Abstract: 1 The Doctor’s Role in the Evolution of Human Society -- 2 Balancing the Needs of Western Society with its Expectations and Resources -- 3 The Patient’s View of the Doctor’s Job -- 4 The Challenge for Medical Education -- 5 Perspectives for the Future.

Abstract: This volume contains the edited transcript of the third Totts Gap Colloquium held at Totts Gap, Pennsylvania, June 14-16, 1976. The Colloquium was aimed at sensing and evaluating anticipated pat­ terns of medical responsibility and practice and preparing for im­ minent change - specifically as it will concern the role of the doctor. Recognizing that community values and social behavior are powerful forces affecting health, the participants explored ways in which the physician and the rest of the health care professionals may exert their salutary influence. What are the boundaries in which the doctor can function most usefully and effectively? The problem was examined from the view­ point of the philosopher, the public, the social scientist, the medical educator, the legislator, and the practicing physician. Currently available literature is unidimensional in the sense that it consists largely of essays written from an advocate point of view. In contrast, the participants of this Totts Gap Collo­ quium examined disparate data and opinion in the hope of achieving, insofar as possible, reconciliation and synthesis. The dialogue dealt with values and priorities attached to health and health care by our society and with the shifting perspectives occasioned by rapidly expanding scientific knowledge. Questions of economic choice and of public policy were dealt with, assessing anticipated costs of the various options to the community, as well as their implications for medical education.

Abstract: 1 Phylogeny of the Vertebrate Sensory Systems -- 2 Ontogeny of Sensory Systems -- 3 Common Properties of Sensory Systems -- 4 Olfaction -- 5 Visual System: Superior Colliculus -- 6 Vision: Geniculocortical System -- 7 Visual System: Pulvinar-Extrastriate Cortex -- 8 Somatosensory System -- 9 The Vestibular System: Basic Biophysical and Physiological Mechanisms -- 10 Vestibular Function in Normal and in Exceptional Conditions -- 11 Functional Properties of the Auditory System of the Brain Stem -- 12 Auditory Forebrain: Evidence from Anatomical and Behavioral Experiments Involving Human and Animal Subjects -- 13 Gustatory System.

Abstract: The principal goal of the Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology is a systematic, critical, and timely exposition of those aspects of neuroscience that have direct and immediate bearing on overt behavior. In this first volume, subtitled "Sensory Integration," the subject matter has been subdivided and the authors selected with this particular goal in mind. Although the early chapters (on the phylogeny and ontogeny of sensory systems, and on the common properties of sensory systems) are somewhat too abstract to permit many direct behavioral inferences, the focus on behavior has been maintained there too as closely as is now possible. A behavioral orientation is most obvious in the remaining chapters, which layout for each sensory modality in turn what is now known about structure-behavior relationships. The handbook is primarily intended to serve as a ready reference for two types of readers: first, practicing neuroscientists looking for a concise and authori­ tative treatment of developments outside of their particular specialities; and second, students of one or another branch of neuroscience who need an overview of the persistent questions and current problems surrounding the relation of the perceptual systems to behavior. The requirements imposed by the decision to address these particular audiences are reflected in the scope and style of the chapters as well as in their content.

Abstract: 1. 13C NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers -- 2. Mass Spectrometry -- 3. High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography -- 4. Light Scattering in Synthetic Polymer Systems -- 5. Molecular Dimensions of Amorphous Polymers by Neutron Scattering -- 6. Recent Advances in the Study of Polymers by Small Angle X-ray Scattering -- 7. Quantitative Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- 8. Microscopy of Polymer Surfaces.

Abstract: Over two decades ago, !he term characterisation covered just those techniques which measured the properties of polymers in solution in order to determine molecular weight and size. The discoveries of stereoregular polymers and polymer crystals created the need for new and advanced techniques for characterising chain structures and bulk properties. Further demands for new and improved characterisation methods for bulk polymers have resulted from the recent development and exploitation of multi phase polymeric systems, such as polymer blends, block and graft copolymers, and polymer composites. Today, therefore, characterisation is a very important part of polymer science. The polymer chemist must know the chain length, chain microstructure and chain conformation of the polymers he or she has prepared, i. e. the determination of molecular properties. The scientist involved in exploiting polymers in such applications as plastics, elastomers, fibres, surface coatings and adhesives must be informed on the morphology and physical and mechanical behaviour of his or her products, i. e. the determination of bulk and surface properties and their dependence on molecular properties. The techniques required for these determinations now cover an extremely wide field. Our aim has been to review a number of techniques critically and in sufficient depth so that the present state and future potential of each technique may be judged by the reader. Three criteria were used in the selection of techniques. First, we wished to present new methods which have been developed actively in the polymer field during the past five years.

Abstract: 1 Early muscle development -- 1.1 Early stages of muscle fibre development -- 1.2 Lack of specialization of myotubes -- 1.3 The dependance of the structural integrity of the developing muscle fibres on innervation -- 2 Development of the motor nerves and their encounter with muscle fibres -- 2.1 Origin of motor nerve fibres and their growth into the periphery -- 2.2 Development of nerves and muscles and their interdependence -- 2.3 Development of stable nerve-muscle connections -- 2.4 Are nerve-muscle connections specified? -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 Development of the neuromuscular junction -- 3.1 Distribution of ACh receptors during early development -- 3.2 Stabilization of chemosensitivity at the neuromuscular junction -- 3.3 Development of the subneural apparatus -- 3.4 Formation of stable nerve-muscle connections -- 3.5 Changes of chemosensitivity outside the endplate -- 3.6 Maintenance of endplate chemosensitivity -- 3.7 Pattern of innervation of muscle fibres -- 3.8 Conclusions -- 4 Differentiation of skeletal muscle fibres -- 4.1 The muscles of lower vertebrates and birds -- 4.2 Mammalian muscles -- 4.3 How is differentiation into different fibre types induced? -- 4.4 Conclusions -- 5 The effects of denervation on muscle fibre properties and the regulation of chemosensitivity -- 5.1 Morphological changes following denervation -- 5.2 Metabolic changes in denervated muscles -- 5.3 Changes in contractile properties of denervated muscle -- 5.4 Changes in electrical properties of the membrane on denervation -- 5.5 Changes of chemosensitivity at the endplate -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 6 Re-innervation of the muscle by its motor nerve -- 6.1 Nerve growth -- 6.2 Establishment of nerve-muscle connections by the regenerating nerve fibre -- 6.3 Maturation of the regenerated axon and recovery of the muscle -- 6.4 Effects of muscle on normal and regenerating motor nerve terminals -- 6.5 Conclusion -- 7 The mammalian motor unit -- 7.1 Specialization of motoneurones -- 7.2 Matching properties of different motoneurones to the muscle fibres they supply -- 7.3 Specialization of the vascular bed of slow and fast mammalian muscles -- 7.4 How is the matching of muscle fibres to their motoneurones brought about? -- 7.5 Development of the motor unit -- 7.6 Conclusions -- 8 Plasticity in the neuromuscular system -- 8.1 Can different skeletal muscle fibres be transformed from one type to another? -- 8.2 Can the characteristic properties of neurones and their terminals be altered? -- 8.3 Specificity of nerve-muscle connections -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 9 Some examples of disturbances of nerve-muscle interactions -- 9.1 Disturbances caused by a change in the function of the motoneurone -- 9.2 Consequences of disease of the motoneurone, or axon -- 9.3 Disturbance due to disease of the neuromuscular junction -- 9.4 Disease of the muscle -- 9.5 Retrograde influences on the motoneurone -- References.

Abstract: In the second century, Galen recognized that nerve and muscle were functionally inseparable since contraction of muscle occurred only if the nerves supplying that muscle were intact. He therefore concluded that the shortening of a muscle was controlled by the central nervous sytem while the extension of a muscle could occur in the absence of innervation. Nerves, he thought, were the means of transport for animal spirits to the muscles; the way in which animal spirits may bring about contraction dominated the study of muscle physiology from that time until the historical discovery of Galvani that muscle could be stimulated electrically and that nerve and muscle were themselves a source of electrical energy. It is now well known that nerves conduct electrically and that transmission from nerve to striated muscle is mediated by the chemical which is liberated from nerve terminals onto the muscle membrane. In vertebrates this chemical is acetylcholine (ACh). Thus the concept of spirits that are released from nerves and control muscle contraction directly, is no longer tenable. Nevertheless the concept of 'substances' transported down nerv~s which directly control many aspects of muscle has not been abandoned, and has in fact been frequently reinvoked to account for the long-term regula­ tion of many characteristics of muscle (see review by Gutmann, 1976) and for the maintenance of its structural integrity.

Abstract: 1.Introduction -- 2.Basic Oscillator Theory -- 3.Methods of Design -- 3.1.Experimental Method of Design -- 3.2.Y-Parameter Method of Design -- 3.3.Power Gain Method of Design -- 3.4.Nonlinear Modifications -- 4.Oscillator Frequency Stability -- 4.1.Temperature Effects of Frequency -- 4.2.Long-Term Frequency Drift -- 4.3.Short-Term Frequency Stability -- 5.Quartz Crystal Resonators -- 5.1.Load Capacitance -- 5.2.Pin-To-Pin Capacitance -- 5.3.Resistance -- 5.4.Rated or Test Drive Level -- 5.5.Frequency Stability -- 5.6.Finishing or Calibration Tolerance -- 5.7.Crystal Aging -- 5.8.Q and Stiffness of Crystals -- 5.9.Mechanical Overtone Crystals -- 5.10.Spurious or Unwanted Modes -- 5.11.Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration -- 5.12.Standard Military Crystals -- 5.13.Specifications and Standards -- 6.Discussion of Transistors -- 6.1.Transistor Equivalent Circuits -- 6.2.Y-Parameter Model -- 6.3.Hybrid ? Equivalent Circuit -- 6.4.Nonlinear Models -- 7.Oscillator Circuits -- 7.1.Pierce, Colpitis, and Clapp Oscillators -- 7.2.Pierce Oscillator -- 7.3.Colpitis Oscillator -- 7.4.Clapp Oscillator -- 7.5.Grounded-Base Oscillator -- 7.6.Gate Oscillators -- 7.7.Integrated-Circuit Oscillators -- 8.Preproduction Tests for Crystal Oscillators -- 9.Other Topics -- 9.1.Crystal Switches -- 9.2.Pullable Oscillators -- 9.3.Crystal Ovens -- 9.4.Squegging, Squelching, or Motorboating -- 9.5.Spurious Oscillations -- 10. Temperature Compensation -- 10.1.Analog Temperature Compensation -- 10.2.Hybrid Analog-Digital Compensation -- 10.3.Digital Temperature Compensation -- 10.4.Temperature Compensation with Microprocessors -- Appendix A Derivation of the Complex Equation for Oscillation -- Appendix B Derivation of Y-Parameter Equations for the Pierce Oscillator -- Appendix C Derivation of Y-Parameter Equations for the Grounded-Base Oscillator -- Appendix D Derivation of Approximate Equations for the Clapp Oscillator -- Appendix E Derivation of Approximate Equations for the Pierce Oscillator Analysis -- Appendix F Derivation of Approximate Equations for the Colpitts Oscillator -- Appendix G Large-Signal Transistor Parameters -- Appendix H Large-Signal Transistor Parameters with Emitter Degeneration -- Appendix I Nonlinear Analysis of the Colpitts Oscillator Based on the Principle of Harmonic Balance -- Appendix J Mathematical Development of the Sideband Level versus Phase Deviation Equation -- Appendix K Derivation of Crystal Equations -- Appendix L Sample Crystal Specification.

Abstract: Crystal oscillators have been in use now for well over SO years-one of the first was built by W. G. Cady in 1921. Today, millions of them are made every year, covering a range of frequencies from a few Kilohertz to several hundred Mega­ hertz and a range of stabilities from a fraction of one percent to a few parts in ten to the thirteenth, with most of them, by far, still in the range of several tens of parts per million.Their major application has long been the stabilization of fre­ quencies in transmitters and receivers, and indeed, the utilization of the frequency spectrum would be in utter chaos, and the communication systems as we know them today unthinkable,'without crystal oscillators. With the need to accommodate ever increasing numbers of users in a limited spectrum space, this traditional application will continue to grow for the fore­ seeable future, and ever tighter tolerances will have to be met by an ever larger percentage of these devices.

Abstract: 1 The Morphology of Barley; the Vegetative Phase -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The quiescent barley grain -- 1.3 Changes in the germinating grain -- 1.4 The growth of the stem and leaves -- 1.5 The root system -- 1.6 Plant morphology and lodging -- References -- 2 The Morphology of the Reproductive Parts in Barley -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The development of the ear -- 2.3 Variations in the form of grains -- 2.4 The ear -- 2.5 Some implications of the wide variety of forms of barley -- References -- 3 The Origin and Classification of Barleys -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classifications of barleys -- 3.3 The position of barley within the Gramineae -- 3.4 The origin of cultivated barley -- References -- 4 The Biochemistry of Barley -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carbohydrates -- 4.3 The glycolytic sequence, the pentose phosphate shunt and the tricarboxylic acid cycle -- 4.4 Barley lipids -- 4.5 Photosynthesis and photorespiration -- 4.6 The formation of porphyrins -- 4.7 Phenolic and aromatic substances -- 4.8 Amino acid metabolism -- 4.9 The metabolism of some amines -- 4.10 Nucleic acids, and some other nitrogenous substances -- 4.11 Barley proteins -- References -- 5 Grain Quality and Germination -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sampling tests with small numbers of grains -- 5.3 Grain evaluation -- 5.4 The penetration of water, and other substances, into grain -- 5.5 Testing for grain germinability -- 5.6 Vigour -- 5.7 Dormancy -- 5.8 The gas exchange of germinating grains -- 5.9 The chemical composition of the quiescent grain -- 5.10 Biochemical changes in germinating grain -- 5.11 Embryo culture in vitro -- 5.12 The mobilization of the endosperm reserves -- References -- 6 The Growth of the Barley Plant -- 6.1 The description of growth -- 6.2 Sequential changes in the growth of the plant -- 6.3 The composition of the growing plant -- 6.4 The composition of the growing grain -- 6.5 Root growth -- 6.6 Water supplies -- 6.7 Water stress -- 6.8 Mineral requirements -- 6.9 The uptake and release of substances by roots -- 6.10 Coleoptile growth and gravity perception -- 6.11 Leaf unrolling and greening -- 6.12 Leaf senescence -- 6.13 Growth regulation -- 6.14 Temperature and growth -- 6.15 Cold hardiness -- 6.16 Vernalization -- 6.17 Some effects of light -- 6.18 Some factors that control yield -- References -- 7 Agricultural Practices and Yield -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Soil preparation -- 7.3 The choice of seed; sowing -- 7.4 Nutrient supply and barley yield -- 7.5 Some chemical treatments -- 7.6 Damaging factors -- 7.7 Water supplies and yield -- 7.8 Barley as forage -- 7.9 Harvesting the grain -- 7.10 Actual and potential yields -- References -- 8 Production and Harvesting Machinery -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Irrigation and drainage -- 8.3 Tillage -- 8.4 Sowing -- 8.5 Post-sowing treatments -- 8.6 Harvesting and threshing barley -- 8.7 Straw -- 8.8 Harvesting the whole plant -- 8.9 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Weeds, Pests and Diseases in the Growing Crop -- 9.1 Weeds and the need to control them -- 9.2 Weed control -- 9.3 The economics of weed control -- 9.4 Nematode pests -- 9.5 Molluscs -- 9.6 Birds and mammals -- 9.7 Insect and some other pests -- 9.8 Virus diseases of barley -- 9.9 Bacterial diseases -- 9.10 Fungal diseases -- 9.11 Some general considerations -- References -- 10 The Reception and Storage of Whole Plants and Grain. The Micro-organisms and Pests of Stored Grain -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Barley hay -- 10.3 Straw -- 10.4 Barley silage -- 10.5 Grain reception -- 10.6 Handling grain -- 10.7 Weighers -- 10.8 Cleaning and grading grain -- 10.9 Drying principles -- 10.10 Grain drying in practice -- 10.11 Grain storage facilities -- 10.12 Seed longevity and grain deterioration -- 10.13 Micro-organisms in grain -- 10.14 Insects and mites -- 10.15 The mites of stored grain -- 10.16 Insecticides and fumigants -- 10.17 Rodents and their control -- References -- 11 Barley Genetics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The inheritance of ‘distinct’ factors -- 11.3 Cytology and chromosome behaviour -- 11.4 Chromosomal abnormalities -- 11.5 Ploidy levels -- 11.6 Mutations and mutagenesis -- 11.7 The expression of some mutant and other genes -- 11.8 The genetics of complex characters -- References -- 12 Barley Improvement -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Plant introductions, and adapted forms -- 12.3 Plant selections -- 12.4 Mutation breeding -- 12.5 Hybridization -- 12.6 Crossing barley -- 12.7 The choice of parents -- 12.8 Selection sequences applied to hybrid progenies -- 12.9 Competition and ‘natural selection’ in barley -- 12.10 Breeding for quality -- 12.11 Some other objectives in breeding -- 12.12 Breeding for higher yields -- 12.13 The quantitative evaluation of parents -- 12.14 ‘Hybrid’ barley -- 12.15 Trial procedures -- 12.16 The multiplication of seed -- 12.17 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Some Actual and Potential Uses of Barley -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Barley grain; a source of starch and protein -- 13.3 Minor uses of straw -- 13.4 Straw in building -- 13.5 Animal bedding, litter, farmyard manure and compost -- 13.6 Soil protection, conditioning, or replacement -- 13.7 Some industrial uses of barley -- 13.8 Paper, cardboard and millboard -- References -- 14 Barley for Animal and Human Food -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The nutritional requirements of animals -- 14.3 Forage and hay -- 14.4 Silage -- 14.5 Barley straw -- 14.6 Barley grain -- 14.7 By-products for animal feed, derived from barley -- 14.8 Non-alcoholic beverages -- 14.9 Other potential feeding stuffs -- 14.10 The technology of preparing grain for food -- 14.11 Future uses of barley as food -- References -- 15 Malting -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The selection and acceptance of malting barley -- 15.3 Barley handling -- 15.4 Steeping -- 15.5 Germination equipment -- 15.6 Kilns and kilning -- 15.7 Malt analyses -- 15.8 Changes that occur in the malting grain -- References -- 16 Some Uses of Barley Malt -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Mashing -- 16.3 Some aspects of yeast metabolism -- 16.4 Malt extracts and barley syrups -- 16.5 Brewing beer -- 16.6 Malt vinegar -- 16.7 Distilled ‘potable spirits’ -- References.

Abstract: This book was written to provide an integrated account of barley, induding its cultivation, nature and uses. An attempt has been made to cut across the unjustified and obstructive divisions between pure science, applied science, technology, botany, biochemistry, agronomy, and so on. Limitations of space preclude the use of more illustrative material or references, or even complete accounts of various topics. However sufficient information is given to enable the reader to understand the general principles and to find his or her way readily into the literature to obtain further information. Emphasis has been placed on general principles rather than details. In becoming familiar with the literature one becomes acquainted with the effects of the cereal or religion, the English language and the development of agriculture and biochemistry. The comparison between 'parallel literatures' is often stimulating also. For example one is forced to conclude that many of the agricultural problems of poor 'seed vigour' would be overcome if seedsmen used the maltsters techniques for breaking dormancy and speeding 'post-harvest maturation'. Barley is the world's fourth most important cereal after wheat, rice, and maize. It is the most widely cultivated, being grown from the equator to 700N (Scandinavia), from the humid regions of Europe and Japan to the Saharan and Asiatic Oases, and from below sea level in Palestine to high up mountains in the Himalayas, E. Africa and S. America. Some­ where in the world it is being sown or harvested at every time of the year.

Abstract: Preface -- 1 Some Common Types of Investigation -- 2 Measurement -- 3 Some Simple Descriptive Statistics -- 4 Elementary Sampling Theory -- 5 Elementary Concepts of Probability -- 6 Contingency Tables and Tests of Association -- 7 Correlation and Regression -- 8 Simple Tests of Significance -- 9 Analysis of Variance -- 10 Recording Data on Punch Cards -- Appendix 1 The Normal Distribution Function -- References.

Abstract: For many years now I have been required to give a series of elementary lectures on statistics to medical students about to undertake a postgraduate course in psychiatry. The declared aim of the course, for which very limited time was available, was to provide the students with some initial understanding of the statistical terminology and elementary techniques to which other teachers, in particular psychologists and sociologists, would be likely to refer in the course of their lectures. The task was tricky for two reasons. In the first place most of the students involved, despite their best intentions, had forgotten their school mathematics, and secondly no textbook existed at the right level of difficulty which contained examples appropriate to these students' needs and experience. The present book was written to fill the gap. Though pri­ marily intended for psychiatrists, the book should prove very useful to any student of the behavioural sciences who wants a simple introductory course on the principles of experimental design and data analysis. It must be one of the simplest text­ books on elementary statistics ever written. I am indebted to the literary executor of the late Sir Ronald A. Fisher, F.R.S., to Dr Frank Yates, F.R.S., and to Oliver & Boyd Ltd for permission to reprint Tables 3 and 5 from their book Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research.

Abstract: 1 Cellular Growth: Brain, Liver, Muscle, and Lung -- 2 Cellular Growth: Adipose Tissue -- 3 The Methods of Auxological Anthropometry -- 4 Somatic Growth of the Infant and Preschool Child -- 5 Body Composition and Energy Needs during Growth -- 6 Puberty -- 7 Prepubertal and Pubertal Endocrinology -- 8 The Central Nervous System and the Onset of Puberty -- 9 Body Composition in Adolescence -- 10 Growth of Muscle Tissue and Muscle Mass -- 11 Adipose Tissue Development in Man -- 12 Bone Growth and Maturation -- 13 The Fundamentals of Cranial and Facial Growth -- 14 Skull, Jaw, and Teeth Growth Patterns -- 15 Dentition -- 16 Secular Growth Changes -- 17 The Influence of Exercise, Physical Activity, and Athletic Performance on the Dynamics of Human Growth -- 18 The Low-Birth-Weight Infant -- 19 Growth Dynamics of Low-Birth-Weight Infants with Emphasis on the Perinatal Period.

Abstract: Growth, as we conceive it, is the study of changeinan organism not yet mature. Differential growth creates form: external form through growth rates which vary from one part of the body to another and one tissue to another; and internal form through the series of time-entrained events which build up in each cell the special­ ized complexity of its particular function. We make no distinction, then, between growth and development, and if we have not included accounts of differentiation it is simply because we had to draw a quite arbitrary line somewhere. lt is only rather recently that those involved in pediatrics and child health have come to realize that growth is the basic science peculiar to their art. It is a science which uses and incorporates the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and biology. It is indeed a part of biology, and the study of human growth is a part of the curriculum of the rejuvenated science of Human Biology. What growth is not is a series of chärts of height and weight. Growth standards are useful and necessary, and their construction is by no means void of intellectual challenge. They are a basic instrument in pediatric epidemiology. But they do not appear in this book, any more than clinical accounts of growth disorders. This appears to be the first large handbook-in three volumes-devoted to Human Growth.

Abstract: 1 / Introduction -- 2 / Atomic Structure -- 3 / Aggregations of Atoms—The Fluid States -- 4 / Aggregations of Atoms—Solids -- 5 / Crystal Growth and Size -- 6 / Aggregations of Two Sorts of Atoms—Binary Alloys -- 7 / Equilibrium Diagrams -- 8 / The Iron-carbon System -- 9 / Thermal Energy -- 10 / The Deformation of Metal Single Crystals -- 11 / The Strengthening of Metals -- 12 / Mechanical Testing of Polycrystalline Materials -- 13 / Plastic Flow and Fracture -- 14 / Fatigue -- 15 / Creep -- 16 / Heat Treatment of Steel -- 17 / Alloy Steels -- 18 / Corrosion -- 19 / Welding -- 20 / Inorganic Non-metallic Materials -- 21 / Organic Materials -- 22 / Composites -- 23 / The Nucleus -- Appendix I—Some equilibrium diagrams of interest and importance -- Appendix II—Equilibrium and free energy -- Appendix III—SI units -- Answers to Numerical Questions.

Abstract: The engineering designer is always limited by the properties of available materials. Some properties are critically affected by variations in com­ position, in state or in testing conditions, while others are much less so. The engineer must know this if he is to make intelligent use of the data on properties of materials that he finds in handbooks and tables, and if he is to exploit successfully new materials as they become available. He can only be aware of these limitations if he understands how pro­ perties depend on structure at the atomic, molecular, microscopic and macroscopic levels. Inculcating this awareness is one of the chief aims of the book, which is based on a successful course designed to give university engineering students the necessary basic knowledge of these various levels. The material is equivalent to a course of about eighty to a hundred lectures. In the first part of the book the topics covered are mainly fundamental physics. The structure of the atom, considered in non-wave-mechanical terms, leads to the nature of interatomic forces and aggregations of atoms in the three forms-gases, liquids and solids. Sufficient crystallography is discussed to facilitate an understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the crystals. The band theory of solids is not included, but the basic concepts which form a preliminary to the theory-energy levels of electrons in an atom, Pauli's exclusion principle, and so on-are dealt with.