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  • Online Resource  (42)
  • 1970-1974  (42)
  • 1972  (23)
  • 1970  (19)
  • Science (General)  (42)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Basel : Birkhäuser Basel
    ISBN: 9783034874137
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 631 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783322878519
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Forschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen 2282
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400958432
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: I The Domain and Content Of Structural GeologyII Depositional Textures and Structures -- III Non-Diastrophic Structures -- IV Physics of Deformation -- V Environment, Time, and Material -- Appendix: Mohr Diagrams 139 -- VI Planar And Linear Structures And Jointing -- VII Faults 164 -- VIII Folds -- IX Tectonic Analysis Of Folds -- X Cleavage -- XI Major Structures And Tectonics -- XII Igneous Rocks -- XIII Structural Petrology By E. Den Tex -- XIV Geomorphology And Structure - Morphotectonics -- Index Of Authors -- Index Of Subjects -- Index Of Localities.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York, NY : Springer New York
    ISBN: 9781461382973
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 The OceansExtent and Depth -- Ocean Currents -- Ecological Aspects of the Marine Environment -- Elementary Classification of the Marine Environment -- 2 Marine Plankton -- Definitions -- Marine Phytoplankton -- Marine Zooplankton -- 3 Measuring and Sampling -- I Oceanographic Data -- II Biological Sampling -- III Underwater Observations -- 4 Some Parameters of the Environment -- Temperature -- Composition of Sea-water -- Specific Gravity and Pressure -- Illumination -- Currents -- 5 Organic Production in the Sea -- The Organic Food Cycle -- Measurements of Organic Production -- Some Factors Regulating Production -- Ocean Seasons -- Some Mathematical Models -- Geographical Differences of Fertility -- 6 The Sea Bottom -- The Substrate -- Benthic Populations -- 7 The Sea-Shore -- Tides -- Waves -- The Evolution of Coastlines -- Some Problems of Shore Life -- Food Sources -- Zonation -- Fitting the Shore Environment -- Rocky Shores -- Sandy Shores -- Estuaries -- 8 Sea Fisheries -- Fishing methods -- The Biology of some Food Fishes -- The Overfishing Problem -- Fishery Research -- The Regulation of Fisheries -- Increasing the Production of Food from the Sea -- 9 Energy Relationships of Marine Production -- Primary Production -- The Grazing Chain -- The Detritus Chain -- The Energy Balance Sheet -- Conclusion -- Appendix 1 Suggested Topics for Further Study and Class Discussion or Written Work -- Appendix 2 Summary of Laboratory Exercises -- Appendix 3 Synopsis of a Field Course -- Abundance Scale for Intertidal Organisms -- Appendix 4 Supplementary Readings -- Appendix 5 Metric Units of Measurement and their Conversion.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781461597018
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 717 p) , online resource
    Edition: Fifth Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: One Foundations of Atomic and Nuclear Physics1 Atoms, Ions, and Electrons -- 2 The Special Theory of Relativity -- 3 The Nuclear Atom -- 4 Some Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation -- 5 X-Rays -- 6 Waves and Particles 153 6-1 De Brogue’s Hypothesis -- 7 Elements of Quantum Mechanics -- Two The Extranuclear Structure of the Atom -- 8 The Hydrogen Atom -- 9 Optical Spectra and Electronic Structure -- 10 X-Ray Spectra -- 11 Selected Applications of Quantum Physics -- Three Nuclear Physics -- 12 Particle Accelerators -- 13 Beam Transport and Detecting Devices -- 14 Radioactivity -- 15 Nuclear Reactions -- 16 Fission and Fusion of Nuclei -- 17 Nuclear Processes -- 18 Fundamental Particles -- Appendixes -- I Physical Constants and Conversion Factors The Greek Alphabet -- II Atomic Weights of the Elements -- III Periodic Table of the Elements -- IV Table of Nuclear Properties 655 V-1 Review of Vector Notation -- V-2 Displacement Equation for Brownian Motion -- V-3 Path of an Alpha Particle in a Coulomb Field of Force -- V-4 Derivation of the Equations for the Compton Effect -- V-6 Quantum Mechanrcal Solution of the Harmonic Oscillator -- V-8 Derivation of the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Distributions -- V-9 Probability Density Functions -- Answers to Selected Problems.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9781468419740
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Computer simulation. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Rationale for Computer Simulation in Materials Science -- I. Introduction -- II. Patterns of Science -- III. The Student and His Research -- IV. Examples of Systems Events in the Crystallization Area -- 2. Lectures on Large-Scale Finite Difference Computation of Incompressible Fluid Flows -- I. The Differential Equations -- II. Stability Analysis of the Difference Equations -- III. Applications of the Numerical Program for Incompressible Flow -- IV. Description of the Numerical Program for Incompressible Flow -- Appendix: Computer Listings of the Hydrodynamic Programs -- 3. Computer Simulation of Diffusion Problems Using the Continuous System Modeling Program Language -- I. Introduction -- II. System/360 Continuous System Modeling Program (S/360 CSMP) -- III. Heat Transfer in an Insulated Bar -- IV. The Freezing of a Liquid -- 4. Computer Simulation of Vapor Deposition on Two-Dimensional Lattices -- I. Basic Concepts of Physical Processes -- II. The Computer Simulation Model -- III. Random Numbers and Simulation Strategy -- IV. Real and Simulated Time -- V. The VDS Programs -- VI. The Computer Simulation Results -- References -- Appendix: Fortran Code -- 5. Introduction to Computational Theoretical Chemistry -- I. Basic Concepts of Computational Theoretical Chemistry -- II. The Nature of the Problem -- III. Real Molecular Systems -- IV. The Calculation of Quantum-Mechanical Two-Electron Multi-center Integrals via Transformation Theory -- V. Computational Results -- References -- Appendix: Fortran Code -- 6. Numerical Simulation of Weather -- I. Physical Phenomena -- II. Numerical Methods -- III. Computer Requirements -- References.
    Abstract: This set of lectures is the outgrowth of a new course in the Department of Materials Science at Stanford University. It was taught collectively by the authors of the various sections and represents an attempt to increase the awareness of students in the materials area of computer simulation techniques and potentialities. The topics often ranged far afield from the materials area; however, the total package served the intended purpose of being an initiation into the world of computer simulation and, as such, made a useful first iteration to the intended purpose. The second iteration, which is in process, deals exclusively with the materials area. The course was designed to teach students a new way to wrestle with "systems" problems in the materials science work area that require the synthesis and interactions of several disciplines of knowledge. This course was a response to the realization that effective handling of real problems, which are essentially systems problems, is one of the most important at­ tributes of a graduate materials scientist. About a third of the course was devoted to the student's selected problem, in the materials area, which he simulated using the digital computer.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Rationale for Computer Simulation in Materials ScienceI. Introduction -- II. Patterns of Science -- III. The Student and His Research -- IV. Examples of Systems Events in the Crystallization Area -- 2. Lectures on Large-Scale Finite Difference Computation of Incompressible Fluid Flows -- I. The Differential Equations -- II. Stability Analysis of the Difference Equations -- III. Applications of the Numerical Program for Incompressible Flow -- IV. Description of the Numerical Program for Incompressible Flow -- Appendix: Computer Listings of the Hydrodynamic Programs -- 3. Computer Simulation of Diffusion Problems Using the Continuous System Modeling Program Language -- I. Introduction -- II. System/360 Continuous System Modeling Program (S/360 CSMP) -- III. Heat Transfer in an Insulated Bar -- IV. The Freezing of a Liquid -- 4. Computer Simulation of Vapor Deposition on Two-Dimensional Lattices -- I. Basic Concepts of Physical Processes -- II. The Computer Simulation Model -- III. Random Numbers and Simulation Strategy -- IV. Real and Simulated Time -- V. The VDS Programs -- VI. The Computer Simulation Results -- References -- Appendix: Fortran Code -- 5. Introduction to Computational Theoretical Chemistry -- I. Basic Concepts of Computational Theoretical Chemistry -- II. The Nature of the Problem -- III. Real Molecular Systems -- IV. The Calculation of Quantum-Mechanical Two-Electron Multi-center Integrals via Transformation Theory -- V. Computational Results -- References -- Appendix: Fortran Code -- 6. Numerical Simulation of Weather -- I. Physical Phenomena -- II. Numerical Methods -- III. Computer Requirements -- References.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer
    ISBN: 9781461582557
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Advances in Corrosion Science and Technology 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Biological Corrosion -- 2 Ellipsometry in Corrosion Technology -- 3 Stress-Corrosion Cracking of High-Strength Aluminum Alloys.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    ISBN: 9783662015629
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 446 p) , online resource
    Edition: Second, Expanded Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Kommunikation und Kybernetik in Einzeldarstellugen 3
    Series Statement: Communication and Cybernetics 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I. Voice Communication -- 1.1. The Advent of Telephony -- 1.2. Efficient Transmission of Speech -- 1.3. Capacity of the Human Channel -- 1.4. Analysis-Synthesis Telephony: An Approach to Improved Efficiency -- II. The Mechanism of Speech Production -- 2.1. Physiology of the Vocal Apparatus -- 2.2. The Sounds of Speech -- 2.3. Quantitative Description of Speech -- III. Acoustical Properties of the Vocal System -- 3.1. The Vocal Tract as an Acoustic System -- 3.2. Equivalent Circuit for the Lossy Cylindrical Pipe -- 3.3. The Radiation Load at the Mouth and Nostrils -- 3.4. Spreading of Sound About the Head -- 3.5. The Source for Voiced Sounds -- 3.6. The Source for Noise and Transient Excitation of the Tract -- 3.7. Some Characteristics of Vocal Tract Transmission -- 3.8. Fundamentals of Speech and Hearing in Analysis-Synthesis Telephony -- IV. The Ear and Hearing -- 4.1. Mechanism of the Ear -- 4.2. Computational Models for Ear Function -- 4.3. Illustrative Relations between Subjective and Physiological Behavior -- V. Techniques for Speech Analysis -- 5.1. Spectral Analysis of Speech -- 5.2. Formant Analysis of Speech -- 5.3. Analysis of Voice Pitch -- 5.4. Articulatory Analysis of the Vocal Mechanism -- 5.5. Automatic Recognition of Speech -- 5.6. Automatic Recognition and Verification of Speakers -- VI. Speech Synthesis -- 6.1. Mechanical Speaking Machines; Historical Efforts -- 6.2. Electrical Methods for Speech Synthesis -- VII. Perception of Speech and Speech-Like Sounds -- 7.1, Differential vs. Absolute Discrimination -- 7.2. Differential Discriminations Along Signal Dimensions Related to Speech -- 7.3. Absolute Discrimination of Speech and Speech-Like Sounds -- 7.4. Effects of Context and Vocabulary upon Speech Perception -- 7.5. The Perceptual Units of Speech -- 7.6. Subjective Evaluation of Transmission Systems -- 7.7. Calculating Intelligibility Scores from System Response and Noise Level: The Articulation Index -- 7.8. Supplementary Sensory Channels for Speech Perception -- VIII. Systems for Analysis-Synthesis Telephony -- 8.1. Channel Vocoders -- 8.2. Reduced Redundancy Channel Vocoders -- 8.3. Voice-Excited Vocoders -- 8.4. Correlation Vocoders -- 8.5. Formant Vocoders -- 8.6. Orthogonal Function Vocoders -- 8.7. Homomorphic Vocoders -- 8.8. Maximum Likelihood Vocoders -- 8.9. Linear Prediction Vocoders -- 8.10. Articulatory Vocoders -- 8.11. Frequency-Dividing Vocoders -- 8.12. Time-Assignment Transmission of Speech -- 8.13. Predictive Coding of Speech -- 8.14. Delta Modulation -- References -- Author Index.
    Abstract: The first edition of this book has enjoyed a gratifying existence. 1s­ sued in 1965, it found its intended place as a research reference and as a graduate-Ievel text. Research laboratories and universities reported broad use. Published reviews-some twenty-five in number-were universally kind. Subsequently the book was translated and published in Russian (Svyaz; Moscow, 1968) and Spanish (Gredos, S.A.; Madrid, 1972). Copies of the first edition have been exhausted for several years, but demand for the material continues. At the behest of the publisher, and with the encouragement of numerous colleagues, a second edition was begun in 1970. The aim was to retain the original format, but to expand the content, especially in the areas of digital communications and com­ puter techniques for speech signal processing. As before, the intended audience is the graduate-Ievel engineer and physicist, but the psycho­ physicist, phonetician, speech scientist and linguist should find material of interest.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9783034857758
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 711 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry -- Survey of Multiple Mechanical Transitions in Polymers in Relation to Thermal Transitions -- La Préparation et Quelques Propriétés Thermiques des Mono- et Dihalogénures de L’Hydrazine -- Thermal Analysis of Aminobenzimidazoles -- Thermal Behaviour of Some Organic Compounds with Ionic Character -- Radiothermogravimetry a Technique for Determining Pyrolysis Mechanisms -- The Selection of Catalysts by Thermogravimetry -- Investigation of the Melting Behaviour of Organic Substances by Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- Identification par Analyse Thermique Differentielle et par Thermogravimetrie D’Une Serie D’Amino-Acides Aliphatiques Satures -- Characterization of Unusual Lipids by Novel Thermoanalytical Techniques -- Pressure Dependence of Phase Transitions in Bis (4’-n-Alkoxybenzal) -1,4-Phenylenediamines -- Acid-Soap Formation in Various Anhydrous Sodium Soaps -- The Evaluation of Thermosetting Polymers by Thermal Analytical Methods -- Torsional Braid Analysis of the Cure of a Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resin -- Analysis of the Curing Reactions of Thermosetting Polymers by DSC -- Application of Thermal Analysis to Evaluation of Semiconductor Encapsulation -- Studies of the Thermal Breakdown of Polybenzimidazoles -- Investigations of Thermal Properties of Some Polyesterimides with Polynaphthalene Rings in the Side Chain -- Oxidative Thermal Degradation of Selected Polymeric Spacecraft Materials -- The Identification of High Polymers by Thermal Degradation in the Mass Spectrometer -- Investigations of the Stability of Polymers by Thermal Volatilization Analysis -- Evolved Gas Analysis Using an Ion Selective Electrode -- Quantitative Determination of the Combined Styrene in the Butadiene-Styrene Copolymers -- Differential-Thermo-, Thermo-Gravimetrische- und Infrarot-Spektralanalyse von Inden-Cumaron-Harzen -- Application of Simultaneous DTA/TG and DTA/MS Analysis for Predicting in Advance of Processing the Flammability and Toxicity of Gases of Composite Textile Fabrics and Polymers -- Low Temperature Isothermal Pyrolysis of Cellulose -- Thermogravimetry of Cellulose by Gamma-Ray Absorption -- The Kinetics of the Reaction of CO2 with Cellulose Triacetate Carbons in the Range 1160–1240K -- A Study of Reaction Mechanisms by DSC and TG -- Thermal Nalysis of Lignin -- Etude de la Vitesse de Cristallisation de Divers PP -- Thermal Analyses of Polymers. IX. First order Phenomena in Polystyrene -- Multiple Transitional Regions Observed in Several Free-Radical Polymerized Polymethacrylates by Thermal, Ultrasonic and Optical Techniques -- Melting of some Aromatic and Heterocyclic Oligomers -- Transition and Relaxations in Polyquinoxalines -- The Characterisation of Textile Fibre Blends Containing Polyamide by Differential Thermal Analysis -- The Sol-Gel Transition in Polysaccharide Gels -- The Thermal Behaviour of Modified Keratins -- Ceramics -- Calculation of Phase Boundaries by Thermochemical Methods in Contrast to Thermal Analysis -- Appl?cat?on of Mathemat?cal Stat?st?cs and Pattern Recogn?t?on Methods to the Evaluat?on of DTA Results -- Dilatometric Study of Consolidated Powdered Materials -- Interest of Thermal Analysis in Gypsum and Plaster Industry -- Investigation of the Solid Solutions of Calcium Hydrogermanosilicates by Thermal Analysis and Other Physico-Chemical Methods -- DTA and X-Ray Analysis on Phase Transitions and Compatibility Relationships in the Pseudobinary System Barium Metasilicate-Barium Metagermanate -- The Use Differential-Thermal, Thermogravimetric and Gas-Volumetric Analyses to Study Peculiar Crystalline Structure of Calcium Hydrosilicate Monocrystals -- Study of the Hydration of Vitreous Blastfurnace Slag with a High Magnesia Content and of Related Materials -- Differential Thermal Analysis as Applied for the Study of the Peculiar Phase Composition and Structure of the Cement Stone Hardened Under Long Effects of High Temperatures//Pressures and Corrosion Factors -- Kinetics of the Oxidation of TiC-Coated Cemented Carbide -- Untersuchungen der Oxidation von Titankarbid -- Reactions between Vanadium Pentoxide and Aluminates -- Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction Between Lead Orthosilicate and Potassium Carbonate -- Examination of the System: “Clinker + Gypsum + Water” through the Method of Differential Thermal Analysis -- Earth Sciences -- Thermal Analysis in Earth Science: Experience and Expectations -- Petrologische Anwendung der Inversionstemperatur-Bestimmung von Quarzen -- DTA in the Characterization of Adsorbent Clays -- Examination of Hydrothermal Rock Alterations with Derivatograph -- DTA of Various Cyclohexylammonium Smectites -- The Dissociation of Strontianite and Its Quantitative Estimation by Thermogravimetry -- DTA, TG, IR and Isotopic Analyses and Properties of Phlogopite, Biotite Muscovite and Lepidolite in Temperature Range of Metamorphic Reactions -- A DTA Study of the Effect of pH on the Adsorption of N-Dodecylamine from Aqueous Solution Onto Oxide Mineral Surfaces.
    Abstract: Earlier efforts in the field of thermal analysis were concerned with the demonstration of the applicability of techniques to a broad spectrum of materials and to establish the relationship of such techniques with other more accepted method. While such efforts will and should continue, the Third International Conference was unique in that the first standards were disclosed for differential thermal analysis. This was the culmination of the international, cooperative effort of the ICTA's Standardization Committee. The standards currently are available from the United State's National Bureau of Standards. Thus, thermal analysis can be considered to have attained its majority. Reali­ zation of full maturity can be expected in the near future. Inclusion of plenary lectures in these volumes represents a significant de­ parture from previous Conferences. This change is the result of the ICTA's recognition of its educational responsibilities. In the Foreword of the Proceedings of the Second Inernational Conference, Professor L. Berg expressed the hope that thermal methods of analysis would find wider application in science and technology. The citation above, together with the papers presented, indicate the fulfillment of this hope. Xerox Corporation C.B. Murphy Rochester, N. Y., U.S.A. President, ICTA, 1968-1971 XIII PREFACE For the past two decades thermo analytical methods have reached a stage of considerable importance, which is particularly due to the developments in the area of instrumentation.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400956858
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Storage environment and the control of viability -- 3 Microflora and seed deterioration -- 4 Effects of mechanical injuries on viability -- 5 Effects of environment before harvesting on viability -- 6 Effects of environment after sowing on viability -- 7 The measurement of viability -- 8 Vigour -- 9 Cytological, genetical, and metabolic changes associated with loss of viability -- 10 Loss of viability and crop yields -- 11 Dormancy: a factor affecting seed survival in the soil -- 12 Control mechanisms in the resting seed -- Appendix 1 Organisation of the United States National Seed Storage Laboratory / Edwin James -- Appendix 2 Organisation of the National Seed Storage Laboratory for Genetic Resources in Japan / Hiroshi Ito -- Appendix 3 Viability Nomographs / E. H. Roberts and Dorothy L. Roberts -- Appendix 4 Moisture content of seeds / E. H. Roberts and Dorothy L. Roberts.
    Abstract: From prehistoric times man has had a pecial s relationship with seed plants - as a source of food, materials for tools, buildings, clothing and pharmaceuticals, and for ornamenting his surroundings for his own delight (probably in that chronological order which, incidentally, also gives some indication ofthe priorities oflife). Today man's most important staple foods are derived directly from seeds as they have been since neolithic times. (It is a sobering thought, as Harlan* has pointed out, that nothing significant has been added to his diet since then. ) From those times he must have learned to collect, conserve and cultivate seeds; and the accumulated experience has been handed down. This book then is part of an ancient tradition, for here we are still primarily concerned with these skills. Seeds are plant propagules comprised of embryos in which growth has been suspended, usually supplied with their own food reserves and protected by special covering layers. Typically they are relatively dry structures compared with other plant tissues and, in this condi­ tion) they are resistant to the ravages of time and their environment. But resistant is a relative tenn and seeds do deteriorate: the type, the extent and the rapidity of the deterioration, and the factors which control it are important to agronomists, horticulturalists, plant breeders, seedsmen, seed analysts, and those concerned with the conservation of genetic resources.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction2 Storage environment and the control of viability -- 3 Microflora and seed deterioration -- 4 Effects of mechanical injuries on viability -- 5 Effects of environment before harvesting on viability -- 6 Effects of environment after sowing on viability -- 7 The measurement of viability -- 8 Vigour -- 9 Cytological, genetical, and metabolic changes associated with loss of viability -- 10 Loss of viability and crop yields -- 11 Dormancy: a factor affecting seed survival in the soil -- 12 Control mechanisms in the resting seed -- Appendix 1 Organisation of the United States National Seed Storage Laboratory / Edwin James -- Appendix 2 Organisation of the National Seed Storage Laboratory for Genetic Resources in Japan / Hiroshi Ito -- Appendix 3 Viability Nomographs / E. H. Roberts and Dorothy L. Roberts -- Appendix 4 Moisture content of seeds / E. H. Roberts and Dorothy L. Roberts.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400959736
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Seventh Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I Development in the Egg -- References -- II The Integument -- Properties of the cuticle -- Formation and shedding of the cuticle -- References -- III Growth -- Moulting -- Metamorphosis -- Determination of characters during post-embryonic development -- Regeneration -- Diapause -- References -- IV Muscular System and Locomotion -- Anatomy and histology -- Physiological properties of insect muscles -- Locomotion -- References -- V Nervous and Endocrine Systems -- Nervous system -- Visceral nervous system -- Endocrine system -- References -- VI Sense Organs: Vision -- Compound eye -- Simple eyes -- References -- VII Sense Organs: Mechanical and Chemical Senses -- Mechanical senses -- Hearing -- Chemical senses -- Temperature and humidity -- References -- VIII Behaviour -- Kinesis and related phenomena -- Orientation -- Co-ordinated behaviour -- References -- IX Respiration -- Tracheal system -- Development of the tracheal system -- Transport of oxygen to the tracheal endings -- Elimination of carbon dioxide -- Respiration of aquatic insects -- Respiration of endoparasitic insects -- Respiratory function of the blood -- Regulation of respiratory movements -- References -- X The Circulatory System and Associated Tissues -- Circulatory system -- Haemolymph -- Haemocytes -- Pericardial cells and so-called ‘nephrocytes’ -- Fat body -- Oenocytes -- Light-producing organs -- References -- XI Digestion and Nutrition -- Fore-gut -- Peritrophic membrane -- Mid-gut -- Hind-gut -- Secretions of the alimentary canal -- Digestion of some skeletal and other substances of plants and animals -- The role of lower organisms in digestion -- Nutrition -- References -- XII Excretion -- Urine -- Intermediary nitrogen metabolism -- Malpighian tubes -- Histophysiology of the Malpighian tubes -- Accessory functions of Malpighian tubes -- Malpighian tubes during moulting and metamorphosis -- Cephalic excretory organs and intestinal excretion -- Storage excretion -- References -- XIII Metabolism -- Chemical transformations -- Some chemical products of insects -- Pigment metabolism -- Respiratory metabolism -- References -- XIV Water and Temperature -- Water relations -- Temperature relations -- References -- XV Reproductive System -- Female reproductive system -- Male reproductive system -- Mating, impregnation and fertilization -- Some factors controlling fertility and fecundity -- Special modes of reproduction -- Sex determination -- Transmission of symbiotic micro-organisms -- References -- Index of Authors -- General Index.
    Abstract: INSECTS PROVIDE an ideal medium in which to study all the problems of physiology. But if this medium is to be used to the best advantage, the principles and peculiarities of the insect's organization must be first appreciated. It is the purpose of this book to set forth these principles so far as they are understood at the present day. There exist already many excellent text-books of general ento­ mology; notably those of Imms, Weber, and Snodgrass, to mention only the more recent. But these authors have necessarily been preoccupied chiefly with describing the diversity of form among insects; discussions on function being correspondingly condensed. In the present work the emphasis is reversed. Struc­ ture is described only to an extent sufficient to make the physiological argument intelligible. Every anatomical peculiarity, every ecological specialization, has indeed its physiological counterpart. In that sense, anatomy, physiology and ecology are not separable. But regarded from the standpoint from which the present work is written, the endless modifications that are met with among insects are but illustrations of the general principles of their physiology, which it is the aim of this book to set forth. Completeness in such a work is not possible, or desirable; but an endeavour has been made to illustrate each physiological characteristic by a few concrete examples, and to include sufficient references to guide the student to the more important sources. The physiology of insects is to some the handmaid of Economic Entomology.
    Description / Table of Contents: I Development in the EggReferences -- II The Integument -- Properties of the cuticle -- Formation and shedding of the cuticle -- References -- III Growth -- Moulting -- Metamorphosis -- Determination of characters during post-embryonic development -- Regeneration -- Diapause -- References -- IV Muscular System and Locomotion -- Anatomy and histology -- Physiological properties of insect muscles -- Locomotion -- References -- V Nervous and Endocrine Systems -- Nervous system -- Visceral nervous system -- Endocrine system -- References -- VI Sense Organs: Vision -- Compound eye -- Simple eyes -- References -- VII Sense Organs: Mechanical and Chemical Senses -- Mechanical senses -- Hearing -- Chemical senses -- Temperature and humidity -- References -- VIII Behaviour -- Kinesis and related phenomena -- Orientation -- Co-ordinated behaviour -- References -- IX Respiration -- Tracheal system -- Development of the tracheal system -- Transport of oxygen to the tracheal endings -- Elimination of carbon dioxide -- Respiration of aquatic insects -- Respiration of endoparasitic insects -- Respiratory function of the blood -- Regulation of respiratory movements -- References -- X The Circulatory System and Associated Tissues -- Circulatory system -- Haemolymph -- Haemocytes -- Pericardial cells and so-called ‘nephrocytes’ -- Fat body -- Oenocytes -- Light-producing organs -- References -- XI Digestion and Nutrition -- Fore-gut -- Peritrophic membrane -- Mid-gut -- Hind-gut -- Secretions of the alimentary canal -- Digestion of some skeletal and other substances of plants and animals -- The role of lower organisms in digestion -- Nutrition -- References -- XII Excretion -- Urine -- Intermediary nitrogen metabolism -- Malpighian tubes -- Histophysiology of the Malpighian tubes -- Accessory functions of Malpighian tubes -- Malpighian tubes during moulting and metamorphosis -- Cephalic excretory organs and intestinal excretion -- Storage excretion -- References -- XIII Metabolism -- Chemical transformations -- Some chemical products of insects -- Pigment metabolism -- Respiratory metabolism -- References -- XIV Water and Temperature -- Water relations -- Temperature relations -- References -- XV Reproductive System -- Female reproductive system -- Male reproductive system -- Mating, impregnation and fertilization -- Some factors controlling fertility and fecundity -- Special modes of reproduction -- Sex determination -- Transmission of symbiotic micro-organisms -- References -- Index of Authors -- General Index.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9781468417104
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Basic Biomedicine -- Speed of application -- Reproductive physiology -- Regulatory mechanisms -- The lungs -- The hormones, insulin and diabetes -- Hormones and ulcers -- Neurophysiology and mental diseases -- Cardiovascular diseases -- Comparative physiology -- Macromolecules and DNA -- The proteins -- Enzymes -- Biosynthesis -- Metabolic events -- Energy -- The molecular basis of disease -- Rational design of drugs -- Application of basic knowledge -- Selected additional reading -- III. Clinical Medicine -- Infectious diseases -- Parasitic diseases -- Community health and epidemiology -- Military research contributions -- Drugs -- Immunology -- Transplantation -- Anesthesiology -- Surgery -- Cardiovascular surgery -- Cardiovascular disease -- Renal disease -- Pulmonary disease -- Hematology -- Endocrinology -- Medical genetics -- Pediatrics -- Obstetrics and gynecology -- Geriatrics -- Nutrition -- Neurology -- Psychiatry -- Ophthalmology -- Otorhinolaryngology -- Radiology -- Nuclear medicine -- Bioengineering -- Automation -- Rehabilitation -- Conclusion -- Selected additional reading -- IV. Dental Science -- Dental decay -- Periodontal disease -- Other clinical considerations -- Delivery of dental services -- Dental materials -- Orthodontics -- Surgical orthodontics -- Maxillofacial prosthesis -- Selected additional reading -- V. Food -- Food from plants -- Harvest to table -- Food from animals -- Animal disease control -- Preserving and distributing food from animals -- Processing and preserving foods -- Conclusion -- Selected additional reading -- VI. Population Biology -- Population potential and carrying capacity -- Populations in ecosystems -- Controlling pest populations -- Selected additional reading -- VII. Environmental Hazards -- Biological hazards to man -- Chemical hazards to man -- Physical hazards to man -- Selected additional reading -- VIII. Marine Sciences -- Feeding man -- Resource assessment -- Behavior studies -- Value of prediction of fishing success -- Preservation of fishery products -- Fish protein concentrate -- Management of renewable resources -- Diseases and parasites -- Man and his environment -- Health and medical research -- Selected additional reading -- IX. Natural Resources -- Man and his resources -- Land: the greatest resource -- Forest and timber resources -- Game management -- Technology in resource management -- Microbes—the unseen resource -- Conversion of waste to resource -- Preserving for the future -- Conservation of man’s abundance -- Selected additional reading.
    Abstract: The Science of Life: Contributions of Biology to Human Welfare is the first of what we anticipate will be a series of monographs resulting from activities of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. From time to time material drawn from symposia presented at the an­ nual meetings of the Societies, when considered suitable, will be published as separate FASEB Monographs. Usually, the material will have appeared in Federation Proceedings. Occasionally, other papers resulting from symposia, conferences, or special meetings sponsored by the Federation or one of its constituent societies will appear as a F ASEB monograph. In some instances, special articles on the same topic will be drawn together under one cover. Why should information which has already been printed and distributed as a part of the editorial content of a journal be republished as a monograph? Most of the ma­ terial to be included in this effort, particularly the symposia presented at the annual meetings of the six Federated Societies, will summarize the state of the art ex­ cellently. Such information will be of considerable value to students and teachers, especially for undergraduate honors courses or in graduate studies.
    Description / Table of Contents: I. IntroductionII. Basic Biomedicine -- Speed of application -- Reproductive physiology -- Regulatory mechanisms -- The lungs -- The hormones, insulin and diabetes -- Hormones and ulcers -- Neurophysiology and mental diseases -- Cardiovascular diseases -- Comparative physiology -- Macromolecules and DNA -- The proteins -- Enzymes -- Biosynthesis -- Metabolic events -- Energy -- The molecular basis of disease -- Rational design of drugs -- Application of basic knowledge -- Selected additional reading -- III. Clinical Medicine -- Infectious diseases -- Parasitic diseases -- Community health and epidemiology -- Military research contributions -- Drugs -- Immunology -- Transplantation -- Anesthesiology -- Surgery -- Cardiovascular surgery -- Cardiovascular disease -- Renal disease -- Pulmonary disease -- Hematology -- Endocrinology -- Medical genetics -- Pediatrics -- Obstetrics and gynecology -- Geriatrics -- Nutrition -- Neurology -- Psychiatry -- Ophthalmology -- Otorhinolaryngology -- Radiology -- Nuclear medicine -- Bioengineering -- Automation -- Rehabilitation -- Conclusion -- Selected additional reading -- IV. Dental Science -- Dental decay -- Periodontal disease -- Other clinical considerations -- Delivery of dental services -- Dental materials -- Orthodontics -- Surgical orthodontics -- Maxillofacial prosthesis -- Selected additional reading -- V. Food -- Food from plants -- Harvest to table -- Food from animals -- Animal disease control -- Preserving and distributing food from animals -- Processing and preserving foods -- Conclusion -- Selected additional reading -- VI. Population Biology -- Population potential and carrying capacity -- Populations in ecosystems -- Controlling pest populations -- Selected additional reading -- VII. Environmental Hazards -- Biological hazards to man -- Chemical hazards to man -- Physical hazards to man -- Selected additional reading -- VIII. Marine Sciences -- Feeding man -- Resource assessment -- Behavior studies -- Value of prediction of fishing success -- Preservation of fishery products -- Fish protein concentrate -- Management of renewable resources -- Diseases and parasites -- Man and his environment -- Health and medical research -- Selected additional reading -- IX. Natural Resources -- Man and his resources -- Land: the greatest resource -- Forest and timber resources -- Game management -- Technology in resource management -- Microbes-the unseen resource -- Conversion of waste to resource -- Preserving for the future -- Conservation of man’s abundance -- Selected additional reading.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer
    ISBN: 9781475704655
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The International Cryogenics Monograph Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 The Dynamics of Electrons in Metals: Low-Temperature Effects.. -- 1.1. Theoretical Conditions -- 1.2. Definition of the Hall Effect -- 1.3. Semiclassical Electronic Motion with Electric and Magnetic Fields -- 1.4. Quantum Effects -- 1.5. Size Effects -- 2 The Hall Effect in Limiting Cases -- 2.1. The Hall Effect in the Classical High-Field Limit -- 2.2. The Hall Effect in the Low-Field Limit -- 2.3. The Hall Effect in the Two-Band Model -- 3 The Hall Effect in Nearly-Free-Electron Metals -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The Harrison Construction -- 3.3. The Examples of Al and In -- 4 The Hall Effect in Group 1B Metals -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. The Hall Effect in the Pure Group 1B Metals -- 4.3. The Hall Effect in Very Dilute Alloys -- 4.4. The Hall Effect in Alloys with B-Metal Solutes -- 5 The Hall Effect in Magnetic Metals -- 5.1. Phenomenological Aspects -- 5.2. Some Conduction-Electron Spin Interactions -- 5.3. Survey of the Theoretical Developments -- 6Experimental Techniques and the Hall Effect in Unusual Conditions -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Sources of Error -- 6.3. Methods with Electrical Contact to the Sample -- 6.4. Methods without Contacts -- 6.5. Measurements under Unusual Conditions -- 7 A Guide to the Literature for Metallic Elements and Binary Metallic Alloys -- Appendix A Derivation of Expression (2.59) -- Appendix B Units and Conversion Factors -- Notes Added in Proof -- Author Index.
    Abstract: I hope this book will be useful to at least two groups of individuals: the nonspecialist reader with a general knowledge of solid-state science and seeking an introduction to the theory and practice of the Hall effect in metals, and the specialist seeking a contemporary review of the relevant literature. The literature has been surveyed thoroughly up to the middle of 1970, while the more accessible journals have been followed to late 1970. I have been selective in cases where there is a great volume of literature, particu­ larly in the case of old or obscure measurements of low accuracy, but in all cases I have tried to present the reader with sufficient information to judge whether a particular reference matches his interest and is therefore worth tracing. I compiled the book from reading the original publications, but inevitably there will be errors arising in transcription or inadvertent omissions. I hope the reader finding these will be charitable enough to write to me. lt is a pleasure to acknowledge the numerous useful discussions I have had at various times with associates and colleagues, particularly Drs. Mme M. T. Beal-Monod, J. E. A. Alderson, R. D. Barnard, T. Farrell, and P. Monod. Their influence appears at various points in the text-although, of course, they must not be held responsible for anything I have written.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vienna : Springer
    ISBN: 9783709171110
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 214 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Library of Exact Philosophy 8
    Series Statement: LEP Library of Exact Philosophy 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: General Introduction -- I The German Discussion -- 1 A Pseudoformalistic Position: Klug -- 2 Two Nonformalistic Positions: Engisch and Simitis -- 3 An Axiologistic Position: Heller -- II The Belgian Discussion -- 1. Perelman and Kazemier on the Logical Specificity of Law -- 2. Kalinowski’s Denial of the Specificity of Legal Logic -- 3. Kalinowski on Interpretation: (i) Authenticity, Meaning, and the Resolution of Contradictions -- 4. Kalinowski on Interpretation: (ii) The Elimination of Lacunae -- 5. Feys and Motte on “Legal Logic, Legal Systems” -- 6. Perelman on “Formal Logic, Legal Logic” -- 7. Gregorowicz on “the Argument a Maiori ad Minus and the Problem of Legal Logic”: (i) General Stand, and Views Disavowed -- 8. Gregorowicz on “the Argument a Maiori ad Minus and the Problem of Legal Logic”: (ii) Views Avowed and Constructive Ideas -- Conclusion and Supplementary Observations -- III The Discussion in the English-Speaking Countries -- 1. Stone on “Uses and Limitations of Formal Logic in Legal Reasoning” -- 2. Levi: Legal Argument as a Reflection of Social Change -- 3. Hart on “the Ascription of Responsibility and Rights” -- 4. Hart on “Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence” -- 5. Jensen: Legal Argument as a Nonlogical Mode of Decision -- 6. Toulmin: Legal Argument as Archetype of Argument in General -- 7. Hart on “Formalism and Rule-Scepticism” -- Conclusion and Supplementary Observations -- General Conclusion -- Concerning the Third Edition of Klug’s “Juristische Logik” -- List of References -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This book has two related aims: to investigate the frequently voiced claim that legal argument is nonformal in nature and, within the limits of such an investigation, to ascertain the most general proper­ ties of law as a rational system. Examination of a number of views of legal argument, selected from recent discussions in Germany, Belgium, and the English-speaking countries, will lead to the follow­ ing main conclusions. The nonformalistic conceptions of the logic of legal argument are ambiguous and unclear. Moreover, insofar as these conceptions are capable of clarification in the light of recent analytical methodology, they can be seen to be either mistaken or else compatible with the formalistic position. Because law is socially directive and coordinative, it is dependent upon theoretical psycho­ sociology and calls, in principle, for a deontic and inductive logic. The primary function of legal argument is to provide continuing reinterpretation and confirmation of legal rules, conceived as theo­ retical prescriptions. On the basis of this conception, the old juris­ prudential conflict between formalism and rule-scepticism appears substantially resolved. Aristotle, the founder of the theory of argument, conceived it as "the science of establishing conclusions" (bnO'l;~fl'YJ &no~e!"u,,~), designed to guide people in rational argumentation. In time, how­ ever, logic forsook its practical function and developed as a highly abstract and disinterested study, today called "formal logic"; and the theory of practical argument was either neglected or relegated to an appendix to rhetoric.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9783642654596
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Medicine ; Social sciences. ; Humanities. ; Medical sciences.
    Abstract: Perspectives of the Philosophy of Sport -- Sport as a Medium of Self- and Life-Fulfilment -- Sport as “Excess Strength” and a Root of Creative Living -- Sport as Play -- Sport as an Aesthetic Phenomenon -- Sport as “Ethical Training” -- Sport as a Reaction Compensating for and Adjusting to the Conditions of Living in the World of Industrial Labour -- Sport as a Sign-World -- Sport as Safety-Valve for Aggression, Instinctive Reaction for the Preservation of the Race, and Discharge through Appetency -- Sport as a Means in the Class Struggle, of Increasing Production and Overcoming Alienation -- Sport as Symbolized Father-Son Conflict and as Substitute Narcissistic Satisfaction -- Sport in Theological Perspective -- Sport in Catholic Theology in the 20th Century -- Problems and Trends in Protestant Theology -- Sport and Non-Christian Religions -- On Sociology of Sport — General Orientation and Its Trends in the Literature -- The Problem of Definition -- Methodological Approaches in Sociology of Sport -- Institutions and Disciplines Engaged in the Sociology of Sport -- Organization at the Material and Theoretical Levels -- Programmatic Theoretical and Methodological Discussions -- Sport and the Socio-Cultural System -- Sport as a Sub-System and Its Structure -- Sport and Institutions -- Sport and Social Problems -- Miscellaneous -- Summary and Conclusion -- Sport from the Educational and Psychological Points of View -- The Pedagogics of Sport in West European Countries -- Sport Psychology in West European Countries -- Sport Psychology in the Socialist Countries of Europe -- Sport Pedagogics in the United States -- Sport Psychology in North America -- Sport and Sport Psychology in Japan -- Contributions to Sport Medicine -- Lung Function, Respiration, and Metabolism in Sport -- Adaptation of Metabolism in Sport -- The Effects of Training on the Heart and Circulation -- Sport Injuries and Damage to the Locomotor System -- List of Contributors.
    Abstract: progress and happiness - however these terms may be understood in detail - as a significant and constitutive element of scientific inquiry. In this sense the question of the way in which sport really benefits people and contributes to their happiness, and under which individual and social conditions, is a scientific question. It assumes special significance when the fact is taken into account that in the field of sport science a general scepticism is shown towards those dogmas and pedagogical theses which take such an interpretation for granted in the absence of a firm empirical foundation and a critically evolved theory. Sport and Sport Science Sport and exercise, physical culture and education in sport (physical training), gymnastics and touring combined with some form of sport are-as the present report distinctly shows-all over the world among the most striking social phenom­ ena of today. At first sight they seem to be uncomplicated, clear and comprehensible for everybody; they stand for a type of solidarity which is independent of differences in ideological-political outlook, and sometimes exhibit an almost archaic intensity and attraction; they are supported by the active participation or at least the interest of very many people in many parts of the world and are endued with specific func­ tions, varying in importance, of a medical (therapeutical, prophylactic, rehabilitative), pedagogical, psychological and social character.
    Description / Table of Contents: Perspectives of the Philosophy of SportSport as a Medium of Self- and Life-Fulfilment -- Sport as “Excess Strength” and a Root of Creative Living -- Sport as Play -- Sport as an Aesthetic Phenomenon -- Sport as “Ethical Training” -- Sport as a Reaction Compensating for and Adjusting to the Conditions of Living in the World of Industrial Labour -- Sport as a Sign-World -- Sport as Safety-Valve for Aggression, Instinctive Reaction for the Preservation of the Race, and Discharge through Appetency -- Sport as a Means in the Class Struggle, of Increasing Production and Overcoming Alienation -- Sport as Symbolized Father-Son Conflict and as Substitute Narcissistic Satisfaction -- Sport in Theological Perspective -- Sport in Catholic Theology in the 20th Century -- Problems and Trends in Protestant Theology -- Sport and Non-Christian Religions -- On Sociology of Sport - General Orientation and Its Trends in the Literature -- The Problem of Definition -- Methodological Approaches in Sociology of Sport -- Institutions and Disciplines Engaged in the Sociology of Sport -- Organization at the Material and Theoretical Levels -- Programmatic Theoretical and Methodological Discussions -- Sport and the Socio-Cultural System -- Sport as a Sub-System and Its Structure -- Sport and Institutions -- Sport and Social Problems -- Miscellaneous -- Summary and Conclusion -- Sport from the Educational and Psychological Points of View -- The Pedagogics of Sport in West European Countries -- Sport Psychology in West European Countries -- Sport Psychology in the Socialist Countries of Europe -- Sport Pedagogics in the United States -- Sport Psychology in North America -- Sport and Sport Psychology in Japan -- Contributions to Sport Medicine -- Lung Function, Respiration, and Metabolism in Sport -- Adaptation of Metabolism in Sport -- The Effects of Training on the Heart and Circulation -- Sport Injuries and Damage to the Locomotor System -- List of Contributors.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401093149
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: General -- The Greek alphabet -- SI units -- Other metric units -- Multiples and submultiples -- Conversion factors -- Mathematics -- Logarithms, base 10 -- Natural sines, natural cosines -- Natural tangents, natural cotangents -- Degrees to radians, etc. -- Logarithms of factorials -- Circular functions -- Exponential funefons -- Constants -- Binomial coefficients -- Series -- Fourier series for certain waveforms -- Trigonometric, hyperbolic and exponential functions -- Trigonometric relations -- Hyperbolic relations -- Differentials -- Indefinite integrals -- Definite integrals -- Fourier transform -- Laplace transform -- Complex variable -- Algebraic equations -- Differential equations -- Vector analysis -- Matrices -- Properties of plane curves and figures -- Moments of inertia, etc., of rigid bodies -- Numerical analysis -- Statistics -- Properties of matter -- Physical constants -- The periodic table -- Atomic properties of the elements -- Physical properties of solids -- Mechanical properties of solids -- Work functions -- Properties of semiconductors -- Properties of ferromagnetic materials -- Superconducting materials -- Properties of liquids -- Thermodynamic properties of fluids -- Properties of gases -- Thermochemical data for equilibrium reactions -- Thermodynamics and fluid mechanics -- Thermodynamic relations -- Equations for fluid flow -- Dimensionless groups -- Convective heat transfer: empirical formulae -- Black-body radiation -- Generalized compressibility chart -- Tables for compressible flow of a perfect gas -- Oblique shocks: shock-wave angle versus flow-deflection angle -- Oblique shocks: pressure ratio and downstream Mach number -- Coefficient of friction for pipes -- Coefficients of loss for pipe fittings -- Boundary-layer friction and drag -- Open-channel flow -- Elasticity and structures -- Two-dimensional stress and strain -- Three-dimensional stress and strain -- Bending of laterally loaded plates -- Torsion -- Yield criteria -- Beams and structural members -- Stability functions for uniform sections -- Dimensions and properties of British Standard sections to B.S.4. -- Mechanics -- Statics -- Kinematics -- Dynamics -- Vibrations -- Electricity -- Electromagnetism -- Linear passive circuits -- Rectangular waveguides -- Resonant cavities -- Radiation and aerials -- Poles and zeros -- Linear active circuits -- Transistor equivalent circuits -- Electrical machines -- Solid-state electronic properties -- Miscellaneous -- Gauges for wire and sheet metal -- Standard screw threads -- References.
    Abstract: This book brings together information which is used by engineers, and needed especially by students of engineering, but difficult to find in a collected form. In this respect engineering, perhaps because it is more often divided into separate branches, has so far been less well served than the other physical sciences; we hope to have in part redressed the balance. The contents are designed chiefly for engineering students of all kinds in universities and colleges, but they should also prove useful to practising engineers as a general reference. There was some difficulty in choosing numerical values for parts of the section Properties of Matter. Information was culled from a range of sources which sometimes show an alarming lack of consistency. Given a choice, we have used values which are either average or more likely to be reliable. The degree of tolerance required varies very widely between, for example, the precision to which thermodynamic proper­ ties of steam are known and the uncertainty in those mechanical properties of solids which depend strongly on quality and preparation. The tables on pages 4-12 inclusive are reproduced from S.M.P. Advanced Tables by permission of Cambridge University Press. The tables on pages 35 and 36 are reproduced from Elementary Statistical Tables: lindley and Miller, h./ permission of Cambridge University Press. The tables on pages 37 and 38 are reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees.
    Description / Table of Contents: GeneralThe Greek alphabet -- SI units -- Other metric units -- Multiples and submultiples -- Conversion factors -- Mathematics -- Logarithms, base 10 -- Natural sines, natural cosines -- Natural tangents, natural cotangents -- Degrees to radians, etc. -- Logarithms of factorials -- Circular functions -- Exponential funefons -- Constants -- Binomial coefficients -- Series -- Fourier series for certain waveforms -- Trigonometric, hyperbolic and exponential functions -- Trigonometric relations -- Hyperbolic relations -- Differentials -- Indefinite integrals -- Definite integrals -- Fourier transform -- Laplace transform -- Complex variable -- Algebraic equations -- Differential equations -- Vector analysis -- Matrices -- Properties of plane curves and figures -- Moments of inertia, etc., of rigid bodies -- Numerical analysis -- Statistics -- Properties of matter -- Physical constants -- The periodic table -- Atomic properties of the elements -- Physical properties of solids -- Mechanical properties of solids -- Work functions -- Properties of semiconductors -- Properties of ferromagnetic materials -- Superconducting materials -- Properties of liquids -- Thermodynamic properties of fluids -- Properties of gases -- Thermochemical data for equilibrium reactions -- Thermodynamics and fluid mechanics -- Thermodynamic relations -- Equations for fluid flow -- Dimensionless groups -- Convective heat transfer: empirical formulae -- Black-body radiation -- Generalized compressibility chart -- Tables for compressible flow of a perfect gas -- Oblique shocks: shock-wave angle versus flow-deflection angle -- Oblique shocks: pressure ratio and downstream Mach number -- Coefficient of friction for pipes -- Coefficients of loss for pipe fittings -- Boundary-layer friction and drag -- Open-channel flow -- Elasticity and structures -- Two-dimensional stress and strain -- Three-dimensional stress and strain -- Bending of laterally loaded plates -- Torsion -- Yield criteria -- Beams and structural members -- Stability functions for uniform sections -- Dimensions and properties of British Standard sections to B.S.4. -- Mechanics -- Statics -- Kinematics -- Dynamics -- Vibrations -- Electricity -- Electromagnetism -- Linear passive circuits -- Rectangular waveguides -- Resonant cavities -- Radiation and aerials -- Poles and zeros -- Linear active circuits -- Transistor equivalent circuits -- Electrical machines -- Solid-state electronic properties -- Miscellaneous -- Gauges for wire and sheet metal -- Standard screw threads -- References.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781461590538
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 330 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Augmentation of Machine Language Level -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Software and Hardware Functions -- 3. Relation between Source and Machine Languages -- 4. Hardware Interpretation of Expressions -- 5. Memory Organization -- 6. Program Information Structure -- 7. Subroutine Calls -- 8. Computers with Built-in Compilers -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- 2 On the Relation between Grammars and Automata -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Phrase-Structure Grammars -- 3. Finite Automata and Right Linear Grammars -- 4. Pushdown Automata and Context-Free Grammars -- 5. Deterministic Pushdown Automata and LR(k) Grammars… -- 6. Linear Bounded Automata and Context-Sensitive Grammars. . -- 7. Turing Machines and Phrase-Structure Grammars -- References -- 3 An Introduction to Information Structures and Paging Considerations for On-Line Text Editing Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Considerations for a Text Editor’s Information Structure -- 3. Fixed-Length Context Editors -- 4. Variable-Length-Line and “Superline” Editors -- 5. Statement-Oriented Editors -- 6. String-Oriented Editors -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- 4 An Introduction to the Structure of Time-Shared Computers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Computer Hardware -- 3. The Operating System Structure -- 4. The PDP-10 Time-Sharing System Structure -- 5. The Economics of Time-Sharing -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Error-Correcting Codes in Computer Arithmetic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The General Theory of AN-Codes -- 3. Cyclic AN-Codes -- 4. Multiresidue Codes -- 5. Further Comments on Arithmetic Codes -- 6. Implementation of Arithmetic Codes -- 7. Conclusions -- References.
    Abstract: Information systems science is advancing in various directions with rapid strides. Many diversified ideas and methodologies have been revised and extended. Numerous new techniques and approaches have been con­ ceived and developed. Some recent advances are covered in this series. The fourth volume of this series provides in-depth discussions of some newly developed theories and techniques concerning computer language-level augmentation, time-sharing systems, text editing systems, grammars and automata, and error correcting codes in computer arithmetic. In Chapter 1, V. K. Smirnov presents an authoritative review of the augmentation of machine language level. He discusses the effects of ex­ tension of computer functions upon machine language and the influence of development of software systems upon the augmentation of computer language level. Some specific ways of augmenting the machine language level are examined. The problem of information organization, storage, search, and retrieval in a computer is studied. The introduction of higher-level languages has stimulated widespread applications of computers. Formal language theory has been recognized as a topic offundamental importance in the study of information systems science. In Chapter 2, M. A. Harrison examines the phrase-structure grammars, the right linear grammars, the context-free grammars, the LR(k) grammars, and the context-sensitive grammars. The author discusses the relations between mathematical models of computers and a family of formal lan­ guages. The language theory may stimulate new ideas for the augmentation of machine language level.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Augmentation of Machine Language Level1. Introduction -- 2. Software and Hardware Functions -- 3. Relation between Source and Machine Languages -- 4. Hardware Interpretation of Expressions -- 5. Memory Organization -- 6. Program Information Structure -- 7. Subroutine Calls -- 8. Computers with Built-in Compilers -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- 2 On the Relation between Grammars and Automata -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Phrase-Structure Grammars -- 3. Finite Automata and Right Linear Grammars -- 4. Pushdown Automata and Context-Free Grammars -- 5. Deterministic Pushdown Automata and LR(k) Grammars… -- 6. Linear Bounded Automata and Context-Sensitive Grammars. . -- 7. Turing Machines and Phrase-Structure Grammars -- References -- 3 An Introduction to Information Structures and Paging Considerations for On-Line Text Editing Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Considerations for a Text Editor’s Information Structure -- 3. Fixed-Length Context Editors -- 4. Variable-Length-Line and “Superline” Editors -- 5. Statement-Oriented Editors -- 6. String-Oriented Editors -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- 4 An Introduction to the Structure of Time-Shared Computers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Computer Hardware -- 3. The Operating System Structure -- 4. The PDP-10 Time-Sharing System Structure -- 5. The Economics of Time-Sharing -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Error-Correcting Codes in Computer Arithmetic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The General Theory of AN-Codes -- 3. Cyclic AN-Codes -- 4. Multiresidue Codes -- 5. Further Comments on Arithmetic Codes -- 6. Implementation of Arithmetic Codes -- 7. Conclusions -- References.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468460421
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Introduction -- II. Products of DNA Activation -- 2. Macromolecules-Functional and Biochemical Correlates -- 3. Brain Function and RNA -- 4. Macromolecules and Brain Function -- 5. Inhibitors of Cerebral Protein or RNA Synthesis and Memory -- 6. Biological Assays for the Molecular Coding of Acquired Information -- 7. Biological Activity of Antibrain Antibody—an Introduction to Immunoneurology -- 8. Correlation of the S-100 Brain Protein with Behavior -- III. Macromolecules and Intracellular, Intercellular, and Synaptic Events -- 9. Axoplasmic Flow-The Fast Transport System in Mammalian Nerve Fibers -- 10. A Molecular Basis for Regional Differentiation of the Excitable Membrane -- 11. Macromolecular Synthesis in Synapses -- 12. Chemical and Anatomical Plasticity of Brain: Replications and Extensions, 1970 -- 13. Macromolecular Change and the Synapse -- 14. Autoradiographic Examination of Behaviorally Induced Changes in the Protein and Nucleic Acid Metabolism of the Brain -- 15. Macromolecular Changes Within Neuron-Neuroglia Unit During Behavioral Events -- IV. Models of Memory -- 16. Molecular Biological Approaches to the Study of Memory -- 17. Some Dimensions of Remembering: Steps Toward Neuropsychological Model of Memory.
    Description / Table of Contents: I. Introduction1. Introduction -- II. Products of DNA Activation -- 2. Macromolecules-Functional and Biochemical Correlates -- 3. Brain Function and RNA -- 4. Macromolecules and Brain Function -- 5. Inhibitors of Cerebral Protein or RNA Synthesis and Memory -- 6. Biological Assays for the Molecular Coding of Acquired Information -- 7. Biological Activity of Antibrain Antibody-an Introduction to Immunoneurology -- 8. Correlation of the S-100 Brain Protein with Behavior -- III. Macromolecules and Intracellular, Intercellular, and Synaptic Events -- 9. Axoplasmic Flow-The Fast Transport System in Mammalian Nerve Fibers -- 10. A Molecular Basis for Regional Differentiation of the Excitable Membrane -- 11. Macromolecular Synthesis in Synapses -- 12. Chemical and Anatomical Plasticity of Brain: Replications and Extensions, 1970 -- 13. Macromolecular Change and the Synapse -- 14. Autoradiographic Examination of Behaviorally Induced Changes in the Protein and Nucleic Acid Metabolism of the Brain -- 15. Macromolecular Changes Within Neuron-Neuroglia Unit During Behavioral Events -- IV. Models of Memory -- 16. Molecular Biological Approaches to the Study of Memory -- 17. Some Dimensions of Remembering: Steps Toward Neuropsychological Model of Memory.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer
    ISBN: 9781468481907
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXI, 386 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Neuroscience Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I: Introduction -- 1: Assumptions -- 2: Methods -- 3: Signalling in the Nervous System -- II: The First-Order Code -- 4: Variables of the Sensory Code -- 5: Direct Contact with the World -- 6: The Inner Senses -- 7: The External Chemical Senses -- 8: The Inner Ear -- 9: The Photoreceptors of the Retina -- III: Coding in the Center -- 10: Approaches to Brain Function -- 11: Sensory Synaptic Cascades -- 12: Central Coding in the Somatic Senses -- 13: The Central Code of Hearing -- 14: The Central Code of Sight -- 15: The Central Code of the Chemical Senses -- IV: Postscript -- V: Literature -- References -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Great advances have been made in the area of sensory physiology during the last few decades, and these developments seem to be asking for a comprehensive review that is manageable in size and cohesive in content. This volume has been written with that goal in mind. In the first place I would like to thank Mr. R. van Frank of Appleton-Century-Crofts for asking me to do the job, and my wife for persuading me to do it, for writing it was an enjoyable task. Much of the discussion of factual data set to print here evolved in question-and-answer sessions in courses given to students in physiology, psychology, and medicine, and to physicians training in neurology, neurosur­ gery, and psychiatry. Besides my students, I had in mind while preparing this text my professional colleagues laboring on their lecture notes under circum­ stances perhaps not unlike my own. The material is divided in two parts. The first deals with the manner of representation of sensory information in peripheral nerves: the so-called first order code. The second half of the text deals with the handling of sense data by the central nervous system. One reason for dividing the material in this way is that many of the features of the first-order code are common to all sensory modalities. The intensity, the place, the rhythm, the "quality" of stimuli are encoded by rules which are applicable, albeit with appropriate modifications, to all senses. Furthermore, these rules of coding are today rather well understood.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9783034859547
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Institut für Baustatik und Konstruktion 42
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vienna : Springer
    ISBN: 9783709171134
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Library of Exact Philosophy 9
    Series Statement: LEP Library of Exact Philosophy 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Extension and Intension -- 1.1 The Basic Doctrine -- 1.2 A Set-theoretic Formulation -- 1.3 Extension and Intension in Formalized Theories -- 1.4 Intension as Comprehension -- 1.5 Calculi of Extensions and Intensions -- 1.6 Extension and Intension of Theories -- 1.7 Intension as Connotation: Core Intension -- 1.8 Vagueness -- 1.9 Intensional Autonomy -- 2. Meaning -- 2.1 Correspondence and Coherence Views -- 2.2 Meaning as Intension/Extension -- 2.3 Meaning of Constructs in Mathematical Theories -- 2.4 Meaning in Formal Theories -- 2.5 C. I. Lewis on Meaning -- 2.6 Truth in Theory and Truth in Practice -- 2.7 Nonexistent Possibles -- 3. Existence -- 3.1 The Thesis that Existence is Consistency -- 3.2 Empiricist Notions of Existence -- 3.3 Objectivity and Evidence -- 3.4 A Seasoned Constructivism: Piaget’s Genetic Epistemology -- 3.5 Heuristics and Mathematical Existence -- 3.6 Style -- 3.7 Sets and the Semantics of Mathematics -- 3.8 Categories and the De-ontologization of Mathematics -- 4. Reduction -- 4.1 Reduction in Mathematics -- 4.2 Meaning-preserving Correspondences -- 4.3 Explanation v. Reduction -- 4.4 Ontological Commitment -- 4.5 Ontological Reduction -- Index of Names -- Partial List of Symbols.
    Abstract: The take-over of the philosophy of mathematics by mathematical logic is not complete. The central problems examined in this book lie in the fringe area between the two, and by their very nature will no doubt continue to fall partly within the philosophical re­ mainder. In seeking to treat these problems with a properly sober mixture of rhyme and reason, I have tried to keep philosophical jargon to a minimum and to avoid excessive mathematical compli­ cation. The reader with a philosophical background should be familiar with the formal syntactico-semantical explications of proof and truth, especially if he wishes to linger on Chapter 1, after which it is easier philosophical sailing; while the mathematician need only know that to "explicate" a concept consists in clarifying a heretofore vague notion by proposing a clearer (sometimes formal) definition or formulation for it. More seriously, the interested mathematician will find occasional recourse to EDWARD'S Encyclopedia of Philos­ ophy (cf. bibliography) highly rewarding. Sections 2. 5 and 2. 7 are of interest mainly to philosophers. The bibliography only contains works referred to in the text. References are made by giving the author's surname followed by the year of publication, the latter enclosed in parentheses. When the author referred to is obvious from the context, the surname is dropped, and even the year of publication or "ibid. " may be dropped when the same publication is referred to exclusively over the course of several paragraphs.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468417043
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Movement -- 3. Models -- 4. Dynamic Systems -- 5. Signals -- 6. Control -- 7. Automatic Control -- 8. Optimal Control -- 9. Automata -- 10. The Computer -- 11. Adaptation -- 12. Games -- 13. Learning -- 14. Large Systems -- 15. Operational Control -- 16. The Brain -- 17. Organised Systems -- 18. Man and Machine -- 19. Outline of Future Prospects.
    Abstract: The development of science consists not only of deepening and widening the already established scientific disciplines but also depends on the emergence of new ones. The emergence and development of new sciences is influenced primarily by two factors: isolation and generalisation. Isolation of scientific disciplines is due to the discovery of new objects of investigation and the emergence of specific scientific trends. This leads to the study of a relatively narrow class of objects which are characterised by their specific approach to both the formulation and the solution of problems. Examples of this type of specific scientific diSciplines include, for instance, chemistry of high molecular compounds and the theory of electrical machines, which are both devoted to the study of a relatively narrow field. In addition there are the more general scientific disciplines, whose characteristics are that they are created for the purpose of studying such natural phenomena as occur in a very wide class of objects. Disciplines of this type are, for instance, the theory of dimensions and the theory of similarity, the theory of dynamic systems and thermodynamics. The very general, as opposed to the very specific, sciences tend by their nature to be more theoretical and depend much more on the language, mathematical or otherwise, used to describe them.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction2. Movement -- 3. Models -- 4. Dynamic Systems -- 5. Signals -- 6. Control -- 7. Automatic Control -- 8. Optimal Control -- 9. Automata -- 10. The Computer -- 11. Adaptation -- 12. Games -- 13. Learning -- 14. Large Systems -- 15. Operational Control -- 16. The Brain -- 17. Organised Systems -- 18. Man and Machine -- 19. Outline of Future Prospects.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401169288
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Fourth Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Errors of Observation -- 1 Accidental and systematic errors -- 2 Errors and fractional errors -- 3 Estimate of error -- 4 Estimate of the error in compound quantities -- 5 Error in a product -- 6 Error in a quotient -- 7 Use of the calculus -- 8 Error in a sum or difference -- 2. Some Statistical Ideas -- 9 Frequency distributions -- 10 The mean -- 11 Relative frequency -- 12 The median -- 13 Frequency curves -- 14 Measures of dispersion -- 15 The range -- 16 The mean deviation -- 17 The standard deviation -- 18 Evaluation of standard deviation, ? -- 19 Sheppard’s correction -- 20 Charlier’s checks -- 21 The mean and standard deviation of a sum -- 22 Certain special frequency distributions -- 23 The binomial distribution -- 24 The Poisson distribution -- 25 The normal distribution -- 26 Relation between a normal and a binomial distribution -- 27 The mean deviation of a normal distribution -- 28 Area under the normal error curve -- 29 Sampling, standard error of the mean -- 30 Bessel’s formulae -- 31 Peters’ formulae -- 32 Fitting of a normal curve -- 33 Other frequency distributions -- 3. Theory of Errors -- 34 The normal or Gaussian law of error -- 35 Applicability of the normal law of error -- 36 Normal error distributions -- 37 Standard error of a sum or difference -- 38 Standard error of a product -- 39 Standard error of a compound quantity -- 40 Method of least squares -- 41 Weighted mean -- 42 Standard error of weighted mean -- 43 Internal and external consistency -- 44 Other applications of the method of least squares, solution of linear equations -- 45 Solution of linear equations involving observed quantities -- 46 Curve fitting -- 47 Line of regression -- 48 Accuracy of coefficients -- 49 Other curves -- References.
    Abstract: This little book is written in the first place for students in technical colleges taking the National Certificate Courses in Applied Physics; it is hoped it will appeal also to students of physics, and pernaps chemistry, in the sixth forms of grammar schools and in the universltIes. For wherever experimental work in physics, or in science generally, is undertakcn the degree of accuracy of the measurements, and of the res,!lts of the experiments, must be of the first importance. Every teacher of experimental physics knows how "results" given to three or four decimal plaees are often in error in the first place; students suffer from "delusions of accuracy. " At a higher level too, more experieneed workers sometimes claim a degree of accuracy which cannot be justified. Perhaps a considera­ tion of the topics discussed in this monograph will stimulate in students an attitude to experimental results at onee more modest and more profound. The mathematical treatment throughout has been kept as simple as possible. It has seemed advisable, however, to explain the statistical concepts at the basis of the main considerations, and it is hoped that Chapter 2 contains as elementary an account of the leading statistical ideas involved as is possible in such small compass. It is a necessary link between the simple introduction to the nature and estimation of errors given in Chapter 1, and the theory of errors discussed in Chapter 3.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Errors of Observation1 Accidental and systematic errors -- 2 Errors and fractional errors -- 3 Estimate of error -- 4 Estimate of the error in compound quantities -- 5 Error in a product -- 6 Error in a quotient -- 7 Use of the calculus -- 8 Error in a sum or difference -- 2. Some Statistical Ideas -- 9 Frequency distributions -- 10 The mean -- 11 Relative frequency -- 12 The median -- 13 Frequency curves -- 14 Measures of dispersion -- 15 The range -- 16 The mean deviation -- 17 The standard deviation -- 18 Evaluation of standard deviation, ? -- 19 Sheppard’s correction -- 20 Charlier’s checks -- 21 The mean and standard deviation of a sum -- 22 Certain special frequency distributions -- 23 The binomial distribution -- 24 The Poisson distribution -- 25 The normal distribution -- 26 Relation between a normal and a binomial distribution -- 27 The mean deviation of a normal distribution -- 28 Area under the normal error curve -- 29 Sampling, standard error of the mean -- 30 Bessel’s formulae -- 31 Peters’ formulae -- 32 Fitting of a normal curve -- 33 Other frequency distributions -- 3. Theory of Errors -- 34 The normal or Gaussian law of error -- 35 Applicability of the normal law of error -- 36 Normal error distributions -- 37 Standard error of a sum or difference -- 38 Standard error of a product -- 39 Standard error of a compound quantity -- 40 Method of least squares -- 41 Weighted mean -- 42 Standard error of weighted mean -- 43 Internal and external consistency -- 44 Other applications of the method of least squares, solution of linear equations -- 45 Solution of linear equations involving observed quantities -- 46 Curve fitting -- 47 Line of regression -- 48 Accuracy of coefficients -- 49 Other curves -- References.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9781468418279
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: I - Nuclear Structure and Electromagnetic InteractionsII - Electromagnetic and Weak Interaction Probes -- III - Hadronic Interactions: High-Energy Collision Processes -- IV - Hadronic Interactions: Collision Processes with Pions and Unstable Particles -- V - Hadronic Interactions: Bound Systems -- VI - New Accelerators and other Experimental Developments -- VII - Properties of Pions and Muons -- VIII - Fundanental Synnetry Properties -- IX - Some Theoretical Questions in Elementary Particle and Nuclear Physics.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468418750
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Lattice DynamicsTheory of Small Oscillations -- Effect of Lattice Symmetry -- Density of Vibrational States -- Vibrational Thermodynamic Properties of Crystals -- X-ray and Neutron Scattering -- 2. Cohesive Energies of Ionic Solids -- Born-Haber Cycle -- Born Treatment of Ionic Solids -- Some Related Aspects -- 3. Defect Chemistry and Non-Stoichiometric Compounds -- Point Defect Equilibria in Crystals -- The Systematica of Non-Stoichiometric Compounds -- Grossly Non-Stoichiometric Compounds -- Ferrous Oxide: A Case History -- Strong Defect Ordering: Intermediate Superstructure Phases -- Elimination of Defects: Crystallo graphic Shear -- Imperfections of Ordered Structures (Lattice Imaging) -- Conclusions and Outstanding Problems -- 4. Theory of Point Defects in Ionic Crystals -- to Point Defects in Ionic Crystals -- Experimental Studies of Point Defects -- Theoretical Calculations of the Formation Energies of Schottky Defects -- Defect Interaction Energies -- Migration Energies -- Interstitial Defects -- Concluding Remarks -- 5. Dielectric Properties -- Definitions and Units -- Mechanisms of Polarization -- Alternating Current Phenomena -- Ferroelectrics -- 6. Magnetism -- Non-Interacting Atoms -- Magnetic Interactions -- Long-Range Order -- Spiral Configurations -- Magnetic Atoms in a Crystal -- Superexchange Interactions -- Collective d-Electron Model -- 7. Neutron Diffraction and Solid State Properties -- Thermal Neutrons -- Elastic Scattering -- Inelastic Scattering -- Conclusions -- 8. Magnetic Resonance -- Nuclear Moments end Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- Spin-Lattice Relaxation -- Bloch Equations and Transverse Relaxation -- Experimental Arrangements -- NMR in Non-metallic Solids -- Quadrupolar Splittings in NMR -- NMR in Metals -- Chemical Shift and Spin Coupling in Solids -- Pure Quadrupole Resonance in Solids -- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance -- Concluding Remarks -- 9. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Superconductors and Dilute Alloys -- NMR in Superconductors -- NMR in Dilute Alloys -- 10. Magnetostriction in Materials -- Behaviour of Common Materials -- Conclusions -- 11. Mössbauer Effect and Dynamics of Atomic Motion in Solids -- Resonance Fluorescence -- Mossbauer’s Experiment -- Resonance Absorption of Gamma Rays and Dynamics of Atomic Motion -- Experimental Results -- Concluding Remarks -- 12. Positron Annihilation in Solids -- Methods and Results -- 13. Elements of Order-Disorder Theory and Diverse Applications -- Statement of the Problem -- The Zero Order Approximation (Langmuir Isotherm) -- The Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function -- Decomposition of the Lattice into Subfigures -- The Fowler-Guggenheim Adsorption Isotherm -- Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Mixtures in the Bragg-Williams Approximation -- 14. Diffusion in Solids -- The Diffusion Coefficient -- Intrinsic Diffusion Coefficients -- Self-Diffusion Coefficients -- Experimental Procedures -- 15. Ionic Conductivity -- Conduction Mechanisms in Ionic Crystals -- Anisotropy of Conduction in Ionic Crystals -- 16. Inorganic Glasses -- Constitution of Glass -- Glass formation -- Inorganic Glass Forming Systems -- Transport Properties of Glasses -- 17. Electrical Properties of Solid Catalysts -- Historical Introduction -- Classification of Solid Catalysts based on Electronic Properties -- Inverse Mixed Catalysts -- Conclusions -- 18. Dislocations and Solid State Reactions -- Dislocations, Their Structure and Properties -- The Role of Dislocations in Chemical Reactions -- 19. Solid State Reactions -- Role of Defects in the Reactivity of Solids -- Solid-Gas Reactions: Oxidation of Metals -- Solid-Solid Reactions -- Thermal Decomposition of Solids -- 20. Band and Transport Theories in Solids -- to Band Structure Concepts (Particle-in-the-Box) -- Kronig-Penney Model -- Bloch Functions for the Circular Chain -- Band Structure for a Circular Chain in the Tight Binding Approximation -- Pauli Exclusion Principle and Fermi-Dirac Statistics -- Heat Capacity of a Metal -- Classification of Materials -- Elementary Discussion of Yarious Transport Phenomena -- Fermi Levels and Conductivity in Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors -- Transport Effects in Materials Characterized by ‘Hopping’ Electrons -- Brief Survey of Experimental Results -- 21. Spectroscopy of Metals and Semiconductors -- Macroscopic Theory and Experimental Methods -- Microscopic Theory of Optical Properties -- Optical Properties of Metals -- Optical Properties of Semiconductors -- Conclusions -- 22. Phase Transformations in Solids -- Thermodynamic Considerations -- Structural Changes in Transformations -- Kinetics of Transformations -- Order-Disorder Transitions -- Martensite Transformations -- Ferroelectric Transformations -- Magnetic Transitions -- Semiconductor-Metal Transitions -- High Pressure Transformations -- Born Treatment of Phase Transformations in Alkali Halides -- Comments on Experimental Techniques.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9783642880841
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Springer Tracts in Natural Philosophy 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Astronomy. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Prologue -- One Theoretical Considerations -- I The Environment for Cosmic Structures -- II An Equilibrium Theory of Galactic Isopleths -- III Galactic Morphology and Scale -- Two Observational Considerations -- IV Observational Problems of Macroscale Discretization -- V Observational Evidence for Discretization Phenomena -- Appendix A. Curvature Conventions and Signs -- Appendix B. The Spherically Symmetric Case -- Appendix C. On Conformally Related Metric Spaces, One of which Admits an Irrotational Isometry -- 3. Lemma and Relations -- Appendix D. Analysis of the Complete Nonlinear Discretization Equation -- 1. Statement of the Problem -- 2. Conditions for Nontrivial Solutions -- 4. The First Approximation -- 5. The Second and Higher Order Approximations -- Author Index.
    Abstract: Theoretical researches in general relativity and observational data from galactic astronomy combine in this volume in contributions to one of the oldest questions of natural philosophy: Is the structure of the physical world more adequately described by a continuous or a discrete mode of representation? Since the days of the Pythagoreans, this question has surfaced from time to time in various guises in science as well as in philosophy. One of the most bitterly contested and illuminating controversies between the continuous and the discrete viewpoints is to be found in the wave versus corpuscular description of optical phenom­ enae. This controversy was not resolved to the satisfaction of most of its protaganists until the development of the quantum theory. However, several obscurities that still becloud the question suggest that some deeper formulation may be necessary before more satisfactory answers can be given 1. The firm establishment of the validity of quantized structure and discrete energy distributions on the atomic scale following the ideas of Max Planck, together with the apparent absence of quan­ tization effect in astronomical and cosmic structures leaves uncertainties concerning the role played by the scale of the observer in perceiving or not perceiving discrete distributions. Some of the metaphysical inter­ pretations and implications of the quantum mechanics that have been made in recent years 2 would be subject to revision if the existence of discretized descriptions were to be established in astronomical and cosmic structures.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400958418
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Potential theory (Mathematics). ; Engineering mathematics. ; Engineering—Data processing. ; Physics. ; Astronomy. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Definitions. Addition of Vectors -- 1. Scalar and Vector Quantities -- 2. Graphical Representation of Vectors -- 3. Addition and Subtraction of Vectors -- 4. Components of a Vector -- 5. Geometrical Applications -- 6. Scalar and Vector Fields -- Miscellaneous Exercises I -- 2 Products of Vectors -- 1. General -- 2. The Scalar Product -- 3. The Vector Product -- 4. Vector Area -- 5. Application to Vector Products -- 6. Products of Three Vectors -- 7. Line and Surface Integrals as Scalar Products -- Miscellaneous Exercises II -- 3 The Differentiation of Vectors -- 1. Scalar Differentiation -- 2. Differentiation of Sums and Products -- 3. Partial Differentiation -- Miscellaneous Exercises III -- 4 The Operator ? and Its Uses -- 1. The Operator ? -- 2. The Gradient of a Scalar Field -- 3. The Divergence of a Vector Field -- 4. The Operator div grad. -- 5. The Operator ?2 with Vector Operand -- 6. The Curl of a Vector Field -- 7. Simple Examples of the Curl of a Vector Field -- 8. Divergence of a Vector Product -- 9. Divergence and Curl of SA -- 10. The Operator curl grad. -- 11. The Operator grad div. -- 12. The Operator div curl. -- 13. The Operator curl curl. -- 14. The Vector Field grad (k/r) -- 15. Vector Operators in Terms of Polar Co-ordinates -- Miscellaneous Exercises IV -- 5 Integral Theorems -- 1. The Divergence Theorem of Gauss -- 2. Gauss’s Theorem and the Inverse Square Law -- 3. Green’s Theorem -- 4. Stokes’s Theorem -- 5. Alternative Definitions of Divergence and Curl -- 6. Classification of Vector Fields -- Miscellaneous Exercises V -- 6 The Scalar Potential Field -- 1. General Properties -- 2. The Inverse Square Law. Point Sources -- 3. Volume Distributions -- 4. Multi-valued Potentials -- 7 The Vector Potential Field -- 1. The Magnetic Field of a Steady Current -- 2. The Vector Potential -- 3. Linear Currents -- 4. Simple Examples of Vector Potential -- 8 The Electromagnetic Field Equations of Maxwell -- 1. General -- 2. Maxwell’s Equations -- 3. Energy Considerations -- Miscellaneous Exercises VIII -- Answers to Exercises.
    Abstract: The principal changes that I have made in preparing this revised edition of the book are the following. (i) Carefuily selected worked and unworked examples have been added to six of the chapters. These examples have been taken from class and degree examination papers set in this University and I am grateful to the University Court for permission to use them. (ii) Some additional matter on the geometrieaI application of veetors has been incorporated in Chapter 1. (iii) Chapters 4 and 5 have been combined into one chapter, some material has been rearranged and some further material added. (iv) The chapter on int~gral theorems, now Chapter 5, has been expanded to include an altemative proof of Gauss's theorem, a treatmeot of Green's theorem and a more extended discussioo of the classification of vector fields. (v) The only major change made in what are now Chapters 6 and 7 is the deletioo of the discussion of the DOW obsolete pot funetioo. (vi) A small part of Chapter 8 on Maxwell's equations has been rewritten to give a fuller account of the use of scalar and veetor potentials in eleetromagnetic theory, and the units emploYed have been changed to the m.k.s. system.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Definitions. Addition of Vectors1. Scalar and Vector Quantities -- 2. Graphical Representation of Vectors -- 3. Addition and Subtraction of Vectors -- 4. Components of a Vector -- 5. Geometrical Applications -- 6. Scalar and Vector Fields -- Miscellaneous Exercises I -- 2 Products of Vectors -- 1. General -- 2. The Scalar Product -- 3. The Vector Product -- 4. Vector Area -- 5. Application to Vector Products -- 6. Products of Three Vectors -- 7. Line and Surface Integrals as Scalar Products -- Miscellaneous Exercises II -- 3 The Differentiation of Vectors -- 1. Scalar Differentiation -- 2. Differentiation of Sums and Products -- 3. Partial Differentiation -- Miscellaneous Exercises III -- 4 The Operator ? and Its Uses -- 1. The Operator ? -- 2. The Gradient of a Scalar Field -- 3. The Divergence of a Vector Field -- 4. The Operator div grad. -- 5. The Operator ?2 with Vector Operand -- 6. The Curl of a Vector Field -- 7. Simple Examples of the Curl of a Vector Field -- 8. Divergence of a Vector Product -- 9. Divergence and Curl of SA -- 10. The Operator curl grad. -- 11. The Operator grad div. -- 12. The Operator div curl. -- 13. The Operator curl curl. -- 14. The Vector Field grad (k/r) -- 15. Vector Operators in Terms of Polar Co-ordinates -- Miscellaneous Exercises IV -- 5 Integral Theorems -- 1. The Divergence Theorem of Gauss -- 2. Gauss’s Theorem and the Inverse Square Law -- 3. Green’s Theorem -- 4. Stokes’s Theorem -- 5. Alternative Definitions of Divergence and Curl -- 6. Classification of Vector Fields -- Miscellaneous Exercises V -- 6 The Scalar Potential Field -- 1. General Properties -- 2. The Inverse Square Law. Point Sources -- 3. Volume Distributions -- 4. Multi-valued Potentials -- 7 The Vector Potential Field -- 1. The Magnetic Field of a Steady Current -- 2. The Vector Potential -- 3. Linear Currents -- 4. Simple Examples of Vector Potential -- 8 The Electromagnetic Field Equations of Maxwell -- 1. General -- 2. Maxwell’s Equations -- 3. Energy Considerations -- Miscellaneous Exercises VIII -- Answers to Exercises.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781475799330
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 252 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The International Cryogenics Monograph Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Current Trends in Cryobiology -- 1 Effects of Low Temperatures on Microorganisms, Plants, and Cold-Blooded Animals -- 2 Preservation of Food -- 3 Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials: Some Physical and Engineering Aspects -- 4 Mechanisms of Injury and Protection in Living Cells and Tissues at Low Temperatures -- 5 Banking of Cells, Tissues, and Organs at Low Temperatures -- 6 Frostbite, Hypothermia, and Resuscitation after Freezing -- 7 Cryogenic Surgery -- Author Index.
    Abstract: During the past 20 years there have been amazing developments in low temperature physics, engineering, and biology. They form part of the very rapid post-war growth in pure and applied sciences of every kind. During this period several branches of biology including immunology, molecular biology and, of course, cryobiology, have split off from their parent disciplines. One result of this splintering has been the development of separate jargons used by the specialists and sometimes incomprehensible to those working in closely allied fields. The pure physicists, chemists, and the applied scientists, including physicians, surgeons, and pathologists, find the new jargons particularly baffling. We have attempted in this monograph to present to cryogenic engineers a picture of cryobiologists and their problems using as few strange technical words as possible. We hope that this book will help to bridge the gap which has already formed between them in spite of the opportunities for collaboration in many projects. We hope that it may also be useful to scientific research workers and postgraduate students of many kinds united only by curiosity about cryobiology. We are very much indebted to Dr. K. Mendelssohn, who insti­ gated us to produce a monograph and who reassured us that cryogenic engineers are as keen to understand the current trends in biology, and particularly in cryobiology, as we are to enlist their help. We have had much help in preparing this book.
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  • 29
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    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781489927088
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 281 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: The Life and Work of Andrei Borisovich Vistelius -- The Published Works of A. B. Vistelius -- I. Geologic Hypothesis and Probability Distributions -- Geochemical Behavior of Elements in the Lithosphere -- Generation of the Log-Normal Frequency Distribution in Sediments -- Correlation of Joint Trends with the Elements of Tectonic Structures -- II. Use of the Specific Properties of Multidimensional Space in Solving Geological Problems -- The Origin of Clastic Mineral Associations in the Aptian-Cenomanian Rocks of the Southwestern Ural and Mugodzhary Region -- On Locating Field Boundaries in Simple Phase Diagrams by Means of Discriminant Functions -- Two-Cluster Discrimination in Analytical Geochemistry using the Distance Coefficient -- III. Paragenetic Analysis -- Distribution of Percentage Values -- Niobium in Metagranites of the Polar Urals -- Linear Paragenetic Associations in Rocks and Minerals of the Ladoga Formation -- Processes of Magmatic Differentiation in Connection with Paragenetic Features among Rock-Forming Elements in Natural Glass -- IV. Analysis of Geologic Sections -- A Stochastic Model of Stratification (the Case of Unlimited Interstratal Erosion) -- The Vertical and Lateral Variation of a Carboniferous Limestone Area Near Sligo (Ireland) -- Use of a Harmonic Model for Analysis of the Dynamic System of Sedimentation in the Jatulian of Central Karelia -- Analysis of Sequences of Mineral Grains in Granites of the Kyzyltas Massif (Central Kazakhstan) as a Manifestation of the Markov Process -- Use of the Computer for Quantitative Analysis of Fossil Distribution -- V. Mapping Geological Characteristics -- Geometrical Properties of the Surface of the Alekseevka Uplift in the Kuibyshev District -- Sorting of Clastic Material in Eolian Deposits of Central Kara Kum -- VI. Various Geological Problems -- Heat Conduction Calculations on the Thermal History of Contact Aureoles -- Variance of Some Selected Attributes in Granitic Rocks -- The Role of Mathematical Statistics in Improved Ore Valuation Techniques in South African Gold Mines -- Fundamental Problems of Computing Reserves of Mineral Resources -- Visual Display of Computer Output Aids Geological Interpretation -- VII. Chronicle and Bibliography -- Trend Analysis of Geologic Data (Basic Literature) -- Mathematical Methods in Geology (Chronicle for the Period from September 1964 to September 1966).
    Abstract: Collections of this sort are a regular publication feature of the Laboratory of Mathemati­ cal Geology of the Order of Lenin V. A. Steklov Mathematical Institute of the Academy of Sci­ ences of the USSR. In the future it is intended that further collections and monographs reflect­ ing the activity of the Laboratory be issued. In this present collection, in addition to workers of the Laboratory of Mathematical Geology, specialists of both Russia and many foreign countries participated. This has permit­ ted us to display the general level of mathematization of geology in 1966. In order to enhance the overall view, the editors have included a section "Chronicle and Bibliography" in which in­ formation is given on the most important actions relating to mathematization of geology taking place in 1965 and the first half of 1966, and which includes a bibliography on two-dimensional regressions having great practical value in geology but little known to us in the Soviet Union.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9781461582526
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Techniques for the Measurement of Electrode Processes at Temperatures Above 100°C -- Experimental Techniques -- Application of High-Temperature Electrochemical Techniques -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Surface- and Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior -- The Nature of Crystal Surfaces -- Environmental Effects on Crystalline Solids with Clean Surfaces -- Effects of Solid Surface Films -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Mechanism and Phenomenology of Organic Inhibitors -- Mechanisms of the Action of Organic Inhibitors -- The Role of the Metal in Inhibition -- Methods of Studying Inhibitors -- Organic Inhibitors in Various Aggressive Environments -- Summary -- References -- 4 Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum -- Short History -- Anodizing Processes of Current Importance and Interest -- Mechanism of Anodic Oxidation -- Properties of Anodic Oxide Films on Aluminum -- Corrosion Problems in Anodized Aluminum -- Acknowledgment -- References.
    Abstract: This series was organized to provide a forum for review papers in the area of corrosion. The aim of these reviews is to bring certain areas of corrosion science and technology into a sharp focus. The volumes of this series will be published approximately on a yearly basis and will each contain three to five reviews. The articles in each volume will be selected in such a way to be of interest both to the corrosion scientists and the corrosion tech­ nologists. There is, in fact, a particular aim in juxtaposing these interests because of the importance of mutual interaction and interdisciplinarity so important in corrosion studies. It is hoped that the corrosion scientists in this way may stay abreast of the activities in corrosion technology and vice versa. In this series the term "corrosion" will be used in its very broadest sense. This will include, therefore, not only the degradation of metals in aqueous environment but also what is commonly referred to as "high­ temperature oxidation. " Further, the plan is to be even more general than these topics; the series will include all solids and all environments. Today, engineering solids include not only metals but glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids, and composites of these. Environments of interest must be extended to liquid metals, a wide variety of gases, nonaqueous electrolytes, and other nonaqueous liquids.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Techniques for the Measurement of Electrode Processes at Temperatures Above 100°CExperimental Techniques -- Application of High-Temperature Electrochemical Techniques -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Surface- and Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior -- The Nature of Crystal Surfaces -- Environmental Effects on Crystalline Solids with Clean Surfaces -- Effects of Solid Surface Films -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Mechanism and Phenomenology of Organic Inhibitors -- Mechanisms of the Action of Organic Inhibitors -- The Role of the Metal in Inhibition -- Methods of Studying Inhibitors -- Organic Inhibitors in Various Aggressive Environments -- Summary -- References -- 4 Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum -- Short History -- Anodizing Processes of Current Importance and Interest -- Mechanism of Anodic Oxidation -- Properties of Anodic Oxide Films on Aluminum -- Corrosion Problems in Anodized Aluminum -- Acknowledgment -- References.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401168816
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Automobile Electrical Systems -- 2. The Starting System -- 3. The Charging System -- 4. Ignition System Principles -- 5. Coil and Other Ignition Systems -- 6. The Magneto -- 7. The Sparking Plug -- 8. The Automobile Battery -- 9. The Lighting System -- 10. Automobile Electrical Instruments -- 11. Miscellaneous Electrical Equipment -- 12. Wiring and Installation -- 13. Later Developments in Electrical Equipment.
    Abstract: The necessity for a reprint of the previous edition of this Manual has afforded an opportunity of bringing the information in certain parts of the book up to date, by the addition of a new Chapter 13 which deals with the more important developments that have occurred in the interim. This method has been adopted in order to simplify and to expedite the preparation of the present edition. As with the other Manuals of the Series, the elementary method of treatment of the subject has been retained, but where considered necessary some theoretical aspects are discussed. The previous edition has been checked and where desirable certain minor altera­ tions and improvements have been made in order to clarify the text. There have been several important developments in electrical components and wiring methods since the last edition, the more interesting of which have included the wider use of electronics in the design and construction of certain automobile parts. Examples of these are the use of transistors, diodes and printed circuits on flat and flexible bases, notably for instrument panels, while minia­ turized versions of printed circuits are finding wider applications in automobile components, e.g. for alternator voltage control units. In order to assist the non-technical reader, for whom these Manuals were originally intended, a brief outline of the theory and applications of diodes and transistors has been included to help him to understand the circuits using these modern components.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Automobile Electrical Systems2. The Starting System -- 3. The Charging System -- 4. Ignition System Principles -- 5. Coil and Other Ignition Systems -- 6. The Magneto -- 7. The Sparking Plug -- 8. The Automobile Battery -- 9. The Lighting System -- 10. Automobile Electrical Instruments -- 11. Miscellaneous Electrical Equipment -- 12. Wiring and Installation -- 13. Later Developments in Electrical Equipment.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9781475707250
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Use of a Microbalance for the Determination of the Mass of Oxygen Reacting during the Oxidation of Thin Films of Binary Alloys -- Static Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements on Small Solid Samples -- Measurements of Magnetic Thin-Film Parameters by the Use of an Automatic Microbalance -- Activation Energies of the Decomposition of Poly(methyl ?-phenylacrylate) from Static and Dynamic TGA. -- Apparatus for the Accurate Measurements of Magnetic Susceptibility with the Help of a Vacuum Electrobalance -- Reduction Characteristics of Certain Oxides of Nickel and Uranium -- A Temperature Error in the Gravimetric Determinations of Adsorption Isotherms -- Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient of Vapors by Means of a Microbalance -- Activation of Cellulose-Triacetate Carbon by Reaction with Carbon Dioxide: A Microgravimetric Study. -- Microweighing in Vacuo with the Aid of Vibrations of a Thin Band -- Some Uses of Wire-Suspended Microbalances -- Oxidation in Flow-Reaction Systems -- UHV Microbalance and Quartz Oscillator at Low Temperatures -- Dynamic Vacuum in Microbalance Chambers -- Methods for the Elimination of Weighing Troubles Due to Convection in a Microbalance -- Comments on the Applications and Improvement of a UHV Microbalance -- A New Microbalance Technique for Kinetic Studies of Gas — Metal Reactions at High Temperatures -- A Moving-Table Balance -- Fluctuations of the Weight Indicated by a Microbalance in the Pressure Range Between 1 and 103 torr with the Sample at a Lower Temperature than the Beam -- An Improved, Highly Sensitive, and Bakeable Microbalance System with a Built-In Calibration Device for Studying Condensation Phenomena Between ?128 and 70C in UHV -- Experimental Results and Theoretical Considerations on Thermogravimetric Decomposition Reactions of Chemical Compounds Under High Vacuum -- Author Index.
    Description / Table of Contents: Use of a Microbalance for the Determination of the Mass of Oxygen Reacting during the Oxidation of Thin Films of Binary AlloysStatic Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements on Small Solid Samples -- Measurements of Magnetic Thin-Film Parameters by the Use of an Automatic Microbalance -- Activation Energies of the Decomposition of Poly(methyl ?-phenylacrylate) from Static and Dynamic TGA. -- Apparatus for the Accurate Measurements of Magnetic Susceptibility with the Help of a Vacuum Electrobalance -- Reduction Characteristics of Certain Oxides of Nickel and Uranium -- A Temperature Error in the Gravimetric Determinations of Adsorption Isotherms -- Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient of Vapors by Means of a Microbalance -- Activation of Cellulose-Triacetate Carbon by Reaction with Carbon Dioxide: A Microgravimetric Study. -- Microweighing in Vacuo with the Aid of Vibrations of a Thin Band -- Some Uses of Wire-Suspended Microbalances -- Oxidation in Flow-Reaction Systems -- UHV Microbalance and Quartz Oscillator at Low Temperatures -- Dynamic Vacuum in Microbalance Chambers -- Methods for the Elimination of Weighing Troubles Due to Convection in a Microbalance -- Comments on the Applications and Improvement of a UHV Microbalance -- A New Microbalance Technique for Kinetic Studies of Gas - Metal Reactions at High Temperatures -- A Moving-Table Balance -- Fluctuations of the Weight Indicated by a Microbalance in the Pressure Range Between 1 and 103 torr with the Sample at a Lower Temperature than the Beam -- An Improved, Highly Sensitive, and Bakeable Microbalance System with a Built-In Calibration Device for Studying Condensation Phenomena Between ?128 and 70C in UHV -- Experimental Results and Theoretical Considerations on Thermogravimetric Decomposition Reactions of Chemical Compounds Under High Vacuum -- Author Index.
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9781468418453
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 615 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. The Evaluation of Particulates Deposited in Flowing Non-isothermal Sodium Systems -- 2. Interaction Effects Between Dissimilar Metals in High Velocity Sodium at Temperatures up to 760°C. I. Mass transfer of Vanadium onto Type 321 Stainless Steel -- 3. Corrosion of Type 316 Stainless Steel with Surface Heat Flux in 1200°F Flowing Sodium -- 4. Sodium Corrosion of Westinghouse Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) Materials -- 5. The Corrosion of Stainless Steel in Oxygen-Contaminated Sodium at 1200 F and 1400 F -- 6. Evaluation of Materials-Compatibility Problems in the EBR-II Reactor -- 7. Radioactive Material Transport in Flowing Sodium Systems -- 1. The Effects of Exposure to Flowing Sodium on Vanadium Alloys in Stainless Steel Containment Systems -- 2. Application of Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters of the V-O-Na System to the Sodium Corrosion of Vanadium-Base Alloys -- 3. Corrosion of Oxygen Contaminated Tantalum in NaK -- 4. Penetration of Refractory Metals by Alkali Metals -- 5. Some Alkali Metal Corrosion Effects in a Rankine Cycle Test Loop -- 6. The Effects of Welding Atmosphere Purity on the Lithium Corrosion Resistance of Refractory Alloys -- 7. The Corrosion of Metals by Molten Lithium -- 1. Corrosion of Some Cobalt and Iron Base Alloys in Mercury -- 2. A 5000-Hour Test of a Eutectic Lead-Bismuth Circuit Constructed in Steel and Niobium -- 3. Diffusion Coatings Formed in Molten Calcium Systems. II. Variables in the System Ca-Cr-Fe -- 4. Corrosion Studies of Liquid Metal Heat Pipe Systems at 1000° to 1800°C -- 5. The Corrosive Action of Selenium Towards Various Materials in the Temperature Range 300 to 700°C -- 6. The Isothermal Corrosion (?+?) Ni-Sn Alloys in Pure Liquid Sn Component -- 7. An Anodic Treatment to Improve the Liquid Zinc Corrosion Resistance of Tantalum -- 1. Adsorption-Induced Embrittlement by Liquid Metals -- 2. Liquid Metal Embrittlement of Steel by Lead and Lead Alloys -- 3. Solid State Inhibition of the Liquid-Metal Embrittlement of Silver -- 4. Crack Initiation in the Zinc-Mercury Embrittlement Couple -- 5. The Grain Boundary Grooving of Iron in Liquid Sodium -- 6. The Solubilities of Several Transition Metals in Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic -- 1. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions for Chromium and 304 Stainless Steel in Liquid Sodium -- 2. Solubility and Reactions of Oxygen in Sodium -- 3. Thermochemistry and Solution Chemistry in the Sodium-Oxygen-Hydrogen System -- 4. Measurements of the Solubility of Iron and Chromium in Sodium -- 5. The Segregation of Impurities and Particles in Sodium Systems -- 6. The Corrosion of and Mass Transfer of Pure Iron, Nickel, Chromium, and Cobalt in 660–760°C Sodium -- 7. Solubilities of Molybdenum, Tungsten, Vanadium, Titanium, and Zirconium in Liquid Potassium.
    Abstract: The Corrosion Resistant Metals Committee and the Nuclear Metallurgy Committee of the Institute of Metals Division of The Metallurgical Society of AlME sponsored a 2-1/2 day symposium on "Corrosion by Liquid Metals". The symposium was held in Philadelphia, October 13-15, 1969, during the 1969 Fall Meeting of the Metallurgical Society and the Materials Engineering Con­ gress of the American Society for Metals. Cosponsors included the American Society for Metals and the American Nuclear Society. The purpose of the symposium was to bring together the several aspects of the subject of corrosion by liquid metals, so that perspective could be provided on the entire subject, to help in­ dividuals dealing with liquid metal corrosion problems acquire a sound basis of understanding, and to provide an opportunity for discussion between those doing research in this field. An exposition of the subject is timely, in view of the in­ creasing development of liquid metal heat and power sources for special purposes, including heat-pipe systems, NASA's SNAP power systems, and the AEC's liquid metal fast breeder reactor system. This book contains the proceedings of the symposium divided into four separate topics: I. Corrosion of Steels by Sodium, II. Alkali-Refractory Metal Interactions, III. Corrosion by Non-Alkali Metals, and IV. Analysis of Solid-Liquid Metal Inter­ actions (two sessions).
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer
    ISBN: 9781475748932
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 182 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The International Cryogenics Monograph Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Liquid Refrigerants -- 2. Storage and Handling of Liquid Refrigerants -- 3. Liquefiers and Refrigerators -- 4. Room-Temperature Machinery -- 5. Helium Gas Recovery Systems -- 6. Instrumentation -- 7. Materials and Jointing Methods -- 8. Cryostat Dewars -- 9. Hazards.
    Abstract: This book is meant for laboratory workers who for one reason or another have a need to cool something down to temperatures below that of liquid nitrogen - notably to 4. 2°K and below. It does not deal with experimental techniques at low temperatures, but I have tried to bring the reader face to face with the brutishrealities of the necessary hardware. As weIl as giving information about sources of supply of equipment, I have gone into so me detail about how some of it can be made in laboratory workshops for the sake of those who are short of money but blessed with competent technical support. So far as highly specialized items such as liquefiers, refrigerators, refrigerant containers, cryostat dewars, etc. , are concerned, I have included aIl sources of supply which I have got to he ar of; in the case of more generaIly available equipment only representative sources of known reliability have been quoted. Any omissions or errors must be put down either to my own ignorance, stupidity, or lack of will toget about the world, or perhaps to the difficulty I have had in extracting information from manufacturers. However, most have gone to great trouble to help, and I hope I have done them justice. Brought up to work indifferently in inches and centimetres and perched between the opposing puIls of the USA and Europe, I have used a mixture of units which may shock the purist.
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468407181
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Structural Aspects -- 1. Composition and Structure of Cell Membranes -- Kinetic Aspects -- 2. Transport in Homogeneous Liquid Phase -- 3. Passive Membrane Transport of Nonelectrolytes -- 4. Permeation of Ions and Water -- 5. Active and Coupled Uphill Transport -- 6. Kinetics of Tracer Exchange -- 7. Special Types of Transport -- Molecular Aspects -- 8. Molecular Basis of Transport -- Methodological Aspects -- 9. Incubation and Separation Techniques -- 10. Estimation of Solute Penetration -- 11. Interpretation of Transport Data -- 12. Bioelectrical Measurements -- 13. Volume Flow Measurements -- 14. Use of Artificial Membranes -- 15. Assay of Transport Proteins -- Comparative Aspects -- 16. Bacteria -- 17. Yeasts and Fungi -- 18. Algae and Higher Plants -- 19. Erythrocytes -- 20. Muscle -- 21. Nerve -- 22. Epithelial Layers of Anurans -- 23. Intestine -- 24. Kidney -- 25. Mitochondria -- 26. Tumor Cells.
    Abstract: It is not a particularly rewarding task to engage in writing a book on a subject which is undergoing a rapid and potentially revolutionary develop­ ment, but, on the other hand, the investigation of transport of substances into and out of cells has reached a stage of maturity or at least of self­ realization and this fact alone warrants a closer examination of the subject. No one will doubt at present that the movement-mostly by selective translocation-of substances, ranging from hydrogen ions to deoxyribo­ nucleic acids, across the cell-surrounding barriers represents one of the salient features of a living cell and that, if we are permitted to go so far, the cessation of the selective transport processes might be considered as the equivalent of cell death. Hardly anybody will question the premise that cell and tissue differentiation within the ontogenetic development of an organism is closely associated with properties of the outer cell face. Perhaps no serious scholar will attempt to refute the concept that mem­ branes with characteristic morphology and composition represent the ar­ chitectural framework for the whole cell. And probably no experienced biologist will raise objections to the belief that many physiological processes, like nervous impulse conduction and other electrical phenomena of cells and tissues or their volume changes, are associated with membrane-regulated shifts of ions and molecules.
    Description / Table of Contents: Structural Aspects1. Composition and Structure of Cell Membranes -- Kinetic Aspects -- 2. Transport in Homogeneous Liquid Phase -- 3. Passive Membrane Transport of Nonelectrolytes -- 4. Permeation of Ions and Water -- 5. Active and Coupled Uphill Transport -- 6. Kinetics of Tracer Exchange -- 7. Special Types of Transport -- Molecular Aspects -- 8. Molecular Basis of Transport -- Methodological Aspects -- 9. Incubation and Separation Techniques -- 10. Estimation of Solute Penetration -- 11. Interpretation of Transport Data -- 12. Bioelectrical Measurements -- 13. Volume Flow Measurements -- 14. Use of Artificial Membranes -- 15. Assay of Transport Proteins -- Comparative Aspects -- 16. Bacteria -- 17. Yeasts and Fungi -- 18. Algae and Higher Plants -- 19. Erythrocytes -- 20. Muscle -- 21. Nerve -- 22. Epithelial Layers of Anurans -- 23. Intestine -- 24. Kidney -- 25. Mitochondria -- 26. Tumor Cells.
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9781468478730
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I. Regulatory Mechanisms -- Control of Red Cell Production -- Kinetics and Control of White Cell Production by Bone Marrow -- Heterogeneity and Circulation of Lymphocytes -- Megakaryocyte and Platelet Development and Regulation -- Discussion -- II. Metabolism and Function — A -- Normal Red Cell Metabolism and the Influences of Age and the Plasma Environment -- The Metabolism and Function of Red Cells with Inherited Defects -- Recent Studies on the Structure and Function of Leucocytes and Macrophages -- Increased Susceptibility to Infection Due to Dysfunction of Granulocytes -- Discussion -- III. Metabolism and Function — B -- Function of the Normal Lymphocyte -- Metabolism and Function of the Normal Platelets -- The Abnormal Platelet -- Discussion -- IV. Recent Developments in Therapy -- The Therapeutic Possibilities in the Hemoglobinopathies -- An Evaluation of the Present Status of Neutrophil Replacement Therapy -- Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Recent Concepts and Implications of Therapy -- Present Status of Blood Component Therapy -- Discussion -- Author Index.
    Abstract: This volume is a collection of the presentations given at the sixth international research conference, Blood Cells as a Tissue, at The Lankenau Hospital, October 30 and 31, 1969. The conference was supported in part by the following pharmaceutical industries: Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois; Baxter Laboratories, Inc. ,. Morton Grove, Illinois; Bristol Laboratories, Syracuse, New York; Burroughs Wellcome and Company, Tuckahoe, New York; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardsley, New York; Merck Sharp & Dohme Post Graduate Program, West Point, Penn­ sylvania; Riker Laboratory, Northridge, California; Schering Corporation, Bloomfield, New Jersey; Squibb Research Institute, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Smith Kline and French Labora­ tories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This valuable support is gratefully acknowledged. The Conference Committee is especially indebted to the four chairmen, Dr. Allan J. Erslev, Dr. William J. Williams, Dr. R. Philip Custer and Dr. Sol Sherry, for their advice and guidance in the formulation of the program. Weare also grateful to the speakers for their splendid cooperation, and to all participants for their stimulating interest. The continuing support of the members of the Board of Trustees, of the Hospital Administration, and the Women's Volunteer Service played a major role in the success of the conference. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to the many members of the Hospital staff who contributed so willingly of their time to make the conference possible. A special vote of thanks goes to Mr. Ralph Hollerorth, Mrs. Carolyn Hyatt and Mrs.
    Description / Table of Contents: I. Regulatory MechanismsControl of Red Cell Production -- Kinetics and Control of White Cell Production by Bone Marrow -- Heterogeneity and Circulation of Lymphocytes -- Megakaryocyte and Platelet Development and Regulation -- Discussion -- II. Metabolism and Function - A -- Normal Red Cell Metabolism and the Influences of Age and the Plasma Environment -- The Metabolism and Function of Red Cells with Inherited Defects -- Recent Studies on the Structure and Function of Leucocytes and Macrophages -- Increased Susceptibility to Infection Due to Dysfunction of Granulocytes -- Discussion -- III. Metabolism and Function - B -- Function of the Normal Lymphocyte -- Metabolism and Function of the Normal Platelets -- The Abnormal Platelet -- Discussion -- IV. Recent Developments in Therapy -- The Therapeutic Possibilities in the Hemoglobinopathies -- An Evaluation of the Present Status of Neutrophil Replacement Therapy -- Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Recent Concepts and Implications of Therapy -- Present Status of Blood Component Therapy -- Discussion -- Author Index.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400956803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 148 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Chapman & Hall Mathematics Series
    Series Statement: Chapman and Hall Mathematics Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Metric spaces -- 1. Basic theory -- 2. The theory of differentiable functions -- 3. Further topics -- Glossary of symbols.
    Abstract: This book contains a rigorous coverage of those topics (and only those topics) that, in the author's judgement, are suitable for inclusion in a first course on Complex Functions. Roughly speaking, these can be summarized as being the things that can be done with Cauchy's integral formula and the residue theorem. On the theoretical side, this includes the basic core of the theory of differentiable complex functions, a theory which is unsurpassed in Mathematics for its cohesion, elegance and wealth of surprises. On the practical side, it includes the computational applications of the residue theorem. Some prominence is given to the latter, because for the more sceptical student they provide the justification for inventing the complex numbers. Analytic continuation and Riemann surfaces form an essentially different chapter of Complex Analysis. A proper treatment is far too sophisticated for a first course, and they are therefore excluded. The aim has been to produce the simplest possible rigorous treatment of the topics discussed. For the programme outlined above, it is quite sufficient to prove Cauchy'S integral theorem for paths in star-shaped open sets, so this is done. No form of the Jordan curve theorem is used anywhere in the book.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer
    ISBN: 9781475706352
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 336 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: One Physical Principles and Experimental Methods of Investigation of the Biological Action of Electromagnetic Fields -- 1. Physical Characteristics of Electromagnetic Fields -- Chapter2. Natural and Artificial Sources of Electromagnetic Fields in the Habitats of Organisms -- 3. Electric Properties of the Tissues of Living Organisms -- 4. Physical Principles of the Interaction of Electromagnetic Fields with Biological Objects -- 5. Dosimetry of Electromagnetic Fields for the Assessment of Their Effects on Man and Animals -- Two Experimental Investigations of the Biological Action of Electromagnetic Fields -- 6. Irreversible and Permanent Effects of Electromagnetic Fields in Entire Organisms -- 7. Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Neurohumoral Regulation in Entire Organism -- 8. Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Reproduction and Development of Organisms -- 9. Effects of Electromagnetic Fields at the Cellular and Molecular Levels -- 10. Mechanisms of the Experimentally Observed Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields -- Three Role of Electromagnetic Fields in the Regulation of the Vital Activity of Organisms -- 11. Environmental Electromagnetic Fields and the Vital Activity of Organisms -- 12. Electromagnetic Fields within the Organism and Their Role in the Regulation of Vital Processes -- 13. Role of Electromagnetic Fields in Informational Interconnections between Organisms -- 14. Practical Applications -- Conclusion -- References.
    Abstract: A broad region of the electromagnetic spectrum long assumed to have no influence on living systems under natural conditions has been critically re-examinjld over the past decade. This spectral region extends from the superhigh radio frequencies, through de­ creasing frequencies, to and including essentially static electric and magnetic fields. The author of this monograph, A. S. Presman, has reviewed not only the extensive Russian literatur!;"l, but also al­ most equally comprehensively the non-Russian literature, dealing with biological influences of these fields. Treated also is literature shedding some light on possible theoretical foundations for these phenomena. A substantial, rapidly increaSing number of studies in many laboratories and countries has now clearly established bio­ logical influences which are independent of the theoretically pre­ dictable, simple thermal effects. Indeed many of the effects are produced by field strengths very close to those within the natural environment. The author has, even more importantly, set forth a novel, imaginative general hypothesis in which it is postulated that such electromagnetic fields normally serve as conveyors of information from the environment to the organism, within the organism, and among organisms. He postulates that in the course of evolution or­ ganisms have come to employ these fields in conjunction with the well-known sensory, nervous, and endocrine systems in effecting coordination and integration.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781461333920
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Second edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Nomenclature of multiple forms of enzymes. Numbering of isoenzymes -- 2 Techniques for the Separation of Isoenzymes -- Preparation of materials for isoenzyme separation. Electrophoretic techniques: general considerations; paper electrophoresis; starch-block electrophoresis; cellulose acetate electrophoresis; agar-gel electrophoresis; starch-gel electrophoresis; polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; column electrophoresis; iso-electric focusing. Chromatographic techniques:ion-exchange celluloses. Gel filtration -- 3 Detection and Determination of Isoenzymes -- Elution techniques: NAD- and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases; esterases; peroxidases. Detection of isoenzymes in electrophoretic media: ‘enzymoelectrophoresis’; tetrazoliumstaining techniques; ‘nothing dehydrogenase’ effect; staining techniques for esterases -- 4 The Chemical Nature of Isoenzymes -- Sub-unit structure: lactate dehydrogenase; creatine kinase;aldolase; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; tryptophan synthetase; catalase; caeruloplasmin. Presence of charged groups in isoenzyme molecules: alkaline phosphatase. Polymerization as the source of enzyme heterogeneity: cholinesterases; amylase. Conformational isomerism: malate dehydrogenase. Differences in amino-acid sequence -- 5 Enzyme Multiplicity in the Glycolytic Pathway and the Pentose—Phosphate Cycle -- Hexokinase: detection of hexokinase after zone electrophoresis; hexokinase isoenzymes in the erythrocyte; hexokinase in other tissues. Phosphoglucomutase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: demonstration of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase heterogeneity; chemical structure and properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; genetic variants of human erythrocytic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase heterogeneity in other tissues. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase: heterogeneity in human erythrocytes; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in other species; structure of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Phosphoglucose isomerase. Aldolase: classification of the aldolases;electrophoretic studies; fructose 1-phosphate aldolase. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. ?-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase). Pyruvate kinase -- 6 Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes -- Distribution. Chemical and kinetic properties: substrate specificities and affinities; effect of pH variation; effects of inhibitors; reactions with coenzyme analogues; effect of temperature. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in developing tissues. Genetic variants of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Diagnostic applications of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes:myocardial infarction; liver diseases; malignant diseases;diseases of muscle; diseases of joints: anaemia; pregnancy;renal diseases; non-electrophoretic diagnostic techniques:serum 2-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in diagnosis; relative heat-stability test; solvent-precipitation techniques; selective absorption techniques. Summary -- 7 Multiple Molecular Forms of Other Oxidoreductases -- Malate dehydrogenase: mitochondrial and supernatant malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; biological significance of malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in mammalian tissues; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in insect development; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of the chicken embryo. Isocitrate dehydrogenase: isocitrate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in heart and liver diseases. Glutamate dehydrogenase. Alcohol dehydrogenase: alcohol dehydrogenases of insects; avian alcohol dehydrogenases; alcohol dehydrogenases in mammalian liver; alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in plants. Xanthine dehydrogenase. Miscellaneous dehydrogenases -- 8 Aminotransferase (Transaminase) Isoenzymes -- Separation of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Properties of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Clinical applications of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes in developing tissues. Alanine aminotransferase -- 9 Phosphatase Isoenzymes -- Alkaline phosphatase: distribution, paper electrophoresis; starch-block electrophoresis; agar-gel electrophoresis; starchgel electrophoresis; acrylamide-gel electrophoresis; electrophoresis on Sephadex G-200; cellulose acetate electrophoresis; ion-exchange chromatography; properties of alkaline phosphatases; substrate affinities; effects of inhibitors; heat inactivation; effect of neuraminidase; summary of catalytic properties of tissue alkaline phosphatases; immunochemical reactions; genetic studies; alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in bacteria. Acid phosphatase; electrophoretic separation; chromatographic investigations; genetic variants of human acid phosphatases -- 10 Multiple Forms of Esterases -- Aliesterases: genetic variations of non-specific esterases; ontogenetic observations. Cholinesterases: plasma cholinesterases; genetic polymorphism of serum cholinesterases; Cholinesterase isoenzymes in other species. Arylesterases:serum arylesterases; tissue esterases. Esterases and isoenzymes -- 11 Miscellaneous Enzymes -- Arylamidase: arylamidase isoenzymes in man; arylamidases in other species. Alanine aminopeptidase. Creatine kinase: creatine kinase isoenzymes. Arginine kinase. Caeruloplasmin (copper oxidase). Catalase. Carbonic anhydrase. Amylase: serum and tissue amylases; urinary amylase; macroamylasaemia. Other enzymes occurring in multiple forms: glycogen Phosphorylase; adenylate kinase; adenosine deaminase; tyrosinase; ribonuclease; deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase; peroxidase; hyaluronate lyase (hyaluronidase); ?-glycosidases -- 12 The Biological Significance of Isoenzymes -- Author Index.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 IntroductionNomenclature of multiple forms of enzymes. Numbering of isoenzymes -- 2 Techniques for the Separation of Isoenzymes -- Preparation of materials for isoenzyme separation. Electrophoretic techniques: general considerations; paper electrophoresis; starch-block electrophoresis; cellulose acetate electrophoresis; agar-gel electrophoresis; starch-gel electrophoresis; polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; column electrophoresis; iso-electric focusing. Chromatographic techniques:ion-exchange celluloses. Gel filtration -- 3 Detection and Determination of Isoenzymes -- Elution techniques: NAD- and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases; esterases; peroxidases. Detection of isoenzymes in electrophoretic media: ‘enzymoelectrophoresis’; tetrazoliumstaining techniques; ‘nothing dehydrogenase’ effect; staining techniques for esterases -- 4 The Chemical Nature of Isoenzymes -- Sub-unit structure: lactate dehydrogenase; creatine kinase;aldolase; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; tryptophan synthetase; catalase; caeruloplasmin. Presence of charged groups in isoenzyme molecules: alkaline phosphatase. Polymerization as the source of enzyme heterogeneity: cholinesterases; amylase. Conformational isomerism: malate dehydrogenase. Differences in amino-acid sequence -- 5 Enzyme Multiplicity in the Glycolytic Pathway and the Pentose-Phosphate Cycle -- Hexokinase: detection of hexokinase after zone electrophoresis; hexokinase isoenzymes in the erythrocyte; hexokinase in other tissues. Phosphoglucomutase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: demonstration of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase heterogeneity; chemical structure and properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; genetic variants of human erythrocytic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase heterogeneity in other tissues. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase: heterogeneity in human erythrocytes; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in other species; structure of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Phosphoglucose isomerase. Aldolase: classification of the aldolases;electrophoretic studies; fructose 1-phosphate aldolase. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. ?-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase). Pyruvate kinase -- 6 Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes -- Distribution. Chemical and kinetic properties: substrate specificities and affinities; effect of pH variation; effects of inhibitors; reactions with coenzyme analogues; effect of temperature. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in developing tissues. Genetic variants of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Diagnostic applications of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes:myocardial infarction; liver diseases; malignant diseases;diseases of muscle; diseases of joints: anaemia; pregnancy;renal diseases; non-electrophoretic diagnostic techniques:serum 2-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in diagnosis; relative heat-stability test; solvent-precipitation techniques; selective absorption techniques. Summary -- 7 Multiple Molecular Forms of Other Oxidoreductases -- Malate dehydrogenase: mitochondrial and supernatant malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; biological significance of malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in mammalian tissues; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in insect development; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of the chicken embryo. Isocitrate dehydrogenase: isocitrate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in heart and liver diseases. Glutamate dehydrogenase. Alcohol dehydrogenase: alcohol dehydrogenases of insects; avian alcohol dehydrogenases; alcohol dehydrogenases in mammalian liver; alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in plants. Xanthine dehydrogenase. Miscellaneous dehydrogenases -- 8 Aminotransferase (Transaminase) Isoenzymes -- Separation of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Properties of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Clinical applications of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes in developing tissues. Alanine aminotransferase -- 9 Phosphatase Isoenzymes -- Alkaline phosphatase: distribution, paper electrophoresis; starch-block electrophoresis; agar-gel electrophoresis; starchgel electrophoresis; acrylamide-gel electrophoresis; electrophoresis on Sephadex G-200; cellulose acetate electrophoresis; ion-exchange chromatography; properties of alkaline phosphatases; substrate affinities; effects of inhibitors; heat inactivation; effect of neuraminidase; summary of catalytic properties of tissue alkaline phosphatases; immunochemical reactions; genetic studies; alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in bacteria. Acid phosphatase; electrophoretic separation; chromatographic investigations; genetic variants of human acid phosphatases -- 10 Multiple Forms of Esterases -- Aliesterases: genetic variations of non-specific esterases; ontogenetic observations. Cholinesterases: plasma cholinesterases; genetic polymorphism of serum cholinesterases; Cholinesterase isoenzymes in other species. Arylesterases:serum arylesterases; tissue esterases. Esterases and isoenzymes -- 11 Miscellaneous Enzymes -- Arylamidase: arylamidase isoenzymes in man; arylamidases in other species. Alanine aminopeptidase. Creatine kinase: creatine kinase isoenzymes. Arginine kinase. Caeruloplasmin (copper oxidase). Catalase. Carbonic anhydrase. Amylase: serum and tissue amylases; urinary amylase; macroamylasaemia. Other enzymes occurring in multiple forms: glycogen Phosphorylase; adenylate kinase; adenosine deaminase; tyrosinase; ribonuclease; deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase; peroxidase; hyaluronate lyase (hyaluronidase); ?-glycosidases -- 12 The Biological Significance of Isoenzymes -- Author Index.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781461333241
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Science.
    Abstract: I: Theory -- 1. The history and scope of ecology -- 2. Environment -- 3. Components of environment; resources -- 4. Components of environment; mates -- 5. Components of environment; predators and pathogens: aggressors -- 6. Components of environment; weather -- 7. Components of environment; malentities -- 8. Components of environment; more about the ecological web -- 9. Theory; the numbers of animals in natural populations -- II: Practical Course -- 10. Methods for estimating density, patterns of distribution and dispersal in populations of animals -- 11. Physiological responses to temperature -- 12. Behaviour in relation to moisture and food -- Bibliography and Author Index.
    Abstract: In revising this book I have tried to bring the theory of environment up to date in the light of certain important criticisms that have appeared since 1961, especially in papers by T. O. Browning and D. A. Maelzer, and in the light of experience gained while using the book as a text for an undergraduate course in population ecology in the University of Adelaide. As a consequence the order in which the argument is pre­ sented has been altered. Some new material has been introduced to expand the discussion of certain topics, especially resources, pathogens, aggressors and territorial behaviour. But the general approach to the subject and the general theory remains very much the same as in the first edition. I am grateful to Professor F. Fenner and Dr F. N. Ratcliffe and to Cambridge University Press for permission to reproduce Fig. 5.04; to Professor D. O. Chitty and the Ecological Society of Australia for permission to reproduce Fig. 5.05 (with minor modifications); Fig. 3.03 has been modified from a figure in a paper by H. G. Andrewartha and T. O. Browning first published in the Journal of Experimental Biology. Adelaide, 1970 H. G. A. xi Preface to the First Edition My interest in animal ecology was first aroused by reading Elton's Animal Ecology. His definition of the scope of ecology which I quote in section 1.0 is still the best that I have met.
    Description / Table of Contents: I: Theory1. The history and scope of ecology -- 2. Environment -- 3. Components of environment; resources -- 4. Components of environment; mates -- 5. Components of environment; predators and pathogens: aggressors -- 6. Components of environment; weather -- 7. Components of environment; malentities -- 8. Components of environment; more about the ecological web -- 9. Theory; the numbers of animals in natural populations -- II: Practical Course -- 10. Methods for estimating density, patterns of distribution and dispersal in populations of animals -- 11. Physiological responses to temperature -- 12. Behaviour in relation to moisture and food -- Bibliography and Author Index.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9783034868921
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Institut für Baustatik und Konstruktion 33
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781461582434
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Pattern Recognition: Heuristics or Science? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principal Directions in Pattern Recognition -- 3. Parametric Models of Signals -- 4. The Method of Permissible Transformations -- 5. Methods of Analyzing Complex Pictures -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 2 Feature Compression -- 1. The Role of “Features” in Pattern Recognition -- 2. A Concrete Example of Feature Compression—Handwritten ZIP Code Reader -- 3. Discriminatory Feature Compression—SELFIC -- 4. Characteristic Feature Compression—CLAFIC -- 5. Implications of Subspace Model—Fuzzy Class -- References -- 3 Image Processing Principles and Techniques -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Filter Theory Applied to Images -- 3. Statistical Decision Theory -- 4. Adaptive Network Approaches -- 5. Image Features -- 6. Implementations: Staging -- 7. Implementations: Parallelism -- 8. Electrooptical Devices -- 9. Digital Computers -- 10. Optical Techniques -- 11. Comparison of Implementations -- 12. Conclusions -- References -- 4 Computer Graphics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Devices for Computer Graphics -- 3. Modes of Interactive Graphic Systems -- 4. Data Structures -- 5. Graphics Software -- 6. Graphic Languages -- 7. Conclusions -- Appendix 1. Choice of Equations for Generating a Circle -- Appendix 2. Method Given by Forrest for Parametrizing a Conic -- References -- 5 Logical Design of Optimal Digital Networks by Integer Programming -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Features of Logical Design by Integer Programming -- 3. Design of an Optimal Combinational Network with a Given Type of Gate by Integer Programming -- 4. Design of an Optimal Combinational Network with Building Blocks (or Composite Gates) by Integer Programming -- 5. Other Applications of the Integer Programming Logical Design Method -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- References.
    Abstract: Information systems science embraces a broad spectrum of topics. It is vir­ tually impossible to provide comprehensive and in-depth discussion, other than simple recitals of recent results, of every important topic in each volume of this annual review series. Since we have chosen the former approach, each volume will only cover certain aspects of recent advances in this bur­ geoning field. The emphasis in this volume, the third of a continuing series, is focussed upon pattern recognition, pictorial information manipulation, and new approaches to logical design of information networks. In Chapter 1, V. A. Kovalevsky presents a tutorial survey of practical and theoretical developments in pattern recognition. He categorizes the basic developments in three different directions. The first direction is charac­ terized by an empirical treatment with highly specialized recognition schemes. In the second direction, the major efforts are centered upon the cre­ ation of learning systems capable of improving recognition performance on the basis of past experience. The majority of the work in the third direction is devoted to the study of the basic structure of complex patterns, the con­ struction of mathematical models for pattern recognition, and the analysis of complex pictorial representations. The author elucidates the "heuristics" approach and the "science" approach to pattern recognition problems. This chapter together with Chapter 2 of this volume supplements the chapter on Engineering Principles of Pattern Recognition in Volume 1 to provide a more complete treatment of this subject.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Pattern Recognition: Heuristics or Science?1. Introduction -- 2. Principal Directions in Pattern Recognition -- 3. Parametric Models of Signals -- 4. The Method of Permissible Transformations -- 5. Methods of Analyzing Complex Pictures -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 2 Feature Compression -- 1. The Role of “Features” in Pattern Recognition -- 2. A Concrete Example of Feature Compression-Handwritten ZIP Code Reader -- 3. Discriminatory Feature Compression-SELFIC -- 4. Characteristic Feature Compression-CLAFIC -- 5. Implications of Subspace Model-Fuzzy Class -- References -- 3 Image Processing Principles and Techniques -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Filter Theory Applied to Images -- 3. Statistical Decision Theory -- 4. Adaptive Network Approaches -- 5. Image Features -- 6. Implementations: Staging -- 7. Implementations: Parallelism -- 8. Electrooptical Devices -- 9. Digital Computers -- 10. Optical Techniques -- 11. Comparison of Implementations -- 12. Conclusions -- References -- 4 Computer Graphics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Devices for Computer Graphics -- 3. Modes of Interactive Graphic Systems -- 4. Data Structures -- 5. Graphics Software -- 6. Graphic Languages -- 7. Conclusions -- Appendix 1. Choice of Equations for Generating a Circle -- Appendix 2. Method Given by Forrest for Parametrizing a Conic -- References -- 5 Logical Design of Optimal Digital Networks by Integer Programming -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Features of Logical Design by Integer Programming -- 3. Design of an Optimal Combinational Network with a Given Type of Gate by Integer Programming -- 4. Design of an Optimal Combinational Network with Building Blocks (or Composite Gates) by Integer Programming -- 5. Other Applications of the Integer Programming Logical Design Method -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- References.
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