Geometrico” Pattern in Hypotheses from Descartes to Leibniz -- The Leibnizean Picture of Descartes -- IV -- Force and Inertia: Euler and Kant’s Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science -- Kant on the Foundations of Science -- Non-mechanistic Ideas in Physics and Philosophy: From Newton to Kant -- V -- V. V. Petrov’s Hypothetical Experiment and Electrical Experiments of the 18th Century -- The Ideal of Mathematization in B. Bolzano -- “Die schönste Leistung der allgemeinen Relativitäts- theorie”: The Genesis of the Tensor-Geometrical Conception of Gravitation.
    Abstract: These remarks preface two volumes consisting of the proceedings of the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. The conference was held under the auspices of the Union, The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science. The meetings took place in Montreal, Canada, 25--29 August 1980, with Concordia University as host institution. The program of the conference was arranged by a Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science consisting of Robert E. Butts (Canada), John Murdoch (U. S. A. ), Vladimir Kirsanov (U. S. S. R. ), and Paul Weingartner (Austria). The Local Arrangements Committee consisted of Stanley G. French, Chair (Concordia), Michel Paradis, treasurer (McGill), Franyois Duchesneau (Universite de Montreal), Robert Nadeau (Universite du Quebec a Montreal), and William Shea (McGill University). Both committees are indebted to Dr. G. R. Paterson, then President of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science, who shared his expertise in many ways. Dr. French and his staff worked diligently and efficiently on behalf of all participants. The city of Montreal was, as always, the subtle mixture of extravagance, charm, warmth and excitement that retains her status as the jewel of Canadian cities. The funding of major international conferences is always a problem.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6957-5
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  • 34
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    Physical Sciences and History of Physics (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400971783
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 82
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 82
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Particles or Events? -- Commentary on ‘Particles or Events?’ -- Time Symmetry and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics -- Is Physical Space Unique or Optional? -- Theory Reduction: A Question of Fact or or a Question of Value? -- Cosmology and Verifiability -- Galileo and the Phenomena: On Making the Evidence Visible -- Quantum Theory of Measurement: A Non-Quantum Mechanical Approach -- Protophysics of Time and the Principle of Relativity -- Commentary on ‘Protophysics of Time and the Principle of Relativity’ -- Temporality and the Structure of Physics as Human Endeavor -- Commentary on ‘Temporality and the Structure of Physics as Human Endeavor’ -- The Unity of Nature -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: These essays on the conceptual understanding of modern physics strike directly at some of the principal difficulties faced by contemporary philos­ ophers of physical science. Moreover, they reverberate to earlier and classical struggles with those difficulties. Each of these essays may be seen as both a commentary on our predecessors and an original analytic interpretation. They come from work of the past decade, most from meetings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, and they demonstrate again how problematic the fundamentals of our understanding of nature still are. The themes will seem to be familiar but the variations are not only ingenious but also stimulating, in some ways counterpoint. And so once again we are confronted with issues of space and time, irreversibility and measurement, matter and process, hypothetical reality and verifiability, explanation and reduction, phenomenal base and sophisticated theory, unified science and the unity of nature, and the limits of conventionalism. We are grateful for the cooperation of our contributors, and in particular for the agreement of George Ellis and C. F. von Weizsiicker to allow us to use previously published papers.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7178-3
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  • 35
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    Philosophy and Technology (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400971240
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 80
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 80
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Analytical Table of Contents -- Introduction: Some Questions for Philosophy of Technology -- Introduction: Some Questions for Philosophy of Technology -- I / Can Technological Development Be Regulated? -- Can Government Regulate Technology? -- Social Implications of Recent Technological Innovations -- Technology and Human Rights -- Technology Assessment, Facts and Values -- A Critique of Technological Determinism -- Techne and Politeia: The Technical Constitution of Society -- II / Technology Assessment -- Technoaxiology: Appropriate Norms for Technology Assessment -- Comment: What Is Alternative Technology? A Reply to Professor Stanley Carpenter -- The Prospects for Technology Assessment -- Technology Assessment and the Problem of Quantification -- Forecast, Value, and the Recent Phenomenon of Non-Acceptance: The Limits of a Philosophy of Technology Assessment -- III / Responsibilities Toward Nature -- The Viability of Environmental Ethics -- Notes on Extended Responsibility and Increased Technological Power -- What Sort of Technology Permits the Language of Nature? Conditions for Controlling Nature-Domination Constitutionally -- IV / Metaphysical and Historical Issues -- The Historical-Ontological Priority of Technology over Science -- The Origins of Modern Technology in Millenarianism -- The Religious and Political Origins of Modern Technology -- From the Phenomenon to the Event of Technology (A Dialectical Approach to Heidegger’s Phenomenology) -- Pragmatism, Transcendental Arguments, and the Technological -- V / Directions for Philosophy of Technology -- The Cultural Character of Technology -- The Import of Social, Political, and Anthropological Considerations in an Adequate Philosophy of Technology -- Philosophy of Technology: Problems of a Philosophical Discipline -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Only recently has the phenomenon of technology become an object of in­ terest for philosophers. The first attempts at a philosophy of technology date back scarcely a hundred years - a span of time extremely short when com­ pared with the antiquity of philosophical reflections on nature, science, and society. Over that hundred-year span, speculative, critical, and empiricist approaches of various sorts have been put forward. Nevertheless, even now there remains a broad gap between the importance of technology in the real world and the sparse number of philosophical works dedicated to the under­ standing of modern technology. As a result of the complex structure of modern technology, it can be dealt with in very different ways. These range from metaphysical exposition to efforts aimed at political consensus. Quite naturally, within such a broad range, certain national accents can be discovered-; they are shaped by a com­ mon language, accepted philosophical traditions, and concrete problems requiring consideration. Even so, the worldwide impact of technology, its penetration into all spheres of individual, social, and cultural life, together with the urgency of the problems raised in this context - all these demand a joint philosophical discussion that transcends the barriers of language and cultural differences. The papers printed here are intended to exemplify such an effort at culture-transcending philosophical discussion.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7124-0
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  • 36
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    The Ethics of Legal Coercion (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400972575
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 26
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: One: The Ethics of Respect for Persons -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Empirical Choice -- 1.3. Rational Choice -- 1.4. Rational Empirical Choice -- 1.5. Considered Choice -- 1.6. Unencumbered Choice -- Two: The Nature of a Limits Thesis -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Defining a Protected Sphere -- 2.3. Enforcing Morality versus Preventing Harm -- 2.4. Positive Morality versus Critical Morality -- 2.5. Which Critical Morality Should be Enforced? -- 2.6. Which Specific Kinds of Conduct Are Immoral? -- 2.7. Procedural Matters and Democracy -- 2.8. Conclusions -- Three: The Harm Principle -- 3.1. Harm and Interests -- 3.2. A Respect-for-Persons Conception of Harm -- Four: Legal Paternalism -- 4.1. The Principle of Paternalism -- 4.2. Paternalism and Law -- Five: The Welfare Principle -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. The Basis of Positive Rights -- 5.3. The Plausibility of Positive Rights -- 5.4. Positive Rights and Individual Action -- 5.5. Positive Rights, the State, and Collective Action -- Six: The Principle of Community -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Laissez-Faire versus Collective Control -- 6.3. The Scope of Collective Control -- Seven: The Principle of Necessary Means -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. The Principle of Necessary Means -- 7.3. Some Uses of the Principle -- Eight: Exclusionary Principles -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. The Principle of Free Speech -- 8.3. The Generalized Exclusionary Principle -- Nine: Punishment -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Punishment and Respect for Persons -- 9.3. General Justifying Aim -- 9.4. Distribution -- 9.5. Severity -- Ten: Evaluating Legislation -- 10.1. The Principles of Legal Coercion -- 10.2. Taxation and the Provision of Public Goods -- 10.3. Victimless Crimes and the Enforcement of Popular Morality: Pornography -- 10.4. The Problem of Offensive Conduct -- 10.5. Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Are all of the commonly accepted aims of the use of law justifiable? Which kinds of behavior are justifiably prohibited, which kinds justifiably required? What uses of law are not defensible? How can the legitimacy or the ille­ gitimacy of various uses of law be explained or accounted for? These are questions the answering of which involves one in many issues of moral principle, for the answers require that one adopt positions - even if only implicitly - on further questions of what kinds of actions or policies are morally or ethically acceptable. The present work, aimed at questions of these kinds, is thus a study in the ethical evaluation of major uses of legal coercion. It is an attempt to provide a framework within which many questions about the proper uses of law may be fruitfully discussed. The framework, if successful, can be used by anyone asking questions about the defensibility of particular or general uses of law, whether from the perspective of someone considering whether to bring about some new legal provision, from the perspective of someone concerned to evaluate an eXisting provision, or from that of someone concerned more abstractly with questions about the appropriate substance of an ideal legal system. In addressing these and associated issues, I shall be exploring the extent to which an ethics based on respect for persons and their autonomy can handle satisfactorily the problems arising here.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7257-5
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  • 37
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    Philosophy of Mind/Philosophie de l’esprit (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969322
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (472p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contemporary philosophy / La philosophie contemporaine, A new survey/Chroniques nouvelles 4
    Series Statement: Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: Contents/Table des matières -- G. Fløistad, Preface -- Personal identity and the concept of a person -- Recent work on the relation of mind and brain -- Philosophy of perception -- Spinoza’s philosophy of mind -- Hegel’s philosophy of mind -- Kierkegaard’s philosophy of mind -- The significance of Freud for modern philosophy of mind -- Brentano’s philosophy of mind -- Husserl’s philosophy of mind -- Heidegger’s philosophy of mind -- Wittgensttin’s philosophy of mind -- Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy of mind -- American pragmatism -- Pragmatism in Apel and Habermas -- Wilfrid Sellars’ philosophy of mind -- Abbreviations used by some contributors -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
    Abstract: This publication is a continuation of two earlier series of chroni­ cles, Philosophy in the Mid-Century (Firenze 1958/59) and Con­ temporary Philosophy (Firenze 1968), edited by Raymond Kli­ bansky. Like the other series, these chronicles provide a survey of important trends in contemporary philosophical discussion from 1966 to 1980. The need for such surveys has, I believe, increased rather than decreased over the last years. The philosophical scene appears, for various reasons, more complex than ever before. The continuing process of specialization in most branches, the emergence of new schools of thought, particularly in philosophical logic and the philosophy of language, the convergence of interest (though not necessarily of opinion) of different traditions upon certain prob­ lems, and the increasing attention being paid to the history of philosophy in discussions of contemporary problems are the most important contributory factors. Surveys of the present kind are a valuable source of knowledge of this complexity and may as such be an assistance in renewing the understanding of one's own phi­ losophical problems. The surveys, it is to be hoped, may also help to strengthen the Socratic element of modem philosophy, the dialogue or Kommunikationsgemeinscha/t. • So far, four volumes have been· prepared for the new series. The present chronicles in the Philosophy of Mind (Vol. 4) follow upon chronicles in the Philosophy of Language and Philosophical Logic (Vol. 1) and chronicles in the Philosophy 0/ Science (Vol. 2) and chronicles in the Philosophy 0/ Action (Vol. 4).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6932-2
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  • 38
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    Antipositivist Theories of the Sciences : Critical Rationalism, Critical Theory and Scientific Realism (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576789
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 284 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Monographs 3
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences - Monographs, Continued As Sociology of the Sciences Library 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: The Identification of Positivism -- 1. Introduction -- II: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Natural Sciences -- 2. The Antipositivism of Critical Rationalism -- 3. The Antipositivism of Critical Theory -- 4. The Antipositivism of Scientific Realism -- 5. Discussion: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Natural Sciences -- III: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences -- 6. The Antipositivism of Critical Rationalism -- 7. The Antipositivism of Critical Theory -- 8. The Antipositivism of Scientific Realism -- 9. Discussion: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences -- IV: Positivism, Antipositivism and Ideology -- 10. Positivism, Antipositivism and Ideology -- 11. The Concept of Ideology in Critical Rationalism -- 12. The Concept of Ideology in Critical Theory -- 13. The Concept of Ideology in Scientific Realism -- 14. Discussion: Positivism, Antipositivism and Ideology -- Notes.
    Abstract: The sciences are too important to be left exclusively to scientists, and indeed they have not been. The structure of scientific knowledge, the role of the sciences in society, the appropriate social contexts for the pursuit of scientific inquiry, have long been matters for reflection and debate about the sciences carried on both within academe and outside it. Even within the universities this reflection has not been the property of any single discipline. Philosophy might have been first in the field, but history and the social sciences have also entered the fray. For the latter, new problems came to the fore, since reflection on the sciences is, in the case of the social sciences, necessarily also reflection on themselves as sciences. Reflection on the natural sciences and self-reflection by the social sciences came to be dominated in the 1960s by the term 'positivism'. At the time when this word had been invented, the sciences were flourishing; their social and material environment had become increasingly favourable to scientific progress, and the sciences were pointing the way to an optimistic future. In the later twentieth century, however, 'positivism' came to be a word used more frequently by those less sure of nineteenth century certainties. In both sociology and philosophy, 'positivism' was now something to be rejected, and, symbolizing the collapse of an earlier consensus, it became itself the shibboleth of a new dissensus, as different groups of reflective thinkers, in rejecting 'positivism', rejected something different, and often rejected each other.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7678-9
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  • 39
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    Praxiological Studies : Polish Contributions to the Science of Efficient Action (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969438
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (432p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 34
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 34
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: The Goal of an Act and the Task of the Agent -- On the Essence and Goals of General Methodology (Praxiology) -- An Outline of the Prehistory of Praxiology -- An Analysis of the Concept of Goal -- Comments on the Concept of Efficiency -- The Value of Perfect Information -- A Praxiological Theory of Evaluations -- Praxiosemiotics: the Theory of Optimum Message in the Service of Other Disciplines and Practical Activities -- A Formal Theory of Actions: Syntax and Semantics of Behaviour -- Praxiological Models — Praxiological Modelling of Systems of Action -- Planning and Implementation. An Elementary Primer of the Cybernetics of Planning -- Praxiology and the Theory of Programming -- Making Use of Science in Actions (A Study in Methodology and Praxiology) -- Practical Problems and Practical Directives -- A Praxiological Theory of Design -- Some Problems of the General Theory of Struggle -- Struggle in a Dense Social Environment -- The Theory of Organization and Management -- The Importance of Praxiology for Political Economy -- Praxiology and Technology -- About the Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6943-8
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  • 40
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    Finalization in Science : The Social Orientation of Scientific Progress (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970809
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 77
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 77
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Authors’ Introduction -- I. Case Studies -- Summary of Contributions -- Agricultural Chemistry. The Origin and Structure of a Finalized Science -- Autonomization and Finalization: A Comparison of Fermentation Research and Fluid Mechanics -- Cancer Research. A Study of Praxis-Related Theoretical Developments in Chemistry, the Biosciences and Medicine -- II. Theoretical Considerations -- Summary of Contributions -- Finalization Revisited -- The Scientification of Technology -- Normative Finalization -- III. Prospects -- Summary of Contributions -- Science in a Crisis of Legitimation -- Towards a Social Science of Nature -- Introductory Note -- The Finalization Debate: A Reply to our Critics. With a Bibliography of the Finalization Discussion and Debate -- Bibliography of the Finalization Discussion and Debate -- I. The anti-finalization campaign and debate in the media -- III. Contributions to the academic finalization discussion and debate -- Notes on Authors -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: These essays on Finalization in Science - The Social Orientation of Scientific Progress comprise a remarkable, problematic and controversial book. The authors propose a thesis about the social direction of scientific research which was the occasion of a lively and often bitter debate in Germany from 1976 to 1982. Their provocative thesis, briefly, is this: that modern science converges, historically, to the development of a number of 'closed theories', i. e. stable and relatively completed sciences, no longer to be improved by small changes but only by major changes in an entire theoretical structure. Further: that at such a stage of 'mature theory', the formerly viable norm of intra-scientific autonomy may appropriately be replaced by the social direction' of further scientific research (within such a 'mature' field) for socially relevant or, we may bluntly say, 'task-oriented' purposes. This is nothing less than a theory for the planning and social directing of science, under certain specific conditions. Understandably, it raised the sharp objections that such an approach would subordinate scientific inquiry as a free and untrammeled search for truth to the dictates of social relevance and dominant interests, even possibly to dictation and control for particularistic social and political interests.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7080-9
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  • 41
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    Analysis of Appraisive Characterization (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969728
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Aesthetics
    Abstract: One / The Emergence of Appraisive Concepts and their Nature -- 1.0 The Etiology of Values -- 2.0 The Fourfold Root of Appraisal -- 3.0 Modes of Appraisal -- 4.0 Creditation and Qualification -- 5.0 Character and Characterization -- 6.0 Areas of Appraisal Compared -- Two / Critical Characterization -- 7.0 Aesthetic Appraisal Illustrated -- 8.0 Musical Characterization -- 9.0 The Structure of Aesthetic Concepts -- 10.0 Metalinguistic Terms in Evaluation -- 11.0 The Importance of Appraisal -- Notes.
    Abstract: The present work addresses itself to the question of the nature of appraisive concepts such as were the subject of investigation in The Concepts of Value* and The Concepts of Criticism. ** Many problems of prime importance in the theory of value could not be adequately treated there without diminishing the basic purpose of those studies which was above all to identify, classify and provide a general theoretical framework for the host of concepts with which we characterize and commend subjects of appraisal in all of the principal areas of human interest. The author might have forestalled the disappointment of some of his critics had he then explicitly promised to consider those problems at a later time. But his reluctance to promise what he might not be in a position to produce outweighed a keen awareness of what the problems are and of their evident seriousness. Although my treatment of such problems has only now been undertaken, in point of time my concern with them antedates by far the em­ pirical explorations of the two texts mentioned. Anyone who undertakes such a study is likely to have come under the in­ fluence of Professor Frank Sibley's 'Aesthetic Concepts't and of later develop­ ments in his analysis of certain appraisive concepts. What do such concepts mean and how do they mean9 These are the questions he treated in such a stimulating fashion.
    Description / Table of Contents: One / The Emergence of Appraisive Concepts and their Nature1.0 The Etiology of Values -- 2.0 The Fourfold Root of Appraisal -- 3.0 Modes of Appraisal -- 4.0 Creditation and Qualification -- 5.0 Character and Characterization -- 6.0 Areas of Appraisal Compared -- Two / Critical Characterization -- 7.0 Aesthetic Appraisal Illustrated -- 8.0 Musical Characterization -- 9.0 The Structure of Aesthetic Concepts -- 10.0 Metalinguistic Terms in Evaluation -- 11.0 The Importance of Appraisal -- Notes.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6972-8
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  • 42
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    Epistemology & Methodology II: Understanding the World (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401569217
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 296 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Understanding and Checking -- Understanding -- Producing Evidence -- Evaluating -- Variety and Unity -- Epistemic Change -- Kinds of Knowledge -- Upshot.
    Description / Table of Contents: Understanding and CheckingUnderstanding -- Producing Evidence -- Evaluating -- Variety and Unity -- Epistemic Change -- Kinds of Knowledge -- Upshot.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-6921-7
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