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  • Online Resource  (28)
  • Kraan, Dirk-Jan  (10)
  • OECD International Transport Forum  (9)
  • Yermo, Juan  (9)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (26)
  • Paris : International Transport Forum  (2)
  • Finance and Investment  (21)
  • Industry and Services  (9)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282157626
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Research Reports
    Keywords: Verkehrsmittelwahl ; Güterverkehr ; China ; Kanada ; Niederlande ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Transport
    Abstract: This report examines why freight carriers and shippers choose one transport mode over others. It analyses the main determinants for using road, rail, inland waterways, coastal shipping or pipelines to move goods and assesses government policies to influence it. The study also reviews how shifting freight to more sustainable modes could reduce the contribution of goods transport to climate change and provides recommendations for more effective policies. The role of mode choice in alleviating congestion and making goods transport safer is also addressed. Three case studies from China, Canada and the Netherlands highlight modal-shift policies.
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  • 2
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Decarbonising Azerbaijan's Transport System: Charting the Way Forward
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Bu sənəddə Azərbaycanın nəqliyyat sektorundakı istixana qazı emissiyalarının azaldılması üçün imkanlar və problemlər nəzərdən keçirilir. Burada Azərbaycanın nəqliyyat sisteminə ümumi baxış təqdim edilir, ölkənin nəqliyyat sistemində CO2 tullantılarının azaldılması üçün mövcud siyasəti və gələcək planları nəzərdən keçirilir. Sənəddə, həmçinin nəqliyyat fəaliyyəti və Azərbaycan üçün mövcud olan emissiyalar haqqında məlumatlar, eləcə də dövlət qurumları tərəfindən onların qiymətləndirilməsi üçün istifadə olunan alətlər barədə ümumi məlumat verilir. Nəhayət, BNF-nin “İnkişaf etməkdə olan iqtisadiyyatlarda Nəqliyyatın Dekarbonlaşdırılması” (DTEE) layihəsi çərçivəsində növbəti fəaliyyət variantları təklif edilir.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.96
    Keywords: Containerterminal ; Automatisierung ; Industry and Services ; Transport
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of the current state of automation in container ports. It shows which terminal activities have been automated in different ports and which additional activities might be automated in the future. It assesses if automation projects have achieved their objectives and identifies policy issues related to container terminal automation.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.88
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Verkehr ; Indien ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Transport ; India
    Abstract: This report presents an analysis of current transport activity in India and reviews key policy instruments set up by Indian institutions to shape transport developments in the coming years. It also investigates future scenarios of transport in India and outlines key aspects that should be considered in the upcoming work on transport decarbonisation. The final section builds on these insights, charting a way forward for a climate change mitigation strategy for the Indian transport sector. In particular, it underlines the importance of taking an approach that is not limited to direct GHG emission reductions but takes into account a lifecycle perspective.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 21, no. 3 | volume:21 | year:2021 | number:3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 21, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:21
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Netherlands
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 191 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 78
    Series Statement: Case-specific policy analysis
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Transport ; Industry and Services ; Estonia ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report reviews strategic planning in Estonia’s transport sector to support the development of a Transport and Mobility Master Plan 2021-30 for Estonia. It assesses ten key aspects of transport policy with recommendations for reform. The impact of selected proposed reforms are examined under different scenarios modelled for this study.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 92 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 80
    Series Statement: Decarbonising transport
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Energy ; Transport ; Industry and Services ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyses future energy-use in the shipping sector of the Nordic region. It centres on pathways that could allow the Nordic shipping sector to meet energy and environmental policy goals, including energy diversification, cutting air pollution and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It details the feasible technology options currently available, the status of their adoption and government plans aimed at influencing future developments in this sector. Finally, it assesses implications for policy making for a rapid transition to cleaner maritime shipping. The Nordic region is pioneering efforts to reduce the environmental impact of maritime shipping, making the findings of this report relevant around the globe.
    Note: References page 74-88 , Adobe Acrobat Reader.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 77
    Series Statement: Decarbonising transport
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Environment ; Transport ; Industry and Services ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report reviews progress on technical standards for heavy vehicles that could enable trucks and buses with zero or near-zero emissions. It focuses on plug-in and fuel cell electric vehicles that use technologies at the forefront of green and inclusive economic development. It includes information on technical standards on charging and refueling infrastructure, and identifies remaining barriers and opportunities for their future development. The report offers valuable insights for all stakeholders involved in the transition to carbon-free mobility and clean energy.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : International Transport Forum
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 81
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Nutzfahrzeug ; Elektrofahrzeug ; Fahrzeugflotte ; Environment ; Transport ; Industry and Services ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents policies and private sector initiatives for the electrification of urban delivery vehicles. Electric vehicles have low operational costs and the high mileage of delivery vehicles maximises net savings from converting a fleet. Insights on the total cost of ownership and the environmental footprint of electric fleets highlight broader benefits of electrification programmes for commercial vehicles.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : International Transport Forum
    ISBN: 9789282110102
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 350 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / International Transport Forum
    Series Statement: ITF Research Reports
    Keywords: Luftverkehrspolitik ; Deregulierung ; Welt ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Transport ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Aviation is one of the most regulated industries in the world. Much of this regulation is safety-related, to mitigate the inherent risks tied with air transport. But aviation is also subject to economic regulation that influences which airline flies which route, at which frequency, capacity and price. It even stipulates the nationality of its owners and decision makers. Aviation has freed itself from some restrictions over the past three decades, with many benefits to society. Yet liberalisation has also raised issues with regard to maintaining fair competition, high labour standards and mitigating aviation’s growing environmental impact.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 18(2018), 2 vom: 12. Dez., Seite 151-195 | volume:18 | year:2018 | number:2 | day:12 | month:12 | pages:151-195
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 18(2018), 2 vom: 12. Dez., Seite 151-195
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:18
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2018
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:151-195
    Keywords: Institutions and behavioual patterns as determinants of budgetary outcomes ; Fixed and flexible medium term expenditure frameworks ; Top-down budgeting ; Decentralisation of operational expenditure control to line ministries ; Incremental budgeting ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: This article describes the changes that have taken place in the work of the Budget Office of the central government as a consequence of the transition from the traditional budget process, often referred to as “incremental budgeting”, to top-down budgeting. This transition has taken place in most OECD countries in the course of the last three decades and has generally led to the end of the century-old trend of growth of the public sector relative to GDP. As a consequence of this transition the role of the budget office has shifted from operational expenditure control to supervision on the maintenance of the medium term expenditure framework. In general this has led to a more co-operative relationship between the Budget Office and the financial divisions of the line ministries. This article is based on case studies in three countries, namely the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Slovenia and highlights the differences in their budgeting procedures and the extent to which the transition to top-down budgeting has been implemented.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 18(2018), 2 vom: 12. Dez., Seite 8-72 | volume:18 | year:2018 | number:2 | day:12 | month:12 | pages:8-72
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 18(2018), 2 vom: 12. Dez., Seite 8-72
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:18
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2018
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:8-72
    Keywords: medium term planning ; fiscal transparency ; public financial management ; budgetary governance ; performance ; budgeting ; fiscal reporting ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics ; France ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: During the last two decades, France introduced a series of far-reaching reforms intended to bring about greater transparency towards Parliament, autonomy and flexibility to public managers, and rigor in to fiscal policy making.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 17, no. 3, p. 9-93 | volume:17 | year:2018 | number:3 | pages:9-93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 17, no. 3, p. 9-93
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:17
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2018
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:9-93
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: Despite being one of the newest countries in the world today, Timor-Leste has made great progress in building its institutions and economic capacity.With international support, Timor-Leste aims to improve its public financial management systems according to global benchmarks. Grounded upon the principles of the OECD’s Recommendation on Budgetary Governance and building on existing diagnostic and analytical materials this review performs a fresh assessment of the country’s current financial management systems and outlines a practical “roadmap” for progress in key areas of budgeting and planning over coming years.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 16, no. 2, p. 75-92 | volume:16 | year:2017 | number:2 | pages:75-92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 16, no. 2, p. 75-92
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:16
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2017
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:75-92
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Despite fulfilling a crucial role in the delivery of public services, the finance function of line ministries has received little attention both in the past and in the present. This paper will focus on the finance function in line ministries, explain why a strong finance function is of paramount importance in the current era of lean and compact government and identify the reforms that need to be implemented in order to make this possible.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 2, p. 69-140 | volume:12 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:69-140
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 2, p. 69-140
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:69-140
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Ukraine
    Abstract: This budget review of Ukraine first discusses some general legal, political and economic characteristics of the country and recent institutional reforms. Section 2 examines the budget formulation process with separate attention for the budget structure and classification, the annual budget preparation cycle, medium-term planning, long-term fiscal sustainability, the organisation of the Ministry of Finance, and the funding of local government. Section 3 addresses the parliamentary budget process with special attention for the Budget Committee, the annual parliamentary budget cycle, and the impact of parliament. Section 4 focuses on budget execution with special attention for the annual executive process, cash management, and budgetary discipline. Section 5 looks at the supply side of the budget process: the ministries and agencies that provide for public administration and service delivery at the level of central government, as well as such provision by local governments. Section 5 also addresses public employment, the civil service, public procurement, and the public enterprise sector. Section 6 looks at accounting and audit, with special attention for financial reporting, internal audit, and external audit. JEL classification: H610, H570, H830 Keywords: Budget formulation, budget preparation cycle, budget structure and classification, medium-term planning, long-term fiscal sustainability, parliamentary budget process, parliamentary budget committee, annual budget cycle, budget execution, cash management, budgetary discipline, public administration and service delivery, local government, public procurement, public employment, civil service, public enterprise sector, accounting, audit, financial reporting, internal audit, external audit, Ukraine.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 1, p. 1-14 | volume:12 | year:2012 | number:1 | pages:1-14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 1, p. 1-14
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2012
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-14
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The pace of recovery from the financial crisis is uneven across the OECD area. This article discusses the current economic situation in OECD countries and gives an overview of the consolidation efforts currently undertaken by many governments, including the Netherlands. After exploring why fiscal deficits arise and which factors are conducive to successful consolidation, the article concludes with some normative remarks on the Dutch consolidation package in the light of considerations of political economy.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 1, p. 1-44 | volume:12 | year:2012 | number:1 | pages:1-44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 1, p. 1-44
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2012
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-44
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Montenegro
    Abstract: This article examines the budget process in Montenegro. After discussing some general legal, political and economic characteristics of the country, recent institutional reforms are surveyed. The section on the budget formulation process pays special attention to the budget structure and classification, the annual budget preparation cycle, medium-term planning, long-term fiscal sustainability, the organisation of the Ministry of Finance, and the funding of local government. Section 3 addresses the parliamentary approval process, including the role of the budget committee, the annual parliamentary budget cycle, and the impact of Parliament. Section 4 focuses on budget execution, in particular the organisation of the executive process, cash management, and reallocation. Section 5 looks at the supply side of the budget process – public administration and service delivery by the central government as well as by local governments – and at public procurement, public employment, the civil service, and the public enterprise sector. Section 6 examines accounting and audit, including financial reporting, internal audit and external audit.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 237-256
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 237-256
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: A period of protracted low interest rates is a feasible, even if not the most likely, scenario going forward and such a scenario would adversely affect pension funds and insurance companies. Protracted low interest rates affect investment opportunities and have a potentially significant adverse effect on life insurance companies and institutions whose liabilities consist of a fixed investment return or benefit promises, such as is the case for defined-benefit pension funds. It cannot be ruled out that the financial institutions affected engage in “gambling for redemption” in an attempt to match the level of return promised to beneficiaries when financial markets were more elevated.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 145-164
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 145-164
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Institutional investors in OECD countries held over USD 65 trillion in assets at the end of 2009, and they are growing fast in emerging economies where Sovereign Wealth Funds still predominate as source of long-term capital. Concerns about short-termism and corporate governance have led to calls for more “responsible” and longer-term investment, especially by institutional investors that manage retirement savings. Long-term investors could provide benefits by acting counter-cyclically, engaging as active shareholders, considering environmental and other longer-term risks and by financing long-term, productive activities that support sustainable growth. This requires transformational change in investor behavior, i.e. a new “investment culture”, and various major policy initiatives. This article has been designed to stimulate discussion on the benefits of long-term investing for growth, sustainable development and financial stability, and regulatory and other barriers that impede such investment. Drawing on existing OECD work and guidelines, it also puts forward tentative policy proposals to encourage long-term investing, thus preparing the ground for further analysis and data collection to be undertaken by the OECD in this area.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 10, no. 3, p. 1-53
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 3, p. 1-53
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Moldova, Republic of
    Abstract: The institutional features of the budget process in Moldova are in a permanent flux, because of ambitious reform programmes that have been adopted in recent years and that are planned for the future. This article examines the Moldovan budget formulation process, the role of parliament, budget execution and budget discipline, the supply side of the budget process (public administration and service delivery), and accounting and audit. JEL classification: H610.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 9, no. 3, p. 185-227
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 9, no. 3, p. 185-227
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Latvia
    Abstract: At the time of this review, fiscal policy in Latvia was in considerable turmoil as a consequence of the world-wide financial crisis. Thus, some of the usual budget rules and procedures were not followed during budget preparation 2009 and 2010 and budget execution 2009. This review examines the usual budget rules and procedures that were followed until 2008 and also the major institutional revisions that were discussed in 2009. The instability of fiscal policy is a major problem for Latvia and there is an urgent need to bring more stability to the budget process.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2010, no. 1, p. 87-115
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2010, no. 1, p. 87-115
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper assesses the relative performance of different investment strategies for different structures of the payout phase. In particular, it looks at whether the specific glide-path of life-cycle investment strategies and the introduction of dynamic features in the design of default investment strategies affect significantly retirement income outcomes. The analysis concludes that there is no “one-size-fits-all” default investment option. Life-cycle and dynamic investment strategies deliver comparable replacement rates adjusted by risk. However, life-cycle strategies that maintain a constant exposure to equities during most of the accumulation period, switching swiftly to bonds in the last decade before retirement, seem to produce better results and are easier to explain. Dynamic management strategies can provide somewhat higher replacement rates for a given level of risk than the more deterministic strategies, at least in the case of pay-outs in the form of variable withdrawals. The length of the contribution period also affects the ranking of the different investment strategies with life-cycle strategies having a stronger positive impact the shorter is the contribution period.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 1-42
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 1-42
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Good governance is increasingly recognised as an important aspect of an efficient private pension system, enhancing investment performance and benefit security. Yet, despite regulatory and industry initiatives, governance weaknesses persist across OECD and non-OECD countries.This paper highlights the main governance challenges faced by policymakers (particularly with trust-based pension systems), and draws on recent policy initiatives to propose possible solutions to strengthen governance arrangements.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 163-184
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 163-184
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The principal purpose of this article is to analyse the trade-off between the (un)certainty in contributions on the one hand and benefits on the other that is embedded in different pension arrangements. The article employs the funding ratio (ratio of assets to liabilities) and the replacement rate (ratio of benefits to salaries) as key criteria for evaluating the risk sharing characteristics of a private pension plan from the perspective of the plan member. The stochastic simulations performed show that hybrid plans (those in between traditional DB and individual DC) appear to be more efficient and sustainable forms of risk sharing than either of the other two. Of the three main hybrid plans analysed, conditional indexation plans appear to have the greatest potential as sustainable forms of risk sharing.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 133-161
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 133-161
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Many countries around the world are partly prefunding their otherwise pay-as-you-go (PAYG) financed social security systems by establishing or further developing existing public pension reserve funds (PPRFs). Most OECD countries have put in place internal and external governance mechanisms and investment controls to ensure the sound management of these funds and better isolate them from undue political influence. These structures and mechanisms are in line with OECD standards of good pension fund governance and investment management. In particular, the requirements of accountability, suitability and transparency are broadly met by these reserve funds. However, some specific details of the funds’ governance and investment management could be improved in a few countries, such as enhancing the expertise in the funds’ governing boards and constraining discretionary interventions by government. Such reforms will ultimately raise the long-term investment performance of the funds and the solvency of social security systems.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 163-196
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 163-196
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper provides a description of the risk sharing features of pension plan design in selected OECD and non-OECD countries and how they correspond with the funding rules applied to pension funds. In addition to leading to a better understanding of differences in funding rules across countries with developed pension fund systems, the study considers the trend towards risk-based regulation. While the document does not enter the debate over the application of riskbased quantitative funding requirements to pension funds (as under Basel II or Solvency II), it identifies the risk factors that should be evaluated and considered in a comprehensive risk-based regulatory approach, whether prescriptive or principles-based. The three main risk factors identified are the nature of risks and the guarantees offered under different plans designs, the extent to which benefits are conditional and can be adjusted, and the extent to which contributions may be raised to cover any funding gap. In addition, the strength of the guarantee or covenant from the sponsoring employer(s) and of insolvency guarantee arrangements should be carefully assessed when designing funding requirements.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 117-132
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 117-132
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) are pools of assets owned and managed directly or indirectly by governments to achieve national objectives. These funds have raised concerns about: i) financial stability; ii) corporate governance and iii) political interference and protectionism. At the same time governments have formed other large pools of capital to finance public pension systems, i.e. Public Pension Reserve Funds (PPRFs). SWFs are set up to diversify and improve the return on foreign exchange reserves or commodity revenue, and to shield the domestic economy from fluctuations in commodity prices. PPRFs are set up to contribute to financing pay-as-you-go pension plans. The total of SWF pools is estimated at around USD 2.6 trillion in 2006/7, and is getting bigger rapidly, owing to current exchange rate policies and oil prices. The total amount for PPRFs is even larger, around USD 4.4 trillion in 2006/7, if the US Trust Fund is included (USD 2.2 trillion if excluded). SWFs and PPRFs share some characteristics, hence give rise to similar concerns. However, their objectives, investment strategies, sources of funding and transparency requirements differ. There is concern about strategic and political objectives of SWFs, and their impact on exchange rates and asset prices. But SWFs also provide mechanisms for breaking up concentrations of portfolios that increase risk. Enhancing governance and transparency of SWFs is important, but such considerations have to be weighed against commercial objectives.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 135-166
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 135-166
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Collective pension funds (CPFs) – occupational pension funds that cover the employees of more than one employer (enterprise) – have been operating in OECD countries for decades. Generally speaking, there are two models, i.e. closed pension funds, with membership restricted to a particular industry or group of industries, and open pension funds, open to all types of companies. The governance structure of such funds also operates in two ways – via an internal model (with trustees appointed by employers and employees) and an external model (with professional, commercial trustees). In this report, we first describe and analyse how CPFs are operated in selected OECD countries and non-OECD economies. Then, we review occupational pensions (or Enterprise Annuities – EA – in Chinese terminology) in general and CPFs in particular. Given the problems holding back the development of EA plans among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China, and bearing in mind both China’s specific situations and international best practices, we propose a number of policy recommendations to promote the development of CPFs covering the SME sector. Our practical policy recommendations include: 1) industry funds with more open membership; 2) establishment of new purpose-built industry funds; 3) establishment of new regional EA administration centres acting as independent pension councils (trustees) for open pension funds; 4) in parallel to these policy initiatives in China, commercial trustees should be encouraged to establish CPFs targeting the SME sector.
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