ISBN:
9783319669991
Language:
English
Pages:
1 Online-Ressource (683 pages)
Series Statement:
Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering Ser v.90
Parallel Title:
Print version Tzafestas, Spyros G Energy, Information, Feedback, Adaptation, and Self-Organization : The Fundamental Elements of Life and Society
DDC:
303.483
Keywords:
Science-Social aspects
;
Science-Social aspects
;
Electronic books
Abstract:
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Life and Human Society: The Five Fundamental Elements -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What Is Life? -- 1.2.1 General Issues -- 1.2.2 The Living Cell -- 1.2.3 DNA, Nucleotides, and Protein Formation -- 1.2.4 Historical Landmarks of DNA and RNA Discoveries -- 1.2.5 Koshland's Definition of Life -- 1.3 The Meaning of Society -- 1.4 Evolution of Life and Human Society -- 1.4.1 Origin and Evolution of Life -- 1.4.2 Evolution and the Development of Human Society -- 1.5 Fundamental Elements of Some Specific Societal Aspects -- 1.5.1 Pillars of Democracy -- 1.5.2 Pillars of Fulfilled Living -- 1.5.3 Pillars of Sustainable Development -- 1.6 The Five Fundamental Elements of This Book -- 1.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2 Energy I: General Issues -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 What is Energy? -- 2.3 Historical Landmarks -- 2.4 Energy Types -- 2.4.1 Mechanical Energy -- 2.4.2 Forms of Potential Energy -- 2.4.3 Internal Energy in Thermodynamics -- 2.4.3.1 Sensible Energy -- 2.4.3.2 Latent Energy -- 2.4.3.3 Chemical Energy -- 2.4.3.4 Nuclear Energy -- 2.4.4 Evidence of Energy -- 2.5 Energy Sources -- 2.5.1 Exhaustible Sources -- 2.5.2 Renewable Sources -- 2.5.3 Alternative Energy Sources -- 2.6 Environmental Impact of Energy -- 2.6.1 Impact of Exhaustible Sources -- 2.6.2 Impact of Renewable Sources -- 2.7 Violent Manifestations of Earth's Energy -- 2.7.1 Earthquakes and Volcanoes -- 2.7.2 Tornadoes and Hurricanes -- 2.7.3 Tsunamis -- 2.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Energy II: Thermodynamics -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics -- 3.2.1 Intensive and Extensive Properties -- 3.2.2 System and Universe -- 3.2.3 System State -- 3.2.4 Thermodynamic Equilibrium -- 3.2.5 Temperature and Pressure -- 3.2.6 Heat and Specific Heat
Abstract:
3.2.7 Reversible and Irreversible Process -- 3.2.8 Categories of Thermodynamic Processes -- 3.2.9 Basic Concepts of Non-statistical General Physics -- 3.3 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics -- 3.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics -- 3.4.1 Formulation of the Law -- 3.4.2 The Thermodynamic Identity: Energy Balance -- 3.5 The Entropy Concept -- 3.5.1 The Classical Macroscopic Entropy -- 3.5.2 The Statistical Concept of Entropy -- 3.5.3 The Von Neumann Quantum-Mechanics Entropy Concept -- 3.5.4 The Non-statistical General Physics Entropy Concept -- 3.5.4.1 Pure Thermodynamic Entropy Concept -- 3.5.4.2 Pure Quantum-Mechanical Entropy Concept -- 3.5.5 Rényi Entropy, Tsallis Entropy, and Other Entropy Types -- 3.6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 3.6.1 General Formulations -- 3.6.2 Formulations Through Entropy -- 3.6.3 Formulation Through Exergy -- 3.7 The Third Law of Thermodynamics -- 3.8 The Fourth Law of Thermodynamics -- 3.8.1 Lotka's Maximum Energy-Flux Principle -- 3.8.2 Odum's Maximum Rate of Useful-Energy-Transformation Principle -- 3.8.3 Onsager Reciprocal Relations -- 3.8.4 Some Further Fourth-Law Statements -- 3.9 Branches of Thermodynamics -- 3.9.1 Traditional Branches -- 3.9.2 Natural Systems Branches -- 3.9.3 Modern Branches -- 3.10 Entropy Interpretations -- 3.10.1 Entropy Interpretation as Unavailable Energy -- 3.10.2 Entropy Interpretation as Disorder -- 3.10.3 Entropy Interpretation as Energy Dispersal -- 3.10.4 Entropy Interpretation as Opposite to Potential -- 3.11 Maxwell's Demon -- 3.12 The Arrow of Time -- 3.12.1 Psychological Arrow -- 3.12.2 Thermodynamic Arrow -- 3.12.3 Cosmological Arrow -- 3.12.4 Quantum Arrow -- 3.12.5 Electromagnetic Arrow -- 3.12.6 The Causal Arrow -- 3.12.7 The Helical Arrow -- 3.13 Conclusions and Quotes for Thermodynamics, Entropy, and Life -- 3.13.1 Thermodynamics General Quotes -- 3.13.2 Entropy Quotes
Abstract:
3.13.3 Life and Human Thermodynamics Quotes -- References -- 4 Information I: Communication, Transmission, and Information Theory -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 What Is Information? -- 4.3 Historical Landmarks -- 4.3.1 Pre-mechanical Period -- 4.3.2 Mechanical Period -- 4.3.3 Electromechanical Period -- 4.3.4 Electronic Period -- 4.3.5 Information Theory Landmarks -- 4.3.6 Computer Networks, Multimedia, and Telematics Landmarks -- 4.4 Communication Systems -- 4.4.1 General Issues -- 4.4.2 Shannon-Weaver Communication Model -- 4.4.3 Other Communication Models -- 4.4.4 Transmitter-Receiver Operations -- 4.4.5 Analysis of Analog Modulation-Demodulation -- 4.4.5.1 Amplitude Modulation -- 4.4.5.2 Amplitude Demodulation -- 4.4.5.3 Frequency Modulation -- 4.4.5.4 Frequency Demodulation -- 4.4.5.5 Phase Modulation -- 4.4.5.6 Phase Demodulation -- 4.4.6 Pulse Modulation and Demodulation -- 4.5 Information Theory -- 4.5.1 General Issues -- 4.5.2 Information Theory's Entropy -- 4.5.2.1 Entropy Derivation via the Information Content of a Measurement -- 4.5.2.2 Direct Definition of Entropy -- 4.5.2.3 Differential Entropy -- 4.5.2.4 Joint Entropy, Conditional Entropy, and Mutual Information -- 4.5.3 Coding Theory -- 4.5.3.1 General Issues -- 4.5.3.2 Source Coding -- 4.5.3.3 Channel Coding -- 4.5.3.4 Error Detecting and Correcting Codes -- 4.5.3.5 Block Codes -- 4.5.3.6 Convolutional Codes -- 4.5.4 Fundamental Theorems of Information Theory -- 4.5.4.1 Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem -- 4.5.4.2 Shannon's Source Coding Theorem -- 4.5.4.3 Shannon's Noisy Channel Coding and Capacity Theorem -- 4.5.4.4 Landau-Pollack Bandwidth Signal Dimensionality Theorem -- 4.5.5 Jayne's Maximum Entropy Principle -- 4.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Information II: Science, Technology, and Systems -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Information Science
Abstract:
5.3 Information Technology -- 5.3.1 Computer Science -- 5.3.1.1 General Issues -- 5.3.1.2 Theoretical Computer Science -- 5.3.1.3 Scientific Computing -- 5.3.1.4 Data Structures and Databases -- 5.3.1.5 Computer Programming and Languages -- 5.3.1.6 Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge-Based Systems -- 5.3.2 Computer Engineering -- 5.3.2.1 Logic Design and Computer Hardware -- 5.3.2.2 Computer Architectures -- 5.3.2.3 Parallel Computing -- 5.3.2.4 Software Engineering -- 5.3.2.5 Operating Systems -- 5.3.2.6 Embedded Systems -- 5.3.3 Telecommunications -- 5.3.3.1 Telematics -- 5.3.3.2 Cellular Communications -- 5.3.3.3 Computer Networks -- 5.3.3.4 Internet and World Wide Web -- 5.3.3.5 Web-Based Multimedia -- 5.4 Information Systems -- 5.4.1 General Issues -- 5.4.2 General Structure and Types of Information Systems -- 5.4.3 Development of Information Systems -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Feedback and Control I: History and Classical Methodologies -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Concept of Feedback -- 6.2.1 General Definition -- 6.2.2 Positive and Negative Feedback -- 6.3 The Concept of Control -- 6.4 Historical Landmarks of Feedback and Control -- 6.4.1 Prehistoric and Early Control Period -- 6.4.2 Pre-classical Control Period -- 6.4.3 Classical Control Period -- 6.4.4 Modern Control Period -- 6.5 Classical Control -- 6.5.1 Introductory Issues -- 6.5.2 The Basic Feedback Control Loop -- 6.5.3 System Stability -- 6.5.4 System Performance Specifications -- 6.5.5 Second-Order Systems -- 6.6 The Root-Locus Method -- 6.7 Frequency-Domain Methods -- 6.7.1 Nyquist Method -- 6.7.2 Bode Method -- 6.7.3 Nichols Method -- 6.8 Discrete-Time Systems -- 6.8.1 General Issues -- 6.8.2 Root Locus of Discrete-Time Systems -- 6.8.3 Nyquist Criterion for Discrete-Time Systems -- 6.8.4 Discrete-Time Nyquist Criterion with the Bode and Nichols Plots
Abstract:
6.9 Design of Classical Compensators -- 6.9.1 General Issues -- 6.9.2 Design via Root Locus -- 6.9.3 Design via Frequency-Domain Methods -- 6.9.4 Discrete-Time Compensator Design via Root-Locus -- 6.10 Ziegler-Nichols Method for PID Controller Tuning -- 6.11 Nonlinear Systems: Describing Functions and Phase-Plane Methods -- 6.11.1 Describing Functions -- 6.11.2 Oscillations Condition -- 6.11.3 Stability Investigation of Nonlinear Systems via Describing Functions and Nyquist Plots -- 6.11.4 Application of Root Locus to Nonlinear Systems -- 6.11.5 Phase Plane -- 6.12 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Feedback and Control II: Modern Methodologies -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The State-Space Model -- 7.2.1 General Issues -- 7.2.2 Canonical Linear State-Space Models -- 7.2.3 Analytical Solution of the State Equations -- 7.3 Lyapunov Stability -- 7.3.1 General Issues -- 7.3.2 Direct Lyapunov Method -- 7.4 Controllability and Observability -- 7.4.1 Controllability -- 7.4.2 Observability -- 7.4.3 Controllability-Observability, Duality, and Kalman Decomposition -- 7.5 State-Feedback Controllers -- 7.5.1 General Issues -- 7.5.2 Eigenvalue Placement Controller -- 7.5.3 Discrete-Time Systems -- 7.5.4 Decoupling Controller -- 7.5.5 Model Matching Controller -- 7.5.6 State-Observer Design -- 7.6 Optimal and Stochastic Control -- 7.6.1 General Issues: Principle of Optimality -- 7.6.2 Application of the Principle of Optimality to Continuous-Time Systems -- 7.6.3 Linear Systems with Quadratic Cost -- 7.6.4 Pontryagin Minimum Principle -- 7.6.5 Stochastic Optimal Control -- 7.6.5.1 The Gauss-Markov Model -- 7.6.5.2 The Kalman-Bucy Filter -- 7.6.5.3 Optimal Linear-Quadratic Gaussian Control -- 7.7 Adaptive and Predictive Control -- 7.7.1 General Issues -- 7.7.2 Model-Reference Adaptive Control -- 7.7.3 Self-tuning Control -- 7.7.4 Gain-Scheduling Control
Abstract:
7.7.5 Model-Predictive Control
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