Abstract: I. Nature -- I. The Problem of the Exact Sciences -- II: Mathematics and Nature -- III. The Anthropocentric Character of Space, Time, and Motion -- IV. The Analogy of the Grammar of Nature -- II. Common Sense -- V. Berkeley’s Intentions -- VI. The two Kinds of Metaphysics -- VII. Philosophical Scruples: Their Cause and Cure -- VIII. The Rôle of Common Sense -- IX. The Potentiality of Common Sense -- X. Berkeley’s Dialectic -- III. Mystery -- XI. The Mysterious Universe -- XII. The Exact Sciences.

Abstract: In this work I have endeavoured to see Berkeley in his contemporary setting. On the principle that philosophy is ultimately about men, not about abstract problems, I have tried to see Berkeley the philosopher as an expression of Berkeley the man. When this is done, what is perennial in the philosophy may be discerned in and through what is local and temporal. Berkeley then emerges as a pioneer reformer; not so much an innovator as a renovator; one who set out to rescue phi­ losophy from the enthusiasms of the preceding age; one who strove to seat philosophy once more on the broad human and common sense foundations laid by Plato and Aristotle. Critical studies of some of the more striking of Berkeley's epistemo­ logical arguments are legion. They commenced with the young Berke­ ley's first appearance in print, and have continued to this day. But whether they take the form of professions of support for Berkeley, or of bald refutations of Berkeley's supposed fallacies, or whether, like the contemporary "analytical" studies of Moore, Warnock, and Austin, they are subtle exposures of alleged deeply concealed logical muddles, they all tend to share one common characteristic: they select and abstract from the totality of Berkeley, and miss the robust simplicity and universality of Berkeley's intentions. It is the intentions which control the whole, and give the right perspective in which to view the various items.

Abstract: Preliminary Statement -- One. God and Nature -- A. Nature as Fact for Science -- B. Nature as Meaningful for Man -- C. Nature as Manifestation of God -- D. Nature as Work of God Open to Science -- Two. God and Man -- A. Man in the World with God -- B. Man as Knower -- C. Man as Knower of God -- Three. Man and Man -- A. The Human Self -- B. The State -- C. Art as Partial Hold on the Whole -- Four. Man and God -- A. Religion in General -- B. Christianity as Concrete Religion -- C. Immortality as a Free Possibility to Participate the One -- Concluding Statement -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: I. Benjamin Whichcote: A Man of Good-Nature -- II. From Athens to Cambridge -- III. Controversy with a Puritan -- IV. Religion of First-Inscription — The Candle of the Lord (i) -- V. Religion of First-Inscription — Natural Ethics (ii) -- VI. Religion of after-Revelation—Saving Knowledge (i) -- VII. Religion of after-Revelation — Christian Morals (ii) -- VIII. Religion of after-Revelation — The Universal Church (iii) -- IX. The Father of the Christian Platonists of Cambridge -- X. Whichcote and the Intellectual Tradition -- XI. Epilegomena -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: The research of Professor J. D. Roberts has interested me for several years. It has interested me because he has been working in a really rich area of intellectual history. Even before Professor Whitehead taught us to speak of the seventeenth century as the "century of genius," many of us looked with wonder on the creativity of the men who produced religious and philosophical literature in that period of contro­ versy and of power. It was, in a most unusual way, a flowering time of the human spirit. The present volume is devoted to one fascinating chapter in the history of ideas. We know now, far better than we knew a generation ago, how incendiary Puritan ideas really were. They had tremendous consequences, many of which continue to this day, in spite of the absurd caricature of Puritanism, which is popularly accepted. The best of Milton's contemporaries were great thinkers as well as great doers.

Abstract: I: The Precedents for United Nations Military Operations -- 1. The UN Action in Korea -- 2. United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation in Palestine (UNTSO) -- 3. United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL) -- 4. United Nations Emergency Force in the Middle East (UNEF) -- 5. Conclusions -- II: The Historical Background to the Congo Situation -- 1. Historical background of Belgian administration -- 2. Events leading to independence -- 3. Independence and the breakdown of public order -- III: The Factual Context within Which the Basic Resolutions of the Security Council and General Assembly were Made -- 1. The First Phase: 12 July 1960–31 December 1960 -- 2. The Second Phase: 1 January 1961–31 January 1963 -- IV: Constitutional Basis and Effect of the Resolutions Made -- 1. Action by the Security Council — Creation of ONUC -- 2. The Resolutions of the General Assembly -- 3. The role of the Secretary-General under the Charter generally and the specific resolutions -- V: The Functions of ONUC -- 1. To assist the Congolese Government in the restoration and maintenance of law and order -- 2. To assist the Government in restoring and maintaining the territorial integrity and the political independence of the Republic of the Congo -- 3. To prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo -- 4. To secure the withdrawal and evacuation from the Congo of all foreign military, para-military and advisory personnel, not under the United Nations Command, and all mercenaries -- VI: The Principles Applied by the Secretary-General to the Operations of the Force -- 1. The Principle of Non-Intervention -- 2. The Principle of Self-Defence -- 3. The Right to Freedom of movement -- VII: Operational Problems Connected with the UN Force -- 1. Methods of raising the Force -- 2. Relations between UN and Contributing States -- 3. Command Structure -- 4. Strategic and political control -- 5. Applicability of the Laws of War -- VIII: Relations between the UN and the “Host” State -- 1. Exclusiveness of UN authority over the Force -- 2. Status of Forces Agreements -- 3. Relations between the UN and Provincial Authorities -- IX: Relations between the UN and Member States Generally -- 1. Expulsion of foreign military, para-military personnel, political advisers and mercenaries -- 2. Unilateral assistance outside UN -- 3. Use of territories -- 4. Economic “Sanctions” -- X: Claims and Responsibility -- 1. Civil Claims -- 2. Criminal Responsibility -- XI: Civilian Relief Operations -- XII: Financing -- 1. The Budget Procedure -- 2. Apportionment of Expenses generally -- 3. Sources of Funds -- 4. Practice followed in relation to ONUC -- 5. Default of payment and the problem of arrears -- 6. Submission of the Finance Question to the I.C.J. -- 7. The Court’s Opinion on the Finance Question -- 8. The question of Suspension -- 9. New Sources of Funds -- XIII: Conclusions -- I. A “Basic Agreement” between the United Nations and the Congolese Government on the Operation of the Force -- II. Agreement between the United Nations and the Republic of the Congo Relating to the Legal Status, Facilities, Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations Organization in the Congo -- III. Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice.

Abstract: Few episodes in recent history have aroused as much controversy as the United Nations military operations in the Congo. This controversy has no simple, straight-forward, and uniform explanation. Part of the explanation is to be found in the successes and failure of the operation itself; part in its labyrinthine international ramifications. But the most important explanation lies in its significance as a precedent. The ability of the Organization to take "collective measures" to maintain law and order within the territory of a Member State, albeit as a means of preserving international peace, was demonstrated, challenged and criticized. So much has been reported of the details and so varied has been the commentary that only the most intrepid spirit would venture something more with which to detain interested parties. The present study does not pretend to uncover new data so as to complete or correct the his­ torical record; it attempts, rather, to reflect on what has already been brought out and, against that background of factual knowledge, to indi­ cate and examine the legal problems involved. In so doing, it has been necessary to be ruthless in deciding what are central issues and in re­ jecting what is often interesting but probably peripheral.

Abstract: I:Marxism -- The Person -- The Dialectic -- Freedom -- II:Catholicism -- The Person -- Authority -- The World -- III:Coexistence -- What the Marxists Must Do -- What the Catholics Must Do -- Epilogue.

Abstract: This is an authentic book. Its style fits its situation. The encounter between Marxism and Catholicism was yesterday diatribe, is today dialogue, and tomorrow will be epilogue. The virtue of Father Adelmann's writing is to make us aware that we are in via. Happenings are everywhere, not just in hippieland. In Salzburg and South Bend, in Chiem see and Cambridge conversations are going on - conversations that are no less than con­ fessions. For Catholics and Marxists are listening to each other and are changing their minds. It has been the peculiar good fortune of the author of this book to have been both recorder and participant in these changes. He has experienced the transition from diatribe to dialogue in his own thoughts and feelings, and he has here written not an outsider's account, but an insider's recounting. He is not simply this volume's author, but also one of its case of characters. Hence the style of his writing is apperceptively autobiographical. It fits the situation. He is a character in a play, who is also that drama's author. His essay, then, is not simply a discussion of the relation between Catholicism and Marxism today, but is a contribution to­ ward a new relation between them and tomorrow.

Abstract: Ein anthropologisches Modell -- An Anthropological Model -- Un Modèle Anthropologique (Sommaire) -- Sociologie et Psychanalyse -- Sociology and Psychoanalysis -- Sociología y Psicoanálisis -- A Technology of the Emotions? -- Une Technologie des Emotions? -- From Psychoanalytic Naturalism to Phenomenological Anthropology (Daseinsanalyse) -- Documents and Reports -- Book Reviews.

Abstract: to Volume Two -- Classification -- The 18-electron rule -- 1. Two-Electron Ligands -- A. Classification -- B. The preparation of olefin-transition metal complexes -- C. A molecular orbital description of the bonding in organo-metallic complexes -- D. A description of the bonding of 2-electron ligands to transition metals -- E. General comments of 2-electron ligands -- F. Particular complexes of metals with 2-electron ligands -- 2. Three-Electron Ligands -- A. Preparation of ?-enyl complexes -- B. The structure of ?-enyl complexes -- C. The ?-allyl metal bond -- D. Dynamic equilibria in allyl complexes -- E. The chemistry of particular ?-enyl complexes -- 3. Four-Electron Ligands -- A. Some differences between unconjugated and conjugated olefin ligands -- B. The bonding of 4-electron ligands to transition metals -- C. Particular studies -- 4. Five-Electron Ligands -- A. Cyclopentadienyl metal complexes -- B. ?-Cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- C. Cyclopentadienide transition metal complexes -- D. The bonding in mono-?-cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- E. ?-Cyclopentadienyl carbonyl complexes -- F. ?-Cyclopentadienyl nitrosyl complexes -- G. Brief notes on binuclear ?-cyclopentadienyl complexes containing bridging ligands -- H. ?-Cyclopentadienyl hydride complexes -- I. ?-Cyclopentadienyl halides and oxides -- J. Other 5-electron ligands -- K. The organic chemistry of ?-cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- L. Some particular reactions -- 5. Six-Electron Ligands -- A. Arene transition metal complexes -- (a) Preparation -- B. Olefin 6-electron ligands -- C. Transition metal complexes containing ?-bonded heterocyclic ligands -- 6. Seven-Electron Ligands Mixed Sandwich Complexes Related Azulene Derivatives and Cyclo-Octatetraene Complexes -- A. 7-Electron ligands -- B. Mixed sandwich complexes -- C. Metal complexes formed from azulenes -- D. Cyclo-octatetraene complexes -- 7. One-Electron Ligands -- I.1. Hydrocarbon alkyl and aryl complexes -- I.2 Transition metal-acyl complexes -- I.3. ?-Cyclopentadienyl complexes -- II. Transition metal fluorocarbon complexes -- III. Transition metal acetytides and alkynyls -- 8. Organometallic Complexes Formed From Acetylenes -- A. Monoacetylene, mononuclear complexes: acetylenes as 2-elec-tron ligands -- B. Monoacetylene binuclear complexes: acetylenes as 4-electron ligands -- C. Monoacetylene trinuclear complexes -- D. Monoacetylene tetranuclear complexes -- E. Bis-acetylene mononuclear complexes -- F. Bis-acetylene trinuclear complexes -- G. Tris-acetylene mononuclear complexes -- H. Tris-acetylene binuclear complexes -- I. Miscellaneous -- 9. The Role of Organotransition Metal Complexes in Some Catalytic Reactions -- A. Some chemistry of transition metal hydride complexes -- B. Some catalytic reactions which involve hydrogen transfer: isomerization reactions -- C. Homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins and acetylenes -- D. Some dimerization oligomerization and polymerization reactions of olefins and acetylenes -- E. Hydroformylation and related carhonylation reactions -- F. Some general comments on the relationship between heterogeneous and homogeneous transition metal catalysts -- G. Miscellaneous -- Author -- Subject -- Crystal Structures〉.

Abstract: to thank Messrs J. R. Sanders, W. E. Lindsell and M. G. Swanwick for helping to check the text and references and prepare indexes. Finally, I should like to thank my wife for the very considerable assis­ tance she has given me in the writing and production of this book. M. L. H. G. Contents Preface to the Third Edition, Volume Two Page v INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME TWO I Oassification I The IS-electron rule 2 (i) The basis of the I8-electron rule p. 4, (ii) Exceptions to the I8-electron rule p. 5 1. TWO-ELECTRON LIGANDS 7 A. Classification 7 B. The preparation of olefin-transition metal complexes 7 (a) Displacement of solvent ligands p. 9, (b) Preparations from metal carbonyls p. 9, (c) Less common preparative routes p. 11, Reductive olefination method p. 12 C. A molecular orbital description of the bonding in orga- metallic complexes 13 (a) General comments p. 13, (b) Symmetry considerations p. 13, (c) Energies of the molecular orbitals p. 14 D. A description of the bonding of 2-electron ligands to transition metals 14 E. General comments of 2-electron ligands 19 (a) Infrared studies p. 20, (b) Effect of olefin substituents p. 21, (c) The rotation of ethylene about the ligand-metal bond p. 22, (d) Chemical properties p. 23 F. Particular complexes of metals with 2-electron ligands 25 (a) Copper, silver and gold p. 25, Complexes with benzene p. 28, (b) Nickel, palladium and platinum p.

Abstract: Prefatory Remarks -- I. The Phonemic Inventory -- A. Phonemes and Variants -- B. Monophonematic Evaluation of Sound Combinations -- C. Polyphonematic Evaluation of Single Sounds -- D. Phonological Content and Distribution of Phonemes -- II. Phoneme Combinations -- III. Prosodic Features -- A. Syllabics and Morae -- B. Prosodic Types -- IV. Means of Boundary Marking or Boundary Signals.

Abstract: One: The Indian States in India -- Two: The State of Jammu and Kashmir -- Section I. The Land and the People -- Section II. History -- Section III. British Interest in Kashmir -- Section IV. The Economy -- Three: The Democratic Struggle -- Section I. In India -- Section II. In Kashmir -- Section III. India, Pakistan and the Indian States -- Four: Kashmir Accedes to India -- Section I. The Maharaja’s Dilemma -- Section II. The Invasion of the Tribesmen and Accession to India -- Five: In the United Nations -- Section I. The International Posture of India and Pakistan in 1948 -- Section II. The United Nations Mediation -- Section III. The Role of the United Nations Commission 1948–1949 -- Section IV. The McNaughton Proposals and Dixon’s Mediation -- Six: The Continued Deadlock -- Section I. The Commonwealth Mediation -- Section II. Dr. Graham’s Mediation, 1951–1953 -- Section III. Direct Negotiations -- Seven: The Internal Dynamics of Kashmir -- Section I. Constitutional Developments -- Section II. Economic Developments in Kashmir -- Section III. Political Constellations -- Section IV. The Aligned and the Non-Aligned in Kashmir -- Section V. Kashmir and her Constitution -- Section VI. Azad Kashmir -- Eight: The Kashmir Imbroglio -- Section I. The Security Council, 1957–1958 -- Section II. The Home Front -- Section III. The International Perspective -- Nine: The Chinese Intervention -- Section I. The Security Council, 1962 -- Section II. Cold War in Kashmir -- Section III. Tumult in Kashmir -- Section IV. The Security Council, 1964 -- Ten: The Arbitrament of the Sword -- Section I. Sadiq, Abdullah and Bakshi -- Section II. The Arbitrament of the Sword -- Section III. The Security Council, 1965 -- Section IV. 1966 and After -- Epilogue -- Treaty of Amritsar, 1846 -- Supplement to Treaty of Lahore, 1846 -- Text of the “agreement” signed by China and Pakistan in Peking on March 2, 1963 -- Resolution of the Security Council of January 17, 1948 -- Resolution of the Security Council of January 20, 1948 -- Resolution of the Security Council of April 21, 1948 -- Resolution of the Commission of August 13, 1948 -- Resolution of the Commission of January 5, 1949 -- Resolution of the Security Council of March 14, 1950 -- Resolution of the Security Council of March 30, 1951 -- Resolution of the Security Council of January 24, 1957 -- Resolution of the Security Council of February 21, 1957 -- Resolution of the Security Council of December 2, 1957 -- Resolution of the Security Council of September 4, 1965 -- Resolution of the Security Council of September 6, 1965 -- Resolution of the Security Council of September 20, 1965 -- Resolution of the Security Council of November 5, 1965 -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: This study is primarily meant for readers outside India, and that explains the lengthy background which it provides. Although literature on the issue is growing daily, each work is written from a certain angle, and that is quite understandable. Every mind has a particular drawing bias; the information supplied is therefore necessarily coloured by tpe views a writer holds. There are to the author's mind two ways of approaching a subject: One would attempt to fit the facts into the value system of the writer, the other would try to draw values from the mass of materials under study. In either case there is no escaping the subjective evaluation of the narrator; and the present writer does not claim any immunity from the process. Kashmir's present history has two aspects. One of them is international, and here the ups and downs in the fortunes of the two States are to be seen against the complexity of power relations in the multinational world body. The other is the internal dynamics, which have their own compelling logic. An attempt has been made in this study to correlate the two into some sort of unity, but it is not for the writer to evaluate its success.

Abstract: 1. Towards a More Comprehensive Concept of the Person -- 2. Love, Self, and Contemporary Culture -- 3. The Problem of Immortality -- 4. Free Will, Creativity of God, and Order -- 5. Other Persons, Other Things -- 6. The Concept of Rational Animal -- 7. The Self in Mu’tazilah Thought -- 8. Unity: Appearance and Reality in the Light of the Sufi Doctrines of Wahdat-ul-Wujud of Ibn ‘Arabi and Wahdat-ush-Shahud of Shaik Ahmed Sarhandi -- 9. Variants in the Concepts of the Self in the Islamic Tradition -- 10. Is There a Soul or No Soul? The Buddha Refused to Answer. Why? -- 11. ?ankara’s Interpretation of the Self and Its Influence on Later Indian Thought -- 12. Person and Moral Life (A Presentation of the Nature of Person and the Essence of Moral Life in the Philosophy of Prajñ?p?ramit? -- 13. The Self as Discovery and Creation in Western and Indian Philosophy -- 14. The Bhagavad g?t? and the Book of Job on the Problem of the Self -- 15. Pre-existence -- 16. Approaches to the I-consciousness: Its Depths, Normal and Abnormal -- 17. Concern for the Person — Concluding Paper.

Abstract: The general characteristics of the decades after the last World War, so far as the human situation goes, include two phenomena: these decades are marked by man's dissatisfaction with himself, his confession of ignorance of himself, his anxiety about his future, and also his earnest search for the ground of his being, which can give him a feeling of security with reference to his life here and hereafter; they are also marked by man's pride about his achievements in science and tech­ nology, a hope of a better life on earth, and a faith in himself as capable of engineering the individual and society for realizing peace, harmony, and happiness for all men. The contemporary thinking man is conscious of the predicament these two kinds of characteristics have created for him, admits failures, hopes for improvements, and works for them. In carrying out this work, he has to and wants to know what human life is, what the meaning and purpose of life are, and why his struggles and achievements have not succeeded in giving every man a reasonable amount of comfort and happiness. He has come to realize also that the accumulation of material comforts does not necessarily lead to happi­ ness, although happiness for man - except for the monk, fakir, or sannyiisin - is not possible without material comforts. Here we have the problem.

Abstract: One -- I. The Notion of the Begriffsschrift -- II. Number and Concept -- III. The Hierarchy of Functions -- IV. Wertverlauf and the Problem of Expansion -- Two -- V. The Article ‘On Sense and Reference’ -- VI. Description, Designation, Assertion: Russell, Jones and Bierich on Frege’s Semantics -- VII. Synonymity and Sentential Context -- VIII. The Contamination of Ontics and Semantics -- Summary -- Index of Names.

Abstract: I: Background -- I: A Short History of German Socialism -- II: Ideological Development in the Postwar Period -- II: The New Program -- III: How the Program was Adopted -- IV: How the Program was Adopted [continued] -- III: The New Leadership; the New Style -- V: How the Guard was Changed -- VI: How the Guard was Changed (continued) -- VII: The Evolution Completed -- IV: Socialism in the New Europe -- VIII: Conclusions -- Epilogue -- Epilogue -- Appendices.

Abstract: On November 15, 1959, an extraordinary conference of the German Social Democratic Party adopted a new program, one which departed abruptly from the party's ninety-year tradition. One year later, on November 25, 1960, the party conference in regular session applauded the party's new "team," a group of personable candidates headed by Willy Brandt. In the fall of 1961, this team, with Brandt as chancellor candidate, led the SPD in a campaign based on the most modern techniques, many copied frankly from the American presidential campaign of the previous year. This three-fold change of program, leadership, and style was unlike any other in the party's long evolution. I t was the culmination of a conscious effort to adapt the party to chang­ ing times, an effort, in short, to modernize socialism. This development is of obvious interest to the observer of postwar West German politics. The SPD, oldest and formerly strongest of the German political parties, after 1949 became the second party in an essentially three-party system. As such it assumed the unhappy role of apparently perpetual opposition. Its escape from the role would depend to a large extent on the appeal of the new package offered the German voter. The success or failure of the party's effort of modern­ ization would thus greatly affect the subsequent course of German politics.

Abstract: I. Soul and Mathematicals -- II. Posidonius and Neoplatonism -- III. The Subdivisions of Theoretical Philosophy -- IV. The Origin of the Quadrivium -- V. Speusippus in Iamblichus -- VI. A New Fragment of Aristotle -- VII. Metaphysica generalis in Aristotle ? -- Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Passages in Greek and Latin Authors.

Abstract: I. The Postwar Setting -- II. Reparation or Hegemony? The Background and Development of Poincaré’s Ruhr Policy -- III. Opposition and the Retreat from Hegemony -- IV. Britain and the Policy of Benevolent Neutrality -- V. The Abandonment of Benevolent Neutrality -- VI. Weimar Germany and the Ruhr Struggle -- VII. Stresemann and the Fulfilment Policy -- VIII. United States Policy: The Wilson Administration and the Developing Ruhr Question -- XI. Charles Evans Hughes and the Emergence of the Dawes Plan -- X. Some Conclusions -- Appendices -- Bibliographical Essay -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: Given the atmosphere of the time, given the passions aroused in all democracies by years of war, it would have been impossible even for supermen to devise a peace of moderation and righteousness .•..• human error is a permanent and not a periodic factor in history. Harold Nicolson, writing in I933 of the Treaty of Versailles 1 Although the period of history from 1918 to 1925 has been the subject of considerable analysis and interpretation by historians, journalists, and students of international politics, there are certain aspects of this postwar era which are greatly in need of further study and evaluation. The occupation of the Ruhr area of Germany by French and Belgian troops in 1923 is one of these. While it is not the intention of the present writer to deal definitively or exhaustively with all possible sources, either for the era in general or for the Ruhr episode itself, he does seek to note and compare some influential French, British, German, and American attitudes.

Abstract: I. The Unity Theory VS. Socialism in One Country -- From “Proletarian internationalism” to “Socialism in One Country” -- II. The Soviet View of the Socialist World State: Development and Control Factor Aspects -- The Soviet Conception of the Communist Camp Future -- III. A Consideration of Chinese Contributions to “Marxism,” Including “Prolonged Struggle” and “revolutionary Fervor” -- The Chinese Communist View of Permissible and Impermissible “Paths to Socialism” -- IV. The Sino-Soviet Dispute, and Some Implications for the Future of the World Communist Movement -- The Dialectics of Dispute: Tactics and Strategy of Communist Concepts in the Thermonuclear Age -- Unity or Diversity -- Factors Tending Toward Unity in the Communist Camp -- The Breakdown in Communications -- The Changing Political Realities -- The Italian and German Party Congresses, 1962 and 1963 -- Communist Dogma or “Creative Marxism”? -- V. The Soviet Union and East Europe: Conflict, Support and Opposition -- Institutionalized Divergence: The Case of Yugoslavia -- Albania: China’s Window to Europe -- Poland: Nationalism Contained by Territorial Claims -- Hungary: From Repression to Permissiveness? -- Rumania: Path to Economic Independence -- Bulgaria: Unconditional Support for the U.S.S.R. -- Czechoslovakia: Politics take Precedence over Ideology -- East Germany: The Permanent Satellite -- Conclusion -- VI. The International Communist Movement: A Reappraisal of Some Theoretical Concepts.

Abstract: The current conflict which threatens the very existence of the inter­ national communist movement as a single coherent entity must be looked for in the roots of Marxian philosophy. The central concept of pre-Leninist communism is contained in the notion of "proletarian internationalism. " Yet the emergence of the communist party-states has been squarely predicated on the requirements of single national states, as viewed through the training and experience of the various communist leaders. Thus the Soviet version has been shaped by the nationalism of Lenin, Stalin, and Khrushchev. The only aberrant case, the internationalism of Trotsky, was doomed to failure. The Chinese version of "communism" has as its root concepts the spirit of "prolonged" struggle against a superior enemy, whose ultimate defeat is ensured through the dialectics of political growth. The non­ communist societies are by definition "decadent. " The movement came to power by exploiting the nationalism engendered within China by the Japanese invasion. Its mass support was based on the peasantry, although the transparent fiction of "proletarian leadership" was strictly maintained. Further, "communism" is a term which has lost its original encompassing definition. Peking now narrowly defines it as policies consonant with "the thought of Mao Tse-tung. " Thus both the Soviet and the Chinese interpretation of "commun­ ism" are based on a concept which was anathema to the intellectual founders of the movement.

Abstract: I. The Low Countries During the Middle Ages -- 1. The Geographic and Ethnic Background -- 2. The Political Constellations -- 3. The Cultural Life -- 4. The Religious Life -- 5. Faith, Life, and Leaders -- 6. Asceticism and Monasticism -- 7. The Administration of the Church -- II. The Dawn of a New Day -- A. The Soil and the Seed -- B. In the Embrace of a World Revolution (1517–1530) -- III. The Evangelical Sacramentarian Reformation -- A. From Sacrament to Symbol -- B. The Evangelical Movement -- IV. Melchior Hofmann: A Prophetic Layman -- A. From Wittenberg to Strassburg -- B. The Anabaptist Apostle to the North -- V. Anabaptism at the Crossroads -- A. In Search of the City of God -- B. Münster: The New Jerusalem -- VI. Gathering a Christian Fellowship -- A. Sifting and Gathering -- B. The Covenanted Church of God -- VII. Growth and Molding of the Brotherhood -- A. From Antwerp to Danzig -- B. Defining and Defending the Faith -- VIII. Conclusion -- 1. In the Context of the Reformation -- 2. The Swiss and Dutch Anabaptists -- 3. At the Crossroads -- 4. Covenanters of Christ -- 5. The Ministry and the Ordinances -- 6. The Disciplined Brotherhood -- 7. The Christian and his Citizenship -- 8. Lasting Contributions -- Footnotes -- I. The Low Countries During the Middle Ages -- II. The Dawn of a New Day -- III. The Evangelical Sacramentarian Reformation -- W. Melchior Hofmann: A Prophetic Layman -- V. Anabaptism at the Crossroads -- VI. Gathering a Christian Fellowship -- VII. Growth and Molding of the Brotherhood -- VIII. Conclusion -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: I. Some contemporary interpretations of Hume’s theory of imagination -- W. C. Gore’s interpretation -- N. K. Smith’s interpretation -- E. J. Furlong’s interpretation -- Harold Taylor’s interpretation -- Concluding remarks -- II. The elements of Hume’s theory of imagination -- The contents of the mind -- The materials of imagination -- The source of the materials of imagination -- The criteria for recognizing imaginative activity -- Principles governing the imagination -- The nature of imagination -- Imaginative activity and the real -- The function of imagination in cognition -- Concluding remarks -- III. The generic features and basic argument-Structure of Hume’s Philosophy of the Human Understanding -- The primary goal of Hume’s philosophy of the human understanding -- Hume’s basic principles -- Concluding remarks -- IV. Hume’s theory of imagination in the argument of His Philosophy of the Human Understanding (I): The attack on reason -- The attack on abstract reasoning -- The attack on matter-of-fact reasoning -- The combined attack on both types of reasoning -- V. Hume’s theory of imagination in the Argument of His Philosophy of the Human Understanding (II): The attack on sense -- The attack on external sense -- The attack on internal sense -- VI. Conclusion -- A Bibliography of the Most Important Sources.

Abstract: The present work is, as its title indicates, a study of Hume's theory of imagination. Naturally, it is a study of a particular sort. It has a certain scope and limitations, takes a certain line of approach, exhibits certain emphases, has certain ends-in-view, etc. As an initial step in specifying the nature of this study, I shall indicate its central problem, i. e. , that problem to the solution of which the solutions of the various other problems with which it is concerned are merely means. The central problem of this study is that of determining how Hume's theory of im­ agination is related to, or involved in, the generic features and main lines of argument of his philosophy of the human understanding. The expression "philosophy of the human understanding" is obvious­ to allude to a restriction on the scope of this investigation. ly intended Actually, it is a title suggested to me by two of Hume's philosophical writings; and to anyone who is even modestly acquainted with these writings, its reference should be no mystery. Hume published the first two so-called "Books" of his A Treatise of Human Nature in 1739. The first of these two Books was entitled "Of the Human Understanding. " Nine years later, he published a work under the title, An Enquiry Con­ cerning Human Understanding.

Abstract: I: The “Ratio Communis” of the Analogous Name -- I. Texts which reject a ratio communis -- II. Texts which imply a ratio communis -- III. The analogy of names -- IV. Some analogous names -- VI. Being is not a Genus -- VII. Resolution and Conclusion -- II: Metaphor and Analogy -- I. Cajetan on metaphor -- II. Analogy vs. Metaphor -- III. Ratio Propria non invenitur nisi in uno -- IV. The signification of names -- V. Ratio communis and ratio propria -- VI. Proprie, Communiter, Metaphorice -- VII. Concluding summary -- III: Metaphor and fundamental ontology -- IV: “Analogy” is analogous -- V: Reply to a Critic -- I. Cajetan and Intrinsic and Extrinsic denomination -- II. Professor Beach as exegete -- III. Professor Beach’s confusion of the Logical and Real -- VI: Is the term soul analogous?.

Abstract: The present volume brings together a number of things I have written on the subject of analogy since the appearance of The Logic of Analogy in 1961. In that book I tried to disengage St Thomas' teaching on analogous names from various subsequent accretions which, in my opinion, had obscured its import. The book was widely reviewed, various points in it were rightly criticized, but its main argument, namely, that analogical signification is a logical matter and must be treated as such, was, if often confronted, left finally, I think, standing. The studies brought together now reflect the same concentration on the teaching of Aquinas. I am not of the opinion that everything important on the question of analogy, and certainly not everything of importance on those problems which elicit the doctrine of analogy, was said by Thomas Aquinas. But it was my decision, for my personal work, first to achieve as much clarity as I could with respect to the teaching of Thomas, and then to go on to other writers, both ancient and modern. I am currently engaged in working out the relations among equivo­ cation, analogy and metaphor in Aristotle. When that study is com­ pleted, I shall turn eagerly to some quite recent contributions to the nature of religious language. In short, the present work, which is by and large a prolongation of my attempt at an exegesis of Thomistic texts, marks the end of one phase of my research into the problem of analogy.

Abstract: I: Introduction -- II: Historical Background -- 1. Pre-Partition Plans for the Jordan Waters -- 2. Post-Partition Plans -- 3. The Dispute before the United Nations Security Council -- III: Geographic and Economic Dimensions of the Dispute -- 1. Syria -- 2. Lebanon -- 3. Jordan -- 4. Israel -- IV: The Jordan River and International Law -- 1. International Character of the Jordan River and Tributaries -- 2. The Practice of States: Treaties -- 3. Adjudication -- 4. Opinions of Scholars -- 5. Conclusion -- V: The Political Dimensions of the Dispute -- 1. Israeli Interests -- 2. Arab Reaction to Israel: Inter-Arab Politics -- 3. Major Power Interests in the Dispute -- VI: Solutions Attempted or Proposed -- 1. Multilateral Development of the Jordan Basin -- 2. Unilateral Development of the Jordan Waters -- VII: Assessment of Alternative Solutions -- 1. Peaceful Adjustment of Disputes: Direct Agreement -- 2. Peaceful Adjustment of Disputes: Indirect Agreement -- 3. Stalemate -- 4. Force -- VIII: Prospects -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: In spite of the importance of the Jordan River dispute, there has been no comprehensive and systematic study of the problem. What few articles have been written so far have been fragmentary and essentially dealt with the history of the dispute. M. G. Ionides, in "The Disputed Waters of Jordan," Middle East Journal, Vol. 7 (I953), pp. I53 ff., Georgiana Stevens, in the "Jordan River V alley," International C on­ ciliation, No. 506 (I956), and more recently, Kathryn B. Doherty, in "The Jordan Waters Conflict," International Conciliation, No. 533 (I965), elaborate this theme. H. A. Smith, in the "Waters of the Jordan: a Problem of International Water Control," International Affairs, Vol. 25 (I949), pp. 4I5 ff. has been the exception. However, his work is outdated in that many other factors have entered the picture since I949. My purpose in writing this study is twofold. First, I have sought to update the writings in this field. Second, it is hoped that the findings of this study will give a clearer and a more objective insight into the problems involved. Primary sources for this study include United Nations documents, Arab and Israeli government publications, federal and international law cases dealing with river disputes, treaties, and newspapers. Sec­ ondary source materials include books, articles in learned journals, and others.

Abstract: Table des Matières -- Transformation des principes généraux en règles positives du droit international -- Remarques sur l’interdiction d’intervention -- Les problèmes de la subjectivité internationale -- Le statut juridique des partisans et des mouvements de résistance armée: évolution historique et aspects actuels -- Die Vereinigten Nationen und das Kriegsrecht -- International Freedom of Information. New Dimensions -- Observations sur une enquête internationale: L’affaire du „Tavignano“ -- La souveraineté dans l’histoire du droit des gens. De Vitoria à Vattel -- Norwegian Attitude to International and Foreign Judgments. Recent Developments -- The Evolution of Space Law Continues -- Contribution à l’étude des rapports entre le droit international public et le droit international privé -- Betrachtungen zum Europäischen Niederlassungabkommen vom 13. Dezember1955 -- Le rôle de la condition des mains propres de la personne lésée dans les réclamations devant les tribunaux internationaux -- Unverbindliche Abmachungen im zwischenstaatlichen Bereich -- La non-reconnaissance des actes contraires au droit -- La motivation et la révision des sentences arbitrales à la Conférence de la paix de la Haye (1899) et le conflit frontalier entre le Royaume-Uni et le Vénézuéla -- The Problem of the Application of Military Measures by the General Assembly of the United Nations -- Politique et droit dans les Balkans. Etude d’histoire de la diplomatie et du droit international -- The Special Function of the Principle of Restrictive Interpretation -- La règle juridique, le droit subjectif et le sujet de droit en droit international. Essai d’une nouvelle théorie -- Der Primat des Völkerrechts und die Vereinten Nationen -- Bibliographie des travaux scientifiques de Juraj Andrassy.

Abstract: Sociology of Law in Scandinavia -- Sociology of Law in The Netherlands -- The Sociology of Law in Japan -- Law and Sociological Studies in U.S.S.R. -- Studies in the Sociology of Law in Hungary -- The Sociology of Law in the Development of Sociology in Jugoslavia -- The Sociology of Law in Poland -- The Sociology of Law in Spain, Portugal and Latin America -- The Sociology of Law in America -- Legal Sociology in France -- The Sociology of Law in Italy -- The Sociology of Law in the Federal Republic of Germany Current Position and Trends -- Conclusion -- List of Authors.

Abstract: The present volume has been planned and prepared in meetings of the Research Committee for the Sociology of Law of the International Sociological Association at the initiative of its chairman, Renato Treves, who also took upon himself editorial responsibility. The first edition of the volume appeared in Italian under the title La socioZogia deZ diritto. ProbZemi e ricerche. It was published in Milano, August I966. The present English edition has the same contents as the Italian volume with the addition of a concluding chapter by J an Glastra van Loon. This publication was undertaken with the purpose of presenting a survey of recent trends in sociology of law in various countries of the world. We hope that the growing interest in the discipline, as evidenced by the large number of publications issued since the Italian edition of this volume, * may be considered as justification for this undertaking. J. v. L. R. T. * We should like to refer to the Law and Society Review published in the United States, to the issue of Acta Sociologica, September 1966, devoted to sociology of law, and finally to the many papers submitted to and discussed at the meetings of the Research Committee for the Sociology of Law during the VIth World Congress of Sociology at Evian. INTRODUCTION by RENATO TREVES I. The sociology 0/ law in its traditional sense and in its more recent developments. Origin and obfects 0/ this work.

Abstract: I. Ignorance, Formation, and Operation -- Ignorance and Judgment -- Formation of Judgment -- Operation of Judgment -- II. The Limitations of Judgment -- Exaltation and Alteration -- God and Institutions -- The Emotional Nature of Man -- Deficiency: A Practical Guide -- III. Judgment and Being -- Self-Identification -- The Role of Appraisal -- The Problem of Essence and Self-Awareness -- The Nature of Movement and Personality -- The Function of Experience -- The Relationship of Judgment and Life -- IV. The Relationship of Judgment to the Other Faculties -- Entendement -- Sens -- Raison and Discours -- Conscience -- Conclusion.

Abstract: Some general features of Soviet private international law. Legal sources -- General Part -- I. Soviet criticism of Western public policy -- II. Soviet legal writers on their own system -- III. General remarks on the current doctrines of public policy and the approach to be followed -- Special Part -- I. Soviet legislative public policy -- II. Soviet judicial public policy -- Summary and Final Remarks -- Samenvatting -- List of Laws and Legal Digests -- List of Cases.

Abstract: This study is based on original Russian sources, due atten­ tion being paid to some authoritative views advanced by foreign lawyers. Leaving aside the essentials of the work in the hope that they will speak for themselves; I should like to make some prelim­ inary remarks regarding the linguistic and other formal aspects. First of all it should be noted that many of the Soviet laws have already been translated into English either in the USSR itself or in Western countries. This fact is fully reflected in the bibliographical survey at the end of this study. Some laws have been translated both in the Soviet Union and abroad, as for instance the Fundamentals of Soviet Civil Legislation. In such a case I have used the translation made in the USSR even though linguistically it may be inferior to the translation made in the West. The author has translated only those legal provi­ sions of which no English translation was available. For transliteration, I have used the system of the Library of Congress of the USA without its diacritical marks. Further, a word should be said about the references in the notes. They are very brief and consist of the surnames of the authors concerned and if necessary an additional element, e. g.

Abstract: I: Berdyaev’s Philosophy of History -- A. Introduction -- B. The “historical” and the philosophy of history -- C. Philosophy of history and metaphysics of history -- D. The philosophy of history and the end of history -- E. Philosophy of history in respect to time -- F. Philosophy of history and the doctrine of godmanhood -- G. Summary -- II: Godmanhood, Freedom and Philosophy of History -- A. Introduction -- B. The doctrine of godmanhood -- C. Godmanhood and the freedom of man -- D. Some consequences of the doctrine of godmanhood -- E. Summary -- III: Existentialism: A Personalist Philosophy of History -- A. Introduction -- B. Personalism: the existent and the ego -- C. Personality is spirit: an existentialism of spirit -- D. Personality: the concrete and universal existent -- E. Personality and existence not isolated from the thou and the we -- F. Personality: the microcosm -- G. Summary -- IV: Epistemology and Philosophy of History Conclusion -- A. Introduction -- B. The rejection of the subject-object relationship -- C. Knowledge not anti-rational, but super-rational -- D. Knowledge an identity -- E. True knowing is communal in character -- F. True knowing is loving and creative in character -- G. Image, symbol and mystical experience: concrete and creative knowing -- H. Summary -- Conclusion -- Bibliography of Sources.

Abstract: BERDYAEV AS A PHILOSOPHER How shall a non-Russian, above all a North American, assimilate the extraordinary assemblage of ideas which is Berdyaev's philosophy? Dr. Richardson does not exaggerate the difficulties. And he introduces us with great care (and what a formidable task it must have been) precisely to what is most strange in this writer, his fusion of historical .. eschatological-metaphysical-mystical-Christian conceptions. By some standards Berdyaev is a theologian rather than a philosopher; for he takes the truth of the Christian revelation for granted and his work can readily be viewed as an elaborate apologetic for one religion against all others and against irreligion. Yet I incline to sympathize with him in his claim to be a philosopher. What an eccentric one, however! There are indeed some partial analogies in the general European tradition. Certainly this Russian is a disciple of Kant, and strong traces of Kantianism survive in him. He also moved away from Kant somewhat as did Fichte, Hegel, and, above all, Schelling in his last period. His sympathetic response to Heracleitos and Boehme recalls Hegel. The interest in Boehme and Schelling is found also in Tillich. Like the late German-American, Berdyaev rejects conceptual in favor of symbolic speech about God. Like Bergson, he stresses intuition and makes a radical distinction between scientific logical analytic thought and the mode of apprehension by which, he believes, metaphysical truth is to be appropriated. Here one thinks also of Heidegger.

Abstract: I: International Custom: its Statics and Dynamics -- Some Traditional Criteria of the Growth of International Custom -- The Law of the Continental Shelf in Theory -- II: The Continental Shelf, its Utilization and Control -- The Continental Shelf and its Riches -- National Shelf Policies -- Industrial Involvement on the Shelf -- The Shelf and the State -- Political and Industrial Limits of the Shelf -- III: Political and Legal Problems of the Continental Shelf: an Outline -- Political and Legal Aspects of the Doctrine: 1945 -- Conceptual Enlargement of the Shelf Doctrine: 1945–1958 -- The 1958 Conference on the Law of the Sea -- IV: Bilateral Perspectives of the Legal Regime of the Continental Shelf -- American and British Shelf Practice in the 1940’s -- Coastal Right of Exclusive Control in Bilateral Perspectives -- Shelf Utilization and Responsibility of States: From Bilateral to Multilateral Perspectives -- Provisional Conclusions -- V: The Continental Shelf and International Custom: Assessment and Conclusions -- The Continental Shelf Regime -- International Custom: Aspects of Growth -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: One of the reasons for the speed with which international law has been changing in recent years has been the acceleration in the development of technology. New technological capabilities create opportunities for new kinds of economic activities which in turn require new legal norms to regulate them. Many such norms are formulated by express agreement and embodied in multilateral treaties. Much of contemporary air and space law is being developed by this method. For various reasons, however, the treaty­ making process is not always adequate for the development of new law, at least in its initial stages. Express agreement of a substantial majority of states on norms formulated with some precision requires much time and effort. Eighteen years have passed, for example, since the United Nations International Law Commission began its work on the law of the sea which led to the formulation of four conventions at the Geneva Conference of 1958 on this subject. Ten years after this Conference, none of the four conventions has been ratified or acceded to by a majority of the states of the world. It is not surprising, therefore, that in some fie1ds new law first emerges as a set of customary norms of varying degrees of c1arity and general accep­ tance. But the nature of the process of development and change of customary norms has remained inadequately understood and explained in the theory of intemationallaw. Some eminent jurists have called it "a mystery.

Abstract: I: Equality of Treatment, Trade Discrimination and International Law -- I: Introduction -- II: Trade Discrimination and International Law -- II: Most-Favoured-Nation Clause vs. Discrimination in Gatt -- III. Background to M. N. F. Clause in Gatt -- IV: Equality of Treatment vs. Discrimination in Gatt: Article I(I) -- V: Exceptions to M. F. N. Clause in Article I (I) and Discrimination -- VI: Exceptions in Favour of Frontier Traffic, Customs Unions, Free Trade Areas and Discrimination -- VII: Equality of Ttreatment vs. Discrimination in Other Articles of GATT -- VIII: Quantitative Restrictions and Non-Discrimination -- IX: Remedies and Organisational Structure -- X: Conclusions.

Abstract: Doctor Hyder's meticulous and comprehensive study throws much­ needed light on the often invoked but little understood concept of "discrimination" in international law. It is also of great practical value to those who are concerned with the law of international trade. "Discrimination" is a word with bad connotations. It suggests un­ fairness, prejudice and favouritism. It seems to point to adeparture from the ideal of equal opportunities, equal rewards and even-handed legal protection of all human beings without regard to differences of race, religion, ethnic origin or sex. Similarly, in public international law "discrimination" suggests violation of the principle of equality of states. Yet there are vast areas of international relations in whieh states are regarded as being legally free, except as specially provided in treaties, to make distinctions between other states or their nationals. The principle of equality of states merely means that the many rules constituting what is often called "general (or universal) international law" apply equally to all independent states. Hence, by definition, such states have equal rights and duties under general international law. But the latter leaves vast areas of transnational activity to be regulated by states at their discretion either unilaterally or by special agreement with other states. No state has, in fact, exactly the same totality of rights and duties as other states, since no two states are parties to exactly the same treaties. By treaty, astate often grants to another state a right which it may withhold from third states.

Abstract: I: Origins and Contexts -- Factors Shaping the Growth of Business Associations and their Involvement in Political Finance -- II: Germany -- How German Business Associations Came to Innovate Manifold Political Finance Techniques -- III: Norway -- Why Norwegian Business Associations Have Generally Avoided Political Finance Roles -- IV: Japan -- How Even a Giant Conveyer is Limited in its Impact on Japanese Party Politics by the Timidity of the Self-Effacing Entrepreneur -- V: Comparative Analyses -- How National Party and Interest Group Patterns Affected the Efficacy and Viability of Conveyers.

Abstract: Students of government and social power recognize that wherever governmental systems embrace popular elections, the functions and mechanisms of political finance constitute inevitable links of influence between economic structures and political processes. The transmu­ tation of economic power into political power has been of historic concern from ancient philosophers to modern political scientists. Efforts to discern and interpret the political roles of those engaged in funding candidates and political parties have intensified in recent years. Attention given the subject has deepened substantially in the United States since World War II and, while there have been differ­ ences in range and quality, serious analytical interests have also developed in numerous other nations around the world. These trends have been accompanied by increasingly more energetic and sophisti­ cated attempts at comparative analysis. Problems in transnational studies of political processes have always been formidable. The comparative study of political finance has been retarded by difficulties in defining units of analysis that make it possible to identify in some measurable way the effects of political fmance in precise phases of the governing process, e. g. , in the per­ suasion of voters, in party nominating processes, in executive decision­ making. Cash transactions, even when known with confidence, consti­ tute only a partial aspect of political finance. Other shades of economic power may be equally relevant, involving services or goods directly provided, credits and other economic benefits extended or withheld, and the exercise of less tangible but equally potent influence.

Abstract: Avesta. Ancient Persian Inscriptions. Middle Persian Literature -- I. Ancient Eastern-Iranian Culture -- II. The Culture of the Ancient Medes and Persians -- III. The Middle Persian Era -- IV. The Period of Transition to New Persian Literature (The Advance of Islam and the Beginnings of New Persian) -- History of Persian literature up to the Beginning of the 20th Century -- I. Introduction -- II. The Beginnings of Persian Literature -- III. The Samanids (Middle of 3rd/9th century to end of 4th/10th) -- IV. The Ghaznavid Period (5th/11th century) -- V. The Seljuq Period (5th/11th to 6th/12th century) -- VI. The Prose of the Seljuq Period (5th–6th/11th–12th century) -- VII. ??fism -- VIII. The Mongols -- IX. T?m?r and His Successors -- X. The Safavids -- XI. The Turbulent 12th/l8th Century -- XII. Literary and Associated Species of Prose During the 7th–12th/13th–18th Centuries -- XIII. THE 13th/19th Century -- Persian Literature of the 20th Century -- I. Brief Survey of The Economico-Political Situation in Iran After 1896 355 -- II. Character of the Literary Renaissance -- III. Literary Life in the Years 1921–1941 -- IV. The Main Literary Trends After 1941 -- Persian Learned Literature From Its Beginnings up to the End of the 18th Century -- I. Introduction -- II.Philosophy -- III.Philology -- IV.History and biography -- V.Geography -- VI. The exact sciences -- VII. The natural sciences -- VIII. Medicine and pharmacology -- IX. Encyclopaedias -- Tajik Literature From the 16th Century to the Present -- I. Before the Revolution -- II. After the Revolution -- Iranian Folk-Literature -- I. Introduction -- II. Iranian Folk-Epics -- III. Introduction to Folk-Tales -- IV. Iranian Entertainment Folk-Literature -- V. Written Forms of Folk-Literature -- VI. The Influence of Folk-Literature in Modern Persian and Tajik Literature -- VII. Religious Folk-Literature -- VIII. Dramatic Folk-Literature in Iran -- IX. Verse Forms of Folk-Literature -- X. Riddles and Proverbs -- XI. Conclusion -- Persian Literature in India -- An Outline of Judeo-Persian Literature -- Survey of Dynasties -- Selected Bibliography -- Addenda.

Abstract: Some justification seems to be necessary for the addition of yet another History of Iranian Literature to the number of those already in existence. Such a work must obviously contain as many novel features as possible, so that a short explanation of what my collaborators and I had in mind when planning the book is perhaps not superfluous. In the first place our object was to present a short summary of the material in all its aspects, and secondly to review the subject from the chronological, geo­ graphical and substantial standpoints - all within the compass of a single volume. Such a scheme precludes a formal and complete enumeration of names and phenom­ ena, and renders all the greater the obligation to accord most prominence to matters deemed to be of greatest importance, supplementing these with such figures and forms as will enable an impression to be gained of the period in question - all this is far as possible in the light of the most recent discoveries. A glance at the table of contents will suffice to give an idea of the multifarious approach that has been our aim. We begin at the very first traces of evidence bearing on our subject and continue the narrative up to the present day. Geographically the book embraces Iran and its neighbouring countries, while it should be remarked that Iranian literature in its fullest sense also includes Indo-Persian and Judeo-Persian works.

Abstract: Table des Matières -- Transformation des principes généraux en règles positives du droit international -- Remarques sur l’interdiction d’intervention -- Les problèmes de la subjectivité internationale -- Le statut juridique des partisans et des mouvements de résistance armée: évolution historique et aspects actuels -- Die Vereinigten Nationen und das Kriegsrecht -- International Freedom of Information. New Dimensions -- Observations sur une enquête internationale: L’affaire du «Tavignano» -- La souveraineté dans l’histoire du droit des gens. De Vitoria à Vattel -- Norwegian Attitude to International and Foreign Judgments. Recent Developments -- The Evolution of Space Law Continues -- Contribution à l’étude des rapports entre le droit international public et le droit international privé -- Betrachtungen zum Europäischen Niederlassungabkommen vom 13. Dezember 1955 -- Le rôle de la condition des mains propres de la personne lésée dans les réclamations devant les tribunaux internationaux -- Unverbindliche Abmachungen im zwischenstaatlichen Bereich -- La non-reconnaissance des actes contraires au droit -- La motivation et la révision des sentences arbitrales à la Confêrence de la paix de la Haye (1899) et le conflit frontalier entre le Royaume-Uni et le Vénézuéla -- The Problem of the Application of Military Measures by the General Assembly of the United Nations -- Politique et droit dans les Balkans. Etude d’histoire de la diplomatie et du droit international -- The Special Function of the Principle of Restrictive Interpretation -- La règle juridique, le droit subjectif et le sujet de droit en droit international. Essai d’une nouvelle théorie -- Der Primat des Völkerrechts und die Vereinten Nationen -- Bibliographie des travaux scientifiques de Juraj Andrassy.

Abstract: I Basic Texts and General Information -- I. Basic Texts -- II. The European Commission of Human Rights -- III. The European Court of Human Rights -- IV. Principal Developments in the Council of Europe Concerning the Protection of Human Rights -- II Decisions of the European Commission and the European Court of Human Rights -- I. Cases Before the Commission -- II. Case Struck off the List After Being Declared Admissible -- III. Case Having Resulted in a Friendly Settlement -- IV. Cases Brought Before the Court -- III The Convention within the Member States of the Council of Europe -- I. The Convention in the Parliaments of the Member states -- II. The Convention in the Domestic Courts of the Contracting Parties -- Appendix Documentation and Bibliography -- A. Council of Europe Documents -- B. Selective Bibliography of Publications Concerning the European Convention on Human Rights -- Alphabetical Index.

Abstract: I. From Autocracy to Democracy: Political Institutions at the End of the Ch’ing Dynasty -- 1. Transformation from Absolute to Constitutional Monarchy -- 2. Causes of the Constitutional Movement -- 3. Preparation for Constitutionalism -- 4. The Principles of Constitution, September 22, 1908 -- 5. The National Legislative Council (Tse-cheng Yuan) -- 6. The Provincial Assembly (Tse-I Chu) -- 7. The Beginning of Local Self-Government -- 8. The Revolution and the Nineteen Articles of November 3, 1911 -- II. Democracy in Experiment: Political Institutions During the Early Republican Period -- 1. Preparations for a Provisional Government -- 2. Analysis of the Organic Law of the Provisional Government -- 3. Inauguration of the Provisional Government at Nanking -- 4. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, March 11, 1912 -- 5. The Change of the Provisional Presidency and the Seat of Government -- 6. The Establishment of Parliament -- 7. The Drafting of the Constitution and the Election of President -- 8. The Judicial System of the New Republic -- 9. The Local Government System -- III. Monarchism vs. Republicanism: Political institutions Under the Dictatorship of Yüan Shih-K’ai -- 1. Yüan Shih-k’ai vs. Constitutional Democracy -- 2. Yüan Shih-k’ai and the Constitutional Compact of 1914 -- 3. The Reorganized National Government Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 4. The Local Government System Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 5. The Rise and Fall of Yüan’s Monarchial Movement -- IV. Split Between the North and the South: Political Institutions During the Period of Internal Dissensions -- 1. Developments under the Regime in Peking -- 2. The New Parliament and the New Constitutional Draft -- 3. Parliament’s Second Restoration and its Adoption of the 1923 Constitution -- 4. The Constitution-Protecting Government in the Southwest -- 5. The Peking Government Under Provisional Chief Executive Tuan -- 6. The Local Government System -- V. The Nationalist Party in Power: Unification of China Under Kuomintang Programs -- 1. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party in 1924 -- 2. Basic Principles and Programs of the Nationalist Party -- 3. The Northern Expedition and the Unification of China -- 4. The Beginning of Political Tutelage -- VI. The Five-Power Constitution at Work: Political Institutions During the Period of Political Tutelage -- 1. The National Government Before 1928 -- 2. The National Government Since 1928 -- 3. The National People’s Convention and the Promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China for the Period of Political Tutelage -- 4. Nationalist Efforts to Carry out Party Principles and Programs -- 5. The Preparation for Constitutional Rule in China -- 6. The Local Government System During the Period of Political Tutelage -- VII. Communism Versus Nationalism: The Chinese Communist Party and Soviet Regimes (1921–1945) -- 1. The Formation of Communist Organizations in China -- 2. The First United Front of the Nationalists and Communists -- 3. Armed Uprisings and the Change of Leadership -- 4. The Establishment of Soviet Regimes in China -- 5. The Second United Front and Expansion of the Communist Regimes -- VIII. China at War: Political Institutions During the Period of the Sino-Japanese War -- 1. The Hostilities Between China and Japan -- 2. The Formal Establishment of Chiang Kai-shek’s Leadership -- 3. Wartime Party Alignments -- 4. The Supreme National Defense Council — The Highest Organ of Wartime China -- 5. The Triple-linked Administrative System -- 6. The Wartime National Government -- 7. The People’s Political Council -- 8. The Wartime Local Government -- 9. The Local Representative Bodies -- IX. From the Mainland to Taiwan (Formosa): Political Institutions during the Postwar Period -- 1. Peace Negotiations Through the Political Consultative Conference -- 2. The Convocation of the National Assembly and the Constitution of 1946 -- 3. The Central and Local Governments Under the Constitution of 1946 -- 4. The First Session of the First National Assembly -- 5. The Nationalist Debacle and Retreat to Taiwan -- 6. The National Government in Taiwan -- 7. The Local Government System in Taiwan -- 8. Taiwan Today -- X. The Communist Party in Power: Mao’s Political Thought and the Party Organization -- 1. On the Road to Victory -- 2. The Political Thought and Strategy of Mao Tse-tung -- 3. The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party and its Guiding Principles -- 4. The Organization and Functions of the Communist Party -- 5. The Communist Youth League -- 6. The Communist Relationship with Minor Political Parties and Mass Organizations -- XI. Fundamental Laws of the People’s Republic: From the Common Program to the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) -- 2. The Common Program of 1949 in the Nature of a Provisional Constitution -- 3. The Central Government System, 1949–1954 -- 4. The Local Government System, 1949–1954 -- 5. The Adoption of the Constitution by the National People’s Congress -- 6. General Principles of the Constitution of 1954 -- XII. The Government of “Democratic Centralism”: Political Institutions under the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Present System of Government -- 2. The National People’s Congress -- 3. The Head of the State -- 4. The State Council -- 5. The People’s Courts and Procuratorates -- 6. Local People’s Congresses and Councils -- 7. Self-Government Organs of National Autonomous Areas -- 8. The Communist Government in Action -- Appendices.

Abstract: This book is prepared primarily for students who are interested in studying the constitutional development and government structure of twentieth-century China. Since the emergence of the Chinese consti­ tutional movement at the end of the nineteenth century, political institutions in China have undergone constant changes. The first four chapters treat of constitutional development and government systems from the latter part of the Ch'ing dynasty to the re-unification of China by the Nationalist Party in 1928. The other eight chapters deal with the policies, programs, and institutions of the Nationalist and Commu­ nist governments up to 1962. While treatises on various subjects have been consulted, the sources of this book are chiefly based on the official documents from the collections as indicated in the bibliography. Materials in the first few chapters are partly drawn from my previous works on government and politics in China. Because of the immense scope of the subject and the intricacy of the problems involved, this work is not intended to be exhaustive, but is rather a brief description and discussion of each topic under consideration. As there are many valuable works on China in general as well as on her history and inter­ national relations, I have tried not to cover what has already been dealt with by others. In my presentation of facts and views, I have endeavored to be as objective as possible, personal political convictions notwithstanding.

Abstract: IFLA/FIAB -- Programme -- Premiere Séance / First Session -- Comptes de la Fédération -- Deuxième Séance / Second Session -- Troisième Séance / Third Session -- Séance Spéciale/Special Session -- Annexes -- Membres Nationaux / National Members -- Bundesrepublik Deutschland, III: Verein der Diplom-Bibliothekare an Wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken e. V -- Bundesrepublik Deutschland, IV: Deutscher Büchereiverband e.V.: -- Deutsche Demokratische Republik I. Deutscher Bibliotheksverband -- Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin -- Deutsche Bücherei, Leipzig -- Autriche / Austria, I: Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekare -- Belgique / Belgium -- Bulgarie / Bulgaria -- Danemark / Denmark -- Finlande / Finland. I: Suomen Kirjastoseura / Finnish Library Association -- Grande-Bretagne / Great Britain -- Hollande / Holland -- Hongrie / Hungary -- Italie / Italy -- Pologne / Poland -- Suéde / Sweden -- Suisse / Switzerland -- UDC (5) ASIE / ASIA -- Israël / Israel -- Japon / Japan -- UDC (6) Afrique / Africa -- UDC (7) Amérique du Nord / North America -- États-UNIS D’Amérique / United States of America, I -- UDC (8) Amérique Latine / Latin America -- UDC (9) Australasie / Australasia.

Abstract: One: Historical Background -- One: Pre-Islamic Arabia -- Two: Evolvement of Muslim International Law -- Two: Muslim Legal Legacy -- One: Nature and Genesis of International Law -- Two: Sources and Methods of Interpretation of Muslim International Law -- Three: Subjects and Domain of Muslim International Law -- Three: The Muslim Conception of International Law -- One: Muslim Classical Conception of International Law -- Two: The Classical Doctrine Considered -- Three: Towards a Conventional Interpretation -- Epilogue -- Epilogue.

Abstract: The traditional doctrine of Islamic law in regard to international re­ lations is well known. The Shari'a includes many excellent provisions about declarations of war, treaties of peace, armistices, diplomatic envoys, negotiations and guarantees of safe conduct. But the fact remains that it divides the world, broadly speaking, into the "Abode of Islam" and the "Abode of 'War," and that it envisages the continu­ ance of intermittent war between them until the latter is absorbed in the former. In the course of such fighting, and in the intervals in be­ tween, many civilities were to be meticulously observed; but prisoners of war could be killed, sold or enslaved at the discretion of the Muslim authorities, and the women of those who resisted the advance of Islam could be taken as slave-concubines, regardless of whether they were single or married. The "Abode of Islam" did not, indeed, consist ex­ clusively of Muslims, for those whose religion was based on a book accepted by Islam as originally inspired and in practice, indeed, those other religions too - were not forced to embrace Islam but only to accept Muslim rule. They were granted the status of dhimmis, were protected in their persons and their property, were allowed to follow their own religion in an unobtrusive fashion, and were accorded the position of essentially second-class citizens. They were also of course, perfectly free to embrace Islam; but for a Muslim to be converted to another faith involved the death penalty.

Abstract: I. Inductive Empiricism -- Joseph Neef’s Sensationalistic Empiricism -- George Jardine’s Philosophical Education -- James G. Carter: An Inductive Science of Education -- Thomas Tate: An Inductive Philosophy of Education -- Herbert Spencer: Evolutionism and Progress -- Joseph Payne on the Science and Art of Education -- G. E. Partridge: Scientism and the Philosophy of Education -- II Rationalism -- James P. Wickersham: Rationalistic Principles as Precepts -- Rationalism’s Classic Philosophy of Education -- Herman Harrell Home’s Idealistic Theism -- III. Naturalistic Empiricism -- Chauncey Wright’s Suggestive Naturalism -- John Dewey: Experience as Empirical and Natural -- John Angus MacVannel: Experimentalism and Functionalism -- A Common Prospect -- Bibliographic Note.

Abstract: John Dewey once wrote: "Education is such an important interest of life that . . . we should expect to find a philosophy of education, just as there is a philosophy of art and of religion. We should expect, that is, such a treatment of the subject as would show that the nature of existence renders education an integral and indispensable function of life. " Indeed, such treatments of education are at least as old as Plato's Republic. Even so, it was not until the nineteenth century that the philosophy of education was recognized as a distinct discipline. His­ torically, it has been one thing to treat education in such a manner as Dewey mentions; it has been another thing to do so while deliberately making explicit a discipline with a subject matter which is in some sense distinct from that of other disciplines. The aim, in the present study, has been to study the origins of philosophy of education as a distinct discipline in the United States. In doing so, "origins" are taken to mean, first, that from which the disci­ pline has come, and second, that which initiates, serves as a point of departure for what follows. In searching for origins, I have explored the philosophic considerations of education from which came those distinct conceptions of the philosophy of education that were to serve as points of departure for later considerations of the discipline.

Abstract: Table Des MatiÈres -- Transformation des principes généraux en règles positives du droit international -- Remarques sur l’interdiction d’intervention -- Les problèmes de la subjectivité internationale -- Le status juridique des partisans et des mouvements de résistance armée: évolution historique et aspects actuels -- Die Vereinigten Nationen und das Kriegsrecht -- International Freedom of Information. New Dimensions -- Observations sur une enquête internationale: L’affaire du „Tavignano” -- La souveraineté dans l’histoire du droit des gens. De Vitoria à Vattel -- Norwegian Attitude to International and Foreign Judgments. Recent Developments -- The Evolution of Space Law Continues -- Contribution à l’étude des rapports entre le droit international public et le droit international privé -- Betrachtungen zum Europäischen Niederlassungsabkommen vom 13. Dezember 1955 -- Le rôle de la condition des mains propres de la personne lésée dans les réclamations devant les tribunaux internationaux -- Unverbindliche Abmachungen im zwischenstaatlichen Bereich -- La non-reconnaissance des actes contraires au droit -- La motivation et la révision des sentences arbitrales à la Conférence de la paix de la Haye (1899) et le conflit frontalier entre le Royaume-Uni et le Vénézuéla -- The Problem of the Application of Military Measures by the General Assembly of the United Nations -- Politique et droit dans les Balkans. Etude d’histoire de la diplomatie et du droit international -- The Special Function of the Principle of Restrictive Interpretation -- La règle juridique, le droit subjectif et le sujet de droit en droit international. Essai d’une nouvelle théorie -- Der Primat des Völkerrechts und die Vereinten Nationen -- Bibliographie des travaux scientifiques de Juraj Andrassy.

Abstract: I. Civil-Military Jurisdiction with Respect to United States Military Forces in the Philippines, 1898–1947 -- War and Insurrection, 1898–1902 -- The Territorial Period, 1902–1935 -- The Commonwealth Period, 1935–1942 -- The Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945 -- United States Reoccupation and the Postwar Period -- Summary -- II. Arrangements for Postwar Bases in the Philippines -- Pre-Independence Developments—Background to Negotiations -- Independence and the Beginning of Negotiations -- Negotiation of the Bases Agreement of 1947 -- Summary -- III. Criminal Jurisdiction under the Military Bases Agreement of 1947 -- Base Arrangements in General -- Criminal Jurisdictional Arrangements -- Major Differences between the NATO SOFA and the Philippine Agreement -- The Constitutional Test -- Continuity in Jurisdictional Arrangements -- IV. Criminal Jurisdictional Problems under the 1947 Bases Agreement -- Philippine Prosecution of United States Personnel for Off-Base Offenses -- Enforcement of Philippine Laws on the Bases -- Offenses by United States Personnel against Filipinos on the Bases -- Exercise of Jurisdiction over Filipinos by the United States 67 Killing and Injury of Filipinos by Security Guards on the Bases -- Summary -- V. Revision of the 1947 Agreement -- The Security-Sovereignty Dilemma -- Presidential Overtures—First Attempts at Negotiation, 1953–1954 -- Pelaez-Bendetsen Talks, 1956 -- Serrano-Bohlen Talks, 1958–1959 -- Mendez-Blair Talks, 1965 -- VI. Criminal Jurisdictional Arrangements under the 1965 Agreement -- General Principles of Jurisdiction -- Exclusive Jurisdiction -- Concurrent Jurisdiction -- Waiver of Jurisdiction -- Base Security -- Arrest and Confinement -- Search and Seizure -- Procedural Guarantees -- Potential Problems -- Conclusion -- VII. Toward a Conjurisdictional Law -- List of Cases Cited.

Abstract: The peace time stationing for collective security purposes of large numbers of military personnel of one country in the territory of an­ other country constitutes one of the most significant developments of postwar international relations. The United States, for example, has stationed nearly one half of its active military forces in over seventy 1 countries since the Korean War broke out. Stambuk noted that al­ though the theories rationalizing this situation have changed, "the overseas bases and forces remain. "2 As a direct result of this stationing of large numbers of troops in foreign countries numerous bilateral and multilateral status of forces agreements have been put into force. One aspect of these agreements which has attracted considerable attention is the provisions dealing with the right to exercise criminal juris­ 3 diction. As might be expected, a host of jurisdictional problems has arisen concerning whether jurisdictional rights lie with the states sending or the states receiving military personnel, the accompanying civilian component, and their dependents. As Snee and Pye have pointed out: "For the first time in the modern era, the sometimes radically different systems of law of two sovereign nations are operating within the same territory and in respect to the same individuals. "4 Thus a situation has arisen in which the relationships between the military authorities of the 1 George Stambuk, American Military Forces Abroad (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Vni­ versity Press, 1963), pp. 3-4.

Abstract: I. The Problem of Moral Knowledge -- 1. Contemporary sources of moral skepticism -- 2. Hume and the deductive fallacy -- 3. The meaning of moral obligation -- 4. The criteria of knowledge -- 5. Plan of the book -- II. Duty and Goodness -- 1. Types of theory -- 2. The deontologists’ critique of utilitarianism -- 3. Intuitionistic utilitarianism as a theory of moral knowledge -- 4. The identification of goodness and duty -- 5. The “ought-to-be” argument -- 6. The deductive argument-a restatement -- 7. The appeal to self-evidence -- 8. Reductionistic utilitarianism -- 9. Moral goodness and duty -- 10. Duty and goodness and the “ought” and the “is” -- III. Duty and Rightness -- 1. The intuitionism of the deontologists -- 2. Prichard’s “unreasonable” theory -- 3. The self-evidence of our duties -- 4. The duty to keep promises -- 5. Intuition and generalization -- 6. Rightness and duty -- 7. From rightness to duty -- IV. A New Point of View -- 1. Oxford philosophy -- 2. The revolution in philosophy -- 3. Wittgenstein -- 4. Analysis and moral philosophy -- 5. Analysis and the problem of moral knowledge -- V. Duty and Ordinary Language -- 1. An interpretation of Toulmin’s conclusions -- 2. A reinterpretation of Toulmin’s conclusions -- 3. Good reasons and generally accepted reasons -- 4. Toulmin’s theory and the deductive fallacy -- 5. Does Toulmin escape the deductive fallacy? -- 6. Summary comments on Toulmin’s moral theory -- 7. Nowell-Smith and the problem of moral knowledge -- 8. Wittgenstein and the revolution in philosophy -- VI. A Return to Intuitionism -- 1. The deductive fallacy, skepticism, and intuitionism -- 2. A defense of intuitionism -- 3. Knowledge and a plurality of intuitions -- 4. Intuitive self-evidence and moral knowledge -- VII. Reason and Duty -- 1. Two notions of self-evidence -- 2. Preliminary objections -- 3. Duty and good reasons -- 4. A moral axiom -- 5. A story -- 6. Elaboration and comments -- 7. The principle of personal impartiality -- 8. Egoism and morality -- 9. The deductive fallacy -- VIII. Toward a General Theory of Morality -- 1. Outline of a positive theory of obligation -- 2. Practical qualifications -- 3. Morality and utility -- 4. Goodness and the naturalistic fallacy.

Abstract: As its title indicates, this book is concerned with two different fields of philosophy, ethics and epistemology. The bulk of the argument is devoted to epistemological questions, as these arise within the context of morality. Hence, the conclusions I reach could probably best be described as prolegomena to the elaboration of a theory of ethics. I have plans, which I hope will be realized in the next few years, of elaborating such a theory. I started work on Moral Knowledge in the summer of 1958 with the help of a University Faculty Fellowship, for which I am most grateful. of the research for the book, as well as a good bit of its writing, Much was done in two libraries, The University Library, Berkeley, and the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Members of the staffs of both libraries, by their courtesy and helpfulness, lightened immeasurably the task of my research. lowe a special debt of gratitude to four people-to Mr.

Abstract: I The Personal Question -- II Metaproblematic Inquiry -- III The Existential Situation -- IV The Fellowship of Being -- Conclusion.

Abstract: This book is the fruit of a critical inquiry into the nature and scope of Marcel's philosophie achievement. As such, it is concerned less with affixing the appropriate label (personalist or existentialist) to Marcel's thought -and with it making it stick - than with discovering the precise impulse and tenor ofhis philosophy. In the process ofthat more general inquiry, the writer found being forced upon hirn a central concept as integrating focus of Marcel's philosophie investigations. This eoneept was that of the person. Gradually it emerged as a concept not only of prime importance for understanding the underlying harmony that pervades Marcel's professedly unsystematic researches, but equally as one of profound significanee for any philosophy that pretends adequately to aecount for human experienee. Furthermore, it seemed that the eoneept derived much ofthat significance from its acceptance precisely in the context of Marcel's thought. This feature ofMareel's philosophie writings alone is warrant enough for overeoming any initial embarrassment aroused in Anglo-Saxon breasts by his style. For, to speak candidly, that style is of a generation and a climate whose tastes little aecord with palates trained to a greater astringeney. Nor will Marcel's evident and unashamed coneern with life and its problems necessarily evoke a warm response in minds aceustomed to operate in an atmosphere of stricter and more aeademic reserve.

Abstract: Design of the Investigation -- 1. Purpose of the investigation -- 2. Methods of the investigation -- 3. Composition of the investigated group of refugees and its former position within the Indonesian community -- Results of the Investigation -- 4. Subjects talked about, how often and in what way -- 5. A framework for the description of the refugees’ way of life -- 6. Specified description of the refugees’ evaluations of his new way of life as experienced throughout the successive phases of the investigation -- Interpretation of the Results of the Investigation -- 7. Indicators for the modality of the Course of adjustment -- 8. Factors promoting or hindering adjustment -- 9. General sketch of the course of adjustment -- Conversation questions.

Abstract: People are not so firmly rooted as they used to be. The greater frequency, at least in the Western world, with which people move house can be seen from the statistics. Many migrate voluntarily, or under compulsion, to build up new existences in other parts of the country or in other parts of the world. The problems which face people who are obliged to settle elsewhere have become matters of national and international political importance. Of recent years they have also become the subjects of sociological and socio-psychological research. The psychological research of which this book gives an account took place among families who some years ago emigrated from what was then known as the Dutch East Indies to the Netherlands. Dutch is the language spoken from their youth. Born and bred in another part of the world they embarked in groups to the Nether­ lands, which they had never seen before, when the country they lived in became independent. No doubt they had a vivid image of the Netherlands. It was the Mother country; they had heard a great deal about it in the course of the simple education they had received. They were acquainted with it through pictures and through the contact, however superficial, with representatives of the ruling country. The military service which had played such an important part in the lives of the male adults had made them feel bound up with the country of the House of Orange.

Abstract: I. Biographical sketch -- II, Philosophical viewpoint -- III. Chinese conditions -- IV. Democratic revolution -- V. Socialist revolution -- VI. State and government -- VII. The Communist party -- VIII. Nationalism and internationalism -- IX. Sino-Soviet ideological conflict -- Conclusions.

Abstract: A proper examination of the world political situation makes it necessary to consider the fact of the increasing importance of Commu­ nist China in world affairs. It seems that this big and ancient country expects to be considered not only as the most important country of Asia, not to say of the communist world, but as one of the great powers of the second half of this century. Being one of the largest countries in the world, with a larger popu­ lation than that of the United States and the Soviet Union combined (the two recognized powers of this era), China plays a significant role in world affairs at the same time that she tries to challenge the leader­ ship of communism. As the years have passed and Communist China has been kept out of the United Nations, her attitude has changed to such a point that one fears the possibility of her forming a new organi­ zation that may evolve in rivalry with the work of the United Nations. Therefore, there is a deservedly great concern about the way China conducts her international policy. Under these circumstances, it goes without saying that it is important to ascertain the kind of political thought that has motivated Commu­ nist leaders in China, and the ultimate goal of their revolutionary movement, which has been for some time now responsible for dangerous situations in the Far East and in other areas of the world.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Geographical and Historical Description of Northern Asia -- 1. Geographical Conditions -- 2. Historical Background -- III. Expansions of Russia and China in Northern Asia -- 1. Russian Expansion in Siberia, 1552–1700 -- 2. Manchu-Chinese Expansion in Mongolia, 1635–1697 -- 3. Manchu-Chinese Expansion in the Amur Area, 1616–1643 -- IV. The Role of the Mongols in Sino-Russian Relations -- 1. The Kalmuk Sungars, 1606–1616 -- 2. The Altin Khans of the Khalkhas, 1616–1655 -- 3. Sino-Russian Rivalry over the Mongols, 1665–1697 -- V. Early Contacts Between Russia and China -- 1. The Alleged Russian Embassy to China in 1567 -- 2. The Abortive Russian Caravan Embassy to China in 1608 -- 3. Petlin and Mundoff’s Mission to China, 1618–1619 -- 4. Sino-Russian Conflicts on the Amur, 1643–1675 -- VI. Russian Attempts at Establishing Diplomatic Relations With china I -- 1. Baikoff’s Embassy, 1653–1657 -- 2. Mission of PerfiUeff and Ablin, 1658–1662 -- VII. Russian Attempts at Establishing Diplomatic Relations With China II -- 1. Milovanoff’s Mission, 1670 -- 2. Spathary’s Embassy, 1675–1677 -- VIII. Sino-Russian War on the Amur -- 1. Growing Tension on the Amur, 1676–1684 -- 2. The Albazin War, 1685–1686 -- IX. The Treaty of Nerchinsk -- 1. The Dispatch of Embassies, 1685–1689 -- 2. The Negotiation of Treaty -- 3. The Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1689 -- 4. The Confirmation of the Treaty, 1693–1695 -- X. Economic and Cultural Relations -- 1. Trade between Russia and China, 1608–1700 -- 2. Russian Missionaries in China, 1655–1700 -- XI. Summary and Conclusion -- Appendixes -- I. The treaty of Nerchinsk -- II. The form of oath taken by the Chinese ambassador at Nerchinsk -- Chinese Glossary.

Abstract: The seventeenth century was a momentous epoch. While western European countries were busy expanding westward and eastward, Russia, quietly crossed the Ural Mountains, absorbed Siberia and reached as far as Alaska. Russia did not expand toward the East with­ out opposition from the western European countries. In the last half of the sixteenth century, inspired by the "gorgeous East," the Dutch and the English made many efforts to find a northern passage to China l to attain gold, gems, silks, pearls and spices. They attempted to reach China by land routes but were hindered by continual wars between the Kazaks and Mongol tribes, as is indicated in a letter written by an 2 English traveler, Jenkinson, in 1559. They also attempted to reach China by way of the Northern Ocean, but the Arctic weather foiled all of these efforts. The English hoped to find a way to China as well as to India by the Ob River. They knew of the Ob as early as 1555, and the next year Stephen Burrough was sent to find it. He reached the Kara Strait but ice prevented him from passing through it. In 1580 Arthur Pet and Charles Jackman left England with two ships in search of a northeast passage. Pet went through the Kara Strait. Jackman followed him in 1581, encountering much ice. Eventually Pet's expedition succeeded in returning westward again through the Kara Strait, but Jackman and his men were never heard from again.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Early History of Formosa -- Original Inhabitants of Formosa -- Early Settlers -- Kingdom of Koxinga -- Legality of China’s Acquisition of Formosa -- Formosa Under Chinese Rule -- Japanese Acquisition of Formosa -- III. Conferences and Declarations: Their Effect on the Status of Formosa -- Cairo Conference -- Potsdam Conference -- Instrument of Surrender -- The Effect of the Cairo, Potsdam Declarations and the Instrument of Surrender on the Status of Formosa -- IV. Claims of the Formosan Nationalists -- Chinese Law on Nationality -- Republic of Formosa -- Formosa as A Province of China -- The Right of the Nationalist Government to Establish Its Seat on Formosa -- The Right of Self-Determination -- Validity of Formosan Claims -- V. International Opinions on the Status of Formosa -- The British Position -- The Russian Position -- The American Position -- The Japanese Position -- The Indian Position -- The Irish Position -- The Two-China Theory -- The Conlon Report -- VI. Claims of the Chinese Communists -- Russia and Its Relations with the Chinese Communists Before the End of World War II -- Russia’s Interference in the Domestic Affairs of China After World War II -- The Legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Government -- China Representation Question and Legal Status of Formosa are Separate but Closely Related Issues -- Chinese Communist Position on the Status of Formosa and the Representation Question -- Validity of Communist China’s Claims -- VII. Claims of the Republic of China -- Nationalist Government is the Legitimate Government of China -- Succession of Governments -- Succession of States -- The Republic of China Has Never Extended Recognition to the Chinese Communists in any Form -- State of Hostilities Still Exists -- San Francisco Treaty of Peace -- Sino-Japanese Treaty of April 28, 1952 -- Nationalist Government’s Views on Status of Formosa -- Legitimacy of Nationalist China’s Claims -- Transfer of Title Through A Treaty of Cession -- Title Through Prescription -- VIII. Present Status of Formosa.

Abstract: Can two-Chinas co-exist in the present world order? In a sense they co-exist now-Free China in Taiwan (Formosa) and Communist China on the mainland. Barring a military showdown, this situation could remain for years to come. However, if we seek to put Free China and Communist China on some permanent basis and give them interna­ tional juridical status as abiding and separate entities, then we are faced with serious difficulties. Free China and Communist China co­ exist at present simply because neither can effectively alter the situa­ tion. Each is backed by a power bloc that recognizes the legal existence of only one of these political regimes. The United States does not re­ cognize Peiping, even though it has conducted meetings on the ambas­ sadorial level with the Regime for several years. In a corresponding way, the Soviet bloc of nations refuses to recognize Nationalist China. The situation is very similar to that of two-Germanys, two-Koreas and two-Vietnams. To seek a solution to this political impasse, it is suggested that a "Sino-Formosan State" or some kind of "self-determination" by the Formosans be instituted. This was first expressed by Chester Bowles in his article "The China Problem Reconsidered" (Foreign Affairs, April 1960), and supported by John Carter Vincent in his letter to the editor of the New York Times (December 7,1961). The Conlon Report of 1959 held the same posi. tion. Also, Arnold J.

Abstract: 1 Introduction: Some Concepts and Definitions -- 1.0 Arguments and Argument Forms -- 1.1 Symbolic Logic and its Precursors -- 1.2 Symbolization -- 1.3 Logical Functors and Their Definitions -- 1.4 Tests of Validity Using Truth-tables -- 1.5 Proof and Derivation -- 1.6 The Axiomatic Method -- 1.7 Interpreted and Uninterpreted Systems -- 1.8 The Hierarchy of Logical Systems -- 1.9 The Systems of the Present Book -- 1.10 Abbreviations -- 2 The System P+ -- 2.1 Summary -- 2.2 Rules of Formation of P+ -- 2.3 Rules of Transformation of P+ -- 2.4 Axioms of P+ -- 2.5 Definitions of P+ -- 2.6 Deductions in P+ -- 3 Standard Systems with Negation (PLT, PLT’, PLTF, PPM) -- 3.1 Summary -- 3.2 Rules of Formation of PLT -- 3.3 Rules of Transformation of PLT -- 3.4 Axioms of PLT -- 3.5 Definitions of PLT -- 3.6 Deductions in PLT -- 3.7 The Deduction Theorem -- 3.8 The System PLT’ -- 3.9 Independence of Functors and Axioms -- 4 The System PND. Systems of Natural Deduction -- 4.1 Summary -- 4.2 The Bases of the System PND -- 4.3 Proof and Derivation Techniques in PND -- 4.4 Rules of Formation of PND -- 4.5 The Structure of Proofs in PND -- 4.6 Rules of Transformation of PND -- 4.7 Proofs and Theorems of the System PND -- 4.8 Theorems of the Full System PND -- 4.9 A Decision Procedure for the System PND -- 4.10 A Reduction of PND -- 5 The Consistency and Completeness of Formal Systems -- 5.1 Summary -- 5.2 The Consistency of PLT’ -- 5.3 The Completeness of PLT’ -- 5.4 Metatheorems on P+ -- 6 Some Non-Standard Systems of Propositional Logic -- 6.1 Summary -- 6.2 What is a Non-Standard System? -- 6.3 The Intuitionistic System and the Fitch Calculus (PI and PF) -- 6.4 Rules of Formation of PI -- 6.5 Rules of Transformation of PI -- 6.6 Axioms of PI -- 6.7 Definitions of PI -- 6.8 Deductions in PI -- 6.9 The Propositional Logic of F.B. Fitch -- 6.10 The Johansson Minimum Calculus -- 7 The Lower Functional Calculus -- 7.1 Summary and Remarks -- 7.2 Rules of Formation of LFLT’ -- 7.3 Transformation of LFLT’ -- 7.4 Axioms of LFLT’ -- 7.5 Definitions of LFLT’ -- 7.6 Some Applications and Illustrations -- 7.7 Rules of Transformation of LFLT’ -- 7.8 Axioms of LFLT’ -- 7.9 The Propositional Calculus and LFLT’ -- 7.10 Deductions in LFLT’ -- 8 An Extension of LFLT’ and Some Theorems of the Higher Functional System. The Calculus of Classes -- 8.1 Summary and Modification of the Formation Rules of LFLT’ -- 8.2 The Lower Functional Calculus with Identity -- 8.3 Quantification over Predicate Variables. The System 2FLT’= -- 8.4 Abstraction and the Boolean Algebra -- 8.5 The Boolean Algebra and Propositional Logic -- 9 The Logical Paradoxes -- 9.1 Self Membership -- 9.2 The Russell Paradox -- 9.3 Order Distinctions, Levels of Language, and the Semantic Paradoxes -- 9.4 The Consistency of LFLT’ -- 9.5 The Decision Problem -- 9.6 Consistency and Decision in Higher Functional Systems -- 10 Non-Standard Functional Systems -- 10.1 Summary -- 10.2 Intuitionistic and Johansson Functional Logics -- 10.3 The Fitch Functional Calculus of the First Order with Identity (LFFF=).

Abstract: The present work constitutes an effort to approach the subject of symbol­ ic logic at the elementary to intermediate level in a novel way. The book is a study of a number of systems, their methods, their rela­ tions, their differences. In pursuit of this goal, a chapter explaining basic concepts of modern logic together with the truth-table techniques of definition and proof is first set out. In Chapter 2 a kind of ur-Iogic is built up and deductions are made on the basis of its axioms and rules. This axiom system, resembling a propositional system of Hilbert and Ber­ nays, is called P +, since it is a positive logic, i. e. , a logic devoid of nega­ tion. This system serves as a basis upon which a variety of further sys­ tems are constructed, including, among others, a full classical proposi­ tional calculus, an intuitionistic system, a minimum propositional calcu­ lus, a system equivalent to that of F. B. Fitch (Chapters 3 and 6). These are developed as axiomatic systems. By means of adding independent axioms to the basic system P +, the notions of independence both for primitive functors and for axiom sets are discussed, the axiom sets for a number of such systems, e. g. , Frege's propositional calculus, being shown to be non-independent. Equivalence and non-equivalence of systems are discussed in the same context. The deduction theorem is proved in Chapter 3 for all the axiomatic propositional calculi in the book.

Abstract: I. the Loss of Faith -- I. Modern Literature and the Death of God -- II. God and the Alienated Self -- III. Eros and the Death of God -- II. the Search for God -- IV. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche -- V. Dostoevski and the Problem of Religion -- VI. The Literature of Suicide -- VII. The Numinous in Fiction -- VIII. Religion and the Novel -- IX. Catholicism in Fiction -- X. The Dialectics of Tragedy in an Age of Unfaith -- III. the Summing up -- XI. Conclusion.

Abstract: I Declarations and the Development of International Law -- 1. The Nature of the Declarations -- 2. Significance of Declarations in Relation to Specific Powers of the Assembly under the Charter -- 3. Significance of Declarations as Interpretation and Application of International Law -- 4. Declarations as Subsequent Practice and as Aid in the Judicial Interpretation of the Charter -- 5. Declarations as Evidence of Custom or General Principles of International Law -- 6. Declarations as Agreements Within the United Nations System -- 7. Factors Affecting the Significance of Declarations -- II Declarations Which Purport to State Existing Principles of International Law -- 1. Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Wealth and Resources -- 2. The Declaration on the Prohibition of the Use of Nuclear and Thermo-Nuclear Weapons -- 3. The Resolution Affirming Principles of International Law embodied in the Charter of the Nurnberg Tribunal -- III Declarations Which Purport to Create New Principles of International Law -- 1. Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space -- IV Declarations Intended to Promote Specific Charter Programs -- 1. The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples -- 2. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- 3. The Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination -- 4. The Declaration of the Rights of the Child -- V Significance of Declarations in the Practice of States and of International Organizations -- 1. Significance of Declarations in the Practice of States -- 2. Significance of Declarations in International Organizations -- Conclusion.

Abstract: Mr. Asamoah's book is concerned with an area of growing importance in the evolution of contemporary international law. The traditional division of the sources of International law into custom and treaties has already been supplemented in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice by the "general principles of law re­ cognized by civilized nations" and-as subsidiary sources, the judicial decisions and the teachings of highly qualified publicists. But in order to cope with the diversity of international law in our time, we have to look to a far greater variety of sources of international law, and we shall have to recognize that, in accordance with the many-sided character of international law, these sources may vary greatly in intensity. In recent years, Declaratory Resolutions of the General Assembly have been much concerned with the general princi­ ples of international law. Sometimes these Declarations are interpre­ tations of the Charter and other instruments; sometimes they are evi­ dence of state practice and a developing customary international law ; sometimes they formulate new principles which, in some cases will eventually lead to international treaties or new custom, or in other cases will be accepted as authorative statements of international legal principles, in circumstances where a formal treaty cannot be attained. There are many reasons--often of an internal character-which prevent the conclusion of a treaty but not the acceptance of the principles contained in it.

Abstract: I. Implementing Man’s Natural Rights: The Developing International Law -- Failure at the International Level -- The Regional Approach -- Purpose of the Study -- The Natural Rights of Man -- II. The Development of Procedural Remedies -- From Antiquity to the Modern State -- The Status of the Individual under Roman Law -- Present Theories of Individual Procedural Status -- Other Subjects of the Law -- Early International Courts -- III. The Inter-War Period -- The U.S.-Mexican Mixed Claims Commission -- Mixed Claims Commissions -- Arbitral Tribunals -- IV. The Efforts of the United Nations -- Failure at the International Level -- International Labour Organization -- International Court of Justice -- V. The Council of Europe: Political Unification -- The Realization of an Ideal -- The Council of Europe and Unification -- The Individual and the Commission Convention of Human Rights -- Protection of States -- Regional Tribunals and the Individual Commission of Human Rights -- The Court of Human Rights -- Committee of Ministers -- The Individual as a Beneficiary -- Conclusions: Political Organizations -- VI. European Economic Organizations -- The Common Market -- Economic Integration of Europe -- The European Communities and the Individual -- Combined Community Court -- The Individual and the EEC -- The Role of the Court in an Expanding Legal System -- Treaty Texts and the Individual -- Article 177 and the Individual -- Court Decisions and Individual Rights -- Advisory Jurisdiction -- The Individual as a Beneficiary -- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development -- Conclusions: Economic Organizations -- VII. Conclusions -- Individual Right of Action -- Political and Economic Organizations Compared -- The Future Global Efforts -- International Court of Justice -- Private Undertakings -- Trend of World Law -- Table of Cases -- Subject Matter Index -- Index of Authorities.

Abstract: The most important sipgle factor in guaranteeing the effective pro­ tection of human rights - including economic and property interest- is that private individuals and groups be capable of maintaining a judicial action against any sovereign State causing them injury. Thus, individuals must possess the necessary locus standi at both the regional and international levels. A private individual must be able to prosecute an action before an international tribunal - in his own name - against an offending Government, particularly his own. Unfortunately, this necessary right of action was not recognized under traditional internatio­ nallaw. It is only very recently, since the adoption of the European Convention of Human Rights and the Establishing Treaty of the Common Market, that nongovernmental entities have achieved locus standi before international courts. As this book is being written, it is no longer valid to hold that only States are procedural subjects of international law. Nevertheless, it must - tragically - be conceded that individuals do not enjoy the same standing as Member States. This same generalization applies to the United Nations. Starting with the proposition that the individual is a subject of the Law, this book not only analyses examples supporting this viewpoint, but it concentrates on the more important shortcomings, primarily those existing within the Council of Europe, the European Economic Community, and the United Nations. Therefore, recommendations are offered as to the specific improvements that must be made.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Fundamental Law -- III. The Establishment of the Commonwealth, 1648-1653 -- IV. Agitation for Law Reform, 1649-1653 -- V. Barebone’s Parliament -- VI. The Protectorate -- VII The Last Years of The Protectorate -- Epilogue.

Abstract: Throughout this essay all dates are given in New Style. When pamphlets were originally dated Old Style, the new date has been substituted. In all quotations the original seventeenth-century spelling has been retained. A "sic" is placed in the quotation only where it appears to be certain that there has been a misprint in the original. I want to express my sincere gratitude to the late Professor Garrett Mattingly of Columbia University for his inspiration and guidance during the years spent under his sponsorship. It was a rare privilege to study under him. Professor Sidney Burrell of Barnard College offered many constructive suggestions and I am most appreciative of the kind interest he took in the completion of this study. I also wish to thank the editors of The American Journal of Legal History for publishing some of my material on Chancery reform in their Journal. The staff of the North Library of the British Museum was most helpful in making available the many volumes of the Thomason Collection. Thanks are also due to the staff of the Library of Union Theological Seminary who helped in the location of materials from the McAlpin Collection.

Abstract: I. The Evolution of the Treaty-Making Power in the British Commonwealth of Nations -- Introductory -- 1. Developments before 1914 -- 2. Developments during World War I -- 3. Developments in the Interwar Period -- 4. Developments after World War II -- II. The Evolution of the Treaty-Making Power in the Commonwealth of Australia -- Introductory -- 1. Developments prior to Federation -- 2. Federation of the Commonwealth of Australia -- 3. Early Developments after federation -- 4. Developments after World War I -- 5. The Status of the Commonwealth after World War II -- III. Constitutional Framework -- 1. Constitutional Provisions -- 2. Discussion of Constitutional Amendments -- 3. Conclusions -- IV. The Prerogatives of the Crown and Treaty-Making -- (i) The Crown as a Juristic Entity -- (ii) The Prerogative of Peace and War -- (iii) The Prerogative of Treaty-Making as an Executive Act -- (iv) The doctrine of indivisibility -- V. Negotiation and Conclusion -- (i) Appointment of Australian Plenipotentiaries -- (ii) Negotiation of Treaties -- (iii) Consultation of State Governments by the Federal Executive -- (iv) Cabinet approval and the Competence of the Minister of State for External Affairs -- (v) Issuance of Full Powers -- (vi) Issuance of Full Powers in the case of “Heads of States” Treaties -- (vii) Signature of the Australian Representative -- VI. Ratification and Implementation -- Introductory -- VII. Treaty Implementation and Constitutional Limitations -- 1. International Law and Australian Municipal Law -- 2. Judicial interpretation of the “External Affairs” Clause -- 3. Constitutional limitations upon the power to conclude treaties -- VIII. The Competence of the States in “External Affairs” -- (i) State representation abroad -- (ii) State and United Kingdom relations -- (iii) State Reciprocity Legislation -- (iv) State Legislation and Treaty Implementation -- IX. Federalism, Constitutionalism, and Internationalism -- Appendices -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: In the relation of states, treaties are a matter of great importance. The law of treaties and the study of treaty-making procedures in municipal law systems have become both from a theoretical and practical point of view, subjects of increasing interest. The United Nations Legal Committee as well as the International Law Commission have published studies concerned with the relationship of international law and municipal law, emphasizing national practices concerning the conclusion of treaties. In the case of some countries, such as Great Britain and the United States, numerous studies of treaty­ making problems have been made, but much less has been published in the case of many other countries such as Australia, Canada or India. In the case of Australia, research on treaty-making has resulted in comparatively few published articles in scholarly and legal journals and only a few comments in general legal treatises. But no comprehen­ sive legal analysis of the subject has as yet appeared. This study aims to present a comprehensive survey and analysis of actual treaty­ making procedures and practices in Australia against the setting of the relevant constitutional and other legal norms of the Australian political system. The analysis of treaty-making will consider both normative and empirical legal aspects. Basic constitutional norms, legal principles derived from common and constitutional law and statutes will be discussed, as well as the actual practices and procedures used in the exercise of the treaty-making power.

Abstract: A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- Z.

Abstract: I: The Specification of Logic as a Science -- I. Preliminary View of What Logic Is -- II. Relation of Logic to Other Sciences -- III. The Subject of Logic -- II: The Nature of the Subject of Logic -- IV. Rationate Being -- V. Intentions -- VI. Relations -- III: The Intentions of the three Acts of Reason -- VII. The Intention of Universality -- VIII. The Intention of Attribution -- IX. The Intention of Consequence -- Conclusion.

Abstract: Ever since philosophy became conscious of itself, there has been a problem of the relations between the real world which philosophy sought to understand and explain, and the thought by which it sought to explain it. It was found that thought had certain requirements and conditions of its own. If the real world was to be understood through thought, there was a question whether thought and the real correspond­ ed in all respects, and therefore whether they had the same conditions and laws, or whether some of these were peculiar to thought alone. For the solution of this problem it was necessary to study thought and the process of knowing and the conditions which the manner of know­ ing placed upon our interpretation of the real. With a consciousness of the peculiarities of thought and of its laws, philosophers could then more surely make use of it to arrive at the knowledge of the real world which they were seeking, without danger of reading into the real what is peculiar to thought. This necessity gave rise to the science of logic, a science which is still necessary, and for the same reasons. It has an importance in philosophy which it is disastrous to overlook.

Abstract: A New Guinea Annexations, 1828–1885 -- 1 The Van Delden Proclamation of 1828 -- 2 Description of Tidore’s territories in New Guinea, 1865 -- 3 Description of Tidore’s territories in New Guinea, 1875 -- 4 The Erskine Proclamation of 1884 -- 5 The amended Erskine Proclamation -- 6 The Schutzbrief of 1885 -- B The Queensland Boundary, 1879–1919 -- 1 The Queensland Coast Islands Act of 1879 -- 2 John Douglas to the Colonial Secretary, 1885 -- 3 Sir Samuel Griffith to Sir Henry Norman, 1893 -- 4 Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman, 1893 -- 5 Sir William MacGregor to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1895 -- 6 Order in Council directing that certain islands attached to the colony of Queensland shall become part of the possession of British New Guinea, 1896 -- 7 Sir William MacGregor to Lord Lamington, 1896 -- 8 Hugh M. Nelson to Lord Lamington, 1898 -- 9 Order in Council directing that certain islands and reefs to the northward of Queensland shall become part of the possession of British New Guinea, 1898 -- 10 A. H. Jiear to the Government Secretary, Port Moresby, 1903 -- 11 Memorandum of Acting Administrator C. S. Robinson to the Governor-General, 1903 -- 12 Governor-General’s Office to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 1904 -- 13 Governor-General’s Office to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 1906 -- 14 Alfred Deakin to William Kidston, 1906 -- 15 William Kidston to Alfred Deakin, 1906 -- 16 A. P. Lyons to the Government Secretary, Port Moresby, 1919 -- C The Anglo-German Boundary, 1885–1909 -- 1 Arrangement between Great Britain and Germany relative to their respective spheres of action in portions of New Guinea, 1885 -- 2 Declaration between the governments of Great Britain and the German Empire relating to the demarcation of the British and German spheres of influence in the Western Pacific, 1886 -- 3 Sir William MacGregor to Lord Lamington. Despatch recommending that the Gira River be made the boundary between German and British New Guinea, 1897 -- 4 Convention and declaration between Great Britain and Germany for the settlement of the Samoan and other questions, 1899 -- 5 Proclamation by the High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, declaring a British protectorate over Choiseul, etc., 1900 -- 6 Exchange of Notes between Great Britain and Germany relating to the re-delimitation of the British and German spheres of influence in the Western Pacific, 1904 -- 7 British New Guinea: Negotiations for making Gira River free for navigation, 1906, 1908 -- 8 George Le Hunte to Atlee Hunt, 1908 -- 9 Gustavus Sabine to the Australian Minister for External Affairs, 1909 -- 10 Staniforth Smith to Lieutenant-Governor of Papua, 1909 -- 11 An Act to approve the placing of the Territory of New Guinea under the International Trusteeship System, 1949 -- D The Anglo-Dutch Boundary, 1892–1901 -- 1 Dr G. van Tienhoven to Sir Horace Rumbold, 1892 -- 2 Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman. Despatch respecting expedition undertaken to repel Tugeri invasion, 1892 -- 3 Dr G. van Tienhoven to Sir Horace Rumbold, 1893 -- 4 The Koloniaal Verslag of 1893 (extract), 1893 -- 5 Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman. Despatch reporting the proceedings in connection with the delimitation of the boundary between British and Dutch New Guinea, 1893 -- 6 Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands defining the boundaries between the British and Netherland possessions in the island of New Guinea, 1895 -- 7 Presentation of the Convention of 1895 in the Second and First Chambers of the States General, 1895 -- 8 Order in Council applying the laws of Her Majesty’s possessions in New Guinea to the territories acquired under the Convention with the Netherlands of May 16, 1895, 1896 -- 9 Sir Henry Howard to W. H. de Beaufort, 1900 -- 10 W. H. de Beaufort to Sir Henry Howard, 1900 -- 11 Sir Henry Howard to the Marquess of Lansdowne, 1900 -- 12 W. Rooseboom to G. R. Le Hunte 1901 -- E The German-Netherlands Boundary, 1902–1911 -- 1 Memorandum of the German Foreign Office to the Netherlands Legation, 1902 -- 2 H. L. von Tschirschky to W. J. M. van Eysinga, 1906 -- 3 W. A. F. Baron Gevers to H. L. von Tschirschky, 1906 -- 4 W. A. F. Baron Gevers to W. von Schön, 1908 -- 5 W. von Schön to W. A. F. Baron Gevers, 1909 -- 6 The recommendations of the Netherlands Commission of the German-Netherlands Boundary Commission (extract), 1911 -- F The Boundary between the Australian and Netherlands Possessions, 1928–1962 -- 1 Memorandum of J. I. Merrylees to the Government Secretary, Rabaul, concerning the border between the Mandated Territory and Netherlands New Guinea, 1928 -- 2 R. de Marees van Swinderen to S. M. Bruce, 1933 -- 3 R. de Marees van Swinderen to S. M. Bruce, 1934 -- 4 Exchange of Notes between His Majesty’s government in the Commonwealth of Australia and the Netherlands government, 1936 -- 5 J. P. Count van Limburg Stirum to S. M. Bruce, 1939 -- 6 Border Conference. Ingembit Village, 1954 -- 7 Discussions between Sydney Elliott Smith and Sj. van der Goot concerning the Waris border area, 1956 -- 8 Brief report of the visit of the District Commissioner of Daru to Merauke from 2 to 6 June 1956, 1956 -- 9 Australian-Dutch Conference on Survey and Mapping, 1960 -- 10 Report and Recommendations of the Australian-Dutch Technical Commission, 1961 -- 11 Questions in the Netherlands Parliament about the Waris and Jaffi Enclaves, 1962 -- 12 Roggeveen-Dent Declaration (Angamarut), 1962 -- 13 Roggeveen-Dent Declaration (Domongi), 1962 -- 14 Roggeveen Declaration (Bensbach River), 1962 -- G Material concerning the Australian-Indonesian Border -- 1 West Irian/Papua and New Guinea border, 1964 -- 2 Parliamentary Question and Reply concerning the Irian boundary, 1965 -- 3 Parliamentary Questions and Replies concerning the free navigation on the Fly River, 1965.

Abstract: This series of documents is a companion volume to Search for New Guinea's Boundaries: From Torres Strait to the Pacific (Australian National University Press, 1966). It brings together not only scattered, previously published documents, but also some of the correspondence surrounding them and reports and memoranda dealing with the bounda­ ries in general. The latter include material up to 1962. The documents have been arranged chronologically within sections. Material in sections A, B, and C corresponds respectively with matters dealt with in Chapters 2 (New Guinea Annexations), 3 (Papua Irredenta), and 4 (The Former Anglo-German Boundary), that in sections D, E, and F with those in Chapter 5 (The Irian Boundary), while that in section G is touched upon in the concluding chapter. The selection of published documents was simple: all were in­ eluded. Choice of unpublished material available in the archives was an individual one. Documents in Dutch, French, and German have been translated. Personal comments and queries have been entered in foot­ notes to the English translations which in all cases precede the original text. Cross references to Search for New Guinea's Boundaries, using the abbreviation S. N . G. B ., are made for the convenience of the reader.

Abstract: I wish first to express my gratitude to the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, which has kindly arranged for this book to be printed. My thanks also include Professor Dr. C. Hooykaas, who has interested himself in this treatise and has accorded it his support. I should like to render my sincere thanks to Dr. J. Noorduyn, Secre­ tary of the Institute, who has given me a miscellany of good suggestions for the compilation of the editorship of the Introduction. Further I desire to thank my former assistants, Mr. J. Tammu and Mr. L. Pak an, warmly for their work in noting down the text of the Chants for the Deceased and for their help in seeking for an explanation of various difficult places in it. Once more I owe a very great debt of gratitude to Jeune Scott-Kemball, who has been able to accomplish casting my Dutch translation in prose of the lines in trochaic metre of the Chants for the Deceased into a very elegant English verse form. This was not always very simple in view of the metaphorical manner of expression in the Toradja lines of verse.

Abstract: Introduction: Greatness of Western Man -- Introduction: Greatness of Western Man -- I: Ordinance -- I Philosophy and Myth -- II Disintegration of Phtsis-is-Logos -- III Concealed Re-Entry of Phtsis-is-Logos Into the Western World -- IV Re-Disclosure of Phtsis-is-Logos in Contemporary Times -- II: Philosophy in Philosophies -- V the Early Greek Philosophers -- VI Plato -- VII Aristotle -- VIII Saint Thomas Aquinas -- IX Rene Descartes -- X George Berkeley -- XI Immanuel Kant -- XII Friedrich Nietzsche -- III: Contemporary Man -- XIII Greatness of Contemporary Man -- XIV Scientism -- XV Technology.

Abstract: The present study is not a series of disconnected essays concerning select­ ed Western philosophies. All its parts belong organically together and constitute one whole. For this reason, the reader is warned not to use it as a reference book for one or another philosopher here treated. The study begins with the declaration of the exposition of fundamental event in Western philosophy which prevails with a different hue in each of the major philosophies and which relates these to pre-philosophical or mythical thought. The study then treats selected Western philosophies se­ parately with the tendency to disclose the major event of philosophy in them. Finally it approaches contemporary man from the perspective of the fundamental event in philosophy. An inquiry into Western man's greatness is maintained here all along as intimately bound up with the historical development of philosophy. Philosophy involves greatness - not one of many philosophies, how­ ever, but Philosophy as such. Philosophy as such is not a composite of the various major philosophies in history; it precedes these, and is present in each one of them in a concealed way. It holds sway over them, and they belong to it. Philosophy rules the thought of thinkers; it is the Ordinance which directs the way of thought, and which is responded to by the thought of the thinkers. In this way, the major philosophies in history are diverse phases which, like the bends and turns of a river, belong to Ordinance - to Nature's thought.

Abstract: I. Historical Survey of the Treaty-Making Practice of International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Treaty-Making Practice in the Inter-War Period -- C. Development after the Second World War -- II. The Basis of the Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Constitutional Provisions -- C. International Personality -- D. The Implied Power Theory -- E. The Basis of Treaty-Making Capacity -- III. The Conclusion of Treaties -- A. Form of Agreements -- B. Constitutional Requirements — Limitation on the Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations -- C. Constitutional Requirements — Organs Competent to Conclude Treaties -- D. Procedure of Conclusion -- IV. Certain Kinds of Treaties -- A. Succession Agreements -- B. Relationship Agreements -- C. Institutional Treaties -- D. Trusteeship Agreements -- E. Technical Assistance Agreements -- F. UNICEF, Special Fund, and OPEX Agreements -- G. Loan and Guarantee Agreements -- H. Conclusion -- V. The Legal Character of Agreements Concluded by International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Legal Character in General -- C. Tests to Decide the Legal Character of An Agreement -- Conclusions.

Abstract: Mter an international organization is established, if it is necessary for it to acquire certain rights or assume duties or new functions not provided in its constitution, there are four techniques to achieve that 1 end. The first is to amend the constitution of the organization. If the organization has only a limited number of members, then this technique is not too cumbersome. But, the procedure for amending a constitution is usually complicated and requires a substantial period of time. Thus this technique has at least the disadvantage of delay. 2 The second technique is to conclude a treaty among the member States of the organization. The organization is not a party to that treaty, but it can acquire some rights, assume some duties, or new functions under the treaty. 3 The disadvantage of this technique is similar to the first one, i. e. , the conclusion of a multilateral treaty may mean delay since the procedure involved is so complicated and cumber­ some. 1 E. g. , the Constitution of the ILO, Cmd. No. 393 (T. S. No. 4 of 1919), [1919] 13 Foreign ReI. U. S. : Paris Conf. 695 (1947), was amended on October 9, 1946,62 Stat. 3485, T. I. A. S. No. 1868, 15 U. N. T. S.

Abstract: I. Scheler on Philosophy -- Life and Writings -- Meaning and Method of Philosophy -- II. Man and Metaphysics -- “Man’s Place in Nature” -- Spirit and Person -- Person and I -- Man the Microcosm -- III. Man’s Knowledge of Man -- Critical Survey on the Notion of Sympathy -- Questions concerning the Perception of Others -- The Perception of Others -- IV. Man and Society -- Sociology -- Forms of Sociality -- The Sociology of Knowledge -- V. Man and Community -- Sympathy -- Shame -- Love -- Person-Community -- VI. Conclusion -- Attempted Synthesis -- Critical Summary -- Final Comments on Community.

Abstract: My own serious study of Max Scheler began in 1958 when I pre­ sented a Master's thesis to St. Louis University under the direction of Professor Vernon]. Bourke on Scheler's value-theory. Three years later when I returned to complete my doctorate work at St. Louis University I returned also to the study of Max Scheler. In the meantime, several more volumes of the Gesammelte Werke had appeared, several new translations of Scheler were published and the whole area ofphenome­ nology began to be more favorably accepted by the American intel­ lectual community. My doctoral dissertation was on Scheler's theory of community under the expert and careful direction of Professor James Collins. The bulk of the present work is a direct result of my work at St. Louis University. I have never regretted the time and effort spent on the study of Scheler. He can be classified as nothing short of a genius, not only in the breadth of his interests but also in the vitality, unity and depth of his thought. Most students of Scheler criticize his lack of unity; I claim to find strong lines of inner consistency throughout his writings. In the second place, my study of Scheler has put me into contact with many of the most dominant intellectual influences of the day.

Abstract: 1. Rebel -- 2. Onlooker -- 3. Participant -- 4. Ideologue — The Critique -- 5. Ideologue — The Positive Formulation -- 6. Politician -- 7. Knight-Errant -- Appendices -- A. Le Plan du Travail -- B. “Les Thèses de Pontigny” -- C. Programme du 19 juin 1940 -- D. The Official Accusation -- E. Exchange of Letters Between de Man and Mussolini -- F. Summary of Political Reforms Urged by de Man in 1939 -- Primary -- Secondary.

Abstract: Letters -- 1. Lupus to Einhard -- 2. Lupus to Einhard -- 3. Einhard to Lupus -- 4. Lupus to Einhard -- 5. Lupus to Einhard -- 6. Lupus to abbot Bun -- 7. Lupus to bishop Immo -- 8. Lupus to brother Altuin -- 9. Lupus to brother Altuin -- 10. Lupus to brother Altuin -- 11. Lupus and A(dalgaud) to Reginb. -- 12. Lupus to Reginb. -- 13. Lupus to abbot Waldo -- 14. On behalf of abbot Odo to chancellor Louis -- 15. On behalf of abbot Odo to chancellor Louis -- 16. On behalf of abbot Odo to chancellor Louis -- 17. On behalf of abbot Odo to bishop Jonas -- 18. On behalf of abbot Odo to fathers Marcward and Sichard -- 19. The brothers of the monastery of Fernères to emperor Lothaire I -- 20. Lupus and W. to bishop Jonas -- 21. Lupus to Adalgaud -- 22. Lupus to King Charles -- 23. Lupus to bishop Ebroin -- 24. Lupus to bishop Jonas -- 25. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 26. Lupus to bishop Amulus, bishop Guenilo and count Gerard -- 27. Lupus to father Hrabanus -- 28. Lupus to Marcward and Eigil -- 29. Lupus to Emperor Lothaire -- 30. Lupus to Marcward and Eigil -- 31. Lupus to King Charles -- 32. Lupus to abbot Hugo -- 33. Lupus to Marcward -- 34. Lupus to abbot Odacre -- 35. Lupus to Marcward -- 36. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 37. Lupus to King Charles -- 38. Lupus to the brothers of the monastery of Fernères -- 39. Lupus to Hatto -- 40. Lupus to abbot Usuard -- 41. Lupus to bishop Pruden-tius -- 42. Lupus to King Charles -- 43. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 44. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 45. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 46. Lupus to King Charles -- 47. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 48. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 49. Lupus to King Charles -- 50. Lupus to abbot Ratbert -- 51. Lupus to abbot Ratbert -- 52. Lupus to abbot Ratbert -- 53. Lupus to archbishop Orsmar -- 54. Lupus to an unidentified friend -- 55. Lupus to an unidentified friend -- 56. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 57. Lupus to King Charles -- 58. Lupus to Marcward -- 59. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 60. Lupus to Marcward -- 61. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 62. Lupus to the brothers of the monastery of Fernères -- 63. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 64. Lupus to an unidentified friend -- 65. Lupus to father Marcward -- 66. Queen Irmentrude to bishop Pardulus -- 67. Lupus to the brothers of Saint Amand -- 68. On behalf of abbot Marcward to abbot Dido -- 69. Lupus to Ansbold -- 70. Lupus to abbot Marcward -- 71. Lupus to bishop Pardulus -- 72. Lupus to bishop Pardulus -- 73. Lupus to bishop Pardulus -- 74. Lupus to Rotramnus -- 75. Lupus to bishop Reginfrid -- 76. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 77. Lupus to father Marcward -- 78. Lupus to King Charles -- 79. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 80. Lupus to Gottschalk -- 81. Lupus on behalf of various bishops to Nominoë, duke of Brittany -- 82. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 83. Lupus to father Marcward -- 84. Lupus to King Ethelwulf -- 85. Lupus to Felix -- 86. Lupus to bishop Guigmund -- 87. Lupus to abbot Altsig -- 88. Lupus to father Marcward -- 89. Lupus to abbot Hilduin -- 90. Lupus to abbot Hilduin -- 91. Lupus to a number of bishops at Moret -- 92. Lupus to a number of persons on the death of bishop Ercanrad -- 93. On behalf of various bishops to the clergy of the mother church of Paris -- 94. On behalf of bishop Guenilo to his parishes -- 95. Lupus to bishop Heribold -- 96. Queen Irmentrude to bishop Heribold -- 97. Lupus to bishop Heribold -- 98. Guenilo to the prelates of Italy and Gaul -- 99. Lupus to the bishops of Italy and Gaul -- 100. Lupus to Pope Benedict -- 101. Lupus to Reg. -- 102. To Pope Nicolas, on behalf of bishop Guenilo -- 103. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 104. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 105. Lupus to Bertold -- 106. Lupus to abbot Odo -- 107. Lupus to abbot Odo -- 108. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 109. Lupus to archbishop Herard -- 110. Lupus to duke Gerhard and his wife Bertha -- 111. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 112. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 113. Lupus to the brothers of Saint Germain -- 114. Lupus to bishop Arduic -- 115. Lupus to the holy fathers in the monastery of Saint Germain -- 116. Lupus to abbot Ansbold -- 117. Lupus to abbot Ansbold -- 118. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 119. Lupus to bishop Folcric -- 120. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 121. Lupus to bishop Odo -- 122. Lupus to bishop Aeneas -- 123. Lupus to abbot Vulfad -- 124. Lupus to King Charles -- 125. Lupus to Leotald -- 126. Lupus to Leotald -- 127. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 128. Bishop Guenilo to all those who are faithful to Almighty God -- 129. Lupus to his very reverend lords and valiant Christians -- 130. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 131. Lupus to Hugo -- 132. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 133. Lupus to Ebrard -- Chronological and numerical tables.

Abstract: This translation ofthe letters of Lupus of Ferrieres is based primarily on the text of Diimmler' s edition, published in the M onumenta Germaniae Historica in 1902. In the arrangement of the letters, however, I have followed Levillain who sought to put them in chronological order on the basis of his own previous research published in a series of articles in the Bibliothcque de l'E:cole des chartes, volumes LXII and LXIII, in 1901 and 1902. A chronological table with suggested dating of the letters is given in this book on pages 151-153. I have attempted to keep the notes brief, confining them chiefly to identification of quoted passages and to proper names, assuming that the reader, if interested, will him­ self seek more detailed information in the standard sources. In a collection of letters of this nature, covering as they do such a wide range of subject matter, it is to be expected that some will have comparatively little general appeal. The few letters, for example, which deal with Latin grammar will be of little interest to most readers. Occasionally a letter may border on the trite or commonplace. It has seemed desirable, however, in view ofthe limited number of such letters, and for the sake of completeness, to include the entire collection.

Abstract: I. Statement of the Problem -- II. Jurists and Unilateral Denunciation -- Zouche -- Wolff -- Grotius -- Vattel -- Wildman -- Rivier -- Halleck -- Kent -- F. von Martens -- Calvo -- Bonfils -- Bello -- Cavaglieri -- Guggenheim -- Ross -- Liszt -- Bluntschli -- Sauer -- Spiropoulos -- Schwarzenberger -- Fauchille -- Rousseau -- Anzilotti -- Verdross -- Fenwick -- Dupuis -- Axell Moller -- Fiore -- Wheaton -- Moore -- Pitt Cobbett -- Hall -- Crandall -- Oppenheim -- Hyde -- Brierly -- McNair -- Fitzmaurice -- Korovin -- The Harvard Research in International Law -- The American Law Institute -- The United Nations International Law Commission -- Conclusion -- III. Judges and Unilateral Denunciation -- The Tacna Arica Case -- The Diversion of Water from the Meuse Case -- Ware v. Hylton -- In re Thomas -- Hooper v. The United States -- The Chinese Exclusion Case -- Terlinden v. Ames -- Charlton v. Kelly -- The Blonde and Other Ships Case -- In re Lepeschkin -- Attorney-General of the Court of Appeal of Brussels v. Aron -- In re Totarko -- Security for Costs (Switzerland) Case -- Conclusion -- IV. Private Law Analogy and Unilateral Denunciation -- French Law -- German Law -- Other Continental and Latin American Legal Systems -- English Law -- American Law -- Indian Law -- Soviet Law -- Islamic Law -- Japanese Law -- Chinese Law -- Conclusion -- V. Related Problems -- Pacta Sunt Servanda and Unilateral Denunciation -- Unilateral Denunciation and Unanimity Rule -- The Rule of Extinctive Prescription and Unilateral Denunciation -- A Violated Treaty — Void or Voidable ? -- The Limitation of Substantial Breach -- The Principle of Severability of Provisions -- Unilateral Denunciation and Law-Making Treaty -- The Concept of the Rule of Law and Unilateral Denunciation -- The Sanction of What is Proper and Public Opinion -- VI. Practice of States and Unilateral Denunciation -- The Anglo-American Treaty of Peace of 3 September 1783 -- The Franco-American Treaties, 1778–1790 -- The Ancient Anglo-Spanish Treaties -- Convention between Great Britain, the Netherlands and Russia, 19 May 1815 -- The Russo-British Convention of 16 November 1831 -- The Declaration of Paris of 1856 -- The Anglo-Transval Boers Agreement of 1852 -- The Treaty of 11th May 1867 on the Neutrality of Luxemburg -- The Treaty of London of 1839 on the Neutrality of Belgium -- The Treaty of Paris of 1856 -- The Anglo-Uruguayan Postal Agreement of 28 November 1853 -- The Anglo-Honduran Agreement of 27 August 1856 -- The Proposed Anglo-American Treaty of Extradition of 1876 -- The Anglo-American Treaty of Extradition of 9 August 1842 -- The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 19 April 1850 -- The Sino-American Treaties, 1844–1880 -- Reciprocal Trade Agreements between the U.S.A. and Other States -- The Italo-American Extradition Conventions of 8 February 1864 & 1884 -- The Russo-American Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, 1832 -- The Fifth Treaty of the Triple Alliance, 5 December 1912 -- The Prusso-American Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, 1828 -- The Japanese-American Agreement of 1907–08 -- Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice -- Treaty for the Renunciation of War (Briand-Kellog Pact), 1928 -- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights between Germany and the United States, 8 December 1923 -- The Versailles Treaty, 28 January 1919 -- The Locarno Treaty, 16 October 1925 -- The Anglo-Guatemalan Treaty of 1859 -- The International Load Line Convention, 5 July 1930 -- The Munich Agreement, 29 September 1938 -- The Soviet-Yugoslav Treaty, February 1948 -- Yugoslav-Albanian Treaties -- The Hungaro-Yugoslav Treaty of 24 July 1947 -- The Soviet-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, 11 April 1945 -- The Polish-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, 18 March 1946 -- The Hungaro-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, 8 December 1947 -- Bulgar-Yugoslav Treaties -- The Czechoslovak-Yugoslavian Treaty of 9 May 1946 -- Albano-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, 9 July 1946 -- The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 12 August 1936 -- The Anglo-Egyptian Conventions of 1899 on the Sudan -- The Italian Peace Treaty, 10 February 1947 -- The Sino-Soviet Treaty of 24 August 1945 -- The Soviet-British Treaty of Alliance of 1942 and the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Alliance of 1944 -- The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty on the Suez Canal Base, 1954 -- The Quadripartite Agreements of 1944 and 1945 on Berlin. -- Agreement Relative to the Withdrawal of Offensive Weapons from Cuba, October 1962 -- Treaty on a Partial Test Ban, July 1963 -- Conclusion -- VII. Discussions Relative to Unilateral Denunciation in International Organisations and Conferences -- The Danube Convention and Conference -- The Palestine Armistice Agreements, 1949 -- The Korean Armistice Agreement of 1953 -- Conclusion -- VIII. Conclusions -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: In a world still divided into sovereign states and possessed of no institutions for comprehensive centralised regulation of transnational interests and activities, treaties are steadily increasing in number and importance as an imperfect but indispensable substitute for such regulation. Through multilateral conventions, the world community seeks to establish widely accepted standards of state conduct in the general interest; and many international agreements are concluded for the purpose of regulating the relations between two or more states by creating contractual bonds of reciprocal nature between them. Despite the non-existence of anything resembling a world govern­ ment with effective power to enforce international law, most treaties are observed with a high degree of regularity. States normally carry out their treaty commitments because it is in their interest to do so. A treaty is made because two or more states have a common or mutual interest in establishing a new relationship or modifying an existing one. The natural penalty for the violation of a treaty establishing or regulating a mutually desired relationship is the disruption or im­ pairment of the latter. When national policies change, clauses per­ mitting termination or withdrawal by a unilaterally given notice often serve as safety valves which prevent pressures for treaty violations from building up. But there remains a residue of situations in which a state fails to live up to its obligations under a treaty still in force.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- Hamann’s Life -- Interpretation -- II. Hamann’s “Authorship”: Content (Faith) -- “Philosophy” and “Faith” -- Revelation as the Humility of God -- Faith as the Humility of Man -- III. Hamann’s “Authorship”: Form (Style) -- The Passion for Unity and Concreteness -- The Calculated Offense -- IV. Idololatria: Philosophy as a Contrary Faith -- A. The Attack on Philosophy -- V. Idololatria (cont.) -- B. The Abstracting and Denuding of Reality -- Appendix: Hamann’s Concept of Tolerance -- VI. Idololatria (cont.) -- C. The Theological Presuppositions of Hamann’s Attack -- VII. Agnosia: Philosophy Before Faith -- 1. Possibility -- 2. Function -- 3. Limitations -- VIII. Philologia: Philosophy From Faith to Faith -- A. Love of the Word Incarnate -- IX. Philologia (cont.) -- B. Love of the Word in Nature and History -- X. Conclusion -- A Man against the Enlightenment -- A Man of the Enlightenment -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: THE PROBLEM OF THE INTERPRETATION OF HAMANN Johann Georg Hamann is an intriguing but poorly known figure in the contemporary intellectual world. Yet this is the man whom Kierkegaard saluted as "Emperor!", whose writings were to have been arranged for publication by none other than Goethe himself, and whom Dilthey numbered among the primordial figures in the rise of modern historical consciousness. There are reasons for the persistence of this general ignorance. Hamann is deep. And, in addition, there is his forbidding style. The readers of Kierkegaard and Dilthey, two other giants who them­ selves achieved late recognition, have not had to face this kind of imposing obstacle. Not only does Hamann expect his readers to handle themselves in deep water, but to intuit their way between his ideas which bob up like islands with no visible connection between them. Like Kierkegaard too, Hamann has had his troubles with the public. He himself referred to the hope that he would be understood by a "better posterity". In fact only the last few years have seen the printing of some of his more controversial writings, in particular his theories on the nature of human sexuality.

Abstract: I. The Nature of the Problems and Some Previously Suggested Solutions -- I. An outline of the problems to be considered -- II. An outline of some contemporary writers -- III. A statement of the problems to be solved, and the procedure to be followed -- II. An Examination of the Concept of “Self Evidence” in Thomistic Natural Law Teaching -- I. The nature of the problem, some preliminary considerations, and an outline of the procedure to be followed -- II. S. Thomas’s teaching concerning the concept of “self evidence” in natural law precepts -- III. The role of the Thomistic concept naturalis inclinatio in our knowledge of self-evident natural law precepts -- IV. A critical assessment of some of the precepts suggested by contemporary writers as being self-evident, together with a summary of the main findings of this chapter -- III. The Thomistic Distinction Between Primary and Secondary Natural Law Precepts, as Found in the Commentary on the Sentences, the Summa Contra Gentiles and the Commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle -- I. Recapitulation -- II. The problem of the character of precepts which are not self-evident -- III. The problem in the Commentary on the Sentences -- IV. The Problem in the Summa Contra Gentiles -- V. The problem in the Commentary on the Ethics -- IV. The Thomistic Distinction Between Primary and Secondary Natural Law Precepts, as Found in the Summa Theologica -- The History of the text -- Method of presentation to be followed -- V. Some Comments on the Validity and Usefulness of the Distinction Between Primary and Secondary Precepts -- I. A statement of the aims of this chapter and an outline of the procedure to be followed -- II. Our assessment of S. Thomas’s teaching on the possibility of “logical extension” in natural law -- III. A final assessment of S. Thomas’s teaching on primary and secondary precepts, and their division -- IV. The validity and value of the distinction between primary and secondary precepts -- VI. The Concept of Variability Among the Secondary Precepts of Natural Law -- I. A discussion on the aims of this chapter and the procedure to be followed -- II. Mere historical changes in positive moral beliefs -- III. Historical changes correlated with the rational development of man -- IV. Changes in natural law due to the intrinsic complexity of certain particular situations -- V. The variability of decisions in particular situations due to the contingency of principles -- VI. Variability in natural law due to the “non-obligatory” character of positively formulated precepts -- VII. Variability in natural law due to changes in the intrinsic structure of society -- Conclusion -- Index of Authors.

Abstract: Never before in the history of mankind has there been a period when hitherto accepted moral principles have been more severely tested. The agonized cry of a world smitten by two major wars in a handful of years leaves no doubt in the minds of many that natural law ethics, ifit is to have relevance and to survive, must provide at least the outline of an answer to the problems of every day living. To date, many hundreds of books and articles have been written setting forth with great eloquence the basic and immutable principles of natural law ethics. But too often these discussions fail to consider, in their agonizing detail, situations where there is a choice between conflicting values, conflicting loyalties, conflicting ideas and duties, each of which has a claim to recognition. It is only in the isolation of the particular case that the frightening dilemmas of natural law can be most clearly experienced. To give just two illustrations.

Abstract: It is becoming increasingly evident that the existence together, in a diminishing world, of rich nations and very poor nations, is the critical problem of our time; and indeed other questions of international relations are rapidly taking on the appearance of being merely aspects of this central crux. According to some authorities it may only be a matter of a few years before the food and population question takes on such alarming proportions as to make our present troubles on the international scene seem slight by comparison. It is only against this background that we can fully appreciate the significance of the United Nations institutions and procedures for the mediation of aid, whether financial or technical, to developing coun­ tries; and indeed also for the flow of credit and skills between countries generally, for few nations or none belong wholly to one side in this matter, and the whole question is one that vitally affects the immediate futures of every one of the members of the international community.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. John Grote’s Life -- 2. Writings -- 3. Statement, and Division, of the Problem -- 4. Survey of Sources and of Previous Work on the Problem -- 5. Transition to Next Chapter -- II. Grote’s View of Phenomenalism -- I. Distinction of Terms: ‘Noumenon,’ ‘Phenomenon,’ and ‘Thing in Itself’ -- 2. What Phenomenalism Means -- 3. Phenomenal Reality -- 4. Two Tests of Phenomenalism -- 5. The Phenomenalist Spirit or Mind -- 6. Summary and Foreword to Next Chapter -- III. Grote’s Interpretation of the Relation of Phenomenalism to Philosophy -- 1. Each is Necessary to the Other -- 2. Consciousness as Active and Passive -- 3. Analysis of Sensation -- 4. Time and Space -- 5. The Relationship of Phenomenalism to Philosophy Further Illustrated -- 6. Relationship Through Contrast -- 7. Mind Provides Unity -- 8. Grote Avoids A Basic Blunder in Behaviorism -- 9. Kant’s Abstraction of Phenomenal Reality from Reason -- 10. Abstracting of Consciousness from Phenomena is Unwarranted -- 11. Historical Recapitulation -- 12. Main Contribution of the Chapter, with Comment -- 13. Transition to Next Chapter -- IV. Philosophy As Consciousness and the Ego -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ferrier’s Treatment of Philosophy and Phenomenalism -- 3. Criticism of Grote and Ferrier on the Basis of Lotze’s Position -- 4. Meaning of ‘Know,’ and ‘Know About,’ in Reference to Phenomenal Reality -- 5. Relativity of Knowledge -- 6. Summary of Main Issues -- V. ‘Philosophy’ and the Scale of Sensation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Importance of the Scale of Sensation -- 3. Two Kinds of Knowledge — ‘Higher’ and ‘Lower’ -- 4. Hamilton, Mill and Reid Compared -- 5. Descartes and Hamilton -- 6. Proper Use of Certain Terms in Relation to the Scale of Sensation -- 7. Critical Reflection on the Foregoing Chapter -- VI. Phenomenalist Logic and Knowledge -- 1. Introductory -- 2. Grote’s Own Position Revealed Through Criticism of Hamilton and Mill -- 3. Phenomenalism Inadequate For A Perfect Scheme of Knowledge -- 4. Critical Observations and Analyses -- VII. The Introspective Method in Knowledge -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Locke’s Psychology -- 3. Hume’s Rationalism -- 4. Berkeley’s Subjectivism -- 5. Spencer’s and Morell’s Evolutionism -- 6. Retrospect and Prospect -- VIII. Immediateness and Reflection -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Purpose of the Chapter in Introducing These Terms -- 3. Meaning of Immediateness and Reflection -- 4. Significance of Immediateness and Reflection in Grote’s Philosophy -- 5. Critical Comment -- 6. Relation to the Following Chapter -- IX. Personalism in Grote’s Writings -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Epistemological Monism -- 3. Monistic, Pluralistic, and Theistic Personalism -- 4. Critique of Materialism -- 5. Critical Comment -- 6. Summary and Transition to Next Chapter -- X. Grote’s Idealism -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Grote’s Platonism -- 3. Critique of Utilitarianism -- 4. A Critique of Moral Ideals -- 5. Critical Remarks -- 6. Concluding Note to this Chapter -- Conclusion -- 1. Grote’s Position in the History of Philosophy -- 2. Further Critical Comment -- Appendix: An Exposition of the Miscellaneous Writings of John Grote -- I. “On A Furture State” -- 1. Glorification of body and mind -- 2. Simplicity of style and thought in this article -- 3. Effect of present life on the future -- 4. Manner of individual appearance in a future life is unimportant -- 5. Stress on the importance of both present and future life -- 6. Comment -- II. “On Glossology” -- 1. Concerning terminology -- i. Break in Grote’s projected work on glossology -- ii.’ Phone’ and ‘noem’ -- iii.’ Phonism’ and ‘noematism’ -- iv. Ideas of physical ‘things’ -- v. Stomatism -- vi. ‘Hypophonism’ -- 2. The philosophy of language -- i. Four divisions -- ii. ‘Noematism’ -- iii. ‘Noematoschematism’ -- iv.’ Phonarium’ -- v. ‘Dianoematism’ -- vi. In extreme cases the modification in noematism is very great -- 3. Criticism of Tooke -- 4. Criticism of Trench -- 5. Comment -- III. “Thought vs. Learning” -- 1. A contrast -- 2. Use of one’s own mind is of chief importance -- 3. Thought and learning stagnation -- 4. Comment -- IV. “Pascal and Montaigne” -- 1. A brief comparison -- 2. Pascal’s devotion to religion -- 3. Montaigne’s neopaganism -- 4. Pascal on happiness -- 5. Comment -- V. “On the Dating of Ancient History” -- 1. Dating of events by two methods — epochal and eponymous -- 2. Dynastical reckoning -- 3. Olympiadic dating -- 4. Dating by lunar months -- 5. Dating originating in Christendom -- 6. Other methods of dating -- 7. Present and future methods of dating -- VI. “Origin and Meaning of Roman Names” -- 1. Significance of ‘nomen,’ ‘praenomen,’ and ‘cognomen’ -- 2. Criticism of Plutarch -- 3. Change in a Roman name -- 4. Criticism of Varro’s view -- 5. Present-day names based on Roman rather than on Greek -- VII. Conclusion to Miscellaneous Writings -- Chronological Bibliography of the Writings of John Grote -- General Bibliography.

Abstract: An objective of this book is to discuss some of the contributions made by John Grote to philosophy. This work is an extension of a dissertation written for the doctorate at Boston University. The author wishes to acknowledge the invaluable assistance in many places to Professor Peter A. Bertocci and the late Professor Edgar S. Brightman both of whom read the entire manuscript in its original form. Also, the author acknowledges the encouraging interest and support of his wife, Helen, whose many suggestions have improved the writing and without whose assistance this work would not have been accomplished. The author assumes complete responsibility for whatever errors or deficiencies appear in the book. All known writings of Grote are listed and the more important ones analyzed. LAUCHLIN D. MACDONALD CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. JOHN GROTE'S LIFE i. Sketch of his life John Grote will remain best known by reason of the thought formu­ lated in the Exploratio Philosophica, or Rough Notes on Modern I ntellectu­ al Science. To the philosophical world of his own time he was well known as the teacher who ably held the chair of Moral Philosophy in the University of Cambridge from r855 until the year of his death, r866, to the Knightbridge Professor, William Whewell whose in succession Philosophy of Science is the subject of at least one chapter of the Exploratio Philosophica. Grote's birthplace was Beckenham in Kent, and the date, May 5, r8r3.