Abstract: Introductory Chapters -- Belgium -- Denmark -- England -- France -- Federal Republic of Germany -- Italy -- Switzerland -- United States -- Analysis of Hypothetical Case -- Belgium -- Denmark -- England -- France -- Federal Republic of Germany -- Italy -- Switzerland -- United States -- Index to Major Topics.

Abstract: More than a decade has passed since economist Richard N. Cooper reflected upon the trend toward increasing economic interdependence in the international community: During the past decade there has been a strong trend toward economic interdependence among the industrial countries. This growing interdependence makes the successful pursuit of national economic objectives much more difficult. Broadly speaking, increas­ ing interdependence complicates the pursuit of national objectives in three ways. First, it increases the number and magnitude of the disturbances to which each country's balance of payments is subjected, and this in turn diverts policy attention and instruments of policy to the restoration of external balance. Second, it slows down the process by which national authorities, each acting on its own, are able to reach their domestic objectives. Third, the response to greater integration can involve the community of nations in counter-acting motions which leave all countries worse off than they need be . . . J Nothing has occured in the 1970s to suggest that Cooper's assessment is inaccurate. Indeed, the process which he identified has accelerated. By the mid-1970s, if one is to mention but one example, exports accounted for twenty per cent of the combined gross national product of the Member States of the European Communities, and exports provided seven per cent of the 2 gross national product of the United States.

Abstract: 1. Velocity Determination from Seismic Reflection Data -- 2. Patterns of Sources and Detectors -- 3. Well Geophone Surveys and the Calibration of Acoustic Velocity Logs -- 4. Seismic Sources on Land -- 5. Marine Seismic Sources -- 6. Gravity and Magnetic Surveys at Sea -- 7. Pulse Shaping Methods -- 8. Seismic Profiling for Coal on Land.

Abstract: This is a collection of original papers, each by an expert in his field. They deal with different sectors of recent geophysical development. It may be, at first, difficult to see what else unites them, and how these several technologies can contribute to an integrated exploration process. What brings these writers together is that they have all contributed to the improvement of what comes to the eye of the geophysical interpreter. Some of the improvement is achieved at the data-gathering stage, some of it in processing, and in presentation. For all of this improvement interpreters in general are most grateful. The editor is appreciative in a quite personal way, not only of the advances in technology, but also of the effort in writing which has been made by these busy contributors, and so created this collection. Something can be said here about interpretation and the environment in which it is carried out, since it represents the field where the results of these technical developments are ultimately tested. In the commercial world it is from the geophysical interpreter that management learns the results of a large sector of exploration expenditure, and learns them in a form on which still larger expenditures on later phases of exploration can be based.

Abstract: 1 Introductory General Notes -- 1.1 Soldering components to interconnections when utilizing strip board -- 1.2 Resistor colour code -- 1.3 Symbols used in circuit diagrams -- 1.4 Symbols for quantities -- 1.5 Abbreviations -- 1.6 Notes on some aspects of electrical measuring instruments -- 2 Semiconductor Diodes: Characteristics; Use in D.C. Power Supplies -- 2.1 Semiconductor diodes -- 2.2 Zener diodes -- 2.3 D.C. power supplies: an introduction -- 3 Bipolar Junction Transistors: Characteristics and Simple Associated Circuits -- 3.1 Bipolar junction transistors -- 3.2 Characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in common-base (CB) connection -- 3.3 Characteristics of an n-p-n bipolar transistor in common-emitter (CE) connection -- 3.4 A bipolar transistor tester -- 3.5 Further investigation -- 3.6 Voltage stabilizing circuits: general information; the use of bipolar transistors -- 3.7 Constant current sources: introduction -- 3.8 Amplifiers: use of bipolar transistors -- 3.9 Sinusoidal waveform generators -- 3.10 Multivibrators -- 3.11 The Schmitt trigger circuit -- 3.12 Sweep generator: utilizing the bootstrap principle -- 3.13 An optically-coupled isolator -- 3.14 A typical application of an optically-coupled isolator -- 4 Field Effect Transistors: Characteristics and Simple Associated Circuits -- 4.1 Field-effect transistors (FETs or fets) -- 4.2 A simple common-source fet amplifier -- 4.3 Sinusoidal waveform generators based on field-effect transistors -- 4.4 Multivibrators utilizing fets -- 5 Unijunction Transistors; Silicon Controlled Rectifiers: Characteristics and Applications -- 5.1 Unijunction transistors (UJTs or ujts) -- 5.2 Relaxation oscillators -- 5.3 A staircase generator or frequency divider based on a unijunction transistor -- 5.4 Programmable unijunction transistors (PUTs or puts) -- 5.5 A relaxation oscillator based on a put -- 5.6 Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs or scrs) -- 5.7 Phase control by means of silicon controlled rectifiers -- 5.8 Phase control by means of an scr fired by pulses from a ujt circuit -- 5.9 Phase control by means of a put -- 5.10 A bistable circuit based on the use of silicon controlled rectifiers -- 6 More Complex Amplifiers and some Applications -- 6.1 Differential or difference amplifiers -- 6.2 Operational amplifiers -- 6.3 Applications of operational amplifiers -- 6.4 Voltage-to-frequency converters which make use of an operational amplifier -- 6.5 A high-quality pre-amplifier for audio frequency signals -- 7 Logic Gates -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The basic TTL 2-input NAND gate -- 7.3 Multivibrator circuits based on NAND gates of the TTL type -- 7.4 Further pulse generator circuits based on NAND gates -- 7.5 The OR and the exclusive-OR functions -- 7.6 Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic gates -- 7.7 Multivibrator circuits based on NAND gates of the CMOS type -- 8 Some integrated Circuits -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 A monolithic integrated circuit voltage stabilizer -- 8.3 Voltage-to-frequency converters -- 8.4 Monolithic integrated circuit waveform generators -- 8.5 Waveform generators of the multivibrator type based on NAND gates -- 8.6 A decade counter and a cold-cathode number display tube.

Abstract: Electronics is essentially an experimental subject and enables a wealth of experimental work to be undertaken at relatively low cost. In any modestly equipped electrical engineering or physics laboratory. it is possible to plan interesting experiments to study active and passive com­ ponents, basic circuit functions, modular encapsulations and monolithic integrated circuits. The work may range from the formal investigation of a device new to the student to the design and construction of quite advanced, modern measurement and control systems. There are few books which guide experimental work in electronics. This text aims to rectify this by giving detailed descriptions of a series of experiments all of which have been thoroughly tested by students in physics, electronics, electrical engineering and instrumentation at The Polytechnic of Central London. Moreover, several of these experiments would seem to be appropriate for the current development of interest in courses in electronics in schools because several of them have been undertaken with considerable success by first-year sixth-form students who have come to Central London for special courses. They would also assist an introductory course in electronics for students from other disciplines and have been tried out in this way at The Polytechnic.

Abstract: Section 1 Passive Circuits -- 1.1 English Letters -- 1.2 Greek Letters -- Section 2 Transistors -- 2.1 Static Conditions -- 2.2 Small Signal Conditions -- Section 3 Operational Amplifiers -- 3.1 Symbols and Definitions -- 3.2 Formulas and Circuits -- A Table of 5% Value Ratios -- B Electronic Terms and their Corresponding Symbols.

Abstract: The Handbook of Electronics Formulas, Symbols and Defini­ tions has been compiled for engineers, technicians, armed forces personnel, commercial operators, students, hobbyists, and all others who have some knowledge of electronic terms, symbols, and theory. The author's intention has been to provide: A small, light reference book that may be easily carried in an attache case or kept in a desk drawer for easy access. A source for the majority of all electronic formulas, sym­ bols, and definitions needed or desired for today's passive and active analog circuit technology. A format in which a desired formula may be located almost instantly without the use of an index, in the desired trans­ position, and in sufficiently parenthesized linear form for direct use with any scientific calculator. Sufficient information, alternate methods, approximations, schematic diagrams, and/or footnotes in such a manner so that technicians and hobbyists may understand and use the majority of the formulas, and that is acceptable and equally useful to engineers and others very knowledgeable in the field. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Much of the material is this Handbook is based upon a small loose-leaf notebook containing formulas and other reference material compiled over many years. With the passage of time, the sources of this material have become unknown. It is impos­ sible therefore to list and give the proper credit.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Lettuce -- 3 Celery -- 4 Cabbage -- 5 Endive and Chicory -- 6 Spinach -- 7 Lesser Salad Vegetables.

Abstract: Leafy salad vegetables are among the most universally used vegetable crops grown today. Their prominence as important crops has been heightened through the last several decades due to an awareness on the part of consumers of the nutrient, and other obvious values they offer to the diet as "fresh greens" which, at least in the United States, have become a daily table staple. As a result, acreage planted to leafy salad vegetable crops has expanded to a remarkable degree over the past few decades, making these crops an important segment of the agricultural and marketing industries. Published information on leafy salad vegetables has been-and is­ widespread and scattered. This book brings together all up-to-date information and is amply referenced throughout for further study and information. Similarities and differences among the species are discussed and provide insight into the place these species hold in the world cropping system and in the human diet. This approach in text organiza­ tion was made in an effort to be helpful to the widest type of readership: professional researchers and teachers, graduate and undergraduate stu­ dents, extension workers, farmers and other members of the horticultural community, and, perhaps, even lay readers who are the ultimate consumers.

Abstract: Since the publication in 1950 of Vol. I, Spectra of Diatomic Molecules of Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, much progress has been made in the field. While there have been some important refinements in the theory of diatomic molecular spectra, most of the advances have been in the further exploration of individual spectra. Not only has the number of molecules about which some spectroscopic data are available been increased by a factor of 2 to 3, but also the spectroscopic information about the molecules known in 1950 has been vastly extended. This is due to the observation of new elec­ tronic states (about three times as many as known before), the enormous improvements in the accuracy of the constants of the states known in 1950, and the determination of higher order constants. In view of the increasing use of spectroscopic information on diatomic molecules in other fields of physics, in chemistry, and in astrophysics, it appeared desirable to prepare an up-to-date version of the table of molecular constants in the appendix of Vol. I. This updating proved to be far more time-consuming than originally anticipated, and it is only now, 10 years that we are able to present such a table, which, instead after its initiation, of the original 80 pages (plus 30 pages of bibliography), now fills a volume of 700 pages. In the interest of economy, and unlike the original version, the new table has been produced by photo-offset from the final manuscript.

Abstract: Section One: Deposits in Geological Environments at the Earth’s Surface -- The Bauxite Deposits of Jamaica -- The Onverdacht Bauxite Deposit — Surinam -- The Nickel Deposits of New Caledonia -- The Nsuta Manganese Deposit — Ghana -- The Tin Deposits of the Kinta Valley — Malaysia -- The Beach-Sand Deposits of North Stradbroke Island — Australia -- The Witwatersrand Gold-Uranium Deposits — South Africa -- The Uranium Deposits of the Blind River Area — Canada -- The Esterhazy Potash Deposits — Canada -- The Sulphur Salt Dome — U.S.A. -- The Iron Deposits of the Northampton District — U.K. -- The Mesabi Iron Range — U.S.A. -- The Iron Deposits of the Itabira District — Brazil -- Section Two: Mineral Deposits in Sedimentary Rocks -- The Luanshya Copper Deposit — Zambia -- The Ambrosia Lake Uranium Field — U.S.A. -- The Laisvall Lead-Zinc Deposit — Sweden -- The Picher Lead-Zinc Field — U.S.A. -- The Zinc, Lead and Barite Deposits of the Silvermines District — Ireland -- The Zinc-Lead Deposits of the Pine Point District — Canada -- The Sullivan Deposit — Canada -- The Broken Hill Deposit — Australia -- Section Three: Deposits Associated with Felsic Magmatic Environments -- The Helen Iron Deposit — Canada -- The Pyritic Deposits of the Tamasos Field — Cyprus -- The Skorovas Pyritic Deposit — Norway -- The Rio Tinto Deposits — Spain -- The Noranda Field — Canada -- The Deposits of the Kosaka District — Japan -- The Almaden Mercury Deposit — Spain -- The Deposits of the MacIntyre-Hollinger Field — Canada -- The Homestake Gold Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Bunker Hill Silver Deposit — U.S.A. -- The El Salvador Porphyry Copper Deposit — Chile -- The Chuquicamata Copper Deposit — Chile -- The Bingham Canyon Copper Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Climax Molybdenum Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Butte District — U.S.A. -- The Santa Eulaila Deposit — Mexico -- The South-West England District — U.K. -- The Pine Creek Tungsten Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Bikita Pegmatite — Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) -- Section Four: Mineral Deposits in Basic and Ultrabasic Magmatic Rocks -- The Plantinum Deposits of the Merensky Reef — South Africa -- The Chromite Deposits of the Great Dyke — Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) -- The Sudbury Nickel Deposits — Canada -- The Tellnes Illmenite Deposit — Norway -- The Chromite Deposits of Mugla District — Turkey -- The Asbestos Deposits of the Thetford District — Canada -- The Palabora Complex — South Africa -- The Mwadui Diamond Pipe — Tanzania -- Section Five: The World Distribution of Mineral Deposits -- Copper Deposits of the World -- Lead and Zinc Deposits of the World -- Iron and Ferro-alloy metal Deposits of the World -- Light Metal Deposits of the World -- Precious Metal Deposits of the World -- Glossary of Mineral Names -- Units of Measurement -- Key to Stratigraphic Names.

Abstract: reader who wishes to study economic mineral deposits. I have in mind that it they do include references to the source material. Full bibliographies are in could be the basic descriptive part of a university course on the subject. many cases unnecessary because of the monumental work of Ridge (Ridge, Many teachers of economic and mining geology prefer to lecture on the 1972 and 1976). formative geological processes and origin of mineral deposits, and most of The Scope, Purpose and Layout of the Book Terminology. This is a persistent problem in geology. What I have tried to the existing textbooks do likewise. The Atlas is intended to be a compen­ Air, sea, surface water and soil support life, from which comes our food; the dium of descriptive material on which a more analytical series of lectures, or do is use a consistent, and internationally acceptable set of terms, making as much use as possible of the recent attempts by international organizations to fossil remains of life, that is: coal, oil and gas, together with solar and course of reading, could be based.

Abstract: 1. Aerospace Engineering -- 2. Agricultural Economics, Sciences, and Engineering -- 3. Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning -- 4. Astronomy -- 5. Astrophysics -- 6. Ceramic Engineering -- 7. Chemical Engineering -- 8. Chemistry and Biochemistry -- 9. Civil Engineering -- 10. Communications Engineering and Computer Science -- 11. Cryogenic Engineering -- 12. Electrical Engineering -- 13. Engineering Mechanics -- 14. Engineering Physics -- 15. Engineering Science -- 16. Fuels, Combustion, and Air Pollution -- 17. General and Environmental Engineering -- 18. Geochemistry and Soil Science -- 19. Geological Sciences and Geophysical Engineering -- 20. Geology and Earth Science -- 21. Geophysics -- 22. Industrial Engineering and Operations Research -- 23. Irrigation Engineering -- 24. Marine and Ocean Engineering -- 25. Materials Science and Engineering -- 26. Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering -- 27. Metallurgy -- 28. Meteorology and Atmospheric Science -- 29. Mineralogy and Petrology -- 30. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering -- 31. Missile and Space Systems Engineering -- 32. Nuclear Engineering -- 33. Nuclear Physics -- 34. Nuclear Science -- 35. Oceanography and Marine Science -- 36. Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering -- 37. Photogrammetric and Geodetic Engineering -- 38. Physics and Biophysics -- 39. Plastics Engineering -- 40. Wood Technology, Forestry, and Forest Science -- 41. Reactor Science -- 42. Sanitary Engineering, Water Pollution and Resources -- 43. Textile Technology -- 44. Transportation Engineering.

Abstract: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis­ seminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) * at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac­ tivity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 23 (thesis year 1978) a total of 10,148 theses titles from 27 Canadian and 220 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 23 reports these submitted in 1978, on occasion, certain universities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Abstract: Group IV Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Silicon -- 3 Germanium -- 4 Tin -- 5 Lead -- References: Group IV -- V Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth -- 6 Introduction -- 7 Arsenic -- 8 Antimony -- 9 Bismuth -- References: Group V.

Abstract: A very large number of organo derivatives is formed by the Group IV ele­ ments silicon, germanium, tin, and lead. In comparing the general properties of these elements, Table 1. 1 shows that the first ionization energies decrease (though not in a regular way) with increase in size and atomic number, con­ sistent with the general increase in metallic character of the elements. Electro­ negativity values (which have been the subject of considerable controversy) show no clear trend. Although purely inorganic compounds of tin(n) and leaden) are well known, almost all organo Group IV derivatives show an oxidation state of IV. Bonds to carbon become weaker on passing from silicon to lead, as do the element-element bonds themselves. With any particular element M (M = Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb), there is a small decrease in bond energy in the order: M-Ph 〉 M - Me 〉 M - Et. Although accurate data for organo derivatives are lacking, strengths of bonds to other elements probably decrease in the order: M-F〉 M-O 〉 M-CI 〉 M-H ~ M-N ~ M-S ~ M-Br 〉 M-I, while for a particular element X, the order is: Si-X 〉 Ge-X 〉 Sn-X 〉 Pb-X. It is therefore understandable that reactions leading to Si-F, Si-O, or Si-CI bonds are especially favoured in a thermodynamic sense.

Abstract: 1 Introduction: Mineral Resources and Exploration -- 1.1 Growth in Mineral Production -- 1.2 Metal Prices -- 1.3 Patterns of Production and Consumption -- 1.4 The Nature of Mineral Exploration -- 1.5 Mining and the Environment -- 2 Geological Mapping and Prospecting -- 2.1 The Importance of Geological Mapping and Prospecting -- 2.2 Traditional Prospecting Methods -- 3 Photogeology and Remote Sensing -- 3.1 Photogeology -- 3.2 Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) -- 3.3 Satellite Photographs and Imagery -- 3.4 Thermal Imagery -- 3.5 Other Remote Detection Methods -- 3.6 Air Sampling Methods -- 4 Geochemical Prospecting -- 4.1 Distribution of Elements -- 4.2 Primary Dispersion -- 4.3 Secondary Dispersion -- 4.4 Soil Types -- 4.5 Statistical Treatment of Data -- 4.6 Drainage Surveys -- 4.7 Soil Surveys -- 4.8 Vegetation and Water Surveys -- 4.9 Analytical Methods -- 5 Deep Sampling Methods -- 5.1 Pitting and Trenching -- 5.2 Auger Drilling -- 5.3 Hand-Held Percussion Drills -- 5.4 Wagon Drilling -- 5.5 Banka Drilling -- 6 Geophysical Prospecting -- 6.1 Gravity Surveying -- 6.2 Magnetic Surveying -- 6.3 Resistivity Surveys -- 6.4 Induced Polarization (IP) Surveys -- 6.5 Electromagnetic (EM) Surveying -- 6.6 Self-Potential (SP) Surveys -- 6.7 Equipotential (EP) Surveys -- 6.8 Magneto-Telluric (MT) Surveys -- 6.9 Seismic Methods -- 6.10 Radiometric Surveying -- 6.11 Geothermal Methods -- 6.12 Well-Logging Techniques -- 7 Drilling Methods -- 7.1 Percussion Drilling -- 7.2 Churn Drilling -- 7.3 Diamond Drilling -- 7.4 Rotary Drilling -- 8 Surveying -- 8.1 Chaining -- 8.2 Compass and Tape Surveys -- 8.3 Determination of Elevation -- 8.4 Plane Table Surveying -- 8.5 Surveying Calculations -- 8.6 Measurements with a Theodolite -- 8.7 Measurement of Distance -- 8.8 Astronomical Surveying -- 9 Ore Reserve Calculations -- 9.1 Ore and Ore Reserves -- 9.2 Plan Methods -- 9.3 Cross-Sectional Methods -- 9.4 Steeply Dipping Ore Bodies -- 9.5 Ore Bodies of Variable Dip -- 9.6 Use of Ore Blocks -- 9.7 Cut-Off Grades -- 9.8 Tonnage Factor -- 9.9 Sampling for Grade Determination -- 10 Evaluation of Prospects -- 10.1 Mineral Dressing -- 10.2 Smelting and Refining of Ores -- 10.3 Mining Methods -- 10.4 Economic Feasibility Studies -- 10.5 Examination of Properties.

Abstract: For some years I have felt there was a need for a single, comprehen­ sive, reference book on exploration geology. Numerous textbooks are available on subjects such as geophysical prospecting, exploration geochemistry, mining geology, photogeology and general economic geology, but, for the geologist working in mineral exploration, who does not require a specialist's knowledge, a general book on explora­ tion techniques is needed. Many undergraduate university courses tend to neglect economic geology and few deal with the more prac­ tical aspects in any detail. Graduate geologists embarking on a career in economic geology or mineral exploration are therefore often poorly equipped and have to learn a considerable amount 'on the job'. By providing a book that includes material which can be found in some of the standard texts together with a number of practical aspects not to be found elsewhere, I hope that both recent graduates and more experienced exploration geologists will find it a useful reference work and manual. In addition, students of economic geology and personnel working in related fields in the mining and mineral extraction in­ dustries will find it informative. J. H. REEDMAN v Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Dr K. Fletcher, geochemist with the Department of Geology, University of British Columbia, and Kari Savario, geophysicist with Finnish Technical Aid to Zambia, for reading the original drafts and offering constructive criticism and advice on the chapters on geochemical and geophysical prospecting respectively.

Abstract: 1. Fractionation in igneous processes -- 2. Compositional variation in magmas -- 3. Phase diagrams — introduction -- 4. Ternary systems — I -- 5. Ternary systems with solid solutions page -- 6. The interpretation of two-element variation diagrams -- 7. Petrographic aspects of volcanic rocks -- 8. Quaternary systems -- 9. Experimental work on natural basaltic and allied rocks -- 10. Water-bearing basic rock systems -- 11. Compositionally zoned magma bodies and their bearing on crystal settling -- 12. Petrographic aspects of plutonic rocks -- 13. The interpretation of data for plutonic rocks -- 14. Trace elements in igneous processes -- 15. The use of isotopes in petrology -- Appendices -- 1. Nomenclature of igneous rocks -- 2. Average major element compositions and CIPW norms of common igneous rock types -- 3. Norm calculations -- Calculation of the CIPW norm -- Molecular norms -- 4. Calculation of plotting parameters for O’Hara (1968) polybaric phase diagram -- 5. Some representative mineral analyses -- Answers to exercises -- References.

Abstract: Our aim in writing this book is to try to show how igneous rocks can be persuaded to reveal some ofthe secrets of their origins. The data of igneous rocks consist of field relations, texture, mineralogy, and geochemistry. Additionally, experimental petrology tells us how igneous systems might be expected to behave. Working on this material we attempt to show how hypotheses concerning the origins and evolution of magmas are proposed and tested, and thus illuminate the interesting and fundamental problems of petrogenesis. The book assumes a modest knowledge of basic petro­ graphy, mineralogy, classification, and regional igneous geology. It has a role complementary to various established texts, several of which are descriptively good and give wide coverage and evaluation of petrogenetic ideas in various degrees of detail. Existing texts do not on the whole, however, deal with methodology, though this is one of the more important aspects of the subject. At first sight it may appear that the current work is a guidebook for the prospective research worker and thus has little relevance for the non-specialist student of geology. We hope this will prove to be far from the case. The methodological approach has an inherent interest because it can provide the reader with problems he can solve for himself, and as an almost incidental consequence he will acquire a satisfying understanding.

Abstract: Content -- 1. Energy Transfer Processes in Bioluminescence -- 2. Phytochrome: Function and Properties -- 3. Photosynthesis and Fast Changes in Light Emission by Green Plants -- 4. Photoreceptors for Circadian Rhythms -- 5. Nondimer Damage in Deoxyribonucleic Acid Caused by Ultraviolet Radiation.

Abstract: The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four categories: to develop (I) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine. To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and physicists; because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multidis­ ciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for theoretical or practical use. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in­ depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that these reviews will provide an important service to the younger scientists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking, or suggest a redirection when appropriate. Since it is important that this review series remain responsive to the needs of photochemists and photobiologists, the Editor would value com­ ments and suggestions from its readers.

Abstract: 1 Faults which develop during storage -- 2 Difficulties arising during application -- 3 Difficulties mainly due to faults in the liquid paints -- 4 Faults related to drying and curing -- 5 Defects apparent shortly after application -- 6 Defects related mainly to poor adhesion -- 7 Defects of coatings developing in service -- 8 Hazards to the paint user -- Author Index.

Abstract: Since publication of the first English edition this book has become the standard reference work on paint film defects throughout the world. The very considerable advances in coatings technology since the second English edition was published in 1965 have necessitated a revision of the book, a task which from the outset was recognized as formidable. The very wide field to be covered required specialist knowledge as well as wide experience, and we were fortunate in being able to enlist the services of a group of contributors who were well qualified for the task. Due to his advancing age Mr Manfred Hess, the originator of this work, felt unable to take an active part in the preparation of the new edition. He entrusted not only a large part of the necessarily extensive revision of the text, but also the editorial work, the planning and compilation of the index to us jointly. A variety of causes has prevented the main contributors to the second edition, Mr W.A. Edwards and Mr T .W. Wilkinson, from revising their sections. Nevertheless, much of what they and others have contributed to previous editions has enabled us to build on valuable foundations. Much new material has been added; the illustrations section has been expanded and enhanced by the addition of several colour plates. Mr S.T. Harris revised the sections concerned with industrial finishes and in particular powder coatings, and Dr T.A. Banfield contributed the sections on marine paints and compositions.

Abstract: 1 The Doctor’s Role in the Evolution of Human Society -- 2 Balancing the Needs of Western Society with its Expectations and Resources -- 3 The Patient’s View of the Doctor’s Job -- 4 The Challenge for Medical Education -- 5 Perspectives for the Future.

Abstract: This volume contains the edited transcript of the third Totts Gap Colloquium held at Totts Gap, Pennsylvania, June 14-16, 1976. The Colloquium was aimed at sensing and evaluating anticipated pat­ terns of medical responsibility and practice and preparing for im­ minent change - specifically as it will concern the role of the doctor. Recognizing that community values and social behavior are powerful forces affecting health, the participants explored ways in which the physician and the rest of the health care professionals may exert their salutary influence. What are the boundaries in which the doctor can function most usefully and effectively? The problem was examined from the view­ point of the philosopher, the public, the social scientist, the medical educator, the legislator, and the practicing physician. Currently available literature is unidimensional in the sense that it consists largely of essays written from an advocate point of view. In contrast, the participants of this Totts Gap Collo­ quium examined disparate data and opinion in the hope of achieving, insofar as possible, reconciliation and synthesis. The dialogue dealt with values and priorities attached to health and health care by our society and with the shifting perspectives occasioned by rapidly expanding scientific knowledge. Questions of economic choice and of public policy were dealt with, assessing anticipated costs of the various options to the community, as well as their implications for medical education.

Abstract: 1 Phylogeny of the Vertebrate Sensory Systems -- 2 Ontogeny of Sensory Systems -- 3 Common Properties of Sensory Systems -- 4 Olfaction -- 5 Visual System: Superior Colliculus -- 6 Vision: Geniculocortical System -- 7 Visual System: Pulvinar-Extrastriate Cortex -- 8 Somatosensory System -- 9 The Vestibular System: Basic Biophysical and Physiological Mechanisms -- 10 Vestibular Function in Normal and in Exceptional Conditions -- 11 Functional Properties of the Auditory System of the Brain Stem -- 12 Auditory Forebrain: Evidence from Anatomical and Behavioral Experiments Involving Human and Animal Subjects -- 13 Gustatory System.

Abstract: The principal goal of the Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology is a systematic, critical, and timely exposition of those aspects of neuroscience that have direct and immediate bearing on overt behavior. In this first volume, subtitled "Sensory Integration," the subject matter has been subdivided and the authors selected with this particular goal in mind. Although the early chapters (on the phylogeny and ontogeny of sensory systems, and on the common properties of sensory systems) are somewhat too abstract to permit many direct behavioral inferences, the focus on behavior has been maintained there too as closely as is now possible. A behavioral orientation is most obvious in the remaining chapters, which layout for each sensory modality in turn what is now known about structure-behavior relationships. The handbook is primarily intended to serve as a ready reference for two types of readers: first, practicing neuroscientists looking for a concise and authori­ tative treatment of developments outside of their particular specialities; and second, students of one or another branch of neuroscience who need an overview of the persistent questions and current problems surrounding the relation of the perceptual systems to behavior. The requirements imposed by the decision to address these particular audiences are reflected in the scope and style of the chapters as well as in their content.

Abstract: 1. 13C NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers -- 2. Mass Spectrometry -- 3. High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography -- 4. Light Scattering in Synthetic Polymer Systems -- 5. Molecular Dimensions of Amorphous Polymers by Neutron Scattering -- 6. Recent Advances in the Study of Polymers by Small Angle X-ray Scattering -- 7. Quantitative Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- 8. Microscopy of Polymer Surfaces.

Abstract: Over two decades ago, !he term characterisation covered just those techniques which measured the properties of polymers in solution in order to determine molecular weight and size. The discoveries of stereoregular polymers and polymer crystals created the need for new and advanced techniques for characterising chain structures and bulk properties. Further demands for new and improved characterisation methods for bulk polymers have resulted from the recent development and exploitation of multi phase polymeric systems, such as polymer blends, block and graft copolymers, and polymer composites. Today, therefore, characterisation is a very important part of polymer science. The polymer chemist must know the chain length, chain microstructure and chain conformation of the polymers he or she has prepared, i. e. the determination of molecular properties. The scientist involved in exploiting polymers in such applications as plastics, elastomers, fibres, surface coatings and adhesives must be informed on the morphology and physical and mechanical behaviour of his or her products, i. e. the determination of bulk and surface properties and their dependence on molecular properties. The techniques required for these determinations now cover an extremely wide field. Our aim has been to review a number of techniques critically and in sufficient depth so that the present state and future potential of each technique may be judged by the reader. Three criteria were used in the selection of techniques. First, we wished to present new methods which have been developed actively in the polymer field during the past five years.

Abstract: 1 Early muscle development -- 1.1 Early stages of muscle fibre development -- 1.2 Lack of specialization of myotubes -- 1.3 The dependance of the structural integrity of the developing muscle fibres on innervation -- 2 Development of the motor nerves and their encounter with muscle fibres -- 2.1 Origin of motor nerve fibres and their growth into the periphery -- 2.2 Development of nerves and muscles and their interdependence -- 2.3 Development of stable nerve-muscle connections -- 2.4 Are nerve-muscle connections specified? -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 Development of the neuromuscular junction -- 3.1 Distribution of ACh receptors during early development -- 3.2 Stabilization of chemosensitivity at the neuromuscular junction -- 3.3 Development of the subneural apparatus -- 3.4 Formation of stable nerve-muscle connections -- 3.5 Changes of chemosensitivity outside the endplate -- 3.6 Maintenance of endplate chemosensitivity -- 3.7 Pattern of innervation of muscle fibres -- 3.8 Conclusions -- 4 Differentiation of skeletal muscle fibres -- 4.1 The muscles of lower vertebrates and birds -- 4.2 Mammalian muscles -- 4.3 How is differentiation into different fibre types induced? -- 4.4 Conclusions -- 5 The effects of denervation on muscle fibre properties and the regulation of chemosensitivity -- 5.1 Morphological changes following denervation -- 5.2 Metabolic changes in denervated muscles -- 5.3 Changes in contractile properties of denervated muscle -- 5.4 Changes in electrical properties of the membrane on denervation -- 5.5 Changes of chemosensitivity at the endplate -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 6 Re-innervation of the muscle by its motor nerve -- 6.1 Nerve growth -- 6.2 Establishment of nerve-muscle connections by the regenerating nerve fibre -- 6.3 Maturation of the regenerated axon and recovery of the muscle -- 6.4 Effects of muscle on normal and regenerating motor nerve terminals -- 6.5 Conclusion -- 7 The mammalian motor unit -- 7.1 Specialization of motoneurones -- 7.2 Matching properties of different motoneurones to the muscle fibres they supply -- 7.3 Specialization of the vascular bed of slow and fast mammalian muscles -- 7.4 How is the matching of muscle fibres to their motoneurones brought about? -- 7.5 Development of the motor unit -- 7.6 Conclusions -- 8 Plasticity in the neuromuscular system -- 8.1 Can different skeletal muscle fibres be transformed from one type to another? -- 8.2 Can the characteristic properties of neurones and their terminals be altered? -- 8.3 Specificity of nerve-muscle connections -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 9 Some examples of disturbances of nerve-muscle interactions -- 9.1 Disturbances caused by a change in the function of the motoneurone -- 9.2 Consequences of disease of the motoneurone, or axon -- 9.3 Disturbance due to disease of the neuromuscular junction -- 9.4 Disease of the muscle -- 9.5 Retrograde influences on the motoneurone -- References.

Abstract: In the second century, Galen recognized that nerve and muscle were functionally inseparable since contraction of muscle occurred only if the nerves supplying that muscle were intact. He therefore concluded that the shortening of a muscle was controlled by the central nervous sytem while the extension of a muscle could occur in the absence of innervation. Nerves, he thought, were the means of transport for animal spirits to the muscles; the way in which animal spirits may bring about contraction dominated the study of muscle physiology from that time until the historical discovery of Galvani that muscle could be stimulated electrically and that nerve and muscle were themselves a source of electrical energy. It is now well known that nerves conduct electrically and that transmission from nerve to striated muscle is mediated by the chemical which is liberated from nerve terminals onto the muscle membrane. In vertebrates this chemical is acetylcholine (ACh). Thus the concept of spirits that are released from nerves and control muscle contraction directly, is no longer tenable. Nevertheless the concept of 'substances' transported down nerv~s which directly control many aspects of muscle has not been abandoned, and has in fact been frequently reinvoked to account for the long-term regula­ tion of many characteristics of muscle (see review by Gutmann, 1976) and for the maintenance of its structural integrity.

Abstract: 1.Introduction -- 2.Basic Oscillator Theory -- 3.Methods of Design -- 3.1.Experimental Method of Design -- 3.2.Y-Parameter Method of Design -- 3.3.Power Gain Method of Design -- 3.4.Nonlinear Modifications -- 4.Oscillator Frequency Stability -- 4.1.Temperature Effects of Frequency -- 4.2.Long-Term Frequency Drift -- 4.3.Short-Term Frequency Stability -- 5.Quartz Crystal Resonators -- 5.1.Load Capacitance -- 5.2.Pin-To-Pin Capacitance -- 5.3.Resistance -- 5.4.Rated or Test Drive Level -- 5.5.Frequency Stability -- 5.6.Finishing or Calibration Tolerance -- 5.7.Crystal Aging -- 5.8.Q and Stiffness of Crystals -- 5.9.Mechanical Overtone Crystals -- 5.10.Spurious or Unwanted Modes -- 5.11.Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration -- 5.12.Standard Military Crystals -- 5.13.Specifications and Standards -- 6.Discussion of Transistors -- 6.1.Transistor Equivalent Circuits -- 6.2.Y-Parameter Model -- 6.3.Hybrid ? Equivalent Circuit -- 6.4.Nonlinear Models -- 7.Oscillator Circuits -- 7.1.Pierce, Colpitis, and Clapp Oscillators -- 7.2.Pierce Oscillator -- 7.3.Colpitis Oscillator -- 7.4.Clapp Oscillator -- 7.5.Grounded-Base Oscillator -- 7.6.Gate Oscillators -- 7.7.Integrated-Circuit Oscillators -- 8.Preproduction Tests for Crystal Oscillators -- 9.Other Topics -- 9.1.Crystal Switches -- 9.2.Pullable Oscillators -- 9.3.Crystal Ovens -- 9.4.Squegging, Squelching, or Motorboating -- 9.5.Spurious Oscillations -- 10. Temperature Compensation -- 10.1.Analog Temperature Compensation -- 10.2.Hybrid Analog-Digital Compensation -- 10.3.Digital Temperature Compensation -- 10.4.Temperature Compensation with Microprocessors -- Appendix A Derivation of the Complex Equation for Oscillation -- Appendix B Derivation of Y-Parameter Equations for the Pierce Oscillator -- Appendix C Derivation of Y-Parameter Equations for the Grounded-Base Oscillator -- Appendix D Derivation of Approximate Equations for the Clapp Oscillator -- Appendix E Derivation of Approximate Equations for the Pierce Oscillator Analysis -- Appendix F Derivation of Approximate Equations for the Colpitts Oscillator -- Appendix G Large-Signal Transistor Parameters -- Appendix H Large-Signal Transistor Parameters with Emitter Degeneration -- Appendix I Nonlinear Analysis of the Colpitts Oscillator Based on the Principle of Harmonic Balance -- Appendix J Mathematical Development of the Sideband Level versus Phase Deviation Equation -- Appendix K Derivation of Crystal Equations -- Appendix L Sample Crystal Specification.

Abstract: Crystal oscillators have been in use now for well over SO years-one of the first was built by W. G. Cady in 1921. Today, millions of them are made every year, covering a range of frequencies from a few Kilohertz to several hundred Mega­ hertz and a range of stabilities from a fraction of one percent to a few parts in ten to the thirteenth, with most of them, by far, still in the range of several tens of parts per million.Their major application has long been the stabilization of fre­ quencies in transmitters and receivers, and indeed, the utilization of the frequency spectrum would be in utter chaos, and the communication systems as we know them today unthinkable,'without crystal oscillators. With the need to accommodate ever increasing numbers of users in a limited spectrum space, this traditional application will continue to grow for the fore­ seeable future, and ever tighter tolerances will have to be met by an ever larger percentage of these devices.

Abstract: 1 The Morphology of Barley; the Vegetative Phase -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The quiescent barley grain -- 1.3 Changes in the germinating grain -- 1.4 The growth of the stem and leaves -- 1.5 The root system -- 1.6 Plant morphology and lodging -- References -- 2 The Morphology of the Reproductive Parts in Barley -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The development of the ear -- 2.3 Variations in the form of grains -- 2.4 The ear -- 2.5 Some implications of the wide variety of forms of barley -- References -- 3 The Origin and Classification of Barleys -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classifications of barleys -- 3.3 The position of barley within the Gramineae -- 3.4 The origin of cultivated barley -- References -- 4 The Biochemistry of Barley -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carbohydrates -- 4.3 The glycolytic sequence, the pentose phosphate shunt and the tricarboxylic acid cycle -- 4.4 Barley lipids -- 4.5 Photosynthesis and photorespiration -- 4.6 The formation of porphyrins -- 4.7 Phenolic and aromatic substances -- 4.8 Amino acid metabolism -- 4.9 The metabolism of some amines -- 4.10 Nucleic acids, and some other nitrogenous substances -- 4.11 Barley proteins -- References -- 5 Grain Quality and Germination -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sampling tests with small numbers of grains -- 5.3 Grain evaluation -- 5.4 The penetration of water, and other substances, into grain -- 5.5 Testing for grain germinability -- 5.6 Vigour -- 5.7 Dormancy -- 5.8 The gas exchange of germinating grains -- 5.9 The chemical composition of the quiescent grain -- 5.10 Biochemical changes in germinating grain -- 5.11 Embryo culture in vitro -- 5.12 The mobilization of the endosperm reserves -- References -- 6 The Growth of the Barley Plant -- 6.1 The description of growth -- 6.2 Sequential changes in the growth of the plant -- 6.3 The composition of the growing plant -- 6.4 The composition of the growing grain -- 6.5 Root growth -- 6.6 Water supplies -- 6.7 Water stress -- 6.8 Mineral requirements -- 6.9 The uptake and release of substances by roots -- 6.10 Coleoptile growth and gravity perception -- 6.11 Leaf unrolling and greening -- 6.12 Leaf senescence -- 6.13 Growth regulation -- 6.14 Temperature and growth -- 6.15 Cold hardiness -- 6.16 Vernalization -- 6.17 Some effects of light -- 6.18 Some factors that control yield -- References -- 7 Agricultural Practices and Yield -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Soil preparation -- 7.3 The choice of seed; sowing -- 7.4 Nutrient supply and barley yield -- 7.5 Some chemical treatments -- 7.6 Damaging factors -- 7.7 Water supplies and yield -- 7.8 Barley as forage -- 7.9 Harvesting the grain -- 7.10 Actual and potential yields -- References -- 8 Production and Harvesting Machinery -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Irrigation and drainage -- 8.3 Tillage -- 8.4 Sowing -- 8.5 Post-sowing treatments -- 8.6 Harvesting and threshing barley -- 8.7 Straw -- 8.8 Harvesting the whole plant -- 8.9 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Weeds, Pests and Diseases in the Growing Crop -- 9.1 Weeds and the need to control them -- 9.2 Weed control -- 9.3 The economics of weed control -- 9.4 Nematode pests -- 9.5 Molluscs -- 9.6 Birds and mammals -- 9.7 Insect and some other pests -- 9.8 Virus diseases of barley -- 9.9 Bacterial diseases -- 9.10 Fungal diseases -- 9.11 Some general considerations -- References -- 10 The Reception and Storage of Whole Plants and Grain. The Micro-organisms and Pests of Stored Grain -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Barley hay -- 10.3 Straw -- 10.4 Barley silage -- 10.5 Grain reception -- 10.6 Handling grain -- 10.7 Weighers -- 10.8 Cleaning and grading grain -- 10.9 Drying principles -- 10.10 Grain drying in practice -- 10.11 Grain storage facilities -- 10.12 Seed longevity and grain deterioration -- 10.13 Micro-organisms in grain -- 10.14 Insects and mites -- 10.15 The mites of stored grain -- 10.16 Insecticides and fumigants -- 10.17 Rodents and their control -- References -- 11 Barley Genetics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The inheritance of ‘distinct’ factors -- 11.3 Cytology and chromosome behaviour -- 11.4 Chromosomal abnormalities -- 11.5 Ploidy levels -- 11.6 Mutations and mutagenesis -- 11.7 The expression of some mutant and other genes -- 11.8 The genetics of complex characters -- References -- 12 Barley Improvement -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Plant introductions, and adapted forms -- 12.3 Plant selections -- 12.4 Mutation breeding -- 12.5 Hybridization -- 12.6 Crossing barley -- 12.7 The choice of parents -- 12.8 Selection sequences applied to hybrid progenies -- 12.9 Competition and ‘natural selection’ in barley -- 12.10 Breeding for quality -- 12.11 Some other objectives in breeding -- 12.12 Breeding for higher yields -- 12.13 The quantitative evaluation of parents -- 12.14 ‘Hybrid’ barley -- 12.15 Trial procedures -- 12.16 The multiplication of seed -- 12.17 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Some Actual and Potential Uses of Barley -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Barley grain; a source of starch and protein -- 13.3 Minor uses of straw -- 13.4 Straw in building -- 13.5 Animal bedding, litter, farmyard manure and compost -- 13.6 Soil protection, conditioning, or replacement -- 13.7 Some industrial uses of barley -- 13.8 Paper, cardboard and millboard -- References -- 14 Barley for Animal and Human Food -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The nutritional requirements of animals -- 14.3 Forage and hay -- 14.4 Silage -- 14.5 Barley straw -- 14.6 Barley grain -- 14.7 By-products for animal feed, derived from barley -- 14.8 Non-alcoholic beverages -- 14.9 Other potential feeding stuffs -- 14.10 The technology of preparing grain for food -- 14.11 Future uses of barley as food -- References -- 15 Malting -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The selection and acceptance of malting barley -- 15.3 Barley handling -- 15.4 Steeping -- 15.5 Germination equipment -- 15.6 Kilns and kilning -- 15.7 Malt analyses -- 15.8 Changes that occur in the malting grain -- References -- 16 Some Uses of Barley Malt -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Mashing -- 16.3 Some aspects of yeast metabolism -- 16.4 Malt extracts and barley syrups -- 16.5 Brewing beer -- 16.6 Malt vinegar -- 16.7 Distilled ‘potable spirits’ -- References.

Abstract: This book was written to provide an integrated account of barley, induding its cultivation, nature and uses. An attempt has been made to cut across the unjustified and obstructive divisions between pure science, applied science, technology, botany, biochemistry, agronomy, and so on. Limitations of space preclude the use of more illustrative material or references, or even complete accounts of various topics. However sufficient information is given to enable the reader to understand the general principles and to find his or her way readily into the literature to obtain further information. Emphasis has been placed on general principles rather than details. In becoming familiar with the literature one becomes acquainted with the effects of the cereal or religion, the English language and the development of agriculture and biochemistry. The comparison between 'parallel literatures' is often stimulating also. For example one is forced to conclude that many of the agricultural problems of poor 'seed vigour' would be overcome if seedsmen used the maltsters techniques for breaking dormancy and speeding 'post-harvest maturation'. Barley is the world's fourth most important cereal after wheat, rice, and maize. It is the most widely cultivated, being grown from the equator to 700N (Scandinavia), from the humid regions of Europe and Japan to the Saharan and Asiatic Oases, and from below sea level in Palestine to high up mountains in the Himalayas, E. Africa and S. America. Some­ where in the world it is being sown or harvested at every time of the year.

Abstract: Preface -- 1 Some Common Types of Investigation -- 2 Measurement -- 3 Some Simple Descriptive Statistics -- 4 Elementary Sampling Theory -- 5 Elementary Concepts of Probability -- 6 Contingency Tables and Tests of Association -- 7 Correlation and Regression -- 8 Simple Tests of Significance -- 9 Analysis of Variance -- 10 Recording Data on Punch Cards -- Appendix 1 The Normal Distribution Function -- References.

Abstract: For many years now I have been required to give a series of elementary lectures on statistics to medical students about to undertake a postgraduate course in psychiatry. The declared aim of the course, for which very limited time was available, was to provide the students with some initial understanding of the statistical terminology and elementary techniques to which other teachers, in particular psychologists and sociologists, would be likely to refer in the course of their lectures. The task was tricky for two reasons. In the first place most of the students involved, despite their best intentions, had forgotten their school mathematics, and secondly no textbook existed at the right level of difficulty which contained examples appropriate to these students' needs and experience. The present book was written to fill the gap. Though pri­ marily intended for psychiatrists, the book should prove very useful to any student of the behavioural sciences who wants a simple introductory course on the principles of experimental design and data analysis. It must be one of the simplest text­ books on elementary statistics ever written. I am indebted to the literary executor of the late Sir Ronald A. Fisher, F.R.S., to Dr Frank Yates, F.R.S., and to Oliver & Boyd Ltd for permission to reprint Tables 3 and 5 from their book Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research.

Abstract: 1 Cellular Growth: Brain, Liver, Muscle, and Lung -- 2 Cellular Growth: Adipose Tissue -- 3 The Methods of Auxological Anthropometry -- 4 Somatic Growth of the Infant and Preschool Child -- 5 Body Composition and Energy Needs during Growth -- 6 Puberty -- 7 Prepubertal and Pubertal Endocrinology -- 8 The Central Nervous System and the Onset of Puberty -- 9 Body Composition in Adolescence -- 10 Growth of Muscle Tissue and Muscle Mass -- 11 Adipose Tissue Development in Man -- 12 Bone Growth and Maturation -- 13 The Fundamentals of Cranial and Facial Growth -- 14 Skull, Jaw, and Teeth Growth Patterns -- 15 Dentition -- 16 Secular Growth Changes -- 17 The Influence of Exercise, Physical Activity, and Athletic Performance on the Dynamics of Human Growth -- 18 The Low-Birth-Weight Infant -- 19 Growth Dynamics of Low-Birth-Weight Infants with Emphasis on the Perinatal Period.

Abstract: Growth, as we conceive it, is the study of changeinan organism not yet mature. Differential growth creates form: external form through growth rates which vary from one part of the body to another and one tissue to another; and internal form through the series of time-entrained events which build up in each cell the special­ ized complexity of its particular function. We make no distinction, then, between growth and development, and if we have not included accounts of differentiation it is simply because we had to draw a quite arbitrary line somewhere. lt is only rather recently that those involved in pediatrics and child health have come to realize that growth is the basic science peculiar to their art. It is a science which uses and incorporates the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and biology. It is indeed a part of biology, and the study of human growth is a part of the curriculum of the rejuvenated science of Human Biology. What growth is not is a series of chärts of height and weight. Growth standards are useful and necessary, and their construction is by no means void of intellectual challenge. They are a basic instrument in pediatric epidemiology. But they do not appear in this book, any more than clinical accounts of growth disorders. This appears to be the first large handbook-in three volumes-devoted to Human Growth.

Abstract: 1 / Introduction -- 2 / Atomic Structure -- 3 / Aggregations of Atoms—The Fluid States -- 4 / Aggregations of Atoms—Solids -- 5 / Crystal Growth and Size -- 6 / Aggregations of Two Sorts of Atoms—Binary Alloys -- 7 / Equilibrium Diagrams -- 8 / The Iron-carbon System -- 9 / Thermal Energy -- 10 / The Deformation of Metal Single Crystals -- 11 / The Strengthening of Metals -- 12 / Mechanical Testing of Polycrystalline Materials -- 13 / Plastic Flow and Fracture -- 14 / Fatigue -- 15 / Creep -- 16 / Heat Treatment of Steel -- 17 / Alloy Steels -- 18 / Corrosion -- 19 / Welding -- 20 / Inorganic Non-metallic Materials -- 21 / Organic Materials -- 22 / Composites -- 23 / The Nucleus -- Appendix I—Some equilibrium diagrams of interest and importance -- Appendix II—Equilibrium and free energy -- Appendix III—SI units -- Answers to Numerical Questions.

Abstract: The engineering designer is always limited by the properties of available materials. Some properties are critically affected by variations in com­ position, in state or in testing conditions, while others are much less so. The engineer must know this if he is to make intelligent use of the data on properties of materials that he finds in handbooks and tables, and if he is to exploit successfully new materials as they become available. He can only be aware of these limitations if he understands how pro­ perties depend on structure at the atomic, molecular, microscopic and macroscopic levels. Inculcating this awareness is one of the chief aims of the book, which is based on a successful course designed to give university engineering students the necessary basic knowledge of these various levels. The material is equivalent to a course of about eighty to a hundred lectures. In the first part of the book the topics covered are mainly fundamental physics. The structure of the atom, considered in non-wave-mechanical terms, leads to the nature of interatomic forces and aggregations of atoms in the three forms-gases, liquids and solids. Sufficient crystallography is discussed to facilitate an understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the crystals. The band theory of solids is not included, but the basic concepts which form a preliminary to the theory-energy levels of electrons in an atom, Pauli's exclusion principle, and so on-are dealt with.

Abstract: Section V: Maternal and Placental Effects -- 1 Maternal and Cytoplasmic Effects in Experimental Teratology -- 2 Factors That Affect Drug Concentrations in Maternal Plasma -- 3 Effects of Placental Pathology on the Embryo and Fetus -- Section VI: Comparative Studies in Man and Other Mammals -- 4 Summary of Comparative Embryology and Teratology -- 5 Comparative Placental Transfer -- Section VII: Epidemiology -- 6 Detection and Evaluation of Pregnancy Wastage -- 7 Value and Methods of Animal Studies in Epidemiology -- 8 Birth Defects Registries and Surveillance -- 9 Correlations of Malformation Frequency with Environmental and Genetic Attributes in Man.

Abstract: Modification of embryonic development by genetic differences in the mother is a well-regcognized phemomenon, but little is known about the genet­ ics of these maternal traits or the mechanisms by which they act. To illustrate the genetic approach to the problem, examples are given of how differences in embryonic response to a teratogen can be partitioned into those resulting from differences in embryonic genotype (including the possible role of X-linked genes in producing reciprocal cross differences), maternal genotype, and cytoplasmically transmitted factors. The advantages and limitations of analysis by appropriate crosses, in utero treatments, embryo transfers, and in vitro experiments are illustrated. The numerous inbred strains of the mouse, with well-documented physiology, the recently developed recombinant inbred strains, and the existence of easily identified biochemical marker genes offer at­ tractive opportunities, so far largely unexploited, for causal analysis of mater­ nal effects on teratological responses. VII. ADDENDUM Since this chapter was written, several relevant papers have appeared. The strain difference between AI] and C57BU6] mice in frequency of cleft-palate response to cortisone was fitted to a model of normally distributed log tolerance (Biddle and Fraser, 1976). Genetic differences, both in maternal uterine environment and embryonic response, can be represented in terms of their effect on the median effective dose required for the cleft-palate re­ sponse. The maternal effect of AI] dams relative to C57BU6] dams caused a two-fold reduction in embryonic tolerance to cortisone-induced cleft palate.

Abstract: Actions against Member States before the Court of Justice -- Actions against Community Institutions before the Court of Justice: Administrative Jurisdiction -- The application of Community law by national courts -- Division of competences between national courts and Court of Justice -- The Law applied by the Court of Justice -- Procedure before the Court of Justice.

Abstract: Where rights are conferred and duties imposed, where powers are exercised and obedience to rules of law required, judicial remedies are an absolute necessity. This statement was valid in 1969 when the first edition of this book appeared, it is even more so now. Though the political dynamism of the Communities has slackened, the number and effect of their legal rules is still growing. Practising lawyers need to be familiar with the possibilities for legal redress when rules of Community law are violated. But interest in the judicial remedies available in the European Communities is not confined to them alone. Many of the legal problems of the European Communities are problems which any supranational organization will encounter. Any student of international institutional law will benefit from a study of the judicial remedies available in the European Communities. Furthermore, the subject forms a fascinating branch of comparative law. Many of the solutions adopted in the European Communities can be regarded as resulting from a long development of administrative law.

Abstract: 1 Failure types, investigation and occurrences -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 System failure and component failure -- 1.3 Failure decisions -- 1.4 Failure classifications -- 1.5 Types of failure -- 1.6 Failure investigations -- 1.7 Failure case studies -- 1.8 Human factors in failure incidents -- 2 Causes of failure -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Service failures -- 2.3 Fatigue -- 2.4 Excessive deformation -- 2.5 Wear -- 2.6 Corrosion -- 2.7 Blockage, sludges -- 2.8 Blockage in cooling systems -- 2.9 Design, manufacturing and assembly causes of failure -- 3 Fault detection sensors -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Contaminant monitoring -- 3.3 Corrosion monitoring -- 3.4 Force monitoring -- 3.5 Gas leakage monitoring -- 3.6 Air pollution monitoring -- 3.7 Liquid contamination monitoring -- 3.8 Non-destructive testing techniques -- 3.9 Optical examination -- 3.10 Temperature sensing -- 3.11 Particle testing -- 3.12 Proximity monitors -- 3.13 Sound monitoring -- 3.14 Vibration transducers -- 3.15 Telemetry -- 4 Data processing and analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fourier analysis -- 4.3 Frequency analysis techniques -- 4.4 Derived functions -- 5 Vibration analysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Vibration-simple harmonic motion concept -- 5.3 Vibration signature of active systems -- 5.4 Vibration monitoring equipment -- 5.5 System monitors and vibration limit detectors -- 5.6 Vibration monitoring experience -- 5.7 Critical vibration levels -- 6 Sound monitoring -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sound frequencies -- 6.3 Sound loudness measurement -- 6.4 Acoustic power -- 6.5 Sound measurement -- 6.6 Magnetic tape recorders -- 6.7 Sound level meters -- 6.8 Sound analysers -- 6.9 Sound signal data processing -- 6.10 Sound monitoring -- 7 Discrete frequencies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Simple vibrations -- 7.3 Transverse vibrations of bars — approximate frequency calculations -- 7.4 More precise evaluations — overtones -- 7.5 Torsional oscillation of flywheel-bearing shafts -- 7.6 Belt drives -- 7.7 Whirling of marine line shafting -- 7.8 Gear excitation -- 7.9 Rolling element bearing -- 7.10 Blade vibration -- 7.11 Cam mechanism vibration -- 8 Contaminant analysis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Contaminants in used lubricating oils -- 8.3 Carrier fluid degradation -- 8.4 Contaminant monitoring techniques (wear processes) -- 8.5 Oil degradation analysis -- 8.6 Abrasive particles in lubricating oil -- 8.7 Abrasive particles in bearings -- 8.8 Abrasive particles in hydraulic systems -- 8.9 Dissolved gas fault monitoring -- 9 SOAP and other contaminant monitoring techniques -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Spectrometric oil analysis procedure -- 9.3 Magnetic chip detectors -- 9.4 ‘Ferrograph’ particle precipitation -- 9.5 STM control kit -- 9.6 Used oil blotter test -- 9.7 Thin-layer chromatography -- 9.8 Capacitative oil debris monitor -- 9.9 X-ray fluorescence detection of contamination (XRF) -- 9.10 X-ray photoelectron spectrometry -- 9.11 Particle classification -- 10 Performance trend monitoring -- 10.1 Primary monitoring - performance -- 10.2 Primary and secondary performance parameters -- 10.3 Performance trend analysis -- 10.4 Turbine gas path performance monitoring thermodynamics -- 10.5 Steam turbine performance analysis -- 10.6 Case studies in performance monitoring -- 10.7 Performance monitoring systems -- 11 Static testing -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Visual testing -- 11.3 Liquid penetrant inspection -- 11.4 Thermal methods -- 11.5 X-ray photography -- 11.6 Sonics -- 11.7 Ultrasonics -- 11.8 Stress wave emission -- 11.9 Magnetic testing methods -- 11.10 Electrical NDT techniques -- 11.11 Eddy current testing -- 11.12 NDT selection -- 12 Monitoring systems in operation -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Marine monitoring systems -- 12.3 Marine condition monitoring requirements -- 12.4 Marine diesel engine monitoring -- 12.5 Marine turbine monitoring systems -- 12.6 Shipboard vibration monitoring -- 12.7 Spectrometric oil analysis programme — marine -- 12.8 Monitoring integrity verification -- 12.9 Aircraft condition monitoring -- 12.10 Condition monitoring — generating plant -- 12.11 Automotive diagnostic equipment -- 12.12 Systematic fault monitor selection -- 13 Fault analysis planning and system availability -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Availability -- 13.3 Failure prediction/reliability assessment -- 13.4 Hazard rate curve -- 13.5 Complex system reliability — Monte Carlo simulation -- 13.6 Hazardous chemical plants — high integrity protective systems (HIPS) -- 14 Reliability/failure concepts -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Probability of reliability and failure -- 14.3 Failure pattern-exponential distribution -- 14.4 Load and strength — statistical distribution -- 14.5 Reliability assurance — BS 9000 system -- 15 Reliability data sources -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Systems Reliability Service (SRS) -- 15.3 Failure data -- 15.4 Environmental influences on instrument failure rates -- 15.5 Failure data—confidence level.

Abstract: Although the most sophisticated fault diagnosis and condition monitoring systems have their origin in the aerospace and nuclear energy industries, their use is by no means restricted to such areas of 'high technology'. Modern machinery in most industrial plants is now so complex and expensive that mechanics find it increas­ ingly difficult to detect failure by, for instance, recognising changes in sound 'signatures', and few plants can afford the luxury of regular 'stripping down'. Increasingly, therefore, eady-warning devices are being employed in an effort to prevent catastrophic breakdown. This book provides the first co-ordinated compilation of fault diagnosis and con­ dition monitoring devices. It proceeds in three logical steps. The eady chapters deal with those conditions which contribute to deterioration and the consequent likely development of faults. The middle part of the book considers the various tech­ niques of monitoring and discusses the criteria for their selection in different situ­ ations. The final chapters provide a guide to the interpretation of the information signals deriving from monitoring, relating to reliability science and the mathematics of probability, and thus providing decision data on which management can act.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Preamble -- 1.2 Scope of book -- 1.3 Notation and definitions -- 2. Pipe and Channel Flow -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Laminar flow theory: channel -- 2.3 Laminar flow theory: pipe -- 2.4 The Reynolds number -- 2.5 The entry length -- 2.6 Transition to turbulent flow -- 2.7 Relationship between flow rate and pressure gradient -- 3. Flow Past a Circular Cylinder -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Reynolds number -- 3.3 Flow patterns -- 3.4 Drag -- 4. Convection in Horizontal Layers -- 4.1 The configuration -- 4.2 Onset of motion -- 4.3 Flow regimes -- 5. Equations of Motion -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fluid particles and continuum mechanics -- 5.3 Eulerian and Langrangian co-ordinates -- 5.4 Continuity equation -- 5.5 The substantive derivative -- 5.6 The Navier—Stokes equation -- 5.7 Boundary conditions -- 5.8 Condition for incompressibility -- Appendix: Derivation of viscous term of dynamical equation -- 6. Further Basic Ideas -- 6.1 Streamlines, streamtubes, particle paths and streaklines -- 6.2 Computations for flow past a circular cylinder -- 6.3 The stream function -- 6.4 Vorticity -- 6.5 Vorticity equation -- 6.6 Circulation -- 7. Dynamical Similarity -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Condition for dynamical similarity: Reynolds number -- 7.3 Dependent quantities -- 7.4 Other governing non-dimensional parameters -- 8. Low and High Reynolds Numbers -- 8.1 Physical significance of the Reynolds number -- 8.2 Low Reynolds number -- 8.3 High Reynolds number -- 9. Some Solutions of the Viscous Flow Equations -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Poiseuille flow -- 9.3 Rotating Couette flow -- 9.4 Stokes flow past a sphere -- 9.5 Low Reynolds number flow past a cylinder -- 10. Inviscid Flow -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Kelvin circulation theorem -- 10.3 Irrotational motion -- 10.4 Bernoulli’s equation -- 10.5 Drag in inviscid flow: d’Alembert’s ‘paradox’ -- 10.6 Applications of Bernoulli’s equation -- 10.7 Some definitions -- 11. Boundary Layers and Related Topics -- 11.1 Boundary layer formation -- 11.2 The boundary layer approximation -- 11.3 Zero pressure gradient solution -- 11.4 Boundary layer separation -- 11.5 Drag on bluff bodies -- 11.6 Streamlining -- 11.7 Wakes -- 11.8 Jets -- 11.9 Momentum and energy in viscous flow -- 12. Lift -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Two-dimensional aerofoils -- 12.3 Three-dimensional aerofoils -- 12.4 Spinning bodies -- 13. Thermal Flows: Basic Equations and Concepts -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Equations of convection -- 13.3 Classification of convective flows -- 13.4 Forced convection -- 13.5 Flow with concentration variations (mass transfer) -- 14. Free Convection -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The governing non-dimensional parameters -- 14.3 The adiabatic temperature gradient -- 14.4 Free convection as a heat engine -- 14.5 Convection from a heated vertical surface -- 14.6 Thermal plumes -- 14.7 Convection in fluid layers -- Appendix: The Boussinesq approximation in free convection -- 15. Flow in Rotating Fluids -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Centrifugal and Coriolis forces -- 15.3 Geostrophic flow and the Taylor—Proud man theorem -- 15.4 Taylor columns -- 15.5 Ekman layers -- 15.6 Intrinsic stability and inertial waves -- 15.7 Rossby waves -- 15.8 Convection in a rotating annulus -- 16. Stratified Flow -- 16.1 Basic concepts -- 16.2 Blocking -- 16.3 Lee waves -- 16.4 Internal waves -- 16.5 Stratification and rotation -- 17. Instability Phenomena -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Surface tension instability of a liquid column -- 17.3 Convection due to internal heat generation -- 17.4 Convection due to surface tension variations -- 17.5 Instability of rotating Couette flow -- 17.6 Shear flow instability -- 18. The Theory of Hydro Dynamic Stability -- 18.1 The nature of linear stability theory -- 18.2 Onset of Bénard convection -- 18.3 Overstability -- 18.4 Rotating Couette flow -- 18.5 Boundary layer stability -- 19. Transition to Turbulence -- 19.1 Boundary layer transition -- 19.2 Transition in jets and other free shear flows -- 19.3 Pipe flow transition -- 20. Turbulence -- 20.1 The nature of turbulent motion -- 20.2 Introduction to the statistical description of turbulent motion -- 20.3 Formulation of the statistical description -- 20.4 Turbulence equations -- 20.5 Calculation methods -- 20.6 Interpretation of correlations -- 20.7 Spectra -- 20.8 The concept of eddies -- 21. Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Space correlations and the closure problem -- 21.3 Spectra and the energy cascade -- 21.4 Dynamical processes of the energy cascade -- 22. The Structure of Turbulent Flows -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Reynolds number similarity and self-preservation -- 22.3 Intermittency and entrainment -- 22.4 The structure of a turbulent wake -- 22.5 Turbulent motion near a wall -- 22.6 Large eddies in a boundary layer -- 22.7 The Coanda effect -- 22.8 Stratified shear flows -- 22.9 Reverse transition -- 23. Experimental Methods -- 23.1 General aspects of experimental fluid dynamics -- 23.2 Velocity measurement -- 23.3 Pressure and temperature measurement -- 23.4 Flow visualization -- 24. Practical Situations -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Cloud patterns -- 24.3 Waves in the atmospheric circulation -- 24.4 Continental drift and convection in the Earth’s mantle -- 24.5 Solar granulation -- 24.6 Effluent dispersal -- 24.7 Wind effects on structures -- 24.8 Boundary layer control: vortex generators -- 24.9 Fluidics -- 24.10 Undulatory swimming -- 24.11 Convection from the human body -- 24.12 The flight of a boomerang -- Notation -- Problems -- Bibliography and References.

Abstract: To classify a book as 'experimental' rather than 'theoretical' or as 'pure' rather than 'applied' is liable to imply umeal distinctions. Nevertheless, some Classification is necessary to teIl the potential reader whether the book is for him. In this spirit, this book may be said to treat fluid dynamies as a branch of physics, rather than as a branch of applied mathematics or of engineering. I have often heard expressions of the need for such a book, and certainly I have feIt it in my own teaching. I have written it primariIy for students of physics and of physics-based applied science, aIthough I hope others may find it useful. The book differs from existing 'fundamental' books in placing much greater emphasis on what we know through laboratory experiments and their physical interpretation and less on the mathe­ matieal formalism. It differs from existing 'applied' books in that the choice of topics has been made for the insight they give into the behaviour of fluids in motion rather than for their practical importance. There are differences also from many existing books on fluid dynamics in the branches treated, reflecting to some extent shifts of interest in reeent years. In particular, geophysical and astrophysical applications have prompted important fundamental developments in topics such as conveetion, stratified flow, and the dynamics of rotating fluids. These developments have hitherto been reflected in the contents of textbooks only to a limited extent.

Abstract: 1 The Rise of Frozen Foods -- 2 Refrigeration Technology -- 3 Freezing Vegetables -- 4 Freezing Fruits -- 5 Freezing Meats -- 6 Freezing Poultry -- 7 Freezing Fish -- 8 Freezing of Shellfish -- 9 Freezing of Dairy Products -- 10 Freezing of Egg Products -- 11 Precooked Frozen Foods -- 12 Packaging of Frozen Foods -- 13 Microbiology of Frozen Foods -- 14 The Nutritive Value of Frozen Foods -- 15 Quality Compliance and Assurance -- 16 Warehousing and Retail Cabinets.

Abstract: The remarkable growth of food technology in industry has been matched by an equal development of related educational programs in food science in colleges and universities in many countries. A vast and growing body of reference books is now available to profes­ sionals in the field. They have at their fingertips the current state of the art and knowledge in the various areas of specialization embraced by the food industry. For example, excellent reference books are available in the general area of food freezing. The Freezing Preservation of Foods by Tressler et al. is a four volume reference work which covers the subject in detail. Fundamentals of Food Freezing is a book written as a textbook. It repre­ sents the accumulated art and knowledge in the field of food freezing and draws upon the four volumes of The Freezing Preservation of Foods and the current literature in reference. This new textbook is designed as a unit of instruction in food freezing. As such, it is presented in 16 chapters. The total effect we have attempted to develop is a rounded overall presentation for the student. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the contributions of our many col­ laborators in preparing this text. These collaborators are identified in the list of contributors; to each, we are most deeply obliged. However, the undersigned are responsible for errors of omission or commission.

Abstract: 1 What operational research is and does -- 2 Measuring uncertainty -- 3 Queuing problems -- 4 Business forecasting -- 5 Simulation and Monte Carlo Methods -- 6 Stock and production control models -- 7 Resource allocation -- 8 Planning projects -- 9 Analysing decisions -- 10 Operational gaming -- 11 Other operational research techniques -- 12 Conclusions -- Name Index -- General Index.

Abstract: There is nothing more difficult to take in hand. more perilous to conduct. or more uncertain in its success. than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things. because the innovator has for enemies all those who have done well under the old conditions. and lukewarm defenders in those who may do well under the new. Machiavelli. The Prince When this book was first written in 1959 I was myself a practising operational research worker in charge of a small group at the Glacier Metal Company, concerned with using Operational Research philosophy and techniques to help solve some of the managerial problems inside the company. About that time Operational Research was beginning to attract attention in industrial circles. Many quite large research groups were being founded. The advertisement columns of the Sunday press and certain daily newspapers were full of advertisements for Operational Research practitioners, at then quite attractive salaries.

Abstract: I. Beginnings -- A. The Pre-Socratics -- B. The Sophists and Socrates -- C. Plato -- D. Aristotle -- II. The Profile Emerges -- A. The Stoics -- B. Cicero -- C. The Roman Jurisconsults -- D. The Special Case of Ulpian -- III. The Christian Face of the Natural Law -- A. St. Paul and the New Testament -- B. The Church Fathers -- C. St. Augustine -- D. St. Isidore of Seville -- IV. Medieval Canonists and Civilians -- A. Gratian -- B. The Medieval Civilians -- C. The Decretists -- V. Fresh Lineaments of the Natural Law -- A. Some Early Scholastic Theologians -- B. The Franciscan School — and Albert the Great -- C. Scholastic Terminology: synderesis and Conscience -- VI. Aquinas Faces the Natural Law Tradition -- A. Aquinas on synderesis -- B. Aquinas and the Definitions of the Natural Law -- C. Natural Law and the Principles of Morality -- VII. Aquinas Makes Up His Mind -- A. The Notion of Law -- B. The Eternal Law -- C. The Natural Law and Its Precepts -- D. Primary and Secondary Precepts of the Natural Law -- E. The Variability of the Natural Law -- VIII. The Breaking of the Profile and its Re-making -- A. Moderate Nominalism: Scotus -- B. Nominalist Developments: William of Ockham, Gregory of Rimini -- C. The Reformation and the Scholastic Silver Age -- IX. The False Face of the Natural Law -- A. Hugo Grotius and the ‘Impious Hypothesis’ -- B. Natural Law in the Age of Reason -- C. Another Face of Natural Law: Human Rights -- X. Natural Law: A Twentieth-Century Profile? -- A. Natural Law Emerging from Eclipse -- B. Re-shaping the Features of Thomistic Natural Law -- C. Areas of discussion -- D. A Rehabilitated Natural Law? -- Name Index.

Abstract: It has more than once been observed that funeral orations for the natural law have always been premature. ! The implication that the concept has a continuing vitality, giving the lie to the prophets of its doom, is justification for yet another book on a subject, now as much as ever in the two and a half millenia of its history a matter of controversy. The history of the natural law has often been written -or at least the history of the concept in the Western European Greco­ 2 Roman tradition. This study does not claim to be a history, although its method is primarily historical and its subject is an idea that, more perhaps than most, has been shaped by its history. The omissions, Hobbes, Vico, Kant, Hegel for example, amply demonstrate that this is not a systematic history. On the other hand it accepts that In an orderly preparation for the study of natural law the most impor­ tant step would be to list the main modifications undergone by the notion of natural law as a result of doctrinal and historical cir­ cumstances? 1 Bergbohm, Jurisprudenz und Rechtsphilosophie, cited in a. M. Manser, Vas Natu"echt in Thomistischer Beleuchtung, p. 1; cf. A. P. d'Entreves, Natural Law, p. 13: "It was declared dead, never to rise again from its ashes. Yet natural law has survived and still calls for discussion. " 2 A.

Abstract: Section I: Introduction -- 1 History of Teratology -- 2 Current Status of Teratology—General Principles and Mechanisms Derived From Animal Studies -- 3 Relation of Animal Studies to the Problem in Man -- Section II: Causes of Maldevelopment -- 4 Action of Mutagenic Agents -- 5 Radiations and Other Physical Agents -- 6 Infectious Diseases -- 7 Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses -- 8 Embryotoxicity of Drugs in Man -- 9 Environmental Chemicals -- 10 Maternal Metabolic and Endocrine Imbalances -- 11 Atmospheric Gases—Variations in Concentration and Some Common Pollutants -- 12 Extremes of Temperature -- 13 Interactions and Multiple Causes.

Abstract: In less than 40 years teratology has grown from a little known discipline concerned with studies on the effects of a few physical and chemical stresses on developing fish, amphibians, and birds, to a discipline embracing a vast accumulation of literature on experimental studies in many animal forms­ and the results of intensive scrutiny of human development under varied conditions, as well. Emphasis has shifted from preoccupation with descrip­ tions of anatomical defects to concern about subtle and interacting causative factors, to searches for the early reactions to these at the cellular and subcellu­ lar levels, and to identification of abnormality in the chemical, the functional, and the ultrastructural realms. These changes in orientation have quite naturally made necessary the recruitment of concepts, methods, and expertise from other disciplines. Hence the foundations of teratology, which once were largely morphological, have extended into genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, reproductive physiology, epidemiology, and several aspects of veteri­ nary and clinical medicine. It is not surprising that a student or new investigator approaching the field of teratology may feel some dismay when confronted with the confusing array of cross-disciplinary concepts and principles it encompasses today. One of the aims of this work is to introduce what the editors believe is a logical thread of continuity into a field that may be regarded by some as a welter of disordered information.

Abstract: 1. Body Structure and Functions -- 1.1 Skeleton -- 1.2 Skin and musculature -- 1.3 Respiratory organs and swimbladder -- 1.4 Feeding and organs of digestion -- 1.5 Circulation of the blood -- 1.6 Urinogenital system -- 1.7 The endocrine system -- 1.8 Nervous system and sense organs -- 2. Eel Species, their Developmental Stages and their Distribution -- 2.1 The European and American eels A. anguilla and A. rostrata -- 2.2 Indo-Pacific species -- 2.3 Zoogeographical relationships -- 3. Post-Larval Ecology and Behaviour -- 3.1 The glass eel and elvers : their migration on the Continental shelf and into freshwaters -- 3.2 Migration of pigmented young eels -- 3.3 The ‘Yellow eel’ stage to the ‘Silver eel’ stage -- 3.4 Silver eel migration -- 4. Fishing Yields -- 4.1 The development of eel fisheries -- 4.2 Annual and regional fluctuations in yield -- 4.3 Variation in catch size throughout the year -- 4.4 Population density and catch sizes from an economic and ecological viewpoint -- 5. Fishing Methods -- 5.1 Eel traps -- 5.2 Stow nets -- 5.3 Permanent eel traps -- 5.4 Seines and trawls -- 5.5 Angling and line fishing -- 5.6 Lift nets, spears and other equipment -- 5.7 The use of electricity -- 5.8 Combination with light -- 6. Eel Culture and Live Storage -- 6.1 Eel farming in Japan -- 6.2 Experiments on eel farming in Europe -- 6.3 Live storage -- 7. Diseases, Parasites and Injuries -- 7.1 Virus and bacterial diseases -- 7.2 Infestation by fungi, protozoa and metazoa -- 7.3 Teratological and other defects -- 8. Trade and Processing -- 8.1 International trade -- 8.2 Prices -- 8.3 Quality -- References.

Abstract: by Dr P .H. Greenwood British Museum (Natural History), London Dr Tesch's wide ranging account of anguillid eels impinges on the interests of many biologists; it is not simply a specialized tome narrowly aimed at ichthyologists and fishery scientists, rather it provides a source of primary reference and a comprehensive sununary of informa­ tion that is not likely to be superseded for a long time. It is significant that the bibliography includes references to learned journals concerned with physiology, pharmacology, taxonomy, genetics, zoology, endo­ crinology, botany, ecology and environmental interactions. Such is the breadth of interest in the Anguillidae. Few fish species have been subjected to as detailed review as Dr Tesch gives for the (wo Atlantic species of Anguilla. An equally comprehensive resume of research into the fourteen, rather less well-studied Indo­ Pacific species gives balance and reciprocal illumination to several biological problems posed by these similar but quite distinctive species.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Virus characteristics -- 2 Symptomatology of Virus-Infected Plants -- External symptoms -- Internal symptoms -- 3 Physiology of Plant Virus Diseases -- Metabolism of virus-infected plants -- Translocation of the virus in the plant -- Interference between viruses -- Latent infections -- Resistance to infection -- 4 Isolation and Purification of Plant Viruses -- Elementary tests -- Purification methods -- 5 Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Virus Particles. Plant Viruses in situ in Plant and Vector -- 6 Chemistry of Plant Viruses -- 7 Infection and Replication. Assembly of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus Particle. Incomplete Viruses. Satellite Viruses. Viroids -- 8 Transmission by Vectors -- Insecta -- Vectors outside the insecta -- 9 Transmission other than by Vectors -- Mechanical inoculation -- Grafting -- Vegetative propagation -- Seed transmission -- 10 Quantitative Assay. Virus Inhibitors. Virus Strains -- 11 Serology of Plant Viruses -- Preparation of the viruses (antigens) -- The precipitin reaction -- Some results of the application of serological methods -- 12 Tissue- and Cell-culture of Plant Viruses -- Plant tissue-culture -- Modes of infection of tissue-cultures -- Cell-culture -- Protoplast culture of plant-viruses -- 13 Testing for Viruses: Indicator Plants -- 14 Nomenclature and Classification. Control -- 15 Fungal and Algal Viruses -- Fungal viruses -- Algal viruses -- 16 Mycoplasma-like Organisms -- Index of Authors.

Abstract: In the sixth edition of Plant Viruses, each section has been brought up to date and some additions made. A short account is given of a new technique, the protoplast-culture of plant viruses. The omission in the fifth edition of the Mycoplasma-like organisms has been criticized on the grounds of the close simi­ larity of symptom expression and techniques of study between Mycoplasmas and plant viruses. To meet this criticism Chapter 16, which gives a brief account of these organisms, is included. Some of the plates have been changed and new ones added. Grateful acknowledgment is due to Dr Aaron KIug F.R.S. and his colleagues, to Drs D. A. Govier, Basil Kassanis F.R.S. and Karl Maramorsch for permission to use their recent work. Acknowledgement is also due to several friends who have supplied prints of illustrations from their published work; credit has been given to authors in the illustration legends. Mr Denis C. Ingram, editor to Chapman and Hall, has been most helpful and co-operative throughout.

Abstract: Preface -- Notation Frequently Used -- 1. Introduction -- I. Hilbert Space -- 2. Inner Product of Functions. Norm, Metric -- 3. The Space L2 -- 4. Convergence in the Space L2(G) (Convergence in the Mean). Complete Space. Separable Space -- 5. Orthogonal Systems in L2(G) -- 6. Hilbert Space -- 7. Some Remarks to the Preceding Chapters. Normed Space, Banach Space -- 8. Operators and Functionals, especially in Hilbert Spaces -- II. Variational Methods -- 9. Theorem on the Minimum of a Quadratic Functional and its Consequences -- 10. The Space HA -- 11. Existence of the Minimum of the Functional F in the Space HA. Generalized Solutions -- 12. The Method of Orthonormal Series. Example -- 13. The Ritz Method -- 14. The Galerkin Method -- 15. The Least Squares Method. The Courant Method -- 16. The Method of Steepest Descent. Example -- 17. Summary of Chapters 9 to 16 -- III. Application of Variational Methods to the Solution of Boundary Value Problems in Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations -- 18. The Friedrichs Inequality. The Poincaré Inequality -- 19. Boundary Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations -- 20. Problem of the Choice of a Base -- 21. Numerical Examples: Ordinary Differential Equations -- 22. Boundary Value Problems in Second Order Partial Differential Equations -- 23. The Biharmonic Operator. (Equations of Plates and Wall-beams.) -- 24. Operators of the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity -- 25. The Choice of a Base for Boundary Value Problems in Partial Differential Equations -- 26. Numerical Examples: Partial Differential Equations -- 27. Summary of Chapters 18 to 26 -- IV. Theory of Boundary Value Problems in Differential Equations Based on the Concept of a Weak Solution and on the Lax-Milgram Theorem -- 28. The Lebesgue Integral. Domains with the Lipschitz Boundary -- 29. The Space W2(k)(G) -- 30. Traces of Functions from the Space W2(k)(G). The Space W?2(k)(G). The Generalized Friedrichs and Poincaré Inequalities -- 31. Elliptic Differential Operators of Order 2k. Weak Solutions of Elliptic Equations -- 32. The Formulation of Boundary Value Problems -- 33. Existence of the Weak Solution of a Boundary Value Problem. V-ellipticity. The Lax-Milgram Theorem -- 34. Application of Direct Variational Methods to the Construction of an Approximation of the Weak Solution -- 35. The Neumann Problem for Equations of Order 2k (the Case when the Form ((v, u)) is not V-elliptic) -- 36. Summary and Some Comments to Chapters 28 to 35 -- V. The Eigenvalue Problem -- 37. Introduction -- 38. Completely Continuous Operators -- 39. The Eigenvalue Problem for Differential Operators -- 40. The Ritz Method in the Eigenvalue Problem -- 41. Numerical Examples -- VI. Some Special Methods. Regularity of the Weak solution -- 42. The Finite Element Method -- 43. The Method of Least Squares on the Boundary for the Biharmonic Equation (for the Problem of Wall-beams). The Trefftz Method of the Solution of the Dirichlet Problem for the Laplace Equation -- 44. The Method of Orthogonal Projections -- 45. Application of the Ritz Method to the Solution of Parabolic Boundary Value Problems -- 46. Regularity of the Weak Solution, Fulfilment of the Given Equation and of the Boundary Conditions in the Classical Sense. Existence of the Function w ? W2(k)(G) satisfying the Given Boundary Conditions -- 47. Concluding Remarks, Perspectives of the Presented Theory -- Table for the Construction of Most Current Functionals and of Systems of Ritz Equations -- References.

Abstract: The impulse which led to the writing of the present book has emerged from my many years of lecturing in special courses for selected students at the College of Civil Engineering of the Tech­ nical University in Prague, from experience gained as supervisor and consultant to graduate students-engineers in the field of applied mathematics, and - last but not least - from frequent consultations with technicians as well as with physicists who have asked for advice in overcoming difficulties encountered in solving theoretical problems. Even though a varied combination of problems of the most diverse nature was often in question, the problems discussed in this book stood forth as the most essential to this category of specialists. The many discussions I have had gave rise to considerations on writing a book which should fill the rather unfortunate gap in our literature. The book is designed, in the first place, for specialists in the fields of theoretical engineering and science. However, it was my aim that the book should be of interest to mathematicians as well. I have been well aware what an ungrateful task it may be to write a book of the present type, and what problems such an effort can bring: Technicians and physicists on the one side, and mathematicians on the other, are often of diametrically opposing opinions as far as books con­ ceived for both these categories are concerned.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Inter-American Obligations on Human Rights -- III. What are Human Rights? -- IV. The IACHR: Its Origins and Organization -- V. The IACHR and the Promotion of Human Rights -- VI. The IACHR and the Protection of Human Rights -- VII. Conclusion -- Appendix: The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

Abstract: This book is a product of my long-standing interest in international action on human rights, an interest which I developed as a graduate student and which I have maintained as a teacher and researcher. I am indebted to Professor Vernon Van Dyke of the University of Iowa for stimulating my interest in the subject and for guiding the preparation of my Ph. D. thesis, of which this book is a greatly revised and expanded version. I should also like to express my ap­ preciation to Professor A. Glenn Mower, Jr. , of Hanover College, and to my colleague Glenn N. Schram, both of whom read the thesis and made many helpful suggestions when I began to revise it for publication. The book is im­ proved as a result of their efforts, though I alone remain responsible for any errors of fact or interpretation. Most of the research on the book was done at the Columbus Memorial Library of the OAS in Washington, D. C. , and I am grateful to the librarians there for kind and efficient assistance. The Marquette University Committee on Research provided me with a research grant for the summer of 1974 and supplementary grants in 1975 and 1976 which facilitated the completion of the manuscript: I am grateful for this assistance. I have endeavored to include all material available to me as of the end of March, 1976.

Abstract: 1t gives me great pleasure as Chairman of the Section on Business Law to write a foreword to this, the second volume in a series of books on Maritime Law. Volume I dealt with 'Arrest of Vessels' and the remain­ ing subjects tobe covered are 'Mortgages of Vessels' and 'Registration of Vessels'. The first volume has proved most successful and many lawyers have testified to its practical value. I am certain that this second volume will have an equally warm welcome. The series is the inspiration of Lennart Hagberg, the Chairman of the Section on Business Law's Committee on Maritime and Transport Law. Both he, and the contributors to the series who are all members of that Committee, are busy practising lawyers, and it is only by making sacrifices that they have been able to add this additional task to their already heavy commitments. In particular, Lennart Hagberg's task as editor has involved an enormous amount of work and I am most grateful to him and bis fellow-contributors for all that they have done. May I wish this Book and those following it every success.

Abstract: I. Elementary mathematics -- 1. Fundamental operations on rational numbers -- 2. Higher arithmetical operations -- 3. Development of the number system -- 4. Algebraic equations -- 5. Functions -- 6. Percentages, interest and annuities -- 7. Plane geometry -- 8. Solid geometry -- 9. Descriptive geometry -- 10. Trigonometry -- 11. Plane trigonometry -- 12. Spherical trigonometry -- 13. Analytic geometry of the plane -- II. Steps towards higher mathematics -- 14. Set theory -- 15. The elements of mathematical logic -- 16. Groups and fields -- 17. Linear algebra -- 18. Sequences, series, limits -- 19. Differential calculus -- 20. Integral calculus -- 21. Series of functions -- 22. Ordinary differential equations -- 23. Complex analysis -- 24. Analytic geometry of space -- 25. Projective geometry -- 26. Differential geometry, convex bodies, integral geometry -- 27. Probability theory and statistics -- 28. Calculus of errors, adjustment of data, approximation theory -- 29. Numerical analysis -- 30. Mathematical optimization -- III. Brief reports on selected topics -- 31. Number theory -- 32. Algebraic geometry -- 33. Further algebraic structures -- 34. Topology -- 35. Measure theory -- 36. Graph theory -- 37. Potential theory and partial differential equations -- 38. Calculus of variations -- 39. Integral equations -- 40. Functional analysis -- 41. Foundation of geometry — Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry -- 42. Foundations of mathematics -- Tables.

Abstract: It is commonplace that in our time science and technology cannot be mastered without the tools of mathematics; but the same applies to an ever growing extent to many domains of everyday life, not least owing to the spread of cybernetic methods and arguments. As a consequence, there is a wide demand for a survey of the results of mathematics, for an unconventional approach that would also make it possible to fill gaps in one's knowledge. We do not think that a mere juxtaposition of theorems or a collection of formulae would be suitable for this purpose, because this would over­ emphasize the symbolic language of signs and letters rather than the mathematical idea, the only thing that really matters. Our task was to describe mathematical interrelations as briefly and precisely as possible. In view of the overwhelming amount of material it goes without saying that we did not just compile details from the numerous text-books for individual branches: what we were aiming at is to smooth out the access to the specialist literature for as many readers as possible. Since well over 700000 copies of the German edition of this book have been sold, we hope to have achieved our difficult goal. Colours are used extensively to help the reader. Important definitions and groups of formulae are on a yellow background, examples on blue, and theorems on red.

Abstract: On Sanctions -- Optimism, law and the state: a plea for the possibility of politics -- Les phénomènes d’inter-normativité -- Forms of dispute settlement in Mexico -- The problems of consistency in legal systems -- Legal consciousness as a research problem -- Access to the legal system and legal services research -- Two sociologies of law -- Comment -- Comment -- Comment -- List of authors.

Abstract: This is the first volume in a new series of European Yearbooks in Law and Sociology. As the Editorial Board we have considerable pleasure in being able to inaugurate this series, and to do so with a collection of articles from such distinguished contributors. For a number of years the need for a regular outlet for European work in law and sociology has been appreciated, and many individuals have co-operated in laying the foundations for this series. The we are preparatory work that was done has been most valuable. Equally delighted that the series is launched with the encouragement and backing of both the Research Committee on Sociology of Law of the International Sociological Association and the Institute of Sociology of Law for Europe. Indeed the current activities of the Research Committee and the recent establishment of the Institute, together with this series of Yearbooks, permit optimism that work in this field in Europe will progress and develop as never before. Whether this will happen does depend however, quite simply, on the nature of the research and writing that follows and the quality of work accomplished.

Abstract: I (Clinical) -- Conservative Management of Paraplegia -- Surgical Treatment of Injuries to the Dorsolumbar Spine -- Orthotic Equipment and Technical Aids for Paraplegics -- Social Problems of Paraplegic Patients -- Social Rehabilitation of Paraplegics Treated at the Metropolitan Rehabilitation Center -- Psychological Problems in Paraplegics -- Sports in Therapy and Rehabilitation of Paraplegics -- Problems of Vocational Rehabilitation in Paraplegia -- 2 (Laboratory Work) -- Pathology of the Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries -- Problems of Spasticity in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries -- Reflex Activity in Spinal Shock in Man on the Basis of Hoffmann’s Reflexes -- 3 (New Experimental Surgical Procedures) -- Our Experience with Treatment and Rehabilitation of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury -- Pathology of Spinal Cord Lesions in the Light of Dynamic Alloplasty -- Biomechanical Studies in Dynamic Alloplasty of the Spine -- Clinical Results -- General Evaluation of the Clinical Material.

Abstract: Dr. Marian Weiss' textbook reviewing the etiology, pathophysiology, philosophy and conservative vs. surgical management of spinal and spinal cord injury is a significant contribution to the world literature. The remarks which follow are intended to serve the reader as a surgeon's 'thumb nail' sketch of the text's contents, along with brief comments on areas of agreement or mild variance of the opinions expressed. Dr. \Veiss' statement that the average surgical team often becomes more emotionally involved with the good or doubtful prognosis case at the expense of the victim with a hopeless prognosis, is totally valid. The percentage number of surgical spinal cases are insignificant when compared with the number of surgical admis­ sions. As a result, little appropriate knowledge is amassed by the average surgeon to allow for competence or confidence in the management of the spinal injured patient's total problems. The opinion is correct that spinal trauma should be managed in Spinal Injury Centers where access to the entire array of specialists required by quadriplegic or paraplegic victims is available. Such comprehensive programs are most appro­ priately affiliated with University Medical Centers.

Abstract: Australia -- Belgium -- Canada -- Denmark -- Finland -- France -- Germany -- Greece -- Ireland -- Israel -- Malta -- Netherlands -- Norway -- Singapore -- South Africa -- Sweden -- United Kingdom -- United States of America.

Abstract: It is with great pleasure that as Chairman of the Section on Business Law of the International Bar Association I write this foreword to a series of handbooks on maritime law which have been prepared by the Committee on Maritime and Transport Law of our Section. The first of these handbooks deals with 'Arrest of Vessels', the second with 'Enforced Sales of Vessels', the third with 'Registration of Vessels' and the fourth with 'Mortgages on Vessels'. I feel sure that they will all be valuable aids to international lawyers practising in the field of maritime law. These handbooks owe their conception to Mr. Lennart Hagberg of Gothenburg, Sweden, the Chairman of the Maritime and Transport Law Committee. Both he and the contributors to the series have put an enormous amount of work into the handbooks and devoted long hours to their preparation, hours which I feel sure they have borrowed with difficulty from their heavy commitments as busy practising lawyers. I am happy to think that our Section, which was formed only six years ago, is as its first ventures in the publishing field producing at the same time both these handbooks on maritime law and another on 'Contracts of Employment', which has been prepared by our Com­ mittee on Labour Law, under the chairmanship of Mr. Willard Z. Carr. Jr. of Los Angeles, California. May they be the forerunners of many more.

Abstract: 1 The populationand the gene -- 2 The theory of gene frequencies -- 3 The picture we see in practice — gene frequencies in some natural populations -- 4 The theory applied to a single problem. Polymorphism in Cepaea nemoralis -- 5 The integrated genome -- 6 The cost of changing -- 7 Modes of evolution -- Suggestions for further reading.

Abstract: 1 Why Change? -- 1.1 Loam composts -- 1.2 Loamless composts -- 2 Alternative Materials -- 2.1 Peat -- 2.2 Other organic materials -- 2.3 Mineral materials -- 2.4 Plastics -- 3 Physical Aspects -- 3.1 Physical terminology -- 3.2 Physical requirements of composts -- 3.3 Energy concept of water in composts -- 3.4 Water absorption and release by composts -- 3.5 Formulation of composts: physical principles -- 4 Principles of Nutrition -- 4.1 Cation exchange capacity -- 4.2 Anion exchange capacity -- 4.3 Availability of nutrients: loam v. loamless composts -- 4.4 Nutrient uptake by the plant -- 4.5 Acidity (pH) -- 4.6 Lime requirement -- 4.7 Soluble salts -- 5 Nitrogen -- 5.1 Nitrogen and pot plants -- 5.2 Forms of mineral nitrogen -- 5.3 Slow release fertilisers -- 5.4 Choice of fertiliser type -- 5.5 Nitrogen and peat -- 6 Other Macro-Elements -- 6.1 Phosphorus -- 6.2 Potassium -- 6.3 Calcium -- 6.4 Magnesium -- 6.5 Sulphur -- 6.6 Mineral soil and peat comparison -- 6.7 Nutrient and environment interactions -- 6.8 Fertiliser analysis and salt index -- 6.9 Plant mineral levels -- 7 Micro-Elements -- 7.1 Boron -- 7.2 Copper -- 7.3 Manganese -- 7.4 Molybdenum -- 7.5 Iron -- 7.6 Zinc -- 7.7 Chloride -- 7.8 Aluminium -- 7.9 Fritted micro-elements -- 7.10 Chelated micro-elements -- 7.11 Other sources -- 7.12 Micro-element availability -- 8 Compost Formulation and Preparation -- 8.1 Historical -- 8.2 Denmark -- 8.3 Finland -- 8.4 Germany -- 8.5 Ireland -- 8.6 Netherlands -- 8.7 United Kingdom -- 8.8 United States of America -- 8.9 Sawdust and bark composts -- 8.10 Azalea composts -- 8.11 Proprietary formulations -- 8.12 Compost preparation -- 9 Liquid Feeding -- 9.1 Importance of liquid feeding -- 9.2 Formulating liquid feeds -- 9.3 Practical aspects of feeding -- 9.4 Diluting equipment -- 9.5 Quality of irrigation water -- 10 Irrigation Systems -- 10.1 Drip systems -- 10.2 Capillary watering -- 10.3 Flooded benches -- 11 John Innes Composts -- 11.1 Formulation -- 11.2 Compost ingredients: loam -- 11.3 Peat -- 11.4 Sand -- 11.5 Sterilisation -- 11.6 Characteristics and use -- 11.7 Composts for calcifuge plants (JIS ( A )) -- 12 Heat Sterilisation -- 12.1 Thermal deathpoints -- 12.2 Methods of heat sterilisation -- 12.3 Steam -- 12.4 Steam—air mixtures -- 12.5 Flame pasteuriser -- 12.6 Electrical sterilisers -- 12.7 Other methods -- 12.8 Chemistry of heat sterilisation -- 12.9 Rules for heat sterilisation -- 13 Chemical Sterilisation -- 13.1 Soil fumigants -- 13.2 Fungicides -- 13.3 Insecticides -- 14 Plant Containers -- 14.1 Clay v. plastic pots -- 14.2 Paper and peat pots -- Appendices -- 1 Metric conversions -- 2 Imperial and us capacity measures -- 3 Illumination and radiation units -- 4 Atomic weights -- 5 Formulae and molecular weights of some commonly used chemicals -- 6 Chemical gravimetric conversions -- 7 Temperature conversions.

Abstract: The last two decades have seen rapid advances in the technology used to produce pot plants. Glasshouses designed and orientated to give maximum light transmission, fully automatic heating and ventilating systems, carbon dioxide enrichment of the atmosphere, controlled photoperiods using automatic blackouts and incandescent lamps which enable plants such as chrysanthemum to be flowered at any time of the year, mist propagation techniques, chemical growth regulators which control the height of plants, automatic watering and feeding systems, etc.: these are only some of the developments which have transformed pot plant culture. There have also been many changes in the composts and systems used to grow the plants. Mineral soils, which formed the basis of the John Innes Composts, are now either too expensive or too difficult to obtain in suitable quality and sufficient quantity. Consequently the grower has been forced to seek other materials such as peat, perlite, vermiculite, plastic foam, shredded bark, etc. New types of fertilisers, new methods of heat sterilisation and new chemical sterilising agents are also being used.

Abstract: Section One • Problems -- 1. Circuit Analysis. Problems 1–58 -- 2. Transients and Oscillatory Circuits. Problems 59–76 -- 3. Waveform Analysis. Problems 77–90 -- 4. Solid State Electronics and Semiconductor Devices. Problems 91–143 -- 5. Valve and Transistor Characteristics and Equivalent Circuits. Problems 144–176 -- 6. Rectification and Voltage and Current Stabilization. Problems 177–204 -- 7. Amplifiers. Problems 205–283 -- 8. Electronic Computing Circuits. Problems 284–292 -- 9. Oscillators. Problems 293–323 -- 10. Noise. Problems 324–342 -- 11. Transmission Lines and Networks. Problems 343–390 -- 12. Waveguides. Problems 391–401 -- 13. Filters. Problems 402–415 -- 14. Antennas. Problems 416–430 -- 15. Modulation, Detection and Frequency Changing. Problems 431–456 -- 16. Communication and Information Theory. Problems 457–466 -- 17. Kinetic Theory of and Conduction in Gases. Problems 467–484 -- 18. Motion of Electrons in Electric and Magnetic Fields. Problems 485–491 -- 19. Measurements. Problems 492–509 -- 20. Logical Switching Circuits. Problems 510–520 -- 21. Miscellaneous Topics. Problems 521–546 -- Section Two • Solutions.

Abstract: Many changes have been made in this edition, first to the nomenclature so that the book is in agreement with the International System of Units (S. I. ) and secondly to the circuit diagrams so that they conform to B. S. S. 3939. The book has been enlarged and now has 546 problems. Much more emphasis has been given to semiconductor devices and transistor circuits, additional topics and references for further reading have been introduced, some of the original problems and solutions have been taken out and several minor modifications and corrections have been made. It could be argued that thermionic-valve circuits should not have been mentioned since valves are no longer considered important by most electronic designers except possibly for very high power or voltage applications. Some of the original problems on valves and valve circuits have been retained, however, for completeness because the material is still present in many syllabuses and despite the advent and prolification of solid-state devices in recent years the good old-fashioned valve looks like being in existence for a long time. There are still some topics readers may expect to find included which have had to be omitted; others have had less space devoted to them than one would have liked. A new feature of this edition is that some problems with answers, given at the end of each chapter, are left as student exercises so the solutions are not included. The author wishes to thank his colleagues Professor P. N.

Abstract: 1 Historical Survey -- 2 Basic Principles of Electron Optics -- 2.1. Rotationally Symmetric Lenses in the Bell-Shaped Field Approximation -- 2.2. Rotationally Symmetric Lenses with Arbitrary Field Distribution -- 2.3. Aberrations Resulting from Misalignment -- 2.4. Multipole Fields for Beam Correction -- 2.5. Image Contrast -- 2.6. Further Sources of Error -- 2.7. Fixed Beam and Scanning Mode -- 3 Superconducting Devices in Electron Microscopy -- 3.1. Advantages of Superconducting Devices -- 3.2. Technical Problems -- 4 Lens Design and Testing -- 4.1. Lens Design and Field Distribution -- 4.2. Correction Systems for Superconducting Objective Lenses -- 4.3. Testing of Objective Lenses -- 5 Systems with Superconducting Lenses -- 5.1. Tested Systems -- 5.2. Projected Systems -- 6 Other Superconducting Elements for Electron Microscopy -- 6.1. Superconducting High-Voltage Beam Generator -- 6.2. Magnetic Dipoles -- 7 Proposed Superconducting 3-MV Microscope -- 7.1. Accelerator -- 7.2. Spectrometer -- 7.3. Microscope Column -- 7.4. Further Improvements of the System -- Appendixes -- A. Superconducting Electron Optical Systems for High-Energy Physics -- A.1. General Remarks -- A.2. Magnet Designs -- B. Application of Electron Microscopy to Basic Research on Superconductivity -- B.1. Imaging by the Decoration Method -- B.2. Imaging by Electron Shadow Microscopy -- B.3. Imaging by an Electron Mirror Microscope -- B.4. Imaging by Lorentz Microscopy -- B.5. Imaging by a Vortex Electron Microscope -- References.

Abstract: * Electron optics involves the influence of electric and magnetic fields on electron beams. In those electron optical instruments utilizing magnetic fields, a replacement of the conventional, i.e .. nonsuperconducting, electron optical parts, is worth considering if the outstanding magnetic properties of superconductors can improve the systems. However, the use of superconductors demands complicated cryogenic techniques and this, of course, dampens enthusiasm. There are fields, however, where there are extreme requirements on the optical systems, namely, electron microscopy and high-energy physics. The great advantage of the combination of electron optics and superconductivity in these domains has been demonstrated in recent experiments. This monograph is mainly concerned with electron micros­ copy. Superconductivity in high-energy electron optics is treated only briefly, in Appendix A, since the author is little acquainted with the details of the projects. Furthermore, the number of experiments as yet carried out is small. In Appendix B, electron microscope studies of basic superconductor phenomena are reviewed. This material is included, even though it is only slightly connected with the main topic of the book, since a breakthrough in this field may be possible by the application of superconducting lenses.

Abstract: 1. The Microscopy of Starch -- 2. Electron Microscopy of Starch and Starch Products -- 3. The Rheology of Starch -- 4. Physical Methods of Characterising Starch -- 5. Chemical Analysis of Raw and Modified Starches -- 6. Determination of Starch in Various Products -- 7. The Analysis of Starch Derivatives.

Abstract: The literature of starch has proliferated in the last ten years at an almost geometric rate and a number of important changes and developments in the technology of starch and its derivatives have taken place which make it highly desirable to review these in some depth. The immensity of the subject determined the writer to seek the assistance of a number of prominent workers throughout the world. Where older work contains factual information of present value it has been retained, generally in the form of Additional References. These are brief abstracts which will help specialised searches in a branch of the subject to complete the information given in the text. Inclusion of dis­ jointed information can often lead to the loss of coherence and clarity, and the device of the Additional References, whilst allowing smooth presentation, also allows the inclusion of up-to-the-minute material appearing after the main text has been written. The rewarding techniques of transmission and scanning electron microscopy have been dealt with for the first time in a book of this nature.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. General Discussion of Traditional Terms and Governing Concepts Regarding Law of the Sea -- Internal Waters -- Territorial Sea -- Baselines -- Innocent Passage -- Contiguous Zone -- Continental Shelf -- High Seas -- III. General Discussion of the Law of Territorial Waters of Islands and Coastal Archipelagos as distinguished from the Law of Territorial Waters of Mid ocean Archipelagos and Archipelagic States -- Definitions -- An Island Adjacent to a Coast -- Artificial Structures as Islands -- Islands, Rocks, Promontories that are Part of a Coastal Configuration -- Controversies Arising Out of the Legal Treatment of Groups of Offshore Islands -- IV. A Review of the Historical and Traditional Approaches to the Application of the Law of Territorial Waters of Mid-Ocean Archipelagos and Archipelagic States -- Private Scientific and Scholarly Organizations -- The Hague Codification Conference, 1930 (Conference for the Codification of International Law, League of Nations) -- Preparatory Work of the International Law Commission -- Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea, 1958 -- Customary International Law -- Treaties as Evidence of Customary International Law -- Legislative and Executive Decrees, Declarations and the Practice of States -- Publicists and Legal Writers Usually State the Problem in Traditional Terms -- Leading Law Review Articles Treat the Problem in Traditional Terms -- V. Proposed Solutions to the Problem, in General -- The Guidelines of the Archipelagic States, Dated March 14, 1973 -- The Formal Proposal of the Archipelagic States, Dated August 6, 1973 -- The United Kingdom Proposal as Representative of the Views of the General Maritime States -- The Geographers’ Proposals -- VI. On the Emerging Definition of an Archipelagic State -- The Philippines -- The Philippine Declaration -- The Philippine Declaration in Practice -- Indonesia -- The Indonesian Declaration -- The Indonesian Declaration in Practice -- An Archipelagic State Defined -- VII. A Proposed Recommendation for Determining the Territorial Waters of Archipelagos (Whether Constituting a single state or portion of a state) -- The Classic Problem of the Resolution of Conflicting Interests in the Law of the Sea: Special Interests v. General Interests -- Limitations on the Use of Precedent -- Proposed Solution -- Fishing Rights -- Appendixes -- Table of Cases.

Abstract: It is a truism that the increasingly rapid movement in technology is forcing change and shift in the norms of international law. The 149 states of the Law of the Sea Conferences of the United Nations have been attempting to establish and develop adequate legal norms that will take into account the need for the orderly growth and use of the changing technological capabilities and the resulting economic development that cannot and should not be hindered by in­ adequate law. When such norms are identified and agreed by a substantial majority of states, they are usually set out and placed into multilateral treaties. The rules governing the resource and non-resource allocation of the oceans and the uses ofthe oceans have posed major difficulties for the development of international law for many years. The Geneva Conference of 1958 building upon the groundwork of the International Law Commission of the United Nations shaped a rough structure for a 20th Century Law of the Seas and for­ mulated the effort in four major international conventions. But a majority of the states failed to ratify or accede to the conventions. Even had they become effec­ tive as the expression of the Law of the Seas in the second half of the 20th Cen­ tury, there was one glaring area of omission: a conventional law for the waters of mid-ocean archipelagos and archipelagic states.

Abstract: 1 The Autonomic Nervous System -- 1.1 Introduction -- 2 The Sympathetic Ganglia -- 2.1 The sympathetic ganglia -- 2.2 Ganglia of the sympathetic chain -- 2.3 Prevertebral ganglia -- 2.4 Chromaffin cells -- 2.5 Sympathetic ganglia in amphibians -- 2.6 Sympathetic ganglia in reptiles -- 2.7 Sympathetic ganglia in birds -- 2.8 Preganglionic fibres -- 2.9 Post-ganglionic fibres -- 2.10 Afferent fibres -- 3 The Adrenergic Fibres -- 3.1 The adrenergic fibres -- 3.2 Location of adrenergic endings -- 3.3 Structure of adrenergic endings -- 3.4 Release, uptake, synthesis and inactivation of the transmitter -- 3.5 Degeneration of adrenergic endings -- 4 The Sympathetic Ganglia in Development and Experimental Conditions -- 4.1 Development -- 4.2 Effects of nerve growth factor -- 4.3 Sympathectomy -- 4.4 Preganglionic denervation -- 4.5 Post-ganglionic denervation -- 4.6 Heterologous regeneration -- 4.7 Effects of denervation during development -- 4.8 Sympathetic ganglia in tissue culture -- 5 Paravisceral Ganglia -- 5.1 Ganglia and plexuses of the heart -- 5.2 The pelvic plexus -- 6 The Ciliary Ganglion -- 6.1 The ciliary ganglion in mammals -- 6.2 Other parasympathetic ganglia of the head -- 6.3 The ciliary ganglion in birds -- 6.4 Post-ganglionic fibres -- 6.5 Studies on development -- 6.6 Axotomy and other experiments on the ciliary ganglion -- 7 Intramural Ganglia -- 7.1 The intramural ganglia -- 7.2 Number and size of neurons -- 7.3 Cell types -- 7.4 Structure of neurons, nerve processes and glial cells -- 7.5 Nerve endings -- 7.6 The ‘post-ganglionic’ fibres -- 7.7 Studies on development -- 8 The Vagus Nerve -- 8.1 The vagus nerve -- 8.2 Structure of the vagus nerve -- 8.3 The nodose and jugular ganglia -- 8.4 Origin of the axons of the vagus nerve -- 8.5 The preganglionic neurons -- 8.6 Degeneration and regeneration of the vagus nerve -- 9 Autonomic Efferent Neurons in the Central Nervous System -- 9.1 Sympathetic preganglionic neurons -- 9.2 Sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons -- 10 Innervation of Organs -- 10.1 Eye -- 10.2 Salivary glands -- 10.3 Skin and appendages -- 10.4 Adipose tissue -- 10.5 Alimentary tract -- 10.6 Heart -- 10.7 Blood vessels -- 10.8 Spleen -- 10.9 Respiratory tract -- 10.10 Female genital tract -- 10.11 Male genital tract -- References.

Abstract: A conspicuous portion of the peripheral nervous system is part of the 'vegetative nervous system'; it includes all the neurons which innerv­ ate the viscera, salivary and lacrimal glands, the heart and blood vessels, all other smooth muscles of the body, notably the intrinsic muscles of the eye and the muscles of the hair. Only part of the system belongs to the peripheral nervous system: it has also its own nuclei and pathways in the central nervous system. The distinction between visceral and somatic functions is a very old one in our culture. With the development of neurology the notion of a widespread nervous control of body functions emerged. Winslow (1732) used the term nervi sympathici majores for those nerves, which he thought to carry about 'sympathies' and then co­ ordinate various viscera's functions. His was an anatomical break­ through, which obscured Willis' 'intercostal nerve' and Vesalius 'cranial nerve'. The notion was developed among others by John­ stone (1764) who arrived, with the aid of some very accurate anatomical observations, at the problem of the nervous influence on motion and sensitivity of viscera. By the end of the eighteenth century, it was clear, with Bichat (1800), that what he called 'sympa­ thetic nervous system' (and his pupil Reil, a few years later, 'vegeta­ tive nervous system ') controlled visceral functions (fa vie organique), whereas somatic functions (fa vie animafe) were under direct control from the brain and spinal cord.

Abstract: One: The Scope of the Brussels Convention 1924 -- 1. History of the Brussels Convention -- 2. Introduction to the Scope of the Brussels Convention -- 3. The Scope of the Convention in the Law of England -- 4. The Scope of the Convention in the Law of France: Introduction -- 5. The Liberal Approach -- 6. The Voyage Test -- 7. The Nationality Test: The Preliminary Problem -- 8. The Nationality Test -- 9. The Double Rule -- 10. Reform of Article X -- Two: Due Diligence to Make the Ship Seaworthy -- 11. The History of the Carriers Liability -- 12. The Scheme of Proof Under the Convention -- 13. Proof That the Vessel Was Defective -- 14. Due Diligence in General -- 15. Due Diligence in Practice -- 16. When Must Due Diligence Have Been Exercised? -- 17. Liability for Independent Contractors.

Abstract: It has been estimated that four-fifths of an carriage of goods by sea are governed by the Hague Rules, properly known as the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading, signed at Brussels in 1924. The success of the Convention is wen recognised. Its importance is self-evident and such that, notwithstanding its success, it has been the subject of regular scrutiny with a view to improvement and reform. Attention has focussed on various matters, among them two central provisions which are the subject of this book. First to be considered is article X concerning the legal scope of the Convention: to which contracts for carriage under bills of lading does the Convention apply? This question has caused much trouble, was debated by the C. M. 1. for twenty years and was apparently settled by a new Conven­ tion signed at Brussels in 1968; but the solution may never come into force as the entire Convention is currently being considered by the United Nations with a view to reform of a different kind. The second part of the book examines one of the fundamental duties in the Convention. The ultimate duties of the carrier are duties of due diligence, diligence in caring for cargo and diligence in preparing his ship for sea. It is the latter duty that has been selected for detailed study.

Abstract: 1 Surface Chemistry and Corrosion of Glass -- The Nature of Glass -- Chemical Attack on Glass: Tests for Durability -- Solubility of Silica -- Glass Structure and Ion Selectivity -- Chemical Attack on Glass -- Phase Separation -- Surface Chemistry -- Miscellanea -- Utilization of Corrosion Effects -- Summary -- References -- 2 Halogen Corrosion of Metals -- Pertinent Properties of Binary Metal Halides -- Experimental Methods Used to Study Metal-Halogen Reactions -- Reaction Morphologies, Mechanisms, and Kinetics -- Laboratory Studies of Halogen Attack on Metals and Alloys -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 Oxidation of Zirconium and Its Alloys -- Oxidation in Dry Gases -- Oxidation in High-Temperature Aqueous Environments -- Oxidation Mechanisms -- Hydrogen Absorption -- References.

Abstract: This series was organized to provide a forum for review papers in the area of corrosion. The aim of these reviews is to bring certain areas of corrosion science and technology into a sharp focus. The volumes of this series are published approximately on a yearly basis and each contains three to five reviews. The articles in each volume are selected in such a way as to be of interest both to the corrosion scientists and the corrosion technologists. There is, in fact, a particular aim in juxtaposing these interests because of the importance of mutual interaction and interdisciplinarity so important in corrosion studies. It is hoped that the corrosion scientists in this way may stay abreast of the activities in corrosion technology and vice versa. In this series the term "corrosion" is used in its very broadest sense. It includes, therefore, not only the degradation of metals in aqueous en­ vironment but also what is commonly referred to as "high-temperature oxidation. " Further, the plan is to be even more general than these topics; the series will include all solids and all environments. Today, engineering solids include not only metals but glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids, and composites of these. Environments of interest must be extended to liquid metals, a wide variety of gases, nonaqueous electrolytes, and other non­ aqueous liquids.

Abstract: 1 Background Discussion -- Scope of Metamorphism -- Temperatures and Pressures of Metamorphism -- Movement of Material in Metamorphism -- Mineral Assemblages (‘Pangeneses’) -- Microstructures of Metamorphic Rocks -- Preferred Orientation in Metamorphic Rocks -- Metamorphic Grade -- Metamorphic Facies -- Tectonic Setting of Metamorphism -- References -- 2 Equilibrium Aspects of Metamorphic Reactions -- Driving Force for Metamorphic Reactions -- Types of Metamorphic Reactions -- Variance of Metamorphic Reactions -- Metamorphic Reactions and Resulting Assemblages -- Sliding Reactions at Isograds -- Effect of One Phase on the Stability of Another -- Criteria of Stable Coexistence of Metamorphic Minerals -- Domains of Local (Mosaic) Equilibrium -- Calculation of the Topology of Metamorphic Phase Diagrams (Schreinemakers’ Analysis) -- Calculation of Slopes of Reaction Curves -- Experimental Location of Reaction Curves -- Reversal of Experimental Reactions -- Discrepancies Between Calculated and Experimentally Determined Reaction Curves -- Open Systems in Metamorphism -- Fluid Phase in Metamorphism -- Pressure of Fluid Phase -- Effect of Fluid Pressure on Reaction Curves -- Effects of Composition of Fluid Phase (Fugacities of Mixed Volatile Components) on Reaction Curves -- Effect of Oxygen Fugacity -- Coexisting Magnetite and Ilmenite -- Effect of fO2 on Hydrous Silicates Without Cations of Variable Valency -- Distribution of Elements Between Coexisting Minerals -- References -- 3 Kinetics of Metamorphic Reactions -- Diffusion in Metamorphism -- Nucleation and Growth -- Application of Reaction Kinetics to Metamorphism -- Zoning in Metamorphic Minerals -- Problems of Aragonite in Metamorphic Rocks -- Kinetics of the Reaction: Calcite + Quartz ? Wollastonite + CO2 -- References -- 4 Reactions in Metamorphic Rocks -- Mechanisms of Metamorphic Reactions -- Reactions in Metapelitic Systems -- Reactions in Mafic and Ultramafic Systems -- How Relevant Are Available Experimental and Theoretical Determinations of P-T-X Equilibria? -- Retrograde Reactions -- Reactions Involving Zoned Minerals -- Reactions Involving Zoned Garnet -- Compositional Changes During Metamorphism (‘Metamorphic Differentiation’) -- References -- 5 Stable Metamorphic Microstructures -- Unstable Grain Arrangements -- Stable Grain Arrangements in Isotropic Single Phase Aggregates -- Anisotropic Single Phase Aggregates -- Aggregates with More than One Phase -- Spatial and Size Distribution of Grains in Metamorphic Rocks -- Environments of Grain Adjustment in the Solid State -- References -- 6 Deformation, Recovery and Recrystallisation Processes -- Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation -- Crystal Plasticity -- Primary Modes of Intragranular Plastic Deformation -- Secondary Modes of Deformation -- Dislocations -- How Do Dislocations Assist Deformation? -- Experimental Detection of Dislocations -- Mobility of Dislocations -- Production of Dislocations -- Dislocations in Relation to Work-Hardening and -Softening -- Partial Dislocations -- Dislocations in Non-Metals -- Surface Imperfections 160 Effect of Grain Boundaries on Deformation (Intergranular Deformation) -- Recovery and Recrystallisation 166 Development of Crystallographic Preferred Orientation by Recrystallisation -- Development of Preferred Orientations by Deformation -- Some Generalities -- Appendix: Methods of Detecting Slip Systems -- References -- 7 Deformation, Recovery and Recrystallisation of Some Common Silicates -- Quartz -- Olivine -- Layer Silicates -- Plagioclase -- 8 Relationships between Chemical and Physical Processes in Metamorphism -- Effect of Chemical Reactions on Rock Mechanical Properties -- Effect of Differential Deformation on Mineral Assemblage -- Examples of Metamorphic Layering Formed By Preferential Removal of Minerals -- Large-Scale Metasomatism and Deformation -- Pegmatites and Deformation -- Migmatites -- Time Relationships between Deformation and Mineral Growth -- Solution Transfer -- Spinodal Decomposition? -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: This book is for senior undergraduate or postgraduate students who want an insight into some modern approaches to metamorphic petrology. Its aims are to explain, in reasonably simple, informal terms, the processes underlying (i) metamorphic reactions and (ii) the production of micro­ structures in metamorphic rocks, these currently being the things that interest me most, geologically. The first aim requires discussion of equilibrium factors, reaction kinetics and reaction mechanisms, empha­ sising both the complexity of realistic reactions and the need to combine the chemical and microstructural approaches to them. The second aim requires discussion of deformation, recovery, recrystallisation and grain growth processes, with emphasis on experiments on silicate minerals. The book concludes with a general attempt to relate chemical and physical processes in metamorphism, although it will be clear from reading earlier chapters (especially Chapter 4) that the two aspects can rarely be separated completely in detailed metamorphic studies. Petrological and experimental investigations of metamorphic reactions and microstructural development are advancing so rapidly these days that students are faced with an ever-increasing volume of information and a relatively rapid obsolescence of data. So, in this book I do not try to be comprehensive, or to present much so-called 'factual' information. Instead, I deal more with basic principles, in the hope that these will guide the student in his or her encounters with the details of specific metamorphic problems.

Abstract: Table of contents / Table des matières -- One Basic Texts and General Information -- I. Basic Texts -- II. The European Commission of Human Rights -- III. The European Court of Human Rights -- IV. Principal Developments in the Council of Europe Concerning the Protection of Human Rights -- Two Decisions of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights and the Committee of Ministers -- I. Individual Applications -- II. Cases Brought Before the European Court of Human Rights -- III. Cases Brought Before the Committee of Ministers -- Three The Convention within the Member States of the Council of Europe -- I. The Convention in the Parliaments and Official Acts of Member States -- II. Decisions of Domestic Courts Referring to the European Convention on Human Rights -- Premiere Partie Textes Fondamentaux et Informations de Caractere General -- Chapitre I. Textes Fondamentaux -- Chapitre II. La Commission Europeenne des Droits de l’Homme -- Chapitre III. La Cour Europeenne des Droits de l’Homme -- Chapitre IV. Principaux Evenements Ayant Marque le Developpement de la Protection des Droits de l’Homme Dans le Cadre du Conseil de l’europe -- Deuxieme Partie Decisions de la Commission et de la Cour Europeennes des Droits de l’Homme et du Comite des Ministres -- Chapitre I. Requetes Individuelles -- Chapitre II. Affaire Portee Devant la Cour Europeenne des Droits de l’Homme -- Chapitre III. Affaires Portees Devant le Comite des Ministres -- Troisieme Partie La Convention Dans l’Ordre Interne des Etats Membres du Conseil de l’Europe -- Chapitre I. La Convention Devant les Parlements et Dans Les Actes Officiels des Etats Membres -- Chapitre II. Decisions des Tribunaux Internes se Referant a la Convention Europeenne des Droits de l’Homme -- Documentation and Bibliography -- A. Council of Europe Documents -- B. Selective Bibliography of Publications Concerning the European Convention on Human Rights -- Alphabetical Index -- Annexe -- Documentation et Bibliographie -- A. Documents du Conseil de l’Europe -- B. Liste des Principales Publications Concernant la Convention Europeenne des Droits de l’Homme -- Index Alphabetique.

Abstract: PREMIERE PARTIE TEXTES FONDAMENTAUX ET INFORMATIONS DE CARACTERE GENERAL CHAPITRE I. TEXTES FONDAMENTAUX A. RATIFICATIO~S 3 B. RESERVES ET DECLARATIONS2 3 France 3 Suisse 7 C. DECLARATIONS D' ACCEPTATION DE LA COMPETENCE DE LA COMMIS­ SION EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME E~ MATIERE DE RE- QUETES INDIVIDUELLES (Article 25 de la Convention) II Pays-Bas II Suisse II Royaume-Uni 13 D. DECLARATIONS D'ACCEPTATION DE LA JURIDICTION OBLIGATO IRE DE LA COUR EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME (Article 46 de la Convention) 17 France 17 Islande 19 Pays-Bas 19 Suisse 19 Royaume-Uni 21 E. DEROGATIONS (Article 15 de la Convention) 25 Turquie 25 F. AMENDEME~TS AU REGLEMENT DE LA COUR EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME 31 G. AMENDEMENTS AU REGLEMENT INTERIEUR DE LA COMMISSION EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME 35 ANNEXES - Etat des ratifications, declarations et reserves au 31 decembre 1974 74 - Etat des depots des ratifications au 31 decembre 1974 76 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER II. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS A. COMPOSITION B. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES C. PROCEEDINGS D. SECRETARIAT CHAPTER III. THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS A. COMPOSITION 94 B. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 94 C. SESSIONS AND HEARINGS 8 9 D. REGISTRY OF THE COURT 8 9 CHAPTER IV. PRINCIPAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS A. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF EVENTS 102 B. WORK OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN RIGHTS 106 I. Consultative Assembly 106 2.

Abstract: Table des Matieres / Table of Contents -- Articles: Liste Recapitulative des Articles Publies dans les Volumes I a XX / Articles: Cumulative List of Articles Published in Volumes I to XX -- European Political Cooperation -- Les Perspectives Energetiques a Moyen et a Long Termes -- New Features of the Inflationary Process -- LA Charte Sociale Europeenne: Dix Annees D’Application -- The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation: Eurocontrol -- Section Documentaire Tableau De Membres des Organisations Europeennes / Documentary Section Members of European Organisations, 1974 -- Chapitre I. Commission Centrale pour la Navigation du Rhin / Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine -- Chapitre II. Union Economique Benelux / Benelux Economic Union -- Chapitre III. Union de L’Europe Occidentale / Western European Union -- Chapitre IV. Organisation de Cooperation et de Developpement Economiques / Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development -- Chapitre V. Le Conseil de L’Europe / The Council of Europe -- Chapitre VI. Commission Internationale de L’Etat-Civil / International Commission on Civil Status -- Chapitre VII. Les Communautes Europeennes / European Communities -- Chapitre VIII. Conseil Nordique et Conseil Ministeriel Nordique / Nordic Council and Nordic Council of Ministers -- Chapitre IX. Conference Europeenne des Ministres des Transports / European Conference of Ministers of Transport -- Chapitre X. Organisation Europeenne pour la Recherche Nucleaire / European Organisation for Nuclear Research -- Chapitre XI. Commission Europeenne de L’Aviation Civile / European Civil Aviation Conference -- Chapitre XII. Conference Europeenne des Administrations des Postes et Telecommunications / European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations -- Chapitre XIII. Association Europeenne de Libre Echange / European Free Trade Association -- Chapitre XIV. Les Organisations Spatiales Europeennes / European Space Organisations -- Chapitre XV. Organisation Europeenne pour la Securite de la Navigation Aerienne / European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation -- Section Bibliographique / Bibliographical Section -- I. Livres sur la Cooperation Europeenne / Books on European Cooperation -- II. Bibliographie Selective des Articles de Periodiques et des Brochures / Selective Bibliography of Periodical and Pamphlet Material -- A. Cooperation Europeenne en General / European Cooperation in General -- B. Cooperation Economique / Economic Cooperation -- C. Conseil de L’Europe / Council of Europe -- D. Communautes Europeennes / European Communities -- E. Questions de Defense / Defence Questions -- Table des Noms / List of Names -- Index alphabétique / Alphabetical index.

Abstract: 1 General Requirements -- Animals -- Legal considerations -- The laboratory -- Equipment -- Sources of information -- References -- 2 Echinoderms and Ascidians -- Echinoderms -- Ascidians -- References -- 3 Molluscs, Annelids and Nematodes -- Molluscs -- Annelids -- Nematodes -- References -- 4 Insects and Crustacea -- The Locust -- Calliphora -- Drosophila -- Crustacea -- References -- 5 Fish -- Goldfish -- Killifish -- Guppies -- Artificial fertilization -- Experimental Work on Fish Embryos -- References -- 6 Amphibia -- Xenopus -- Axolotls -- Experiments on Amphibian Embryos -- Experiments on amphibian larvae -- References -- 7 Birds -- Examination of the early chick blastoderm -- Culture of chick blastoderms -- Removal and culture of the blastoderm -- Preparation of chorio-allantoic grafts -- References -- 8 Mammals -- The oestrous cycle in the mouse -- Preparation of vaginal smears -- Examination of unfertilized ova from superovulated mice -- Reproductive system of the male mouse -- Examination of mouse embryos up to and including the blastocyst stage -- Arrangement of the foetal membranes in the rabbit and localization of immunoglobulin in the yolk sac splanchnopleur -- References.

Abstract: The purpose of this book is twofold: it is meant to serve both as a practical manual for the study of animal development and as a general introduction to the subject. Central to our en­ deavour is the belief that developmental biology is best taught and learnt at the laboratory bench, with specimens which are either alive and can be seen to develop or with fresh material derived directly from the egg (as in birds) or mother (as in mammals). Once the dynamic nature of development is appreci­ ated and the overall structure of the developing organism discerned the more conventional study of sections and whole mounts is more likely to become a delight rather than a diffi­ cult, and often meaningless, chore. We have laid considerable stress on the early development of animal embryos and the ways in which they can be obtained from a relatively few, but reliable, sources. In addition, emphasis has been placed on fairly simple experiments which make use of the embryos and larvae chosen for the purpose of illustrating develop­ ment. Embryology ceased to be a descriptive science at the beginning of this century and any practical course, at what­ ever level, should attempt to reflect this change. It is true that the analysis of development, particularly the genesis of chor­ date structure, owed much to the invention of the microtome.

Abstract: I. Elementary mathematics -- 1. Fundamental operations on rational numbers -- 2. Higher arithmetical operations -- 3. Development of the number system -- 4. Algebraic equations -- 5. Functions -- 6. Percentages, interest and annuities -- 7. Plane geometry -- 8. Solid geometry -- 9. Descriptive geometry -- 10. Trigonometry -- 11. Plane trigonometry -- 12. Spherical trigonometry -- 13. Analytic geometry of the plane -- II. Steps towards higher mathematics -- 14. Set theory -- 15. The elements of mathematical logic -- 16. Groups and fields -- 17. Linear algebra -- 18. Sequences, series, limits -- 19. Differential calculus -- 20. Integral calculus -- 21. Series of functions -- 22. Ordinary differential equations -- 23. Complex analysis -- 24. Analytic geometry of space -- 25. Projective geometry -- 26. Differential geometry, convex bodies, integral geometry -- 27. Probability theory and statistics -- 28. Calculus of errors, adjustment of data, approximation theory -- 29. Numerical analysis -- 30. Mathematical optimization -- III. Brief reports on selected topics -- 31. Number theory -- 32. Algebraic geometry -- 33. Further algebraic structures -- 34. Topology -- 35. Measure theory -- 36. Graph theory -- 37. Potential theory and partial differential equations -- 38. Calculus of variations -- 39. Integral equations -- 40. Functional analysis -- 41. Foundation of geometry—Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry -- 42. Foundations of mathematics -- 43. Game theory -- 44. Perturbation theory -- 45. The pocket calculator -- 46. Microcomputers.

Abstract: It is commonplace that in our time sc:iem:e and technology cannot be mastered without the tools of mathematics; but the same applies to an ever growing extent to many domains of everyday life, not least owing to the spread of cybernetic methods and arguments. As a consequence, there is a wide demand for a survey of the results of mathematics. for an unconventional approach that would also make it possible to fill gaps in one's knowledge. We do not think that a mere juxtaposition of theorems or a collection of formulae would be suitable for this purpose, because this would over· emphasize the symbolic language of signs and letters rather than the mathematical idea, the only thing that really matters. Our task was to describe mathematical interrelations as briefly and precisely as possible. In view of the overwhelming amount of material it goes without saying that we did not just compile details from the numerous text-books for individual branches: what we were aiming at is to smooth out the access to the specialist literature for as many readers as possible. Since well over 700000 copies of the German edition of this book have been sold, we hope to have achieved our difficult goal. Colours are used extensively to help the reader. Important definitions and groups of formulae are on a yellow background, examples on blue, and theorems on red.

Abstract: It has become increasingly evident that there is much to begained from a detailed understanding of the structure and properties of polymers in the oriented state. This book reftects the growth of interest in this area of polymer scienceand attempts to give the reader an up to date viewofthe present position. The individual chapters are for the most part self­ contained, and cover a very wide range of topics. It is intended that each of them should serve the dual purpose of an expository introduction to the subject and a topical review of recent research. It is inevitable that there will be differences of style and approach in the contributions from the different authors. No atternpt has been made to moderate these differences, as they serve to illustrate the diversity of approaches required to give the reader a balanced view of the subject. I should like to thank the contributors for their endeavours, and especially for their patience in accepting modifications and corrections which make for consistency in the book as a whole. 1 am particularly indebted to Professor Leslie Holliday who originally approached me with the proposition that such a book would be a worthwhile venture and to the publishers who have given me every assistance in making its progress as painless as possible.

Abstract: 1. Biochemistry of Insect Flight: Part 1 — Utilization of Fuels by Muscle -- Pathways for the Utilization of Carbohydrates, Amino acids and Fats in Flight Muscle -- The Control of Flight Muscle Mitochondrial Metabolism -- References -- 2. Biochemistry of Insect Flight: Part 2 — Fuel Supply -- The Nature of Respiratory Fuels -- Stores of Respiratory Fuels -- Lipids and their Metabolism -- Carbohydrates and their Metabolism -- The Supply of Amino Acid Fuels for Flight -- Conclusion -- References -- 3. Excretion in Insects -- Excretion Associated with the Malpighian Tubule-Rectum System -- Minor Excretory Systems -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Addendum -- 4. Synaptic Transmission in Insects -- General Outline of the Insect Nervous System -- Chemical Transmitters in the Central Nervous System -- Chemical Transmitters at the Neuromuscular Junction -- Summary -- References -- Addendum.

Abstract: There has been a considerable upsurge in interest in insect bio­ chemistry and physiology in recent years and this has been reflected in a notable expansion in the number of original papers in this field. Whereas insect physiology has tended to receive ample attention from reviewers, the same has not always been true for the more biochemical aspects of insect research. This book is a venture to help redress the balance. No attempt has been made to cover all aspects of insect biochemistry, but rather a few topics have been selected which seemed to us to merit a review at the present time. One reason for this increased interest in insect biochemistry is perhaps the growing realization that insects can be very useful organisms to act as model systems for the experimental study of general biochemical principles. One remembers, for instance, that Keilin's perceptive observations on the flight muscles of living bees and wax moths led to his discovery of the cytochromes. The fundamental unity of biochemistry has long been accepted as a dogma by the faithful and the insect kingdom provides no exception to it. The main biochemical processes in insects are being revealed as essentially the same as in other life forms but, as so often found in comparative biochemistry, there are interesting variations on the central theme.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- One. Vibrations of C—C and C—H linkages -- 2 Alkanes -- 3 Alkenes -- 4 Alkynes and Allenes -- 5 Aromatic Compounds -- Two. Vibrations involving mainly C—O and O—H linkages -- 6 Alcohols and Phenols -- 7 Ethers, Peroxides and Ozonides -- 8 Acid Halides, Carbonates, Anhydrides and Metallic Carbonyls -- 9 Aldehydes and Ketones -- 10 Carboxylic Acids -- 11 Esters and Lactones -- Three. Vibrations involving mainly C—N and N—H linkages -- 12 Amides, Proteins and Polypeptides -- 13 Amino-Acids, their Hydrochlorides and Salts, and Amido-Acids -- 14 Amines and Imines -- 15 Unsaturated Nitrogen Compounds -- 16 Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds -- Four. Vibrations involving other elements; groups of inorganic origin -- 17 Nitro- and Nitroso-Compounds, Nitrates and Nitrites -- 18 Organo-Phosphorus Compounds -- 19 Halogen Compounds -- 20 Organo-Silicon Compounds -- 21 Inorganic Ions -- 22 Organo-Sulphur Compounds -- Compound Index.

Abstract: The full revision of this text has presented a number of problems. The basic data have changed little since the second edition, although they have been much extended in depth and in detail. To some extent this has helped to shorten the present text as many controversial issues which needed to be presented at some length have now been resolved so that only the final conclusions need to be given. However, it remains the case that very few new group frequencies have emerged over the past fifteen years and the emphasis of group-frequency studies has tended to shift away from the identification of specific groups towards their other possible uses in the solution of structural and chemical problems. The study of the interplay of mechanical and electronic effects in determining the directions and extents of group-frequency shifts which result from changes in the substituents has told us much about chemical mechanisms themselves, and has opened up new possibilities for the use of group frequencies in areas such as the study of rotational isomerism, the measurement of bond angles, and the use of frequency relationships to derive other chemical and physical properties.

Abstract: I: Introduction -- 1: Assumptions -- 2: Methods -- 3: Signalling in the Nervous System -- II: The First-Order Code -- 4: Variables of the Sensory Code -- 5: Direct Contact with the World -- 6: The Inner Senses -- 7: The External Chemical Senses -- 8: The Inner Ear -- 9: The Photoreceptors of the Retina -- III: Coding in the Center -- 10: Approaches to Brain Function -- 11: Sensory Synaptic Cascades -- 12: Central Coding in the Somatic Senses -- 13: The Central Code of Hearing -- 14: The Central Code of Sight -- 15: The Central Code of the Chemical Senses -- IV: Postscript -- V: Literature -- References -- Name Index.

Abstract: Great advances have been made in the area of sensory physiology during the last few decades, and these developments seem to be asking for a comprehensive review that is manageable in size and cohesive in content. This volume has been written with that goal in mind. In the fIrst place I would like to thank Mr. R. van Frank of Appleton-Century-Crofts for asking me to do the job, and my wife for persuading me to do it, for writing it was an enjoyable task. Much of the discussion of factual data set to print here evolved in question-and-answer sessions in courses given to students in physiology, psychology, and medicine, and to physicians training in neurology, neurosur­ gery, and psychiatry. Besides my students, I had in mind while preparing this text my professional colleagues laboring on their lecture notes under circum­ stances perhaps not unlike my own. The material is divided in two parts. The first deals with the manner of representation of sensory information in peripheral nerves: the so-called first order code. The second half of the text deals with the handling of sense data by the central nervous system. One reason for dividing the material in this way is that many of the features of the first-order code are common to all sensory modalities. The intensity, the place, the rhythm, the "quality" of stimuli are encoded by rules which are applicable, albeit with appropriate modifIcations, to all senses. Furthermore, these rules of coding are today rather well understood.

Abstract: Section One • Problems -- 1 D.C. Circuits. Problems 1–92 -- 2 Single-Phase A.C. Circuits. Problems93–200 -- 3 Complex Quantities and their use in A.C. Circuits Problems201–243 -- 4 Polyphase Circuits. Problems244–278 -- 5 Non-sinusoidal Waves. Problems279–300 -- 6 Transformers and Electric Machines. Problems301–365 -- Section Two • Solutions -- Problems1–57, 93–159, 201–224, 244–265, 279–292, 301–325.

Abstract: Electrical-engineering and electronic-engineering students have frequently to resolve and simplify quite complex circuits in order to understand them or to obtain numerical results and a sound knowledge of basic circuit theory is therefore essential. The author is very much in favour of tutorials and the solving of problems as a method of education. Experience shows that many engineering students encounter difficulties when they first apply their theoretical knowledge to practical problems. Over a period of about twenty years the author has collected a large number of problems on electric circuits while giving lectures to students attending the first two post-intermediate years of Uni­ versity engineering courses. The purpose of this book is to present these problems (a total of 365) together with many solutions (some problems, with answers, given at the end of each Chapter, are left as student exercises) in the hope that they will prove of value to other teachers and students. Solutions are separated from the problems so that they will not be seen by accident. The answer is given at the end of each problem, however, for convenience. Parts of the book are based on the author's previous work Electrical Engineering Problems with Solutions which was published in 1954.

Abstract: 1. Probability, Statistics and Time (Inaugural lecture at University College, London, on 15 May, 1961) -- 2. R. A. Fisher and the last Fifty Years of Statistical Methodology (The first R. A. Fisher Memorial Lecture to be given in the United States, on 29 December, 1964 at Chicago; reprinted from J. Amer. Statist. Ass., 60 (1965), 395–409.) -- 3. The Paradox of Probability in Physics (Based on a talk with this title given to a Philosophy of Science Group at University College, London, on 22 May 1967) -- 4. Inference and Stochastic Processes (Presidential Address to the Royal Statistical Society on 21 June, 1967; reprinted from the Journal of the Society, Al 30, 457–77) -- 5. Biomathematics (Inaugural lecture in the University of Oxford, on 28 May 1968) -- 6. When is Inference Statistical inference? (Invited paper given at a Symposium on the Foundations of Statistical Inference at Waterloo, Canada, April, 1970; reprinted from the Proceedings of the Symposium, 20–31) -- 7. Epidemics (Invited article, first published in Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown Tanur, Judith M., Mosteller, F. et al., (Ed). San Francisco: Holden-Day) -- 8. Equations and Models of Population Change (Invited paper given at a Conference on the Mathematical Theory of the Dynamics of Biological Populations, Oxford, September, 1972, subsequently edited by R. W. Hiorns and myself, and published by the Academic Press, 1973) -- 9. Some historical remarks and recollections on multivariate analysis (Invited paper given at a Conference on Multivariate Analysis and its Applications at Hull, April, 1973; reprinted from Sankhya, 36B (1974), 107–114.).

Abstract: Some years ago when I. assembled a number of general articles and lectures on probability and statistics, their publication (Essays in Probability and Statistics, Methuen, London, 1962) received a some­ what better reception than I had been led to expect of such a miscellany. I am consequently tempted to risk publishing this second collection, the title I have given it (taken from the first lecture) seeming to me to indicate a coherence in my articles which my publishers might otherwise be inclined to query. As in the first collection, the articles are reprinted chronologically, usually without comment. One exception is the third, not previously published and differing from the original spoken version both slightly where indicated in the text and by the addition of an Appendix. I apologize for the inevitable limitations due to date, and also for any occasional repetition of the discussion (e.g. on Bayesian methods in statistical inference). In particular, readers technically interested in the classification and use of nearest-neighbour models, a topic raised in Appendix II of the fourth article, should also refer to my monograph The Statistical Analysis of Spatial Pattern (Chapman and Hall, London, 1976), where a much more up-to-date account of these models will be found, and, incidentally, a further emphasis, if one is needed, of the common statistical theory of physics and biology. March 1975 M.S.B.

Abstract: I Introduction, Purpose and Scope -- I Outer Space Treaty -- II Space Law Before the Space Treaty -- III Definition of Outer Space -- IV Outer Space is the Province of Mankind -- V Jurisdiction over Outer Space -- VI Arms Control and the Space Treaty -- VII Verification Provision -- VIII Treaty Provisions on Safety, Tracking Facilities and Exchange of Information -- IX Final Clauses -- II Assistance and Return Agreement -- X Assistance and Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space -- III Liability for Damages and the Responsibility of States and International Organizations -- XI Liability for Damages and Responsibility of States and International Organizations -- XII Examples of the “Utilization” of Outer Space (Space Applications) -- XIII Trends in International Co-operation -- XIV Concluding Remarks -- Appendices -- A. Treaty Governing the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies -- B. Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts, and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space -- D. Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space -- G. Convention on Registration of objects launched into outer space -- H. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water. Signed in Moscow, on 5 August 1963 -- I. Draft Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (Title, Preamble and Thirteen Articles, as approved by the Legal Sub-Committee at its Ninth Session. 1970) -- J. Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil thereof -- K. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly, including the final text of the Convention on International Liability for Damage caused by space objects -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: Space exploration is a development which began with the launching of the first artificial satellite in 1957. Since then an incredible progress has been made, leading to the landing of man on the moon. A quick look at the number of launchings which have been registered with the United Nations will show the influence of space science and technology on human endeavours. For example, satellites can be used for com­ munication, weather forecasting, education, and remote sensing of the resources of the Earth. The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is the focal point of international co-operation in space activities. The Committee regulates these activities through its Legal Sub-Committee. The setting up of the Committee was preceded by an Ad Hoc Committee which was established on 31 December 1958. The initial difficulty which confronted the Ad Hoc Committee was the issue of its member­ ship. The USSR, Czechoslovakia and Poland decided not to participate in its work because they were dissatisfied with the composition of the Ad Hoc Committee. Later, both the UAR and India also decided not to participate in its work. Although the Ad Hoc Committee succeeded in producing a report in 1959 (UN document A/4141), the progress of work of the Main Committee was in limbo for a while. It was not until 1961 that the disagreements were resolved. The Committee conducts its business without voting -the Chairman simply states the consensus of views which have been expressed.

Abstract: Section 1 -- Tests concerning variances -- One tailed and two tailed tests -- The F-distribution Steps in application [6] -- Section 2 -- Regression Scatter diagram, dependent variable, regressor variable, regression coefficient -- Coefficient of correlation -- Tables -- F-distribution.

Abstract: Exercises for Section 2 42 Physical sciences and engineering 42 43 Biological sciences 45 Social sciences Solutions to Exercises, Section 1 47 Physical sciences and engineering 47 49 Biological sciences 49 Social sciences Solutions to Exercises, Section 2 51 51 PhYSical sciences and engineering 55 Biological sciences 58 Social sciences 62 Tables 2 62 x - tests involving variances 2 63,64 x - one tailed tests 2 65 x - two tailed tests F-distribution 66-69 Preface This project started some years ago when the Nuffield Foundation kindly gave a grant for writing a pro­ grammed text to use with service courses in statistics. The work carried out by Mrs. Joan Hine and Professor G. B. Wetherill at Bath University, together with some other help from time to time by colleagues at Bath University and elsewhere. Testing was done at various colleges and universities, and some helpful comments were received, but we particularly mention King Edwards School, Bath, who provided some sixth formers as 'guinea pigs' for the first testing, the Bishop Lonsdale College of Education, and Bradford University. 2 OUf objectives in the text are to take students to the use of standard t, F and X tests, with some intro­ duction to regression, assuming no knowledge of statistics to start, and to do this in such a way that students attain some degree of understanding of the underlying reasoning. Service courses are often something of a problem to statistics departments.

Abstract: 1 Ecological Genetics -- 2 Numerical Changes in Animal Populations -- Numerical fluctuations in a colony of Melitaea aurinia -- Numerical fluctuations in Panaxia dominula -- Numerical fluctuations in a Maniola jurtina population -- Some effects of climate and food on animal numbers -- The spread of species in new territories -- 3 Genetic Drift and the Founder Principle -- Random genetic drift -- The founder principle -- 4 Polygenic Characters Evolving in Isolation -- Selection for a balanced gene-complex in Panaxia dominula -- Selection for spotting in Maniola jurtina -- Maniola jurtina in the Isles of Scilly -- 5 Sympatric Evolution -- The transition between different stabilizations of Maniola jurtina -- 6 The Theory of Genetic Polymorphism -- Balanced polymorphism -- The evolution of polymorphism -- The formation of super-genes -- Human polymorphism -- Criticisms of the polymorphism concept -- 7 Balanced Polymorphism in Panaxia dominula -- Estimates of larval populations -- Estimates and analysis of imaginal populations -- Experimental populations -- 8 Polymorphism and the Effects of the Switch-gene -- Selection for the effects of the switch-gene -- Heterozygous advantage and multiple-phase polymorphism -- Sex-controlled polymorphism -- Polymorphism in hydrogen cyanide production -- The super-gene -- Protein variation and ‘neutral’ mutants -- 9 Polymorphism and the Super-gene in Snails -- The genetics of Cepaea nemoralis -- Natural selection in populations of C. nemoralis -- Selection and genetic drift in C. nemoralis and C. hortensis in England and France -- Partula and Achatinella on Pacific islands -- 10 The Heterostyle-Homostyle System -- The homostyle primrose in England -- Primrose pollination -- Tristylic and ‘concealed’ heterostyled conditions -- 11 Chromosome Polymorphism -- Drosophila -- Chromosome polymorphism and selection in Drosophila -- Heterozygous advantage in chromosome polymorphism -- Other organisms, and conclusion -- 12 Mimicry -- General survey -- Experimental proofs of mimicry -- Mimetic polymorphism in the Lepidoptera -- Mimicry in brood parasites -- Aggressive mimicry -- Sound and scent mimicry -- 13 Papilio dardanus and the Evolution of Mimicry -- The races of Papilio dardanus -- The genetics of Papilio dardanus -- The evolution of mimicry -- Monomorphic Batesian mimicry -- 14 Transient Polymorphism and Melanism -- Transient polymorphism -- The spread of melanic forms -- Explanations of industrial melanism -- Selective elimination by birds -- The insularia forms -- The evolution of melanic forms -- Melanism in Phigalia pedaria -- Melanism in the beetle Adalia bipunctata -- A comparison of melanism in three species -- Recessive melanism -- Melanism in Amathes glareosa -- 15 Isolation and Adaptation -- Mortality in small localities -- The evolution of local races and species -- Ecological genetics and adaptation -- Conclusion -- Plates -- References.

Abstract: This book describes the experimental study of evolution and adaptation, carried out by means of combined field-work and laboratory genetics. That technique has been developed during the last forty years or so by my colleagues and myself, and by a small but increasing number of geneticists throughout the world. In discussing what has been achieved by these means many relevant pieces of work familiar to me have been omitted, while doubtless there are others that have escaped my attention. To those who have thus laboured without recognition here, I offer my apologies. Yet I would not include further examples were I writing again, and this for two reasons. First, my aim is not to produce a com­ pendium in the German fashion, for I have endeavoured to develop principles with enough instances to illustrate them but no more. Secondly, this book is in danger of becoming too long as it is: one which is in general consulted only in libraries, not read familiarly by students.

Abstract: Table of contents / Table des matières -- One Basic Texts and General Information -- I. Basic Texts -- II. The European Commission of Human Rights -- III. The European Court of Human Rights -- IV. Principal Developments in the Council of Europe Concerning the Protection of Human Rights -- Two Decisions of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights -- I. Individual Applications -- II. Cases Brought before the Court -- Three The Convention within the Member States of the Council of Europe -- I. The Convention In The Parliaments Of The Member States -- II. The Convention in the Domestic Courts of the Contracting Parties -- Premiere Partie Textes Fondamentaux et Informations de Caractere General -- Chapitre I. Textes Fondamentaux -- Chapitre II. La Commission Europeenne des Droits de l’Homme -- Chapitre III. La Cour Europeenne des Droits de l’Homme -- Chapitre IV. Principaux Evenements Ayant Marque le Developpement de la Protection des Droits de l’Homme dans le Cadre du Conseil de l’Europe -- Deuxieme Partie Decisions de la Commission et de la Cour Europeennes des Droits de l’Homme -- Chapitre I. Requetes Individuelles -- Chapitre II. Affaires Portees devant la Cour Europeenne des Droits de l’Homme -- Troisieme Partie La Convention dans l’Ordre Interne des Etats Membres du Conseil de l’Europe -- Chapitre I. La Convention devant les Parlements des Etats Membres -- Chapitre II. La Convention devant les Juridictions Internes des Etats Contractants -- Documentation and Bibliography -- A. Council of Europe Documents -- B. Selective Bibliography of Publications Concerning the European Convention on Human Rights -- Alphabetical Index -- Annexe -- Documentation et Bibliographie -- A. Documents du Conseil de l’Europe -- B. Liste des Principales Publications Concernant la Convention Europeenne des Droits de l’Homme -- Index Alphabetique.

Abstract: PREMIERE PARTIE TEXTES FONDAMENTAUX ET INFORMATIONS DE CARACTERE GENERAL CHAPITRE I. TEXTES FONDAMENTAUX A. AMENDEMENTS AU REGLEMENT DE LA COUR EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME 3 B. AMENDEMENTS AU REGLEMENT INTERIEUR DE LA COMMISSION EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME 3 C. DECLARATIONS D'ACCEPTATION DE LA COMPETENCE DE LA COM­ MISSION EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME EN MATIERE DE REQUETES INDIVIDUELLES (Article 25 de la Convention) Autriche 9 Belgique II Italle II D. DECLARATIONS D'ACCEPTATION DE LA JURIDICTION OBLIGATOIRE DE LA COUR EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME (Article 46 de la Convention) Autriche 13 Belgique 13 Italie 15 E. DECLARATIONS D'ACCEPTATION DE LA COMPETENCE DE LA COM­ MISSION EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME EN MATIERE DE REQUETES INDIVIDUELLES ET DE LA JURIDICTION OBLIGATOIRE DE LA COUR EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME VISEES A L' AR­ TICLE 6, PARAGRAPHE 2 DU PROTOCOLE NO 4 A LA CONVENTION EUROPEENNE Autriche 15 F. DEROGATIONS (Article 15 de la Convention) Turquie 17 ANNEXES Etat des Ratifications, Declarations et Reserves au 31 dec- bre 1973 32 Etat des Depots des Ratifications au 31 decembre 1973 35 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER II. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS A. COMPOSITION B. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES C. PROCEEDINGS D. SECRETARIAT CHAPTER III. THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS A. COMPOSITION 54 B. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 54 C. SESSIONS AND HEARINGS 58 D. REGISTRY OF THE COURT 58 CHAPTER IV. PRINCIPAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS A.

Abstract: 1. Noted ancient investigations -- 1.1 Size of the Earth -- 1.2 Contributions of Newton and contemporaries -- 1.3 The period after Newton -- References -- 2. Determination of the mean density of the Earth -- 2.1 Bouguer’s experiments in Peru -- 2.2 The Schiehallion experiment -- 2.3 Other pendulum and plumb-line experiments -- 2.4 The Michell-Cavendish experiment -- 2.5 Other small-scale experiments -- References -- 3. Spherical harmonics -- 3.1 Solutions of Laplace’s equation -- 3.2 Legendre polynomials -- 3.3 Integrals of products of spherical harmonics -- 3.4 Tesseral harmonics -- 3.5 Expansions iQ spherical harmonics -- 3.6 Spherical harmOnICs and Earth oscillation theory -- References -- Theory of the Earth’s gravitational attraction -- 4.1 General theorems on gravitational attraction -- 4.2 Attractions due to some particular mass distributions -- 4.3 MacCullagh’s formula -- 4.4 Representation of the Earth’s surface -- 4.5 Attraction due to spheroidal Earth model -- References -- 5. The figure and moment of inertia of the Earth -- 5.1 The geopotential function -- 5.2 Forms of surfaces of equal density inside rotating Earth model -- 5.3 Relations involving ?a and h -- 5.4 Clairaut’s equation on the internal variation of ? -- 5.5 Estimation of the moment of inertia of the Earth -- 5.6 Numerical results on the hydrostatic theory -- 5.7 Use of artificial satellites -- 5.8 International reference systems -- 5.9 Ellipticities of internal surfaces of constant densitys -- References -- 6. Early models of the Earth’s density variation -- 6.1 Earth models -- 6.2 Clairaut’s equation and the density problem -- 6.3 The Legendre-Laplace density law -- 6.4 Background theory in density determination -- 6.5 Other early model density laws -- 6.6 Numerical results for early models -- 6.7 Some further nineteenth century results -- 6.8 Early evidence on the Earth’s rigidity -- 6.9 Early twentieth century models -- 6.9 Early twentieth century models -- 7. Representation of elasticity in the Ear -- 7.1 Stress -- 7.2 Strain and rotation -- 7.3 Model stress-strain relations -- 7.4 Stress-strain relations for the Earth -- 7.5 Interpretation of coefficients in perfect elasticity -- 7.6 Strength of a material -- 7.7 The terms ‘fluid’ and ‘solid’ -- 7.8 Pressure and finite strain -- 7.9 Thermodynamic considerations -- References -- 8. Seismic wave transmission -- 8.1 Earthquakes and other sources of seismic waves -- 8.2 Equations of motion of seismic disturbances -- 8.3 Bodily seismic waves -- 8.4 Scalar and vector potentials -- 8.5 Surface seismic waves -- 8.6 Refraction and reflexion of bodily seismic waves -- References -- First approximation to seismic P and S distributions in the Earth -- 9.1 Seismic rays -- 9.2 Effect of the Earth's ellipticity on seismic travel times -- 9.3 Normal and abnormal seismic velocity variation -- 9.4 Bodily seismic phases -- 9.5 Evolution of travel-time tables -- 9.6 Derivation of P and S velocity distributions in the Earth -- References -- 10. Earth models of type A -- 10.1 Introductory theory of density variation in the Earth -- 10.2 Historical background on the Earth’s internal layering -- 10.3 The regions A, B, C, D, E, F and G -- 10.4 Density near the Earth’s surface -- 10.5 Early evidence on inhomogeneity insitle the upper mantle -- 10.6 Minimum central density -- 10.7 Earth models of type A -- 10.8 Corrections for temperature and inhomogeneity -- Critique of A-type models -- References -- 11. Evidence on compressibility in the Earth -- 11.1 Compression in the Earth -- 11.2 Variation of incompressibility in homogeneous regions -- 11. 3 Some further implications of finite-strain theory -- 11.4 Compressibility-pressure hypothesis -- 11.5 Theory for inhomogeneous regions -- 11.6 Degrees of inhomogeneity in particular regions of the Earth -- 11.7 Solidity of the inner core -- 11.8 Earth models of type B -- References -- 12. Some second approximations -- 12.1 P and S velocities in the mantle -- 12.2 Structure of the outer core -- 12.3 Structure of the inner core -- 12.4 Radius of the Earth’s core -- 12.5 The Earth’s central density -- 12.6 Further evidence bearing on rigidity in lower core -- 12.7 Improved B-type models -- References -- 13. Evidence from seismic surface waves -- 13.1 Underlying principles in applying surface-wave data -- 13.2 More complex model structures -- 13.3 Direct observation of phase velocities -- 13.4 Allowance for Earth’s curvature and gravity -- 13.5 Evidence on crustal structure -- 13.6 Evidence on mantle structure -- 13.7 Surface waves and density variation -- 13.8 Further remarks -- References -- 14. Evidence from free Earth oscillations -- 14.1 Free oscillations of a dynamical system -- 14.2 Approach to the theory of Earch oscillations -- 14.3 Equations of motion of an oscillating Earth model -- 14.4 Solving the equations of motion -- 14.5 Observational data -- 14.6 Early inferences from free Earth oscillation data -- 14.7 The model HB1 -- 14.8 Other models using free Earth osciIlation data -- 14.9 Oscillation evidence on solidity of inner core -- References -- 15. Miscellaneous developments -- 15.1 Equations of state, and related equations, for the Earth’s interior -- 15.2 Some miscellaneous Earth models -- 15.3 Monte Carlo techniques -- 15.4 The general problem of ‘inverting’ observation data -- 15.5 Density and seismic wave amplitudes -- 15.6 Implications of wave-scattering investigations -- 15.7 Deviations from spherical symmetry -- 15.8 Changes in gravitational constant -- References -- 16. Optimum and standard Earth models -- 16.1 General requirements of Earth models -- 16.2 Consequence of non-uniqueness -- 16.3 Approaches to the optimum model problem -- 16.4 Progress towards an optimum Earth model -- 16.5 The problem of a standard Earth model -- References -- 17. Application to other planets and the Moon -- 17.1 Planetary observational data -- 17.2 Assumptions on the Earth’s internal composition -- 17.3 Earth, Venus, Mars -- 17.4 Mercury -- 17.5 Moon -- 17.6 Jupiter and Saturn -- 17.7 Uranus and Neptune -- 17.8 Pluto -- 17.9 Further remarks -- References.

Abstract: The book attempts to draw together the various strands of evidence that have led to present knowledge of the distribution of density throughout the interior of the Earth. Details are also given of other properties with which the density is closely linked, including pressure, compressibility and compression, rigidity, seismic velocities, Poisson's ratio and gravitational intensity. Questions of thermodynamics and chemical composition and phase enter discussions where they bear more or less sharply on the density determination; but the book does not purport to be a comprehensive text on the Earth's internal tem­ perature distribution and composition. The density distributions of other planets are discussed. The quest for clues on the Earth's internal densities has long been an exciting one, and an aim of the book is to present a developing story which has fascinated the author over much of his worl(ing life. The early chapters refer to key developments from ancient times to around 1930. The later chapters recount, in greater detail, develop­ ments since 1930. The stage has now been reached where numerous published papers bearing on the Earth's density seem to do little more than fidget around the resolving power of long accumulated observational data. So the present seems an appropriate time to try to put some perspec­ tive into the story. Of course, the story will never be quite finished: in describing the interior of the Earth, there will always be extra decimal places to add as further significant evidence arises.

Abstract: I. Institutional Setting -- II. Organization of the Court -- The Judges -- The Advocates-General -- Obligations and Rights -- The Registrar of the Court -- The Attachés of the Court -- The Chambers of the Court -- The Backgrounds of the Top Personnel of the Court -- III. The Jurisdiction of the Court -- Access to the Court -- Classification of Jurisdictional Powers -- A. The Court as an International Tribunal -- B. The Court as a Constitutional Tribunal -- C. The Court as an Administrative Tribunal -- D. The Civil Jurisdiction of the Court -- E. Miscellaneous Competences of the Court -- IV. Sources of Law -- V. Procedure -- The Written and Oral Phases of the Proceedings -- The Language Problem -- The Judgment -- Review of Judgments -- Enforcement of Judgments -- VI. Conclusions -- The Court’s Impact on the Formulation of Public Policy -- The Court’s Contribution to Political Integration -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: If the United States of Europe should become a reality in the future, it is highly probable that the Court of Justice of the European Communities, now sitting in Luxembourg, will be transformed into the supreme court of the new federation. Legal concepts and judicial traditions formed by the judges in Luxem­ bourg will then become a prominent part of the historical background of this new court. However, even now, during the process of economic intergration in Western Europe, the Court of the European Communities has been assuming an increasingly important role in the settlement of conflicts between economic and sometimes political interests. Moreover, through its more than hundred decisions, the Court has been developing a body of "European" case law which, in time, is likely to have favorable implications for the eventual political unification of Europe. This book is primarily intended as an introduction to the structure and functions of the Court of the European Communi­ ties. In this endeavor consideration has also been given to the forces and factors that might affect the judicial decisions of the Court and to the impact which such decisions might have upon economic enterprises and public policy in the Member states of the European Community, better known as the European Common Market.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. the Contract of Employment -- I. Definitions -- II. Formation of the Contract of Employment -- III. Rights and Obligations of the Parties -- IV. Wages -- V. Lea on es and Holidays -- VI. Suspension, Frustration and Termination of the Contract of Employment -- VII. the Termination Gratuity -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: The contract of employment is the legal instrument which regulates the conditions of employment of the vast majority of the working 1 people of the world. More than any other civil contract based on mutual rights and obligations, this contract is characterised by the importance of its human elements. Sir William Blackstone once under­ lined the human and legal significance ofthe relationship, by classifying it immediately after the two great human relationships of husband and 2 wife and of parent and child. The contract is thus nationally and internationally important. In 1927 the International Labour Conference adopted a resolution "requesting the governing body of the Office to consider the possibility of placing the question of the general principles of contracts of employment on the agenda of a future session of the Conference. "3 This question was regrettably not followed up. The reason though not the justification, lies in the difficult task of limiting the bounds of the contract and of reconciling the different legal systems in the various countries. The effort spent by the LL. O. during the last few years towards the adoption of an international recommendation on the termination of the contract, which is yet to bear fruit, illustrates the difficulties involved. In the Arab countries the importance of the contract of employment was more felt since the introduction of industry thirty years ago.

Abstract: The genealogy of the Batak people -- I. Genealogical structure: the kinship system -- II. Religious concepts -- III. The corporate communities (haradjaon) -- IV. Some general observations -- V. Matrimonial law (Adat pardongan-saripeon) -- VI. Inheritance law (Adat taringot tu tadingtadingan) -- VII. The law of land tenure (Adat partanoon) -- VIII. The law relating to debts (Adat dibagasan pardabu-dabuanon) -- IX. The law of offences (Panguhumon tu angka parsala) -- X. Settling disputes (Ruhut ni parhataon) -- Appendices -- Index of Batak words -- Legal Maxims and Aphorisms.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Nature of Legal Questions and Problems of handling them -- III. Questions relating to the Competence of the Security Council -- (A) Competence of the Council and Domestic Jurisdiction -- (B) Competence of the Council and Article 107 of the Charter -- (C) Competence of the Council and Article 52 of the Charter -- (D) Question of Functional Competence of the Council -- (E) Observations -- IV. Questions relating to Procedure of the Security Council: Voting -- (A) Scope of Double Veto -- (B) Double Veto and Presidential Ruling under Rule 30 -- (C) Effect of Abstention -- (D) Effect of Absence -- (E) Observations -- V. Questions relating to Substantive Rights and Duties of Parties -- (A) Corfu Channel Case -- (B) Egyptian Case -- (C) Trieste Case -- (D) Free Navigation through the Suez Canal Case -- (E) Suez Canal Company Case -- (F) Anglo-French Military Intervention -- (G) Cuban Crisis -- (H) Observations -- VI. Conclusions and Suggestions.

Abstract: One respect in which the United Nations has departed most widely from the League of Nations in its practice has been the method adopted by the Security Coundl for handling legal questions that arise in connection with its work. While the League Coundl followed the practice of re­ ferring to the Permanent Court of International J ustice many questions of a legal nature arising in connection with its activities, including many that arose in connection with the handling of actual disputes, the Se­ curity Council of the United Nations has on no occasion requested an advisory opinion from the Court. All questions that have been sub­ mitted to the Court by organs of the United Nations have been sub­ mitted by the General Assembly. Nor has the Security Council, in the course of its activities, seen fit to rely on any other external body or even on a sub-committee of legal experts for the clarification of the issues of a legal nature that have arisen in the course of its deliberations. This attitude on the part of the Security Council was no doubt to some extent antidpated in the discussions that took place in con­ nection with the drafting of the Charter where great emphasis was placed upon the political nature of the responsibility of the Security Council and of its members for the maintenance of international peace and security.

Abstract: I. The Danube: Its Role and Significance -- Geographical Setting -- Benefits and Deprivations -- Economic Interests Prior to 1945: Some Facts and Figures -- Struggles for Control Prior to World War I -- World War I and Its Aftermath -- II. Goals and Interests: American and Soviet -- Objectives of American Foreign Policy -- Objectives of Soviet Foreign Policy -- III. The Background: Nazi Germany vs. Soviet Russia -- Russia’s Acquisition of Bessarabia, A Gateway to the Danube -- Liquidation of the International and European Commissions -- IV. Encounters and Methods: American and Soviet -- The Armistice Agreements -- Allocation of Zones of Occupation in Austria -- From Potsdam to Paris -- The Peace Treaties of 1947 -- Preparations for Belgrade -- V. Further Encounters and Methods: American and Soviet -- The Question of the Danube Barges Before the Economic and Social Council -- The Interpretation of “German Assets” as a Tool of Soviet Diplomacy -- The Device of “Joint Companies” -- Showdown at Belgrade -- VI. Changed Setting: Law and Politics of the New Danube Commission -- Dissension -- Rapprochement -- Cooperation -- Retrospect and Prospect -- A Selective List of Works on the Danube -- Name Index.

Abstract: The Danube has been for two centuries the great connecting link between the European West and the European East. Most commercial and cultural exchanges between the two parts of Europe took place with the help of or along the Danube. The West involved was, above all, southern Germany and the cisbithynian part of the Habsburg monarchy. The East was the formerly Turkish ruled territories, the Balkan peninsula and the Black Sea. The latter was, for the last two centuries, the center of conflict between Russian and Turkish hegemo­ nial aspirations. The events of the Balkan wars and of World War I almost ex­ tinguished Turkish influence, an event long expected: The outcome of World War I fortified, to an unexpected degree, the influence of Russia, which now became almost synonymous with the term of the European East. For a few years the middle and lower Danube threaten­ ed to disappear behind the Iron Curtain which marked the extent of Eastern influence.

Abstract: I. Privileges and Immunities in International Law -- I Foreign States -- II. The Legal Status of Armed Forces in Foreign Territory During Peacetime -- III. Public Vessels -- IV. Diplomatie Agents -- II. The Legal Status, Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies of the United Nations and Certain other International Organizations and their Headquarters -- (i) The legal basis of privileges and immunities of the Organizations -- (ii) Juridical personality and legal capacity of the Organizations -- (iii) Applicability of local laws within the headquarters of the Organizations -- (iv) Inviolability of the headquarters of the Organizations -- (v) Duty of the host State to ensure the protection of the head quarters of the Organizations -- (vi) Fiscal and other immunities enjoyed by the Organizations -- (vii) Communication facilities enjoyed by the Organizations -- (viii) Prevention of abuse of privileges and immunities by the Organizations -- III (A) Privileges and Immunities of the Officials of the Specialized Agencies of the United Nations and Certain other International Organizations -- (i) Immunity from legal process -- (ii) Personal inviolability -- (iii) Exemption from national income taxation -- (iv) Exemption from national service obligations -- (v) Customs exemptions and import facilities -- (vi) Exemption from immigration restrictions and alien registration -- (vii) Exchange and repatriation facilities -- (viii) Travel facilities -- (ix) Waiver of immunity -- III(B) Privileges and Immunities of Executive Heads and other Senior Officials -- III(C) The Right of the Host State to Expel the Officials -- IV. Privileges and Immunities of Representatives of Member States to the Specialized Agencies of the United Nations and Certain other International Organizations -- (i) Personal inviolability and inviolability of papers and documents -- (ii) Immunity from legal process -- (iii) Freedom from taxation -- (iv) Freedom of communication -- (v) Exemption from immigration restrictions, alien registration and national service obligations -- (vi) Currency or exchange facilities -- (vii) Customs and other facilities -- (viii) Representatives of the nationality of the host State -- (ix) Waiver of immunity -- (x) Resident or permanent representatives -- (xi) Right of the host State to expel the representatives -- V. Privileges and Immunities of Experts on Missions for the Specialized Agencies of the United Nations and Certain other International Organizations -- (i) Personal inviolability -- (ii) Immunity from legal process -- (iii) Freedom from taxation -- (iv) Currency or exchange facilities -- (v) Inviolability of papers and documents -- (vi) Communication facilities -- (vii) Exemption from immigration restrictions, alien registration and national service obligations -- (viii) Travel and baggage facilities -- (ix) Waiver of immunity -- VI. Conclusions and Observations -- Cases.

Abstract: The past century has been a period of revolutionary change in many fields of human activity, in institutions and in thought. This period has seen the need of adjustment of state institutions and legal concepts to the needs of greater international cooperation. During the half­ century preceding the First World War, cooperation by governments outside the traditional diplomatic channels and procedures was largely limited to highly technical organizations, commonly referred to as public international unions, dealing with such matters as the im­ provement of postal communications and the control of contagious diseases. With the establishment of the League of Nations and the International Labor Organization at the end of the First World War, organized international cooperation assumed greater importance and the need was recognized of giving to the instruments of such cooper­ ation legal status and rights which would facilitate the effective performance of their functions. This proved to be a difficult adjustment for legal theory to make since the enjoyment of special privileges and immunities had been based in traditional international law on the fiction of state sovereignty. The new international organizations, while performing functions of the kind performed by national govern­ ments, were far from possessing the powers of such governments. The failure of the League of Nations to achieve its major purpose did not signify any permanent decline in the role of organized inter­ national cooperation.

Abstract: I. Burmese Customary Law -- 1. Origin and Growth -- 2. Hindu Influence and the Dhammathats -- 3. Mirrors of Society -- 4. Administration of Justice -- II. Impact of British Law -- 1. The Rule of Law -- 2. Codes and Courts -- 3. Limited Role for Customary Law -- 4. International Law and Municipal Law -- III. The Burmese Family -- 1. The Individual -- 2. Husband and Wife -- 3. Parents and Children -- IV. Marriage -- 1. Celebration and Proof -- 2. Conflicts of Law -- 3. Special Marriage Acts -- 4. Divorce -- 5. Restitution of Conjugal Rights -- V. Children of the Family -- 1. Natural Children -- 2. Adopted Children -- VI. Property of the Family -- 1. Community of Property -- 2. Partition on Divorce -- 3. Maintenance -- 4. Inheritance and Succession -- 5. The Rights of Children -- VII. Buddhism and the State -- 1. Tradition and Change -- 2. Religious Usage -- VIII. The Legal Profession -- 1. The Bench -- 2. The Bar -- 3. Legal Education -- Appendices -- A list of Dhammathats -- Table of Statutes and Cases.

Abstract: This book, conceived in Rangoon, nourished and delivered at the Yale Law School, attempts to study the customary laws of Burma in the context of the country's legal system. Customary laws govern the affairs of the family mainly while codes and precedents designed and developed on the imported British common law system enjoy exclusive control and authority over the remaining legal relationships in society. This volume looks at the legal system in outline and the customary law of the Bur­ mese family in some detail. The customary laws of other indigenous groups, such as the Shans, the Kachins, the Chins, the Kayah, the Mon and the Arakanese, also need to be studied, restated and appraised, for though the laws are similar there are shades of differences, and in build­ ing the Union of Burma it is important to build strongly on the simi­ larities while giving due respect to the differences. It is, therefore, hoped, that this volume will launch a series of studies on the customary laws of the peoples of Burma in a large context and with high aim. There are many needs for continuing research in the field of custom­ ary law. One is to discover the customs of the people as they really are, not just what they are presumed to be in early legal treatises or in later judicial decisions.

Abstract: One. Introduction -- One. The Problem of Bays in the Law of the Sea 3 Section A. National Sovereignty versus Freedom of the Seas -- Two. Terminology -- Two. The Bays within the Littoral of a Single State -- A. Development of the Law of Bays -- Three. Development from the Fall of Rome to 1800 -- Four. Development from 1800 to the Present -- Five. Efforts at Codification -- B. The Historic Bay -- Six. Hudson Bay, A Case Study -- Seven. The Concept of the Historic Bay -- Eight. Peter The Great Bay, A Current Issue -- Three. The Bay Within the Littoral of Two or More States -- Nine. The Bay Within the Littoral of Two or More States -- Four. Conclusions -- Ten. Conclusions: A proposed Codification for Bays.

Abstract: The purpose of this book is to describe the problems posed in the formulation of international rules for bays at the present time, to investigate the history of the several interests that have influenced the development of such rules, to trace the efforts that have been made to codify the rules, and to suggest a further refinement of the rules. This book seeks to combine the fruits of the writer's experience as a navigator with those of his studies in international law, geography, history and economics. Although, after study and thought upon the subject, there is likely to arise an initial desire to write a work that is truly definitive, one must resign himself to something of lesser scope. That being so, there is, if anything, an increased demand upon the writer to exercise careful judgment in his research, and in his exposition of the subject. This writer can only hope that he has discharged this responsi­ bility to the degree that his efforts will have clarified some issues and that what he has set on paper may be of some assistance to others. This writer has attempted to be as objective as possible in his inter­ pretations, and he has made no attempt to defend the policy of any State. In so doing, he is weil aware of the fact that for broader policy reasons, some of the views expressed herein cannot be officiaily accept­ ed as bases for action.

Abstract: The Significance of Design -- 1/ General Aspects of the Designer’s Work -- What is meant by design? -- What kinds of design work are there? -- Organization of the drawing office -- Relationship between the drawing office and other departments -- Why teach design as a special subject? -- 2/ The Designer -- Qualities required in a designer -- What is a designer expected to know? -- 3/ Design Factors -- A rational working plan for the drawing office -- What are the factors influencing design? -- How can one classify these factors clearly? -- 4/ A Planned Policy for the Designer -- A The Systematic Working Plan -- B The Problem to be Solved -- C The Basic Design -- D Materials -- E Manufacture -- F Form Design -- 1 How the basic design influences form design -- 2 How mechanical loading influences form design -- 3 Influence of material on form design -- 4 How the production method influences form design -- 5 How the space factor influences form design -- 6 How size influences form design -- 7 How weight influences form design (lightweight construction) -- 8 How the use of standard components influences form design -- 9 How existing products influence form design -- 10 How appearance influences form design -- 11 How convenience of handling influences form design -- 12 How maintenance questions influence form design -- 13 How the question of repair influences form design -- 14 How surface properties influence form design -- 15 How fitness for shipment influences form design -- 16 How power requirements influence form design -- G Costs -- A Solutions of Exercise Problems -- B Bibliography -- C British Standard Specifications of Materials -- D Strength of Cast Iron.

Abstract: TO THE GERMAN EDITION This book is addressed to those engineering students who are prepared to work-not to such as are content to refurbish existing designs without taking the trouble to understand the trains of thought and the considerations which are needed in true design work. It is a well-established fact that the beginner, confronted by the simplest of design problems, and lacking a pattern or model to suggest a solution, loses his way in endless trial and error unless given positive guidance. In this book, therefore, the author has drawn on his long teaching experience in an attempt to present in a readily understandable and systematic manner a methodical work­ plan which will enable the beginner practising design problems to reach his objective by a rational route. This approach has the further advantage. con­ firmed by experience, that in adopting it the student will find his interest and pleasure in design work growing, and his self-confidence increasing. Written with the requirements of general mechanical engineering in mind, the book does not deal with the manufacturing methods typical of light precision engineering. To prevent the book from taking on a size which would have detracted from its clear layout and obscured the main principles presented, the numerical tables, graphs, etc. available for reference in pocket books and textbooks have been omitted.

Abstract: I. An Introduction to Metaphysics for Empiricists -- One. Categorematics -- II. On the Topics and Definitions of the Categories -- III. Some Typically Selected Categories -- Two. Axiomatics -- IV. On the Theory of Induction -- V. On the Connections Between the Two Worlds -- VI. A Logically Primitive and Empirically Verifiable Ontology -- VII. Propositions and Facts -- Three. Systemics -- VIII. The Domain of Finite Ontology -- IX. The Range of Dyadic Ontology -- Four. Ethics -- X. An Objective, Empirical Ethics -- XI. Ethical Variations on a Theme by Rosmini-Serbati -- XII. The Ethics of Action -- Five. Practics -- XIII. The Rational Unconscious -- XIV. Culture as Applied Ontology -- XV. Toward an Analysis of the Basic Value System -- XVI. The Natural Society -- XVII. Language and Metaphysics -- SIX. Historics -- XVIII. History of Dyadic Ontology -- XIX. Aristotle as Finite Ontologist -- XX. Kant and Metaphysics -- Seven. Epistemics -- XXI. The Range of Sensational Epistemology -- XXII. Knowing About Semipalatinsk -- XXIII. An Ontology of Knowledge.

Abstract: For some centuries now the western world has endeavored to choose between rationalism and empiricism; or, when a choice was found impossible, somehow to reconcile them. But the particular brands of both which were taken for granted in confronting the problem were sUbjective: individual human reasoning stood for rationalism and private sense experience for empiricism. Since Plato it has been known that reasoning and feeling are often in conflict. No wonder that a standard for deciding between them or for harmonizing the two was found difficult to come by. Fortunately, due to the revival of realism, a way out presented itself, and we could now consider rationalism and empiricism on some kind of objective basis. In other words, rationalism is a theory about something outside us, and reasoning involves the utilization of a logic which in no wise depends upon our knowledge of it. Similarly; sense experience reveals the existence of data which can be reached through the senses but which in no way relies upon experience for its existence. Thus both reasoning and sensing bring us fragmentary news about an external world which contains not only logic and value but also the prospects for their reconciliation. The implicit philosophy of nominalism is self-liquidating. Where is the proposition which asserts or takes for granted the sole reality of actual physical particulars to get its reality? The meaning of it as a proposition has no place among the particulars.

Abstract: I Post-War International Civil Aviation Policy -- I. The Basis of Post-War Civil Aviation Policy -- II Trends in Aviation Policy in 1944 and Since -- III. Problems in the Field of Aviation Policy -- IV. Means of Aviation Policy -- V. Integration of Aviation -- II The Law of the Air -- VI. International Legal Norms with Respect to Civil Aviation -- VII. The Merits of Trends in Aviation Policy -- VIII. A New Basis for International Aviation Policy? -- IX. Future Prospects -- X. The Position of the Netherlands -- XI. Specific Developments in Regard to Aviation Policy and Its Legal Basis.

Abstract: Civil Aviation has become a public utility service. SALVATORE TOMASINO I} Although civil aviation has enjoyed unflagging public interest since its birth in 1919, and even before that date, the factors governing the development of civil aviation are nevertheless not widely known. This applies not so much to technical development as to the political and economic considerations which ultimately determine the pattern of the worldwide network of air routes. Whereas, prior to World War II, civil aviation was regarded mainly as an instrument for political penetration, with perhaps the Netherlands and its K.L.M.2) as a striking exception, since 1945 civil aviation has come to be judged more on its own merits, though it has remained primarily a government matter. The political, strategic, economic, financial and social aspeCts of civil aviation together constitute a field which, particularly since World War II, has come to form the subject-matter of a more or less independent branch of foreign policy, designated 'by the term "international civil aviation policy". In spite of the dominating factors of national prestige and later of economic nationalism, States have nevertheless directly and indirectly taken upon themselves a number of obligations in the international field, thereby giving civil aviation an international legal basis.

Abstract: I. Government Ships and Their Status in International Law -- I. Jurisdiction over Foreign Government Ships -- II. Principles Relating to the Doctrine of Immunity of Ships -- III. Recent Developments -- IV. Conclusion -- II. Jurisdiction Over Foreign Merchant Ships -- I. Internal Waters -- II. Territorial Waters -- III. Contiguous Zone -- IV. High Seas -- V. Arrest of Ships: procedure -- III. Illustrations from Case Law and State Practice -- I. Criminal Jurisdiction -- II. Civil Jurisdiction -- III. Administrative Jurisdiction -- IV. Conventions -- I. Criminal Jurisdiction -- II. Civil Jurisdiction -- III. Administrative Jurisdiction -- IV. Reflections on the Conventions -- V. Conclusions -- Suggestions -- Summary -- Selected Bibliography -- Index of Names.

Abstract: This book is devoted to an examination of the legal status of govern­ ment merchant ships while on the high seas or in the waters of foreign states in time of peace. The object of this examination is to ascertain whether there is any rule of international law which accords such a ship a higher status than that of private merchant ships. Whether government merchant ships, unlike private ships, are entitled to certain immunities from the jurisdiction of foreign states is the question that we have set out to answer in this book. A discussion of the rules concerning the nationality of such a ship or the jurisdiction of the flag state over her does not find a place in this work. A government merchant ship may be defined as a merchant ship l owned or operated by a state. Immunity of a ship here means the exemption of a government ship from the jurisdiction of any state other than the flag state. This term also connotes the immunity of the flag state from the jurisdiction of the tribunals of foreign states in respect of proceedings connected with such a ship. Immunity of persons means the exemption of persons in the service of a govern­ ment ship, or other persons on board her, from the jurisdiction of any state other than the flag state.

Abstract: (i) What is Martial Law? 7 — (ii) Martial Law Compared with the State of Siege 10 -- I. Martial Law in India -- (i) During the East India Company’s Rule 15 — (ii) During the Administration of the Crown 17 — (a) Ordinance-making Power of the Governor-General 17 — (b) Martial Law Ordinances 20 — (c) Administration of Martial Law under the Common Law Rule 39 — (iii) Constitutional Provision relating to Martial Law 40 -- II. Martial Law in Pakistan -- (i) During the Dominion Period 42 — (ii) Indemnity Provision in the Constitution of 1956 -51 — (iii) Martial Law Administration since 1958 -52 — (iv) Special Features of the Administration 72 -- III. Martial Law in Ceylon -- (i) The Revolt of 1817 – 75 — (ii) The Rebellion of 1848 76 — (iii) Communal Riots in 1915–78 -- IV. Conclusions -- (i) Comparisons 87 — (ii) Need for Constitutional Provisions 89— (iii) Need for Parliamentary Control 91 — (iv) The Propriety of Martial Law 93 -- Table of Cases -- Table of Enactments.

Abstract: (i) What is Martial Law? It is difficult to define martial law, especially because of "the haze of uncertainty which envelops it. " 1 The expression is used to denote a variety of forms of government or law, such as military law governing soldiers in the service of the State, military govern­ ment in occupied areas, any kind of arbitrary government in which the military arm plays a dominant role, and the emergency ad­ ministration "which obtains in a domestic community when the military authority carries on the government, or at least some of its functions. " 2 It is in the sense indicated last that martial law is discussed in the following pages. In this sense, it is "the extension of military government to domestic areas and civil persons in case of invasion or rebellion. . . it is a suspension of normal civil government in order to restore it and has civilians for its subjects and civil areas for its loci of operation. " 3 Thus martial law has to be clearly distinguished from military law and military government, though 4 all these have common roots in history and logic. The term 'martial law' was originally applied to the law ad­ ministered by the court of the Marshal and the Constable of England. There are two theories about the source of the word 'martial' in the expression. One theory is that the term 'martial 1 C. Fairman, The Law of Martial Rule, page 19. 2 idem, page 30.

Abstract: I. The Individual and World Order -- The World Community and its Values -- International Law and Hostile Actions of Private Persons -- The Individual and the Peace and Security of Mankind -- One/State and Individual Responsibility -- II. The traditional law concerning the responsibility of the state for actions of private persons -- III. The Emerging Concept of Individual Liability -- Two/Some Hostile Actions of Private Persons against Foreign States -- IV. Organization of Hostile Military Expeditions -- V. Recruitment and Departure Of Volunteers -- VI. Revolutionary Activities and Hostile Propaganda -- VII. Invasion of Foreign Territory by Armed Bands -- VIII. Counterfeiting of Foreign Currency -- Three\Jurisdiction for the Punishment of Private Persons -- IX. So-Called Protective Jurisdiction of the Threatened Community -- X. International Criminal Jurisdiction as an Alternative -- XI. Summary and conclusions.

Abstract: Mankind's preoccupation with survival in this age has given renewed impetus to the idea of a world community deeply concerned with the prevention of friction between nations. The achievement to date has been largely in terms of efforts to control acts of aggression committed by governments. Most people have assumed that the military rivalry between the great powers is the only threat confronting the world today. While readily conceding that this threat has placed mankind in a highly precarious situation, this book, on the other hand, reflects my conviction that any program designed to attain world peace will be significantly incomplete without the control of hostile actions which private persons have been known to commit against foreign nations. Experience shows that these actions not only endanger the good re­ lations between states, but are also likely to plunge the world com­ munity into wars, thus spreading destruction and human suffering everywhere.

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