Abstract: Section One: Deposits in Geological Environments at the Earth’s Surface -- The Bauxite Deposits of Jamaica -- The Onverdacht Bauxite Deposit — Surinam -- The Nickel Deposits of New Caledonia -- The Nsuta Manganese Deposit — Ghana -- The Tin Deposits of the Kinta Valley — Malaysia -- The Beach-Sand Deposits of North Stradbroke Island — Australia -- The Witwatersrand Gold-Uranium Deposits — South Africa -- The Uranium Deposits of the Blind River Area — Canada -- The Esterhazy Potash Deposits — Canada -- The Sulphur Salt Dome — U.S.A. -- The Iron Deposits of the Northampton District — U.K. -- The Mesabi Iron Range — U.S.A. -- The Iron Deposits of the Itabira District — Brazil -- Section Two: Mineral Deposits in Sedimentary Rocks -- The Luanshya Copper Deposit — Zambia -- The Ambrosia Lake Uranium Field — U.S.A. -- The Laisvall Lead-Zinc Deposit — Sweden -- The Picher Lead-Zinc Field — U.S.A. -- The Zinc, Lead and Barite Deposits of the Silvermines District — Ireland -- The Zinc-Lead Deposits of the Pine Point District — Canada -- The Sullivan Deposit — Canada -- The Broken Hill Deposit — Australia -- Section Three: Deposits Associated with Felsic Magmatic Environments -- The Helen Iron Deposit — Canada -- The Pyritic Deposits of the Tamasos Field — Cyprus -- The Skorovas Pyritic Deposit — Norway -- The Rio Tinto Deposits — Spain -- The Noranda Field — Canada -- The Deposits of the Kosaka District — Japan -- The Almaden Mercury Deposit — Spain -- The Deposits of the MacIntyre-Hollinger Field — Canada -- The Homestake Gold Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Bunker Hill Silver Deposit — U.S.A. -- The El Salvador Porphyry Copper Deposit — Chile -- The Chuquicamata Copper Deposit — Chile -- The Bingham Canyon Copper Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Climax Molybdenum Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Butte District — U.S.A. -- The Santa Eulaila Deposit — Mexico -- The South-West England District — U.K. -- The Pine Creek Tungsten Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Bikita Pegmatite — Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) -- Section Four: Mineral Deposits in Basic and Ultrabasic Magmatic Rocks -- The Plantinum Deposits of the Merensky Reef — South Africa -- The Chromite Deposits of the Great Dyke — Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) -- The Sudbury Nickel Deposits — Canada -- The Tellnes Illmenite Deposit — Norway -- The Chromite Deposits of Mugla District — Turkey -- The Asbestos Deposits of the Thetford District — Canada -- The Palabora Complex — South Africa -- The Mwadui Diamond Pipe — Tanzania -- Section Five: The World Distribution of Mineral Deposits -- Copper Deposits of the World -- Lead and Zinc Deposits of the World -- Iron and Ferro-alloy metal Deposits of the World -- Light Metal Deposits of the World -- Precious Metal Deposits of the World -- Glossary of Mineral Names -- Units of Measurement -- Key to Stratigraphic Names.

Abstract: reader who wishes to study economic mineral deposits. I have in mind that it they do include references to the source material. Full bibliographies are in could be the basic descriptive part of a university course on the subject. many cases unnecessary because of the monumental work of Ridge (Ridge, Many teachers of economic and mining geology prefer to lecture on the 1972 and 1976). formative geological processes and origin of mineral deposits, and most of The Scope, Purpose and Layout of the Book Terminology. This is a persistent problem in geology. What I have tried to the existing textbooks do likewise. The Atlas is intended to be a compen­ Air, sea, surface water and soil support life, from which comes our food; the dium of descriptive material on which a more analytical series of lectures, or do is use a consistent, and internationally acceptable set of terms, making as much use as possible of the recent attempts by international organizations to fossil remains of life, that is: coal, oil and gas, together with solar and course of reading, could be based.

Abstract: 1. Fractionation in igneous processes -- 2. Compositional variation in magmas -- 3. Phase diagrams — introduction -- 4. Ternary systems — I -- 5. Ternary systems with solid solutions page -- 6. The interpretation of two-element variation diagrams -- 7. Petrographic aspects of volcanic rocks -- 8. Quaternary systems -- 9. Experimental work on natural basaltic and allied rocks -- 10. Water-bearing basic rock systems -- 11. Compositionally zoned magma bodies and their bearing on crystal settling -- 12. Petrographic aspects of plutonic rocks -- 13. The interpretation of data for plutonic rocks -- 14. Trace elements in igneous processes -- 15. The use of isotopes in petrology -- Appendices -- 1. Nomenclature of igneous rocks -- 2. Average major element compositions and CIPW norms of common igneous rock types -- 3. Norm calculations -- Calculation of the CIPW norm -- Molecular norms -- 4. Calculation of plotting parameters for O’Hara (1968) polybaric phase diagram -- 5. Some representative mineral analyses -- Answers to exercises -- References.

Abstract: Our aim in writing this book is to try to show how igneous rocks can be persuaded to reveal some ofthe secrets of their origins. The data of igneous rocks consist of field relations, texture, mineralogy, and geochemistry. Additionally, experimental petrology tells us how igneous systems might be expected to behave. Working on this material we attempt to show how hypotheses concerning the origins and evolution of magmas are proposed and tested, and thus illuminate the interesting and fundamental problems of petrogenesis. The book assumes a modest knowledge of basic petro­ graphy, mineralogy, classification, and regional igneous geology. It has a role complementary to various established texts, several of which are descriptively good and give wide coverage and evaluation of petrogenetic ideas in various degrees of detail. Existing texts do not on the whole, however, deal with methodology, though this is one of the more important aspects of the subject. At first sight it may appear that the current work is a guidebook for the prospective research worker and thus has little relevance for the non-specialist student of geology. We hope this will prove to be far from the case. The methodological approach has an inherent interest because it can provide the reader with problems he can solve for himself, and as an almost incidental consequence he will acquire a satisfying understanding.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Lettuce -- 3 Celery -- 4 Cabbage -- 5 Endive and Chicory -- 6 Spinach -- 7 Lesser Salad Vegetables.

Abstract: Leafy salad vegetables are among the most universally used vegetable crops grown today. Their prominence as important crops has been heightened through the last several decades due to an awareness on the part of consumers of the nutrient, and other obvious values they offer to the diet as "fresh greens" which, at least in the United States, have become a daily table staple. As a result, acreage planted to leafy salad vegetable crops has expanded to a remarkable degree over the past few decades, making these crops an important segment of the agricultural and marketing industries. Published information on leafy salad vegetables has been-and is­ widespread and scattered. This book brings together all up-to-date information and is amply referenced throughout for further study and information. Similarities and differences among the species are discussed and provide insight into the place these species hold in the world cropping system and in the human diet. This approach in text organiza­ tion was made in an effort to be helpful to the widest type of readership: professional researchers and teachers, graduate and undergraduate stu­ dents, extension workers, farmers and other members of the horticultural community, and, perhaps, even lay readers who are the ultimate consumers.

Abstract: 1. Velocity Determination from Seismic Reflection Data -- 2. Patterns of Sources and Detectors -- 3. Well Geophone Surveys and the Calibration of Acoustic Velocity Logs -- 4. Seismic Sources on Land -- 5. Marine Seismic Sources -- 6. Gravity and Magnetic Surveys at Sea -- 7. Pulse Shaping Methods -- 8. Seismic Profiling for Coal on Land.

Abstract: This is a collection of original papers, each by an expert in his field. They deal with different sectors of recent geophysical development. It may be, at first, difficult to see what else unites them, and how these several technologies can contribute to an integrated exploration process. What brings these writers together is that they have all contributed to the improvement of what comes to the eye of the geophysical interpreter. Some of the improvement is achieved at the data-gathering stage, some of it in processing, and in presentation. For all of this improvement interpreters in general are most grateful. The editor is appreciative in a quite personal way, not only of the advances in technology, but also of the effort in writing which has been made by these busy contributors, and so created this collection. Something can be said here about interpretation and the environment in which it is carried out, since it represents the field where the results of these technical developments are ultimately tested. In the commercial world it is from the geophysical interpreter that management learns the results of a large sector of exploration expenditure, and learns them in a form on which still larger expenditures on later phases of exploration can be based.

Abstract: 1 Introduction: Mineral Resources and Exploration -- 1.1 Growth in Mineral Production -- 1.2 Metal Prices -- 1.3 Patterns of Production and Consumption -- 1.4 The Nature of Mineral Exploration -- 1.5 Mining and the Environment -- 2 Geological Mapping and Prospecting -- 2.1 The Importance of Geological Mapping and Prospecting -- 2.2 Traditional Prospecting Methods -- 3 Photogeology and Remote Sensing -- 3.1 Photogeology -- 3.2 Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) -- 3.3 Satellite Photographs and Imagery -- 3.4 Thermal Imagery -- 3.5 Other Remote Detection Methods -- 3.6 Air Sampling Methods -- 4 Geochemical Prospecting -- 4.1 Distribution of Elements -- 4.2 Primary Dispersion -- 4.3 Secondary Dispersion -- 4.4 Soil Types -- 4.5 Statistical Treatment of Data -- 4.6 Drainage Surveys -- 4.7 Soil Surveys -- 4.8 Vegetation and Water Surveys -- 4.9 Analytical Methods -- 5 Deep Sampling Methods -- 5.1 Pitting and Trenching -- 5.2 Auger Drilling -- 5.3 Hand-Held Percussion Drills -- 5.4 Wagon Drilling -- 5.5 Banka Drilling -- 6 Geophysical Prospecting -- 6.1 Gravity Surveying -- 6.2 Magnetic Surveying -- 6.3 Resistivity Surveys -- 6.4 Induced Polarization (IP) Surveys -- 6.5 Electromagnetic (EM) Surveying -- 6.6 Self-Potential (SP) Surveys -- 6.7 Equipotential (EP) Surveys -- 6.8 Magneto-Telluric (MT) Surveys -- 6.9 Seismic Methods -- 6.10 Radiometric Surveying -- 6.11 Geothermal Methods -- 6.12 Well-Logging Techniques -- 7 Drilling Methods -- 7.1 Percussion Drilling -- 7.2 Churn Drilling -- 7.3 Diamond Drilling -- 7.4 Rotary Drilling -- 8 Surveying -- 8.1 Chaining -- 8.2 Compass and Tape Surveys -- 8.3 Determination of Elevation -- 8.4 Plane Table Surveying -- 8.5 Surveying Calculations -- 8.6 Measurements with a Theodolite -- 8.7 Measurement of Distance -- 8.8 Astronomical Surveying -- 9 Ore Reserve Calculations -- 9.1 Ore and Ore Reserves -- 9.2 Plan Methods -- 9.3 Cross-Sectional Methods -- 9.4 Steeply Dipping Ore Bodies -- 9.5 Ore Bodies of Variable Dip -- 9.6 Use of Ore Blocks -- 9.7 Cut-Off Grades -- 9.8 Tonnage Factor -- 9.9 Sampling for Grade Determination -- 10 Evaluation of Prospects -- 10.1 Mineral Dressing -- 10.2 Smelting and Refining of Ores -- 10.3 Mining Methods -- 10.4 Economic Feasibility Studies -- 10.5 Examination of Properties.

Abstract: For some years I have felt there was a need for a single, comprehen­ sive, reference book on exploration geology. Numerous textbooks are available on subjects such as geophysical prospecting, exploration geochemistry, mining geology, photogeology and general economic geology, but, for the geologist working in mineral exploration, who does not require a specialist's knowledge, a general book on explora­ tion techniques is needed. Many undergraduate university courses tend to neglect economic geology and few deal with the more prac­ tical aspects in any detail. Graduate geologists embarking on a career in economic geology or mineral exploration are therefore often poorly equipped and have to learn a considerable amount 'on the job'. By providing a book that includes material which can be found in some of the standard texts together with a number of practical aspects not to be found elsewhere, I hope that both recent graduates and more experienced exploration geologists will find it a useful reference work and manual. In addition, students of economic geology and personnel working in related fields in the mining and mineral extraction in­ dustries will find it informative. J. H. REEDMAN v Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Dr K. Fletcher, geochemist with the Department of Geology, University of British Columbia, and Kari Savario, geophysicist with Finnish Technical Aid to Zambia, for reading the original drafts and offering constructive criticism and advice on the chapters on geochemical and geophysical prospecting respectively.

Abstract: 1 Introductory General Notes -- 1.1 Soldering components to interconnections when utilizing strip board -- 1.2 Resistor colour code -- 1.3 Symbols used in circuit diagrams -- 1.4 Symbols for quantities -- 1.5 Abbreviations -- 1.6 Notes on some aspects of electrical measuring instruments -- 2 Semiconductor Diodes: Characteristics; Use in D.C. Power Supplies -- 2.1 Semiconductor diodes -- 2.2 Zener diodes -- 2.3 D.C. power supplies: an introduction -- 3 Bipolar Junction Transistors: Characteristics and Simple Associated Circuits -- 3.1 Bipolar junction transistors -- 3.2 Characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in common-base (CB) connection -- 3.3 Characteristics of an n-p-n bipolar transistor in common-emitter (CE) connection -- 3.4 A bipolar transistor tester -- 3.5 Further investigation -- 3.6 Voltage stabilizing circuits: general information; the use of bipolar transistors -- 3.7 Constant current sources: introduction -- 3.8 Amplifiers: use of bipolar transistors -- 3.9 Sinusoidal waveform generators -- 3.10 Multivibrators -- 3.11 The Schmitt trigger circuit -- 3.12 Sweep generator: utilizing the bootstrap principle -- 3.13 An optically-coupled isolator -- 3.14 A typical application of an optically-coupled isolator -- 4 Field Effect Transistors: Characteristics and Simple Associated Circuits -- 4.1 Field-effect transistors (FETs or fets) -- 4.2 A simple common-source fet amplifier -- 4.3 Sinusoidal waveform generators based on field-effect transistors -- 4.4 Multivibrators utilizing fets -- 5 Unijunction Transistors; Silicon Controlled Rectifiers: Characteristics and Applications -- 5.1 Unijunction transistors (UJTs or ujts) -- 5.2 Relaxation oscillators -- 5.3 A staircase generator or frequency divider based on a unijunction transistor -- 5.4 Programmable unijunction transistors (PUTs or puts) -- 5.5 A relaxation oscillator based on a put -- 5.6 Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs or scrs) -- 5.7 Phase control by means of silicon controlled rectifiers -- 5.8 Phase control by means of an scr fired by pulses from a ujt circuit -- 5.9 Phase control by means of a put -- 5.10 A bistable circuit based on the use of silicon controlled rectifiers -- 6 More Complex Amplifiers and some Applications -- 6.1 Differential or difference amplifiers -- 6.2 Operational amplifiers -- 6.3 Applications of operational amplifiers -- 6.4 Voltage-to-frequency converters which make use of an operational amplifier -- 6.5 A high-quality pre-amplifier for audio frequency signals -- 7 Logic Gates -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The basic TTL 2-input NAND gate -- 7.3 Multivibrator circuits based on NAND gates of the TTL type -- 7.4 Further pulse generator circuits based on NAND gates -- 7.5 The OR and the exclusive-OR functions -- 7.6 Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic gates -- 7.7 Multivibrator circuits based on NAND gates of the CMOS type -- 8 Some integrated Circuits -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 A monolithic integrated circuit voltage stabilizer -- 8.3 Voltage-to-frequency converters -- 8.4 Monolithic integrated circuit waveform generators -- 8.5 Waveform generators of the multivibrator type based on NAND gates -- 8.6 A decade counter and a cold-cathode number display tube.

Abstract: Electronics is essentially an experimental subject and enables a wealth of experimental work to be undertaken at relatively low cost. In any modestly equipped electrical engineering or physics laboratory. it is possible to plan interesting experiments to study active and passive com­ ponents, basic circuit functions, modular encapsulations and monolithic integrated circuits. The work may range from the formal investigation of a device new to the student to the design and construction of quite advanced, modern measurement and control systems. There are few books which guide experimental work in electronics. This text aims to rectify this by giving detailed descriptions of a series of experiments all of which have been thoroughly tested by students in physics, electronics, electrical engineering and instrumentation at The Polytechnic of Central London. Moreover, several of these experiments would seem to be appropriate for the current development of interest in courses in electronics in schools because several of them have been undertaken with considerable success by first-year sixth-form students who have come to Central London for special courses. They would also assist an introductory course in electronics for students from other disciplines and have been tried out in this way at The Polytechnic.

Abstract: 1 Faults which develop during storage -- 2 Difficulties arising during application -- 3 Difficulties mainly due to faults in the liquid paints -- 4 Faults related to drying and curing -- 5 Defects apparent shortly after application -- 6 Defects related mainly to poor adhesion -- 7 Defects of coatings developing in service -- 8 Hazards to the paint user -- Author Index.

Abstract: Since publication of the first English edition this book has become the standard reference work on paint film defects throughout the world. The very considerable advances in coatings technology since the second English edition was published in 1965 have necessitated a revision of the book, a task which from the outset was recognized as formidable. The very wide field to be covered required specialist knowledge as well as wide experience, and we were fortunate in being able to enlist the services of a group of contributors who were well qualified for the task. Due to his advancing age Mr Manfred Hess, the originator of this work, felt unable to take an active part in the preparation of the new edition. He entrusted not only a large part of the necessarily extensive revision of the text, but also the editorial work, the planning and compilation of the index to us jointly. A variety of causes has prevented the main contributors to the second edition, Mr W.A. Edwards and Mr T .W. Wilkinson, from revising their sections. Nevertheless, much of what they and others have contributed to previous editions has enabled us to build on valuable foundations. Much new material has been added; the illustrations section has been expanded and enhanced by the addition of several colour plates. Mr S.T. Harris revised the sections concerned with industrial finishes and in particular powder coatings, and Dr T.A. Banfield contributed the sections on marine paints and compositions.

Abstract: Section 1 Passive Circuits -- 1.1 English Letters -- 1.2 Greek Letters -- Section 2 Transistors -- 2.1 Static Conditions -- 2.2 Small Signal Conditions -- Section 3 Operational Amplifiers -- 3.1 Symbols and Definitions -- 3.2 Formulas and Circuits -- A Table of 5% Value Ratios -- B Electronic Terms and their Corresponding Symbols.

Abstract: The Handbook of Electronics Formulas, Symbols and Defini­ tions has been compiled for engineers, technicians, armed forces personnel, commercial operators, students, hobbyists, and all others who have some knowledge of electronic terms, symbols, and theory. The author's intention has been to provide: A small, light reference book that may be easily carried in an attache case or kept in a desk drawer for easy access. A source for the majority of all electronic formulas, sym­ bols, and definitions needed or desired for today's passive and active analog circuit technology. A format in which a desired formula may be located almost instantly without the use of an index, in the desired trans­ position, and in sufficiently parenthesized linear form for direct use with any scientific calculator. Sufficient information, alternate methods, approximations, schematic diagrams, and/or footnotes in such a manner so that technicians and hobbyists may understand and use the majority of the formulas, and that is acceptable and equally useful to engineers and others very knowledgeable in the field. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Much of the material is this Handbook is based upon a small loose-leaf notebook containing formulas and other reference material compiled over many years. With the passage of time, the sources of this material have become unknown. It is impos­ sible therefore to list and give the proper credit.

Abstract: Group IV Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Silicon -- 3 Germanium -- 4 Tin -- 5 Lead -- References: Group IV -- V Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth -- 6 Introduction -- 7 Arsenic -- 8 Antimony -- 9 Bismuth -- References: Group V.

Abstract: A very large number of organo derivatives is formed by the Group IV ele­ ments silicon, germanium, tin, and lead. In comparing the general properties of these elements, Table 1. 1 shows that the first ionization energies decrease (though not in a regular way) with increase in size and atomic number, con­ sistent with the general increase in metallic character of the elements. Electro­ negativity values (which have been the subject of considerable controversy) show no clear trend. Although purely inorganic compounds of tin(n) and leaden) are well known, almost all organo Group IV derivatives show an oxidation state of IV. Bonds to carbon become weaker on passing from silicon to lead, as do the element-element bonds themselves. With any particular element M (M = Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb), there is a small decrease in bond energy in the order: M-Ph 〉 M - Me 〉 M - Et. Although accurate data for organo derivatives are lacking, strengths of bonds to other elements probably decrease in the order: M-F〉 M-O 〉 M-CI 〉 M-H ~ M-N ~ M-S ~ M-Br 〉 M-I, while for a particular element X, the order is: Si-X 〉 Ge-X 〉 Sn-X 〉 Pb-X. It is therefore understandable that reactions leading to Si-F, Si-O, or Si-CI bonds are especially favoured in a thermodynamic sense.

Abstract: Preface -- 1 Some Common Types of Investigation -- 2 Measurement -- 3 Some Simple Descriptive Statistics -- 4 Elementary Sampling Theory -- 5 Elementary Concepts of Probability -- 6 Contingency Tables and Tests of Association -- 7 Correlation and Regression -- 8 Simple Tests of Significance -- 9 Analysis of Variance -- 10 Recording Data on Punch Cards -- Appendix 1 The Normal Distribution Function -- References.

Abstract: For many years now I have been required to give a series of elementary lectures on statistics to medical students about to undertake a postgraduate course in psychiatry. The declared aim of the course, for which very limited time was available, was to provide the students with some initial understanding of the statistical terminology and elementary techniques to which other teachers, in particular psychologists and sociologists, would be likely to refer in the course of their lectures. The task was tricky for two reasons. In the first place most of the students involved, despite their best intentions, had forgotten their school mathematics, and secondly no textbook existed at the right level of difficulty which contained examples appropriate to these students' needs and experience. The present book was written to fill the gap. Though pri­ marily intended for psychiatrists, the book should prove very useful to any student of the behavioural sciences who wants a simple introductory course on the principles of experimental design and data analysis. It must be one of the simplest text­ books on elementary statistics ever written. I am indebted to the literary executor of the late Sir Ronald A. Fisher, F.R.S., to Dr Frank Yates, F.R.S., and to Oliver & Boyd Ltd for permission to reprint Tables 3 and 5 from their book Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research.

Abstract: 1 The Morphology of Barley; the Vegetative Phase -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The quiescent barley grain -- 1.3 Changes in the germinating grain -- 1.4 The growth of the stem and leaves -- 1.5 The root system -- 1.6 Plant morphology and lodging -- References -- 2 The Morphology of the Reproductive Parts in Barley -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The development of the ear -- 2.3 Variations in the form of grains -- 2.4 The ear -- 2.5 Some implications of the wide variety of forms of barley -- References -- 3 The Origin and Classification of Barleys -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classifications of barleys -- 3.3 The position of barley within the Gramineae -- 3.4 The origin of cultivated barley -- References -- 4 The Biochemistry of Barley -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carbohydrates -- 4.3 The glycolytic sequence, the pentose phosphate shunt and the tricarboxylic acid cycle -- 4.4 Barley lipids -- 4.5 Photosynthesis and photorespiration -- 4.6 The formation of porphyrins -- 4.7 Phenolic and aromatic substances -- 4.8 Amino acid metabolism -- 4.9 The metabolism of some amines -- 4.10 Nucleic acids, and some other nitrogenous substances -- 4.11 Barley proteins -- References -- 5 Grain Quality and Germination -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sampling tests with small numbers of grains -- 5.3 Grain evaluation -- 5.4 The penetration of water, and other substances, into grain -- 5.5 Testing for grain germinability -- 5.6 Vigour -- 5.7 Dormancy -- 5.8 The gas exchange of germinating grains -- 5.9 The chemical composition of the quiescent grain -- 5.10 Biochemical changes in germinating grain -- 5.11 Embryo culture in vitro -- 5.12 The mobilization of the endosperm reserves -- References -- 6 The Growth of the Barley Plant -- 6.1 The description of growth -- 6.2 Sequential changes in the growth of the plant -- 6.3 The composition of the growing plant -- 6.4 The composition of the growing grain -- 6.5 Root growth -- 6.6 Water supplies -- 6.7 Water stress -- 6.8 Mineral requirements -- 6.9 The uptake and release of substances by roots -- 6.10 Coleoptile growth and gravity perception -- 6.11 Leaf unrolling and greening -- 6.12 Leaf senescence -- 6.13 Growth regulation -- 6.14 Temperature and growth -- 6.15 Cold hardiness -- 6.16 Vernalization -- 6.17 Some effects of light -- 6.18 Some factors that control yield -- References -- 7 Agricultural Practices and Yield -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Soil preparation -- 7.3 The choice of seed; sowing -- 7.4 Nutrient supply and barley yield -- 7.5 Some chemical treatments -- 7.6 Damaging factors -- 7.7 Water supplies and yield -- 7.8 Barley as forage -- 7.9 Harvesting the grain -- 7.10 Actual and potential yields -- References -- 8 Production and Harvesting Machinery -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Irrigation and drainage -- 8.3 Tillage -- 8.4 Sowing -- 8.5 Post-sowing treatments -- 8.6 Harvesting and threshing barley -- 8.7 Straw -- 8.8 Harvesting the whole plant -- 8.9 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Weeds, Pests and Diseases in the Growing Crop -- 9.1 Weeds and the need to control them -- 9.2 Weed control -- 9.3 The economics of weed control -- 9.4 Nematode pests -- 9.5 Molluscs -- 9.6 Birds and mammals -- 9.7 Insect and some other pests -- 9.8 Virus diseases of barley -- 9.9 Bacterial diseases -- 9.10 Fungal diseases -- 9.11 Some general considerations -- References -- 10 The Reception and Storage of Whole Plants and Grain. The Micro-organisms and Pests of Stored Grain -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Barley hay -- 10.3 Straw -- 10.4 Barley silage -- 10.5 Grain reception -- 10.6 Handling grain -- 10.7 Weighers -- 10.8 Cleaning and grading grain -- 10.9 Drying principles -- 10.10 Grain drying in practice -- 10.11 Grain storage facilities -- 10.12 Seed longevity and grain deterioration -- 10.13 Micro-organisms in grain -- 10.14 Insects and mites -- 10.15 The mites of stored grain -- 10.16 Insecticides and fumigants -- 10.17 Rodents and their control -- References -- 11 Barley Genetics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The inheritance of ‘distinct’ factors -- 11.3 Cytology and chromosome behaviour -- 11.4 Chromosomal abnormalities -- 11.5 Ploidy levels -- 11.6 Mutations and mutagenesis -- 11.7 The expression of some mutant and other genes -- 11.8 The genetics of complex characters -- References -- 12 Barley Improvement -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Plant introductions, and adapted forms -- 12.3 Plant selections -- 12.4 Mutation breeding -- 12.5 Hybridization -- 12.6 Crossing barley -- 12.7 The choice of parents -- 12.8 Selection sequences applied to hybrid progenies -- 12.9 Competition and ‘natural selection’ in barley -- 12.10 Breeding for quality -- 12.11 Some other objectives in breeding -- 12.12 Breeding for higher yields -- 12.13 The quantitative evaluation of parents -- 12.14 ‘Hybrid’ barley -- 12.15 Trial procedures -- 12.16 The multiplication of seed -- 12.17 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Some Actual and Potential Uses of Barley -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Barley grain; a source of starch and protein -- 13.3 Minor uses of straw -- 13.4 Straw in building -- 13.5 Animal bedding, litter, farmyard manure and compost -- 13.6 Soil protection, conditioning, or replacement -- 13.7 Some industrial uses of barley -- 13.8 Paper, cardboard and millboard -- References -- 14 Barley for Animal and Human Food -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The nutritional requirements of animals -- 14.3 Forage and hay -- 14.4 Silage -- 14.5 Barley straw -- 14.6 Barley grain -- 14.7 By-products for animal feed, derived from barley -- 14.8 Non-alcoholic beverages -- 14.9 Other potential feeding stuffs -- 14.10 The technology of preparing grain for food -- 14.11 Future uses of barley as food -- References -- 15 Malting -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The selection and acceptance of malting barley -- 15.3 Barley handling -- 15.4 Steeping -- 15.5 Germination equipment -- 15.6 Kilns and kilning -- 15.7 Malt analyses -- 15.8 Changes that occur in the malting grain -- References -- 16 Some Uses of Barley Malt -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Mashing -- 16.3 Some aspects of yeast metabolism -- 16.4 Malt extracts and barley syrups -- 16.5 Brewing beer -- 16.6 Malt vinegar -- 16.7 Distilled ‘potable spirits’ -- References.

Abstract: This book was written to provide an integrated account of barley, induding its cultivation, nature and uses. An attempt has been made to cut across the unjustified and obstructive divisions between pure science, applied science, technology, botany, biochemistry, agronomy, and so on. Limitations of space preclude the use of more illustrative material or references, or even complete accounts of various topics. However sufficient information is given to enable the reader to understand the general principles and to find his or her way readily into the literature to obtain further information. Emphasis has been placed on general principles rather than details. In becoming familiar with the literature one becomes acquainted with the effects of the cereal or religion, the English language and the development of agriculture and biochemistry. The comparison between 'parallel literatures' is often stimulating also. For example one is forced to conclude that many of the agricultural problems of poor 'seed vigour' would be overcome if seedsmen used the maltsters techniques for breaking dormancy and speeding 'post-harvest maturation'. Barley is the world's fourth most important cereal after wheat, rice, and maize. It is the most widely cultivated, being grown from the equator to 700N (Scandinavia), from the humid regions of Europe and Japan to the Saharan and Asiatic Oases, and from below sea level in Palestine to high up mountains in the Himalayas, E. Africa and S. America. Some­ where in the world it is being sown or harvested at every time of the year.

Abstract: 1. 13C NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers -- 2. Mass Spectrometry -- 3. High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography -- 4. Light Scattering in Synthetic Polymer Systems -- 5. Molecular Dimensions of Amorphous Polymers by Neutron Scattering -- 6. Recent Advances in the Study of Polymers by Small Angle X-ray Scattering -- 7. Quantitative Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- 8. Microscopy of Polymer Surfaces.

Abstract: Over two decades ago, !he term characterisation covered just those techniques which measured the properties of polymers in solution in order to determine molecular weight and size. The discoveries of stereoregular polymers and polymer crystals created the need for new and advanced techniques for characterising chain structures and bulk properties. Further demands for new and improved characterisation methods for bulk polymers have resulted from the recent development and exploitation of multi phase polymeric systems, such as polymer blends, block and graft copolymers, and polymer composites. Today, therefore, characterisation is a very important part of polymer science. The polymer chemist must know the chain length, chain microstructure and chain conformation of the polymers he or she has prepared, i. e. the determination of molecular properties. The scientist involved in exploiting polymers in such applications as plastics, elastomers, fibres, surface coatings and adhesives must be informed on the morphology and physical and mechanical behaviour of his or her products, i. e. the determination of bulk and surface properties and their dependence on molecular properties. The techniques required for these determinations now cover an extremely wide field. Our aim has been to review a number of techniques critically and in sufficient depth so that the present state and future potential of each technique may be judged by the reader. Three criteria were used in the selection of techniques. First, we wished to present new methods which have been developed actively in the polymer field during the past five years.

Abstract: 1 Early muscle development -- 1.1 Early stages of muscle fibre development -- 1.2 Lack of specialization of myotubes -- 1.3 The dependance of the structural integrity of the developing muscle fibres on innervation -- 2 Development of the motor nerves and their encounter with muscle fibres -- 2.1 Origin of motor nerve fibres and their growth into the periphery -- 2.2 Development of nerves and muscles and their interdependence -- 2.3 Development of stable nerve-muscle connections -- 2.4 Are nerve-muscle connections specified? -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 Development of the neuromuscular junction -- 3.1 Distribution of ACh receptors during early development -- 3.2 Stabilization of chemosensitivity at the neuromuscular junction -- 3.3 Development of the subneural apparatus -- 3.4 Formation of stable nerve-muscle connections -- 3.5 Changes of chemosensitivity outside the endplate -- 3.6 Maintenance of endplate chemosensitivity -- 3.7 Pattern of innervation of muscle fibres -- 3.8 Conclusions -- 4 Differentiation of skeletal muscle fibres -- 4.1 The muscles of lower vertebrates and birds -- 4.2 Mammalian muscles -- 4.3 How is differentiation into different fibre types induced? -- 4.4 Conclusions -- 5 The effects of denervation on muscle fibre properties and the regulation of chemosensitivity -- 5.1 Morphological changes following denervation -- 5.2 Metabolic changes in denervated muscles -- 5.3 Changes in contractile properties of denervated muscle -- 5.4 Changes in electrical properties of the membrane on denervation -- 5.5 Changes of chemosensitivity at the endplate -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 6 Re-innervation of the muscle by its motor nerve -- 6.1 Nerve growth -- 6.2 Establishment of nerve-muscle connections by the regenerating nerve fibre -- 6.3 Maturation of the regenerated axon and recovery of the muscle -- 6.4 Effects of muscle on normal and regenerating motor nerve terminals -- 6.5 Conclusion -- 7 The mammalian motor unit -- 7.1 Specialization of motoneurones -- 7.2 Matching properties of different motoneurones to the muscle fibres they supply -- 7.3 Specialization of the vascular bed of slow and fast mammalian muscles -- 7.4 How is the matching of muscle fibres to their motoneurones brought about? -- 7.5 Development of the motor unit -- 7.6 Conclusions -- 8 Plasticity in the neuromuscular system -- 8.1 Can different skeletal muscle fibres be transformed from one type to another? -- 8.2 Can the characteristic properties of neurones and their terminals be altered? -- 8.3 Specificity of nerve-muscle connections -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 9 Some examples of disturbances of nerve-muscle interactions -- 9.1 Disturbances caused by a change in the function of the motoneurone -- 9.2 Consequences of disease of the motoneurone, or axon -- 9.3 Disturbance due to disease of the neuromuscular junction -- 9.4 Disease of the muscle -- 9.5 Retrograde influences on the motoneurone -- References.

Abstract: In the second century, Galen recognized that nerve and muscle were functionally inseparable since contraction of muscle occurred only if the nerves supplying that muscle were intact. He therefore concluded that the shortening of a muscle was controlled by the central nervous sytem while the extension of a muscle could occur in the absence of innervation. Nerves, he thought, were the means of transport for animal spirits to the muscles; the way in which animal spirits may bring about contraction dominated the study of muscle physiology from that time until the historical discovery of Galvani that muscle could be stimulated electrically and that nerve and muscle were themselves a source of electrical energy. It is now well known that nerves conduct electrically and that transmission from nerve to striated muscle is mediated by the chemical which is liberated from nerve terminals onto the muscle membrane. In vertebrates this chemical is acetylcholine (ACh). Thus the concept of spirits that are released from nerves and control muscle contraction directly, is no longer tenable. Nevertheless the concept of 'substances' transported down nerv~s which directly control many aspects of muscle has not been abandoned, and has in fact been frequently reinvoked to account for the long-term regula­ tion of many characteristics of muscle (see review by Gutmann, 1976) and for the maintenance of its structural integrity.

Abstract: 1.Introduction -- 2.Basic Oscillator Theory -- 3.Methods of Design -- 3.1.Experimental Method of Design -- 3.2.Y-Parameter Method of Design -- 3.3.Power Gain Method of Design -- 3.4.Nonlinear Modifications -- 4.Oscillator Frequency Stability -- 4.1.Temperature Effects of Frequency -- 4.2.Long-Term Frequency Drift -- 4.3.Short-Term Frequency Stability -- 5.Quartz Crystal Resonators -- 5.1.Load Capacitance -- 5.2.Pin-To-Pin Capacitance -- 5.3.Resistance -- 5.4.Rated or Test Drive Level -- 5.5.Frequency Stability -- 5.6.Finishing or Calibration Tolerance -- 5.7.Crystal Aging -- 5.8.Q and Stiffness of Crystals -- 5.9.Mechanical Overtone Crystals -- 5.10.Spurious or Unwanted Modes -- 5.11.Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration -- 5.12.Standard Military Crystals -- 5.13.Specifications and Standards -- 6.Discussion of Transistors -- 6.1.Transistor Equivalent Circuits -- 6.2.Y-Parameter Model -- 6.3.Hybrid ? Equivalent Circuit -- 6.4.Nonlinear Models -- 7.Oscillator Circuits -- 7.1.Pierce, Colpitis, and Clapp Oscillators -- 7.2.Pierce Oscillator -- 7.3.Colpitis Oscillator -- 7.4.Clapp Oscillator -- 7.5.Grounded-Base Oscillator -- 7.6.Gate Oscillators -- 7.7.Integrated-Circuit Oscillators -- 8.Preproduction Tests for Crystal Oscillators -- 9.Other Topics -- 9.1.Crystal Switches -- 9.2.Pullable Oscillators -- 9.3.Crystal Ovens -- 9.4.Squegging, Squelching, or Motorboating -- 9.5.Spurious Oscillations -- 10. Temperature Compensation -- 10.1.Analog Temperature Compensation -- 10.2.Hybrid Analog-Digital Compensation -- 10.3.Digital Temperature Compensation -- 10.4.Temperature Compensation with Microprocessors -- Appendix A Derivation of the Complex Equation for Oscillation -- Appendix B Derivation of Y-Parameter Equations for the Pierce Oscillator -- Appendix C Derivation of Y-Parameter Equations for the Grounded-Base Oscillator -- Appendix D Derivation of Approximate Equations for the Clapp Oscillator -- Appendix E Derivation of Approximate Equations for the Pierce Oscillator Analysis -- Appendix F Derivation of Approximate Equations for the Colpitts Oscillator -- Appendix G Large-Signal Transistor Parameters -- Appendix H Large-Signal Transistor Parameters with Emitter Degeneration -- Appendix I Nonlinear Analysis of the Colpitts Oscillator Based on the Principle of Harmonic Balance -- Appendix J Mathematical Development of the Sideband Level versus Phase Deviation Equation -- Appendix K Derivation of Crystal Equations -- Appendix L Sample Crystal Specification.

Abstract: Crystal oscillators have been in use now for well over SO years-one of the first was built by W. G. Cady in 1921. Today, millions of them are made every year, covering a range of frequencies from a few Kilohertz to several hundred Mega­ hertz and a range of stabilities from a fraction of one percent to a few parts in ten to the thirteenth, with most of them, by far, still in the range of several tens of parts per million.Their major application has long been the stabilization of fre­ quencies in transmitters and receivers, and indeed, the utilization of the frequency spectrum would be in utter chaos, and the communication systems as we know them today unthinkable,'without crystal oscillators. With the need to accommodate ever increasing numbers of users in a limited spectrum space, this traditional application will continue to grow for the fore­ seeable future, and ever tighter tolerances will have to be met by an ever larger percentage of these devices.

Abstract: 1 / Introduction -- 2 / Atomic Structure -- 3 / Aggregations of Atoms—The Fluid States -- 4 / Aggregations of Atoms—Solids -- 5 / Crystal Growth and Size -- 6 / Aggregations of Two Sorts of Atoms—Binary Alloys -- 7 / Equilibrium Diagrams -- 8 / The Iron-carbon System -- 9 / Thermal Energy -- 10 / The Deformation of Metal Single Crystals -- 11 / The Strengthening of Metals -- 12 / Mechanical Testing of Polycrystalline Materials -- 13 / Plastic Flow and Fracture -- 14 / Fatigue -- 15 / Creep -- 16 / Heat Treatment of Steel -- 17 / Alloy Steels -- 18 / Corrosion -- 19 / Welding -- 20 / Inorganic Non-metallic Materials -- 21 / Organic Materials -- 22 / Composites -- 23 / The Nucleus -- Appendix I—Some equilibrium diagrams of interest and importance -- Appendix II—Equilibrium and free energy -- Appendix III—SI units -- Answers to Numerical Questions.

Abstract: The engineering designer is always limited by the properties of available materials. Some properties are critically affected by variations in com­ position, in state or in testing conditions, while others are much less so. The engineer must know this if he is to make intelligent use of the data on properties of materials that he finds in handbooks and tables, and if he is to exploit successfully new materials as they become available. He can only be aware of these limitations if he understands how pro­ perties depend on structure at the atomic, molecular, microscopic and macroscopic levels. Inculcating this awareness is one of the chief aims of the book, which is based on a successful course designed to give university engineering students the necessary basic knowledge of these various levels. The material is equivalent to a course of about eighty to a hundred lectures. In the first part of the book the topics covered are mainly fundamental physics. The structure of the atom, considered in non-wave-mechanical terms, leads to the nature of interatomic forces and aggregations of atoms in the three forms-gases, liquids and solids. Sufficient crystallography is discussed to facilitate an understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the crystals. The band theory of solids is not included, but the basic concepts which form a preliminary to the theory-energy levels of electrons in an atom, Pauli's exclusion principle, and so on-are dealt with.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Preamble -- 1.2 Scope of book -- 1.3 Notation and definitions -- 2. Pipe and Channel Flow -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Laminar flow theory: channel -- 2.3 Laminar flow theory: pipe -- 2.4 The Reynolds number -- 2.5 The entry length -- 2.6 Transition to turbulent flow -- 2.7 Relationship between flow rate and pressure gradient -- 3. Flow Past a Circular Cylinder -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Reynolds number -- 3.3 Flow patterns -- 3.4 Drag -- 4. Convection in Horizontal Layers -- 4.1 The configuration -- 4.2 Onset of motion -- 4.3 Flow regimes -- 5. Equations of Motion -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fluid particles and continuum mechanics -- 5.3 Eulerian and Langrangian co-ordinates -- 5.4 Continuity equation -- 5.5 The substantive derivative -- 5.6 The Navier—Stokes equation -- 5.7 Boundary conditions -- 5.8 Condition for incompressibility -- Appendix: Derivation of viscous term of dynamical equation -- 6. Further Basic Ideas -- 6.1 Streamlines, streamtubes, particle paths and streaklines -- 6.2 Computations for flow past a circular cylinder -- 6.3 The stream function -- 6.4 Vorticity -- 6.5 Vorticity equation -- 6.6 Circulation -- 7. Dynamical Similarity -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Condition for dynamical similarity: Reynolds number -- 7.3 Dependent quantities -- 7.4 Other governing non-dimensional parameters -- 8. Low and High Reynolds Numbers -- 8.1 Physical significance of the Reynolds number -- 8.2 Low Reynolds number -- 8.3 High Reynolds number -- 9. Some Solutions of the Viscous Flow Equations -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Poiseuille flow -- 9.3 Rotating Couette flow -- 9.4 Stokes flow past a sphere -- 9.5 Low Reynolds number flow past a cylinder -- 10. Inviscid Flow -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Kelvin circulation theorem -- 10.3 Irrotational motion -- 10.4 Bernoulli’s equation -- 10.5 Drag in inviscid flow: d’Alembert’s ‘paradox’ -- 10.6 Applications of Bernoulli’s equation -- 10.7 Some definitions -- 11. Boundary Layers and Related Topics -- 11.1 Boundary layer formation -- 11.2 The boundary layer approximation -- 11.3 Zero pressure gradient solution -- 11.4 Boundary layer separation -- 11.5 Drag on bluff bodies -- 11.6 Streamlining -- 11.7 Wakes -- 11.8 Jets -- 11.9 Momentum and energy in viscous flow -- 12. Lift -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Two-dimensional aerofoils -- 12.3 Three-dimensional aerofoils -- 12.4 Spinning bodies -- 13. Thermal Flows: Basic Equations and Concepts -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Equations of convection -- 13.3 Classification of convective flows -- 13.4 Forced convection -- 13.5 Flow with concentration variations (mass transfer) -- 14. Free Convection -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The governing non-dimensional parameters -- 14.3 The adiabatic temperature gradient -- 14.4 Free convection as a heat engine -- 14.5 Convection from a heated vertical surface -- 14.6 Thermal plumes -- 14.7 Convection in fluid layers -- Appendix: The Boussinesq approximation in free convection -- 15. Flow in Rotating Fluids -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Centrifugal and Coriolis forces -- 15.3 Geostrophic flow and the Taylor—Proud man theorem -- 15.4 Taylor columns -- 15.5 Ekman layers -- 15.6 Intrinsic stability and inertial waves -- 15.7 Rossby waves -- 15.8 Convection in a rotating annulus -- 16. Stratified Flow -- 16.1 Basic concepts -- 16.2 Blocking -- 16.3 Lee waves -- 16.4 Internal waves -- 16.5 Stratification and rotation -- 17. Instability Phenomena -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Surface tension instability of a liquid column -- 17.3 Convection due to internal heat generation -- 17.4 Convection due to surface tension variations -- 17.5 Instability of rotating Couette flow -- 17.6 Shear flow instability -- 18. The Theory of Hydro Dynamic Stability -- 18.1 The nature of linear stability theory -- 18.2 Onset of Bénard convection -- 18.3 Overstability -- 18.4 Rotating Couette flow -- 18.5 Boundary layer stability -- 19. Transition to Turbulence -- 19.1 Boundary layer transition -- 19.2 Transition in jets and other free shear flows -- 19.3 Pipe flow transition -- 20. Turbulence -- 20.1 The nature of turbulent motion -- 20.2 Introduction to the statistical description of turbulent motion -- 20.3 Formulation of the statistical description -- 20.4 Turbulence equations -- 20.5 Calculation methods -- 20.6 Interpretation of correlations -- 20.7 Spectra -- 20.8 The concept of eddies -- 21. Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Space correlations and the closure problem -- 21.3 Spectra and the energy cascade -- 21.4 Dynamical processes of the energy cascade -- 22. The Structure of Turbulent Flows -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Reynolds number similarity and self-preservation -- 22.3 Intermittency and entrainment -- 22.4 The structure of a turbulent wake -- 22.5 Turbulent motion near a wall -- 22.6 Large eddies in a boundary layer -- 22.7 The Coanda effect -- 22.8 Stratified shear flows -- 22.9 Reverse transition -- 23. Experimental Methods -- 23.1 General aspects of experimental fluid dynamics -- 23.2 Velocity measurement -- 23.3 Pressure and temperature measurement -- 23.4 Flow visualization -- 24. Practical Situations -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Cloud patterns -- 24.3 Waves in the atmospheric circulation -- 24.4 Continental drift and convection in the Earth’s mantle -- 24.5 Solar granulation -- 24.6 Effluent dispersal -- 24.7 Wind effects on structures -- 24.8 Boundary layer control: vortex generators -- 24.9 Fluidics -- 24.10 Undulatory swimming -- 24.11 Convection from the human body -- 24.12 The flight of a boomerang -- Notation -- Problems -- Bibliography and References.

Abstract: To classify a book as 'experimental' rather than 'theoretical' or as 'pure' rather than 'applied' is liable to imply umeal distinctions. Nevertheless, some Classification is necessary to teIl the potential reader whether the book is for him. In this spirit, this book may be said to treat fluid dynamies as a branch of physics, rather than as a branch of applied mathematics or of engineering. I have often heard expressions of the need for such a book, and certainly I have feIt it in my own teaching. I have written it primariIy for students of physics and of physics-based applied science, aIthough I hope others may find it useful. The book differs from existing 'fundamental' books in placing much greater emphasis on what we know through laboratory experiments and their physical interpretation and less on the mathe­ matieal formalism. It differs from existing 'applied' books in that the choice of topics has been made for the insight they give into the behaviour of fluids in motion rather than for their practical importance. There are differences also from many existing books on fluid dynamics in the branches treated, reflecting to some extent shifts of interest in reeent years. In particular, geophysical and astrophysical applications have prompted important fundamental developments in topics such as conveetion, stratified flow, and the dynamics of rotating fluids. These developments have hitherto been reflected in the contents of textbooks only to a limited extent.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Virus characteristics -- 2 Symptomatology of Virus-Infected Plants -- External symptoms -- Internal symptoms -- 3 Physiology of Plant Virus Diseases -- Metabolism of virus-infected plants -- Translocation of the virus in the plant -- Interference between viruses -- Latent infections -- Resistance to infection -- 4 Isolation and Purification of Plant Viruses -- Elementary tests -- Purification methods -- 5 Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Virus Particles. Plant Viruses in situ in Plant and Vector -- 6 Chemistry of Plant Viruses -- 7 Infection and Replication. Assembly of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus Particle. Incomplete Viruses. Satellite Viruses. Viroids -- 8 Transmission by Vectors -- Insecta -- Vectors outside the insecta -- 9 Transmission other than by Vectors -- Mechanical inoculation -- Grafting -- Vegetative propagation -- Seed transmission -- 10 Quantitative Assay. Virus Inhibitors. Virus Strains -- 11 Serology of Plant Viruses -- Preparation of the viruses (antigens) -- The precipitin reaction -- Some results of the application of serological methods -- 12 Tissue- and Cell-culture of Plant Viruses -- Plant tissue-culture -- Modes of infection of tissue-cultures -- Cell-culture -- Protoplast culture of plant-viruses -- 13 Testing for Viruses: Indicator Plants -- 14 Nomenclature and Classification. Control -- 15 Fungal and Algal Viruses -- Fungal viruses -- Algal viruses -- 16 Mycoplasma-like Organisms -- Index of Authors.

Abstract: In the sixth edition of Plant Viruses, each section has been brought up to date and some additions made. A short account is given of a new technique, the protoplast-culture of plant viruses. The omission in the fifth edition of the Mycoplasma-like organisms has been criticized on the grounds of the close simi­ larity of symptom expression and techniques of study between Mycoplasmas and plant viruses. To meet this criticism Chapter 16, which gives a brief account of these organisms, is included. Some of the plates have been changed and new ones added. Grateful acknowledgment is due to Dr Aaron KIug F.R.S. and his colleagues, to Drs D. A. Govier, Basil Kassanis F.R.S. and Karl Maramorsch for permission to use their recent work. Acknowledgement is also due to several friends who have supplied prints of illustrations from their published work; credit has been given to authors in the illustration legends. Mr Denis C. Ingram, editor to Chapman and Hall, has been most helpful and co-operative throughout.

Abstract: 1 The Rise of Frozen Foods -- 2 Refrigeration Technology -- 3 Freezing Vegetables -- 4 Freezing Fruits -- 5 Freezing Meats -- 6 Freezing Poultry -- 7 Freezing Fish -- 8 Freezing of Shellfish -- 9 Freezing of Dairy Products -- 10 Freezing of Egg Products -- 11 Precooked Frozen Foods -- 12 Packaging of Frozen Foods -- 13 Microbiology of Frozen Foods -- 14 The Nutritive Value of Frozen Foods -- 15 Quality Compliance and Assurance -- 16 Warehousing and Retail Cabinets.

Abstract: The remarkable growth of food technology in industry has been matched by an equal development of related educational programs in food science in colleges and universities in many countries. A vast and growing body of reference books is now available to profes­ sionals in the field. They have at their fingertips the current state of the art and knowledge in the various areas of specialization embraced by the food industry. For example, excellent reference books are available in the general area of food freezing. The Freezing Preservation of Foods by Tressler et al. is a four volume reference work which covers the subject in detail. Fundamentals of Food Freezing is a book written as a textbook. It repre­ sents the accumulated art and knowledge in the field of food freezing and draws upon the four volumes of The Freezing Preservation of Foods and the current literature in reference. This new textbook is designed as a unit of instruction in food freezing. As such, it is presented in 16 chapters. The total effect we have attempted to develop is a rounded overall presentation for the student. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the contributions of our many col­ laborators in preparing this text. These collaborators are identified in the list of contributors; to each, we are most deeply obliged. However, the undersigned are responsible for errors of omission or commission.

Abstract: 1 What operational research is and does -- 2 Measuring uncertainty -- 3 Queuing problems -- 4 Business forecasting -- 5 Simulation and Monte Carlo Methods -- 6 Stock and production control models -- 7 Resource allocation -- 8 Planning projects -- 9 Analysing decisions -- 10 Operational gaming -- 11 Other operational research techniques -- 12 Conclusions -- Name Index -- General Index.

Abstract: There is nothing more difficult to take in hand. more perilous to conduct. or more uncertain in its success. than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things. because the innovator has for enemies all those who have done well under the old conditions. and lukewarm defenders in those who may do well under the new. Machiavelli. The Prince When this book was first written in 1959 I was myself a practising operational research worker in charge of a small group at the Glacier Metal Company, concerned with using Operational Research philosophy and techniques to help solve some of the managerial problems inside the company. About that time Operational Research was beginning to attract attention in industrial circles. Many quite large research groups were being founded. The advertisement columns of the Sunday press and certain daily newspapers were full of advertisements for Operational Research practitioners, at then quite attractive salaries.

Abstract: Preface -- Notation Frequently Used -- 1. Introduction -- I. Hilbert Space -- 2. Inner Product of Functions. Norm, Metric -- 3. The Space L2 -- 4. Convergence in the Space L2(G) (Convergence in the Mean). Complete Space. Separable Space -- 5. Orthogonal Systems in L2(G) -- 6. Hilbert Space -- 7. Some Remarks to the Preceding Chapters. Normed Space, Banach Space -- 8. Operators and Functionals, especially in Hilbert Spaces -- II. Variational Methods -- 9. Theorem on the Minimum of a Quadratic Functional and its Consequences -- 10. The Space HA -- 11. Existence of the Minimum of the Functional F in the Space HA. Generalized Solutions -- 12. The Method of Orthonormal Series. Example -- 13. The Ritz Method -- 14. The Galerkin Method -- 15. The Least Squares Method. The Courant Method -- 16. The Method of Steepest Descent. Example -- 17. Summary of Chapters 9 to 16 -- III. Application of Variational Methods to the Solution of Boundary Value Problems in Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations -- 18. The Friedrichs Inequality. The Poincaré Inequality -- 19. Boundary Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations -- 20. Problem of the Choice of a Base -- 21. Numerical Examples: Ordinary Differential Equations -- 22. Boundary Value Problems in Second Order Partial Differential Equations -- 23. The Biharmonic Operator. (Equations of Plates and Wall-beams.) -- 24. Operators of the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity -- 25. The Choice of a Base for Boundary Value Problems in Partial Differential Equations -- 26. Numerical Examples: Partial Differential Equations -- 27. Summary of Chapters 18 to 26 -- IV. Theory of Boundary Value Problems in Differential Equations Based on the Concept of a Weak Solution and on the Lax-Milgram Theorem -- 28. The Lebesgue Integral. Domains with the Lipschitz Boundary -- 29. The Space W2(k)(G) -- 30. Traces of Functions from the Space W2(k)(G). The Space W?2(k)(G). The Generalized Friedrichs and Poincaré Inequalities -- 31. Elliptic Differential Operators of Order 2k. Weak Solutions of Elliptic Equations -- 32. The Formulation of Boundary Value Problems -- 33. Existence of the Weak Solution of a Boundary Value Problem. V-ellipticity. The Lax-Milgram Theorem -- 34. Application of Direct Variational Methods to the Construction of an Approximation of the Weak Solution -- 35. The Neumann Problem for Equations of Order 2k (the Case when the Form ((v, u)) is not V-elliptic) -- 36. Summary and Some Comments to Chapters 28 to 35 -- V. The Eigenvalue Problem -- 37. Introduction -- 38. Completely Continuous Operators -- 39. The Eigenvalue Problem for Differential Operators -- 40. The Ritz Method in the Eigenvalue Problem -- 41. Numerical Examples -- VI. Some Special Methods. Regularity of the Weak solution -- 42. The Finite Element Method -- 43. The Method of Least Squares on the Boundary for the Biharmonic Equation (for the Problem of Wall-beams). The Trefftz Method of the Solution of the Dirichlet Problem for the Laplace Equation -- 44. The Method of Orthogonal Projections -- 45. Application of the Ritz Method to the Solution of Parabolic Boundary Value Problems -- 46. Regularity of the Weak Solution, Fulfilment of the Given Equation and of the Boundary Conditions in the Classical Sense. Existence of the Function w ? W2(k)(G) satisfying the Given Boundary Conditions -- 47. Concluding Remarks, Perspectives of the Presented Theory -- Table for the Construction of Most Current Functionals and of Systems of Ritz Equations -- References.

Abstract: The impulse which led to the writing of the present book has emerged from my many years of lecturing in special courses for selected students at the College of Civil Engineering of the Tech­ nical University in Prague, from experience gained as supervisor and consultant to graduate students-engineers in the field of applied mathematics, and - last but not least - from frequent consultations with technicians as well as with physicists who have asked for advice in overcoming difficulties encountered in solving theoretical problems. Even though a varied combination of problems of the most diverse nature was often in question, the problems discussed in this book stood forth as the most essential to this category of specialists. The many discussions I have had gave rise to considerations on writing a book which should fill the rather unfortunate gap in our literature. The book is designed, in the first place, for specialists in the fields of theoretical engineering and science. However, it was my aim that the book should be of interest to mathematicians as well. I have been well aware what an ungrateful task it may be to write a book of the present type, and what problems such an effort can bring: Technicians and physicists on the one side, and mathematicians on the other, are often of diametrically opposing opinions as far as books con­ ceived for both these categories are concerned.

Abstract: 1 Failure types, investigation and occurrences -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 System failure and component failure -- 1.3 Failure decisions -- 1.4 Failure classifications -- 1.5 Types of failure -- 1.6 Failure investigations -- 1.7 Failure case studies -- 1.8 Human factors in failure incidents -- 2 Causes of failure -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Service failures -- 2.3 Fatigue -- 2.4 Excessive deformation -- 2.5 Wear -- 2.6 Corrosion -- 2.7 Blockage, sludges -- 2.8 Blockage in cooling systems -- 2.9 Design, manufacturing and assembly causes of failure -- 3 Fault detection sensors -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Contaminant monitoring -- 3.3 Corrosion monitoring -- 3.4 Force monitoring -- 3.5 Gas leakage monitoring -- 3.6 Air pollution monitoring -- 3.7 Liquid contamination monitoring -- 3.8 Non-destructive testing techniques -- 3.9 Optical examination -- 3.10 Temperature sensing -- 3.11 Particle testing -- 3.12 Proximity monitors -- 3.13 Sound monitoring -- 3.14 Vibration transducers -- 3.15 Telemetry -- 4 Data processing and analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fourier analysis -- 4.3 Frequency analysis techniques -- 4.4 Derived functions -- 5 Vibration analysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Vibration-simple harmonic motion concept -- 5.3 Vibration signature of active systems -- 5.4 Vibration monitoring equipment -- 5.5 System monitors and vibration limit detectors -- 5.6 Vibration monitoring experience -- 5.7 Critical vibration levels -- 6 Sound monitoring -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sound frequencies -- 6.3 Sound loudness measurement -- 6.4 Acoustic power -- 6.5 Sound measurement -- 6.6 Magnetic tape recorders -- 6.7 Sound level meters -- 6.8 Sound analysers -- 6.9 Sound signal data processing -- 6.10 Sound monitoring -- 7 Discrete frequencies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Simple vibrations -- 7.3 Transverse vibrations of bars — approximate frequency calculations -- 7.4 More precise evaluations — overtones -- 7.5 Torsional oscillation of flywheel-bearing shafts -- 7.6 Belt drives -- 7.7 Whirling of marine line shafting -- 7.8 Gear excitation -- 7.9 Rolling element bearing -- 7.10 Blade vibration -- 7.11 Cam mechanism vibration -- 8 Contaminant analysis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Contaminants in used lubricating oils -- 8.3 Carrier fluid degradation -- 8.4 Contaminant monitoring techniques (wear processes) -- 8.5 Oil degradation analysis -- 8.6 Abrasive particles in lubricating oil -- 8.7 Abrasive particles in bearings -- 8.8 Abrasive particles in hydraulic systems -- 8.9 Dissolved gas fault monitoring -- 9 SOAP and other contaminant monitoring techniques -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Spectrometric oil analysis procedure -- 9.3 Magnetic chip detectors -- 9.4 ‘Ferrograph’ particle precipitation -- 9.5 STM control kit -- 9.6 Used oil blotter test -- 9.7 Thin-layer chromatography -- 9.8 Capacitative oil debris monitor -- 9.9 X-ray fluorescence detection of contamination (XRF) -- 9.10 X-ray photoelectron spectrometry -- 9.11 Particle classification -- 10 Performance trend monitoring -- 10.1 Primary monitoring - performance -- 10.2 Primary and secondary performance parameters -- 10.3 Performance trend analysis -- 10.4 Turbine gas path performance monitoring thermodynamics -- 10.5 Steam turbine performance analysis -- 10.6 Case studies in performance monitoring -- 10.7 Performance monitoring systems -- 11 Static testing -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Visual testing -- 11.3 Liquid penetrant inspection -- 11.4 Thermal methods -- 11.5 X-ray photography -- 11.6 Sonics -- 11.7 Ultrasonics -- 11.8 Stress wave emission -- 11.9 Magnetic testing methods -- 11.10 Electrical NDT techniques -- 11.11 Eddy current testing -- 11.12 NDT selection -- 12 Monitoring systems in operation -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Marine monitoring systems -- 12.3 Marine condition monitoring requirements -- 12.4 Marine diesel engine monitoring -- 12.5 Marine turbine monitoring systems -- 12.6 Shipboard vibration monitoring -- 12.7 Spectrometric oil analysis programme — marine -- 12.8 Monitoring integrity verification -- 12.9 Aircraft condition monitoring -- 12.10 Condition monitoring — generating plant -- 12.11 Automotive diagnostic equipment -- 12.12 Systematic fault monitor selection -- 13 Fault analysis planning and system availability -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Availability -- 13.3 Failure prediction/reliability assessment -- 13.4 Hazard rate curve -- 13.5 Complex system reliability — Monte Carlo simulation -- 13.6 Hazardous chemical plants — high integrity protective systems (HIPS) -- 14 Reliability/failure concepts -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Probability of reliability and failure -- 14.3 Failure pattern-exponential distribution -- 14.4 Load and strength — statistical distribution -- 14.5 Reliability assurance — BS 9000 system -- 15 Reliability data sources -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Systems Reliability Service (SRS) -- 15.3 Failure data -- 15.4 Environmental influences on instrument failure rates -- 15.5 Failure data—confidence level.

Abstract: Although the most sophisticated fault diagnosis and condition monitoring systems have their origin in the aerospace and nuclear energy industries, their use is by no means restricted to such areas of 'high technology'. Modern machinery in most industrial plants is now so complex and expensive that mechanics find it increas­ ingly difficult to detect failure by, for instance, recognising changes in sound 'signatures', and few plants can afford the luxury of regular 'stripping down'. Increasingly, therefore, eady-warning devices are being employed in an effort to prevent catastrophic breakdown. This book provides the first co-ordinated compilation of fault diagnosis and con­ dition monitoring devices. It proceeds in three logical steps. The eady chapters deal with those conditions which contribute to deterioration and the consequent likely development of faults. The middle part of the book considers the various tech­ niques of monitoring and discusses the criteria for their selection in different situ­ ations. The final chapters provide a guide to the interpretation of the information signals deriving from monitoring, relating to reliability science and the mathematics of probability, and thus providing decision data on which management can act.

Abstract: 1. Body Structure and Functions -- 1.1 Skeleton -- 1.2 Skin and musculature -- 1.3 Respiratory organs and swimbladder -- 1.4 Feeding and organs of digestion -- 1.5 Circulation of the blood -- 1.6 Urinogenital system -- 1.7 The endocrine system -- 1.8 Nervous system and sense organs -- 2. Eel Species, their Developmental Stages and their Distribution -- 2.1 The European and American eels A. anguilla and A. rostrata -- 2.2 Indo-Pacific species -- 2.3 Zoogeographical relationships -- 3. Post-Larval Ecology and Behaviour -- 3.1 The glass eel and elvers : their migration on the Continental shelf and into freshwaters -- 3.2 Migration of pigmented young eels -- 3.3 The ‘Yellow eel’ stage to the ‘Silver eel’ stage -- 3.4 Silver eel migration -- 4. Fishing Yields -- 4.1 The development of eel fisheries -- 4.2 Annual and regional fluctuations in yield -- 4.3 Variation in catch size throughout the year -- 4.4 Population density and catch sizes from an economic and ecological viewpoint -- 5. Fishing Methods -- 5.1 Eel traps -- 5.2 Stow nets -- 5.3 Permanent eel traps -- 5.4 Seines and trawls -- 5.5 Angling and line fishing -- 5.6 Lift nets, spears and other equipment -- 5.7 The use of electricity -- 5.8 Combination with light -- 6. Eel Culture and Live Storage -- 6.1 Eel farming in Japan -- 6.2 Experiments on eel farming in Europe -- 6.3 Live storage -- 7. Diseases, Parasites and Injuries -- 7.1 Virus and bacterial diseases -- 7.2 Infestation by fungi, protozoa and metazoa -- 7.3 Teratological and other defects -- 8. Trade and Processing -- 8.1 International trade -- 8.2 Prices -- 8.3 Quality -- References.

Abstract: by Dr P .H. Greenwood British Museum (Natural History), London Dr Tesch's wide ranging account of anguillid eels impinges on the interests of many biologists; it is not simply a specialized tome narrowly aimed at ichthyologists and fishery scientists, rather it provides a source of primary reference and a comprehensive sununary of informa­ tion that is not likely to be superseded for a long time. It is significant that the bibliography includes references to learned journals concerned with physiology, pharmacology, taxonomy, genetics, zoology, endo­ crinology, botany, ecology and environmental interactions. Such is the breadth of interest in the Anguillidae. Few fish species have been subjected to as detailed review as Dr Tesch gives for the (wo Atlantic species of Anguilla. An equally comprehensive resume of research into the fourteen, rather less well-studied Indo­ Pacific species gives balance and reciprocal illumination to several biological problems posed by these similar but quite distinctive species.

Abstract: 1 Background Discussion -- Scope of Metamorphism -- Temperatures and Pressures of Metamorphism -- Movement of Material in Metamorphism -- Mineral Assemblages (‘Pangeneses’) -- Microstructures of Metamorphic Rocks -- Preferred Orientation in Metamorphic Rocks -- Metamorphic Grade -- Metamorphic Facies -- Tectonic Setting of Metamorphism -- References -- 2 Equilibrium Aspects of Metamorphic Reactions -- Driving Force for Metamorphic Reactions -- Types of Metamorphic Reactions -- Variance of Metamorphic Reactions -- Metamorphic Reactions and Resulting Assemblages -- Sliding Reactions at Isograds -- Effect of One Phase on the Stability of Another -- Criteria of Stable Coexistence of Metamorphic Minerals -- Domains of Local (Mosaic) Equilibrium -- Calculation of the Topology of Metamorphic Phase Diagrams (Schreinemakers’ Analysis) -- Calculation of Slopes of Reaction Curves -- Experimental Location of Reaction Curves -- Reversal of Experimental Reactions -- Discrepancies Between Calculated and Experimentally Determined Reaction Curves -- Open Systems in Metamorphism -- Fluid Phase in Metamorphism -- Pressure of Fluid Phase -- Effect of Fluid Pressure on Reaction Curves -- Effects of Composition of Fluid Phase (Fugacities of Mixed Volatile Components) on Reaction Curves -- Effect of Oxygen Fugacity -- Coexisting Magnetite and Ilmenite -- Effect of fO2 on Hydrous Silicates Without Cations of Variable Valency -- Distribution of Elements Between Coexisting Minerals -- References -- 3 Kinetics of Metamorphic Reactions -- Diffusion in Metamorphism -- Nucleation and Growth -- Application of Reaction Kinetics to Metamorphism -- Zoning in Metamorphic Minerals -- Problems of Aragonite in Metamorphic Rocks -- Kinetics of the Reaction: Calcite + Quartz ? Wollastonite + CO2 -- References -- 4 Reactions in Metamorphic Rocks -- Mechanisms of Metamorphic Reactions -- Reactions in Metapelitic Systems -- Reactions in Mafic and Ultramafic Systems -- How Relevant Are Available Experimental and Theoretical Determinations of P-T-X Equilibria? -- Retrograde Reactions -- Reactions Involving Zoned Minerals -- Reactions Involving Zoned Garnet -- Compositional Changes During Metamorphism (‘Metamorphic Differentiation’) -- References -- 5 Stable Metamorphic Microstructures -- Unstable Grain Arrangements -- Stable Grain Arrangements in Isotropic Single Phase Aggregates -- Anisotropic Single Phase Aggregates -- Aggregates with More than One Phase -- Spatial and Size Distribution of Grains in Metamorphic Rocks -- Environments of Grain Adjustment in the Solid State -- References -- 6 Deformation, Recovery and Recrystallisation Processes -- Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation -- Crystal Plasticity -- Primary Modes of Intragranular Plastic Deformation -- Secondary Modes of Deformation -- Dislocations -- How Do Dislocations Assist Deformation? -- Experimental Detection of Dislocations -- Mobility of Dislocations -- Production of Dislocations -- Dislocations in Relation to Work-Hardening and -Softening -- Partial Dislocations -- Dislocations in Non-Metals -- Surface Imperfections 160 Effect of Grain Boundaries on Deformation (Intergranular Deformation) -- Recovery and Recrystallisation 166 Development of Crystallographic Preferred Orientation by Recrystallisation -- Development of Preferred Orientations by Deformation -- Some Generalities -- Appendix: Methods of Detecting Slip Systems -- References -- 7 Deformation, Recovery and Recrystallisation of Some Common Silicates -- Quartz -- Olivine -- Layer Silicates -- Plagioclase -- 8 Relationships between Chemical and Physical Processes in Metamorphism -- Effect of Chemical Reactions on Rock Mechanical Properties -- Effect of Differential Deformation on Mineral Assemblage -- Examples of Metamorphic Layering Formed By Preferential Removal of Minerals -- Large-Scale Metasomatism and Deformation -- Pegmatites and Deformation -- Migmatites -- Time Relationships between Deformation and Mineral Growth -- Solution Transfer -- Spinodal Decomposition? -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: This book is for senior undergraduate or postgraduate students who want an insight into some modern approaches to metamorphic petrology. Its aims are to explain, in reasonably simple, informal terms, the processes underlying (i) metamorphic reactions and (ii) the production of micro­ structures in metamorphic rocks, these currently being the things that interest me most, geologically. The first aim requires discussion of equilibrium factors, reaction kinetics and reaction mechanisms, empha­ sising both the complexity of realistic reactions and the need to combine the chemical and microstructural approaches to them. The second aim requires discussion of deformation, recovery, recrystallisation and grain growth processes, with emphasis on experiments on silicate minerals. The book concludes with a general attempt to relate chemical and physical processes in metamorphism, although it will be clear from reading earlier chapters (especially Chapter 4) that the two aspects can rarely be separated completely in detailed metamorphic studies. Petrological and experimental investigations of metamorphic reactions and microstructural development are advancing so rapidly these days that students are faced with an ever-increasing volume of information and a relatively rapid obsolescence of data. So, in this book I do not try to be comprehensive, or to present much so-called 'factual' information. Instead, I deal more with basic principles, in the hope that these will guide the student in his or her encounters with the details of specific metamorphic problems.

Abstract: 1. The Microscopy of Starch -- 2. Electron Microscopy of Starch and Starch Products -- 3. The Rheology of Starch -- 4. Physical Methods of Characterising Starch -- 5. Chemical Analysis of Raw and Modified Starches -- 6. Determination of Starch in Various Products -- 7. The Analysis of Starch Derivatives.

Abstract: The literature of starch has proliferated in the last ten years at an almost geometric rate and a number of important changes and developments in the technology of starch and its derivatives have taken place which make it highly desirable to review these in some depth. The immensity of the subject determined the writer to seek the assistance of a number of prominent workers throughout the world. Where older work contains factual information of present value it has been retained, generally in the form of Additional References. These are brief abstracts which will help specialised searches in a branch of the subject to complete the information given in the text. Inclusion of dis­ jointed information can often lead to the loss of coherence and clarity, and the device of the Additional References, whilst allowing smooth presentation, also allows the inclusion of up-to-the-minute material appearing after the main text has been written. The rewarding techniques of transmission and scanning electron microscopy have been dealt with for the first time in a book of this nature.

Abstract: 1 The Autonomic Nervous System -- 1.1 Introduction -- 2 The Sympathetic Ganglia -- 2.1 The sympathetic ganglia -- 2.2 Ganglia of the sympathetic chain -- 2.3 Prevertebral ganglia -- 2.4 Chromaffin cells -- 2.5 Sympathetic ganglia in amphibians -- 2.6 Sympathetic ganglia in reptiles -- 2.7 Sympathetic ganglia in birds -- 2.8 Preganglionic fibres -- 2.9 Post-ganglionic fibres -- 2.10 Afferent fibres -- 3 The Adrenergic Fibres -- 3.1 The adrenergic fibres -- 3.2 Location of adrenergic endings -- 3.3 Structure of adrenergic endings -- 3.4 Release, uptake, synthesis and inactivation of the transmitter -- 3.5 Degeneration of adrenergic endings -- 4 The Sympathetic Ganglia in Development and Experimental Conditions -- 4.1 Development -- 4.2 Effects of nerve growth factor -- 4.3 Sympathectomy -- 4.4 Preganglionic denervation -- 4.5 Post-ganglionic denervation -- 4.6 Heterologous regeneration -- 4.7 Effects of denervation during development -- 4.8 Sympathetic ganglia in tissue culture -- 5 Paravisceral Ganglia -- 5.1 Ganglia and plexuses of the heart -- 5.2 The pelvic plexus -- 6 The Ciliary Ganglion -- 6.1 The ciliary ganglion in mammals -- 6.2 Other parasympathetic ganglia of the head -- 6.3 The ciliary ganglion in birds -- 6.4 Post-ganglionic fibres -- 6.5 Studies on development -- 6.6 Axotomy and other experiments on the ciliary ganglion -- 7 Intramural Ganglia -- 7.1 The intramural ganglia -- 7.2 Number and size of neurons -- 7.3 Cell types -- 7.4 Structure of neurons, nerve processes and glial cells -- 7.5 Nerve endings -- 7.6 The ‘post-ganglionic’ fibres -- 7.7 Studies on development -- 8 The Vagus Nerve -- 8.1 The vagus nerve -- 8.2 Structure of the vagus nerve -- 8.3 The nodose and jugular ganglia -- 8.4 Origin of the axons of the vagus nerve -- 8.5 The preganglionic neurons -- 8.6 Degeneration and regeneration of the vagus nerve -- 9 Autonomic Efferent Neurons in the Central Nervous System -- 9.1 Sympathetic preganglionic neurons -- 9.2 Sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons -- 10 Innervation of Organs -- 10.1 Eye -- 10.2 Salivary glands -- 10.3 Skin and appendages -- 10.4 Adipose tissue -- 10.5 Alimentary tract -- 10.6 Heart -- 10.7 Blood vessels -- 10.8 Spleen -- 10.9 Respiratory tract -- 10.10 Female genital tract -- 10.11 Male genital tract -- References.

Abstract: A conspicuous portion of the peripheral nervous system is part of the 'vegetative nervous system'; it includes all the neurons which innerv­ ate the viscera, salivary and lacrimal glands, the heart and blood vessels, all other smooth muscles of the body, notably the intrinsic muscles of the eye and the muscles of the hair. Only part of the system belongs to the peripheral nervous system: it has also its own nuclei and pathways in the central nervous system. The distinction between visceral and somatic functions is a very old one in our culture. With the development of neurology the notion of a widespread nervous control of body functions emerged. Winslow (1732) used the term nervi sympathici majores for those nerves, which he thought to carry about 'sympathies' and then co­ ordinate various viscera's functions. His was an anatomical break­ through, which obscured Willis' 'intercostal nerve' and Vesalius 'cranial nerve'. The notion was developed among others by John­ stone (1764) who arrived, with the aid of some very accurate anatomical observations, at the problem of the nervous influence on motion and sensitivity of viscera. By the end of the eighteenth century, it was clear, with Bichat (1800), that what he called 'sympa­ thetic nervous system' (and his pupil Reil, a few years later, 'vegeta­ tive nervous system ') controlled visceral functions (fa vie organique), whereas somatic functions (fa vie animafe) were under direct control from the brain and spinal cord.

Abstract: 1 Why Change? -- 1.1 Loam composts -- 1.2 Loamless composts -- 2 Alternative Materials -- 2.1 Peat -- 2.2 Other organic materials -- 2.3 Mineral materials -- 2.4 Plastics -- 3 Physical Aspects -- 3.1 Physical terminology -- 3.2 Physical requirements of composts -- 3.3 Energy concept of water in composts -- 3.4 Water absorption and release by composts -- 3.5 Formulation of composts: physical principles -- 4 Principles of Nutrition -- 4.1 Cation exchange capacity -- 4.2 Anion exchange capacity -- 4.3 Availability of nutrients: loam v. loamless composts -- 4.4 Nutrient uptake by the plant -- 4.5 Acidity (pH) -- 4.6 Lime requirement -- 4.7 Soluble salts -- 5 Nitrogen -- 5.1 Nitrogen and pot plants -- 5.2 Forms of mineral nitrogen -- 5.3 Slow release fertilisers -- 5.4 Choice of fertiliser type -- 5.5 Nitrogen and peat -- 6 Other Macro-Elements -- 6.1 Phosphorus -- 6.2 Potassium -- 6.3 Calcium -- 6.4 Magnesium -- 6.5 Sulphur -- 6.6 Mineral soil and peat comparison -- 6.7 Nutrient and environment interactions -- 6.8 Fertiliser analysis and salt index -- 6.9 Plant mineral levels -- 7 Micro-Elements -- 7.1 Boron -- 7.2 Copper -- 7.3 Manganese -- 7.4 Molybdenum -- 7.5 Iron -- 7.6 Zinc -- 7.7 Chloride -- 7.8 Aluminium -- 7.9 Fritted micro-elements -- 7.10 Chelated micro-elements -- 7.11 Other sources -- 7.12 Micro-element availability -- 8 Compost Formulation and Preparation -- 8.1 Historical -- 8.2 Denmark -- 8.3 Finland -- 8.4 Germany -- 8.5 Ireland -- 8.6 Netherlands -- 8.7 United Kingdom -- 8.8 United States of America -- 8.9 Sawdust and bark composts -- 8.10 Azalea composts -- 8.11 Proprietary formulations -- 8.12 Compost preparation -- 9 Liquid Feeding -- 9.1 Importance of liquid feeding -- 9.2 Formulating liquid feeds -- 9.3 Practical aspects of feeding -- 9.4 Diluting equipment -- 9.5 Quality of irrigation water -- 10 Irrigation Systems -- 10.1 Drip systems -- 10.2 Capillary watering -- 10.3 Flooded benches -- 11 John Innes Composts -- 11.1 Formulation -- 11.2 Compost ingredients: loam -- 11.3 Peat -- 11.4 Sand -- 11.5 Sterilisation -- 11.6 Characteristics and use -- 11.7 Composts for calcifuge plants (JIS ( A )) -- 12 Heat Sterilisation -- 12.1 Thermal deathpoints -- 12.2 Methods of heat sterilisation -- 12.3 Steam -- 12.4 Steam—air mixtures -- 12.5 Flame pasteuriser -- 12.6 Electrical sterilisers -- 12.7 Other methods -- 12.8 Chemistry of heat sterilisation -- 12.9 Rules for heat sterilisation -- 13 Chemical Sterilisation -- 13.1 Soil fumigants -- 13.2 Fungicides -- 13.3 Insecticides -- 14 Plant Containers -- 14.1 Clay v. plastic pots -- 14.2 Paper and peat pots -- Appendices -- 1 Metric conversions -- 2 Imperial and us capacity measures -- 3 Illumination and radiation units -- 4 Atomic weights -- 5 Formulae and molecular weights of some commonly used chemicals -- 6 Chemical gravimetric conversions -- 7 Temperature conversions.

Abstract: The last two decades have seen rapid advances in the technology used to produce pot plants. Glasshouses designed and orientated to give maximum light transmission, fully automatic heating and ventilating systems, carbon dioxide enrichment of the atmosphere, controlled photoperiods using automatic blackouts and incandescent lamps which enable plants such as chrysanthemum to be flowered at any time of the year, mist propagation techniques, chemical growth regulators which control the height of plants, automatic watering and feeding systems, etc.: these are only some of the developments which have transformed pot plant culture. There have also been many changes in the composts and systems used to grow the plants. Mineral soils, which formed the basis of the John Innes Composts, are now either too expensive or too difficult to obtain in suitable quality and sufficient quantity. Consequently the grower has been forced to seek other materials such as peat, perlite, vermiculite, plastic foam, shredded bark, etc. New types of fertilisers, new methods of heat sterilisation and new chemical sterilising agents are also being used.

Abstract: 1 The populationand the gene -- 2 The theory of gene frequencies -- 3 The picture we see in practice — gene frequencies in some natural populations -- 4 The theory applied to a single problem. Polymorphism in Cepaea nemoralis -- 5 The integrated genome -- 6 The cost of changing -- 7 Modes of evolution -- Suggestions for further reading.

Abstract: Section One • Problems -- 1. Circuit Analysis. Problems 1–58 -- 2. Transients and Oscillatory Circuits. Problems 59–76 -- 3. Waveform Analysis. Problems 77–90 -- 4. Solid State Electronics and Semiconductor Devices. Problems 91–143 -- 5. Valve and Transistor Characteristics and Equivalent Circuits. Problems 144–176 -- 6. Rectification and Voltage and Current Stabilization. Problems 177–204 -- 7. Amplifiers. Problems 205–283 -- 8. Electronic Computing Circuits. Problems 284–292 -- 9. Oscillators. Problems 293–323 -- 10. Noise. Problems 324–342 -- 11. Transmission Lines and Networks. Problems 343–390 -- 12. Waveguides. Problems 391–401 -- 13. Filters. Problems 402–415 -- 14. Antennas. Problems 416–430 -- 15. Modulation, Detection and Frequency Changing. Problems 431–456 -- 16. Communication and Information Theory. Problems 457–466 -- 17. Kinetic Theory of and Conduction in Gases. Problems 467–484 -- 18. Motion of Electrons in Electric and Magnetic Fields. Problems 485–491 -- 19. Measurements. Problems 492–509 -- 20. Logical Switching Circuits. Problems 510–520 -- 21. Miscellaneous Topics. Problems 521–546 -- Section Two • Solutions.

Abstract: Many changes have been made in this edition, first to the nomenclature so that the book is in agreement with the International System of Units (S. I. ) and secondly to the circuit diagrams so that they conform to B. S. S. 3939. The book has been enlarged and now has 546 problems. Much more emphasis has been given to semiconductor devices and transistor circuits, additional topics and references for further reading have been introduced, some of the original problems and solutions have been taken out and several minor modifications and corrections have been made. It could be argued that thermionic-valve circuits should not have been mentioned since valves are no longer considered important by most electronic designers except possibly for very high power or voltage applications. Some of the original problems on valves and valve circuits have been retained, however, for completeness because the material is still present in many syllabuses and despite the advent and prolification of solid-state devices in recent years the good old-fashioned valve looks like being in existence for a long time. There are still some topics readers may expect to find included which have had to be omitted; others have had less space devoted to them than one would have liked. A new feature of this edition is that some problems with answers, given at the end of each chapter, are left as student exercises so the solutions are not included. The author wishes to thank his colleagues Professor P. N.

Abstract: 1. Probability, Statistics and Time (Inaugural lecture at University College, London, on 15 May, 1961) -- 2. R. A. Fisher and the last Fifty Years of Statistical Methodology (The first R. A. Fisher Memorial Lecture to be given in the United States, on 29 December, 1964 at Chicago; reprinted from J. Amer. Statist. Ass., 60 (1965), 395–409.) -- 3. The Paradox of Probability in Physics (Based on a talk with this title given to a Philosophy of Science Group at University College, London, on 22 May 1967) -- 4. Inference and Stochastic Processes (Presidential Address to the Royal Statistical Society on 21 June, 1967; reprinted from the Journal of the Society, Al 30, 457–77) -- 5. Biomathematics (Inaugural lecture in the University of Oxford, on 28 May 1968) -- 6. When is Inference Statistical inference? (Invited paper given at a Symposium on the Foundations of Statistical Inference at Waterloo, Canada, April, 1970; reprinted from the Proceedings of the Symposium, 20–31) -- 7. Epidemics (Invited article, first published in Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown Tanur, Judith M., Mosteller, F. et al., (Ed). San Francisco: Holden-Day) -- 8. Equations and Models of Population Change (Invited paper given at a Conference on the Mathematical Theory of the Dynamics of Biological Populations, Oxford, September, 1972, subsequently edited by R. W. Hiorns and myself, and published by the Academic Press, 1973) -- 9. Some historical remarks and recollections on multivariate analysis (Invited paper given at a Conference on Multivariate Analysis and its Applications at Hull, April, 1973; reprinted from Sankhya, 36B (1974), 107–114.).

Abstract: Some years ago when I. assembled a number of general articles and lectures on probability and statistics, their publication (Essays in Probability and Statistics, Methuen, London, 1962) received a some­ what better reception than I had been led to expect of such a miscellany. I am consequently tempted to risk publishing this second collection, the title I have given it (taken from the first lecture) seeming to me to indicate a coherence in my articles which my publishers might otherwise be inclined to query. As in the first collection, the articles are reprinted chronologically, usually without comment. One exception is the third, not previously published and differing from the original spoken version both slightly where indicated in the text and by the addition of an Appendix. I apologize for the inevitable limitations due to date, and also for any occasional repetition of the discussion (e.g. on Bayesian methods in statistical inference). In particular, readers technically interested in the classification and use of nearest-neighbour models, a topic raised in Appendix II of the fourth article, should also refer to my monograph The Statistical Analysis of Spatial Pattern (Chapman and Hall, London, 1976), where a much more up-to-date account of these models will be found, and, incidentally, a further emphasis, if one is needed, of the common statistical theory of physics and biology. March 1975 M.S.B.

Abstract: It has become increasingly evident that there is much to begained from a detailed understanding of the structure and properties of polymers in the oriented state. This book reftects the growth of interest in this area of polymer scienceand attempts to give the reader an up to date viewofthe present position. The individual chapters are for the most part self­ contained, and cover a very wide range of topics. It is intended that each of them should serve the dual purpose of an expository introduction to the subject and a topical review of recent research. It is inevitable that there will be differences of style and approach in the contributions from the different authors. No atternpt has been made to moderate these differences, as they serve to illustrate the diversity of approaches required to give the reader a balanced view of the subject. I should like to thank the contributors for their endeavours, and especially for their patience in accepting modifications and corrections which make for consistency in the book as a whole. 1 am particularly indebted to Professor Leslie Holliday who originally approached me with the proposition that such a book would be a worthwhile venture and to the publishers who have given me every assistance in making its progress as painless as possible.

Abstract: Section 1 -- Tests concerning variances -- One tailed and two tailed tests -- The F-distribution Steps in application [6] -- Section 2 -- Regression Scatter diagram, dependent variable, regressor variable, regression coefficient -- Coefficient of correlation -- Tables -- F-distribution.

Abstract: Exercises for Section 2 42 Physical sciences and engineering 42 43 Biological sciences 45 Social sciences Solutions to Exercises, Section 1 47 Physical sciences and engineering 47 49 Biological sciences 49 Social sciences Solutions to Exercises, Section 2 51 51 PhYSical sciences and engineering 55 Biological sciences 58 Social sciences 62 Tables 2 62 x - tests involving variances 2 63,64 x - one tailed tests 2 65 x - two tailed tests F-distribution 66-69 Preface This project started some years ago when the Nuffield Foundation kindly gave a grant for writing a pro­ grammed text to use with service courses in statistics. The work carried out by Mrs. Joan Hine and Professor G. B. Wetherill at Bath University, together with some other help from time to time by colleagues at Bath University and elsewhere. Testing was done at various colleges and universities, and some helpful comments were received, but we particularly mention King Edwards School, Bath, who provided some sixth formers as 'guinea pigs' for the first testing, the Bishop Lonsdale College of Education, and Bradford University. 2 OUf objectives in the text are to take students to the use of standard t, F and X tests, with some intro­ duction to regression, assuming no knowledge of statistics to start, and to do this in such a way that students attain some degree of understanding of the underlying reasoning. Service courses are often something of a problem to statistics departments.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- One. Vibrations of C—C and C—H linkages -- 2 Alkanes -- 3 Alkenes -- 4 Alkynes and Allenes -- 5 Aromatic Compounds -- Two. Vibrations involving mainly C—O and O—H linkages -- 6 Alcohols and Phenols -- 7 Ethers, Peroxides and Ozonides -- 8 Acid Halides, Carbonates, Anhydrides and Metallic Carbonyls -- 9 Aldehydes and Ketones -- 10 Carboxylic Acids -- 11 Esters and Lactones -- Three. Vibrations involving mainly C—N and N—H linkages -- 12 Amides, Proteins and Polypeptides -- 13 Amino-Acids, their Hydrochlorides and Salts, and Amido-Acids -- 14 Amines and Imines -- 15 Unsaturated Nitrogen Compounds -- 16 Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds -- Four. Vibrations involving other elements; groups of inorganic origin -- 17 Nitro- and Nitroso-Compounds, Nitrates and Nitrites -- 18 Organo-Phosphorus Compounds -- 19 Halogen Compounds -- 20 Organo-Silicon Compounds -- 21 Inorganic Ions -- 22 Organo-Sulphur Compounds -- Compound Index.

Abstract: The full revision of this text has presented a number of problems. The basic data have changed little since the second edition, although they have been much extended in depth and in detail. To some extent this has helped to shorten the present text as many controversial issues which needed to be presented at some length have now been resolved so that only the final conclusions need to be given. However, it remains the case that very few new group frequencies have emerged over the past fifteen years and the emphasis of group-frequency studies has tended to shift away from the identification of specific groups towards their other possible uses in the solution of structural and chemical problems. The study of the interplay of mechanical and electronic effects in determining the directions and extents of group-frequency shifts which result from changes in the substituents has told us much about chemical mechanisms themselves, and has opened up new possibilities for the use of group frequencies in areas such as the study of rotational isomerism, the measurement of bond angles, and the use of frequency relationships to derive other chemical and physical properties.

Abstract: 1. Noted ancient investigations -- 1.1 Size of the Earth -- 1.2 Contributions of Newton and contemporaries -- 1.3 The period after Newton -- References -- 2. Determination of the mean density of the Earth -- 2.1 Bouguer’s experiments in Peru -- 2.2 The Schiehallion experiment -- 2.3 Other pendulum and plumb-line experiments -- 2.4 The Michell-Cavendish experiment -- 2.5 Other small-scale experiments -- References -- 3. Spherical harmonics -- 3.1 Solutions of Laplace’s equation -- 3.2 Legendre polynomials -- 3.3 Integrals of products of spherical harmonics -- 3.4 Tesseral harmonics -- 3.5 Expansions iQ spherical harmonics -- 3.6 Spherical harmOnICs and Earth oscillation theory -- References -- Theory of the Earth’s gravitational attraction -- 4.1 General theorems on gravitational attraction -- 4.2 Attractions due to some particular mass distributions -- 4.3 MacCullagh’s formula -- 4.4 Representation of the Earth’s surface -- 4.5 Attraction due to spheroidal Earth model -- References -- 5. The figure and moment of inertia of the Earth -- 5.1 The geopotential function -- 5.2 Forms of surfaces of equal density inside rotating Earth model -- 5.3 Relations involving ?a and h -- 5.4 Clairaut’s equation on the internal variation of ? -- 5.5 Estimation of the moment of inertia of the Earth -- 5.6 Numerical results on the hydrostatic theory -- 5.7 Use of artificial satellites -- 5.8 International reference systems -- 5.9 Ellipticities of internal surfaces of constant densitys -- References -- 6. Early models of the Earth’s density variation -- 6.1 Earth models -- 6.2 Clairaut’s equation and the density problem -- 6.3 The Legendre-Laplace density law -- 6.4 Background theory in density determination -- 6.5 Other early model density laws -- 6.6 Numerical results for early models -- 6.7 Some further nineteenth century results -- 6.8 Early evidence on the Earth’s rigidity -- 6.9 Early twentieth century models -- 6.9 Early twentieth century models -- 7. Representation of elasticity in the Ear -- 7.1 Stress -- 7.2 Strain and rotation -- 7.3 Model stress-strain relations -- 7.4 Stress-strain relations for the Earth -- 7.5 Interpretation of coefficients in perfect elasticity -- 7.6 Strength of a material -- 7.7 The terms ‘fluid’ and ‘solid’ -- 7.8 Pressure and finite strain -- 7.9 Thermodynamic considerations -- References -- 8. Seismic wave transmission -- 8.1 Earthquakes and other sources of seismic waves -- 8.2 Equations of motion of seismic disturbances -- 8.3 Bodily seismic waves -- 8.4 Scalar and vector potentials -- 8.5 Surface seismic waves -- 8.6 Refraction and reflexion of bodily seismic waves -- References -- First approximation to seismic P and S distributions in the Earth -- 9.1 Seismic rays -- 9.2 Effect of the Earth's ellipticity on seismic travel times -- 9.3 Normal and abnormal seismic velocity variation -- 9.4 Bodily seismic phases -- 9.5 Evolution of travel-time tables -- 9.6 Derivation of P and S velocity distributions in the Earth -- References -- 10. Earth models of type A -- 10.1 Introductory theory of density variation in the Earth -- 10.2 Historical background on the Earth’s internal layering -- 10.3 The regions A, B, C, D, E, F and G -- 10.4 Density near the Earth’s surface -- 10.5 Early evidence on inhomogeneity insitle the upper mantle -- 10.6 Minimum central density -- 10.7 Earth models of type A -- 10.8 Corrections for temperature and inhomogeneity -- Critique of A-type models -- References -- 11. Evidence on compressibility in the Earth -- 11.1 Compression in the Earth -- 11.2 Variation of incompressibility in homogeneous regions -- 11. 3 Some further implications of finite-strain theory -- 11.4 Compressibility-pressure hypothesis -- 11.5 Theory for inhomogeneous regions -- 11.6 Degrees of inhomogeneity in particular regions of the Earth -- 11.7 Solidity of the inner core -- 11.8 Earth models of type B -- References -- 12. Some second approximations -- 12.1 P and S velocities in the mantle -- 12.2 Structure of the outer core -- 12.3 Structure of the inner core -- 12.4 Radius of the Earth’s core -- 12.5 The Earth’s central density -- 12.6 Further evidence bearing on rigidity in lower core -- 12.7 Improved B-type models -- References -- 13. Evidence from seismic surface waves -- 13.1 Underlying principles in applying surface-wave data -- 13.2 More complex model structures -- 13.3 Direct observation of phase velocities -- 13.4 Allowance for Earth’s curvature and gravity -- 13.5 Evidence on crustal structure -- 13.6 Evidence on mantle structure -- 13.7 Surface waves and density variation -- 13.8 Further remarks -- References -- 14. Evidence from free Earth oscillations -- 14.1 Free oscillations of a dynamical system -- 14.2 Approach to the theory of Earch oscillations -- 14.3 Equations of motion of an oscillating Earth model -- 14.4 Solving the equations of motion -- 14.5 Observational data -- 14.6 Early inferences from free Earth oscillation data -- 14.7 The model HB1 -- 14.8 Other models using free Earth osciIlation data -- 14.9 Oscillation evidence on solidity of inner core -- References -- 15. Miscellaneous developments -- 15.1 Equations of state, and related equations, for the Earth’s interior -- 15.2 Some miscellaneous Earth models -- 15.3 Monte Carlo techniques -- 15.4 The general problem of ‘inverting’ observation data -- 15.5 Density and seismic wave amplitudes -- 15.6 Implications of wave-scattering investigations -- 15.7 Deviations from spherical symmetry -- 15.8 Changes in gravitational constant -- References -- 16. Optimum and standard Earth models -- 16.1 General requirements of Earth models -- 16.2 Consequence of non-uniqueness -- 16.3 Approaches to the optimum model problem -- 16.4 Progress towards an optimum Earth model -- 16.5 The problem of a standard Earth model -- References -- 17. Application to other planets and the Moon -- 17.1 Planetary observational data -- 17.2 Assumptions on the Earth’s internal composition -- 17.3 Earth, Venus, Mars -- 17.4 Mercury -- 17.5 Moon -- 17.6 Jupiter and Saturn -- 17.7 Uranus and Neptune -- 17.8 Pluto -- 17.9 Further remarks -- References.

Abstract: The book attempts to draw together the various strands of evidence that have led to present knowledge of the distribution of density throughout the interior of the Earth. Details are also given of other properties with which the density is closely linked, including pressure, compressibility and compression, rigidity, seismic velocities, Poisson's ratio and gravitational intensity. Questions of thermodynamics and chemical composition and phase enter discussions where they bear more or less sharply on the density determination; but the book does not purport to be a comprehensive text on the Earth's internal tem­ perature distribution and composition. The density distributions of other planets are discussed. The quest for clues on the Earth's internal densities has long been an exciting one, and an aim of the book is to present a developing story which has fascinated the author over much of his worl(ing life. The early chapters refer to key developments from ancient times to around 1930. The later chapters recount, in greater detail, develop­ ments since 1930. The stage has now been reached where numerous published papers bearing on the Earth's density seem to do little more than fidget around the resolving power of long accumulated observational data. So the present seems an appropriate time to try to put some perspec­ tive into the story. Of course, the story will never be quite finished: in describing the interior of the Earth, there will always be extra decimal places to add as further significant evidence arises.

Abstract: Section One • Problems -- 1 D.C. Circuits. Problems 1–92 -- 2 Single-Phase A.C. Circuits. Problems93–200 -- 3 Complex Quantities and their use in A.C. Circuits Problems201–243 -- 4 Polyphase Circuits. Problems244–278 -- 5 Non-sinusoidal Waves. Problems279–300 -- 6 Transformers and Electric Machines. Problems301–365 -- Section Two • Solutions -- Problems1–57, 93–159, 201–224, 244–265, 279–292, 301–325.

Abstract: Electrical-engineering and electronic-engineering students have frequently to resolve and simplify quite complex circuits in order to understand them or to obtain numerical results and a sound knowledge of basic circuit theory is therefore essential. The author is very much in favour of tutorials and the solving of problems as a method of education. Experience shows that many engineering students encounter difficulties when they first apply their theoretical knowledge to practical problems. Over a period of about twenty years the author has collected a large number of problems on electric circuits while giving lectures to students attending the first two post-intermediate years of Uni­ versity engineering courses. The purpose of this book is to present these problems (a total of 365) together with many solutions (some problems, with answers, given at the end of each Chapter, are left as student exercises) in the hope that they will prove of value to other teachers and students. Solutions are separated from the problems so that they will not be seen by accident. The answer is given at the end of each problem, however, for convenience. Parts of the book are based on the author's previous work Electrical Engineering Problems with Solutions which was published in 1954.

Abstract: I. Elementary mathematics -- 1. Fundamental operations on rational numbers -- 2. Higher arithmetical operations -- 3. Development of the number system -- 4. Algebraic equations -- 5. Functions -- 6. Percentages, interest and annuities -- 7. Plane geometry -- 8. Solid geometry -- 9. Descriptive geometry -- 10. Trigonometry -- 11. Plane trigonometry -- 12. Spherical trigonometry -- 13. Analytic geometry of the plane -- II. Steps towards higher mathematics -- 14. Set theory -- 15. The elements of mathematical logic -- 16. Groups and fields -- 17. Linear algebra -- 18. Sequences, series, limits -- 19. Differential calculus -- 20. Integral calculus -- 21. Series of functions -- 22. Ordinary differential equations -- 23. Complex analysis -- 24. Analytic geometry of space -- 25. Projective geometry -- 26. Differential geometry, convex bodies, integral geometry -- 27. Probability theory and statistics -- 28. Calculus of errors, adjustment of data, approximation theory -- 29. Numerical analysis -- 30. Mathematical optimization -- III. Brief reports on selected topics -- 31. Number theory -- 32. Algebraic geometry -- 33. Further algebraic structures -- 34. Topology -- 35. Measure theory -- 36. Graph theory -- 37. Potential theory and partial differential equations -- 38. Calculus of variations -- 39. Integral equations -- 40. Functional analysis -- 41. Foundation of geometry—Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry -- 42. Foundations of mathematics -- 43. Game theory -- 44. Perturbation theory -- 45. The pocket calculator -- 46. Microcomputers.

Abstract: It is commonplace that in our time sc:iem:e and technology cannot be mastered without the tools of mathematics; but the same applies to an ever growing extent to many domains of everyday life, not least owing to the spread of cybernetic methods and arguments. As a consequence, there is a wide demand for a survey of the results of mathematics. for an unconventional approach that would also make it possible to fill gaps in one's knowledge. We do not think that a mere juxtaposition of theorems or a collection of formulae would be suitable for this purpose, because this would over· emphasize the symbolic language of signs and letters rather than the mathematical idea, the only thing that really matters. Our task was to describe mathematical interrelations as briefly and precisely as possible. In view of the overwhelming amount of material it goes without saying that we did not just compile details from the numerous text-books for individual branches: what we were aiming at is to smooth out the access to the specialist literature for as many readers as possible. Since well over 700000 copies of the German edition of this book have been sold, we hope to have achieved our difficult goal. Colours are used extensively to help the reader. Important definitions and groups of formulae are on a yellow background, examples on blue, and theorems on red.

Abstract: 1. Biochemistry of Insect Flight: Part 1 — Utilization of Fuels by Muscle -- Pathways for the Utilization of Carbohydrates, Amino acids and Fats in Flight Muscle -- The Control of Flight Muscle Mitochondrial Metabolism -- References -- 2. Biochemistry of Insect Flight: Part 2 — Fuel Supply -- The Nature of Respiratory Fuels -- Stores of Respiratory Fuels -- Lipids and their Metabolism -- Carbohydrates and their Metabolism -- The Supply of Amino Acid Fuels for Flight -- Conclusion -- References -- 3. Excretion in Insects -- Excretion Associated with the Malpighian Tubule-Rectum System -- Minor Excretory Systems -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Addendum -- 4. Synaptic Transmission in Insects -- General Outline of the Insect Nervous System -- Chemical Transmitters in the Central Nervous System -- Chemical Transmitters at the Neuromuscular Junction -- Summary -- References -- Addendum.

Abstract: There has been a considerable upsurge in interest in insect bio­ chemistry and physiology in recent years and this has been reflected in a notable expansion in the number of original papers in this field. Whereas insect physiology has tended to receive ample attention from reviewers, the same has not always been true for the more biochemical aspects of insect research. This book is a venture to help redress the balance. No attempt has been made to cover all aspects of insect biochemistry, but rather a few topics have been selected which seemed to us to merit a review at the present time. One reason for this increased interest in insect biochemistry is perhaps the growing realization that insects can be very useful organisms to act as model systems for the experimental study of general biochemical principles. One remembers, for instance, that Keilin's perceptive observations on the flight muscles of living bees and wax moths led to his discovery of the cytochromes. The fundamental unity of biochemistry has long been accepted as a dogma by the faithful and the insect kingdom provides no exception to it. The main biochemical processes in insects are being revealed as essentially the same as in other life forms but, as so often found in comparative biochemistry, there are interesting variations on the central theme.

Abstract: 1 General Requirements -- Animals -- Legal considerations -- The laboratory -- Equipment -- Sources of information -- References -- 2 Echinoderms and Ascidians -- Echinoderms -- Ascidians -- References -- 3 Molluscs, Annelids and Nematodes -- Molluscs -- Annelids -- Nematodes -- References -- 4 Insects and Crustacea -- The Locust -- Calliphora -- Drosophila -- Crustacea -- References -- 5 Fish -- Goldfish -- Killifish -- Guppies -- Artificial fertilization -- Experimental Work on Fish Embryos -- References -- 6 Amphibia -- Xenopus -- Axolotls -- Experiments on Amphibian Embryos -- Experiments on amphibian larvae -- References -- 7 Birds -- Examination of the early chick blastoderm -- Culture of chick blastoderms -- Removal and culture of the blastoderm -- Preparation of chorio-allantoic grafts -- References -- 8 Mammals -- The oestrous cycle in the mouse -- Preparation of vaginal smears -- Examination of unfertilized ova from superovulated mice -- Reproductive system of the male mouse -- Examination of mouse embryos up to and including the blastocyst stage -- Arrangement of the foetal membranes in the rabbit and localization of immunoglobulin in the yolk sac splanchnopleur -- References.

Abstract: The purpose of this book is twofold: it is meant to serve both as a practical manual for the study of animal development and as a general introduction to the subject. Central to our en­ deavour is the belief that developmental biology is best taught and learnt at the laboratory bench, with specimens which are either alive and can be seen to develop or with fresh material derived directly from the egg (as in birds) or mother (as in mammals). Once the dynamic nature of development is appreci­ ated and the overall structure of the developing organism discerned the more conventional study of sections and whole mounts is more likely to become a delight rather than a diffi­ cult, and often meaningless, chore. We have laid considerable stress on the early development of animal embryos and the ways in which they can be obtained from a relatively few, but reliable, sources. In addition, emphasis has been placed on fairly simple experiments which make use of the embryos and larvae chosen for the purpose of illustrating develop­ ment. Embryology ceased to be a descriptive science at the beginning of this century and any practical course, at what­ ever level, should attempt to reflect this change. It is true that the analysis of development, particularly the genesis of chor­ date structure, owed much to the invention of the microtome.

Abstract: 1 Ecological Genetics -- 2 Numerical Changes in Animal Populations -- Numerical fluctuations in a colony of Melitaea aurinia -- Numerical fluctuations in Panaxia dominula -- Numerical fluctuations in a Maniola jurtina population -- Some effects of climate and food on animal numbers -- The spread of species in new territories -- 3 Genetic Drift and the Founder Principle -- Random genetic drift -- The founder principle -- 4 Polygenic Characters Evolving in Isolation -- Selection for a balanced gene-complex in Panaxia dominula -- Selection for spotting in Maniola jurtina -- Maniola jurtina in the Isles of Scilly -- 5 Sympatric Evolution -- The transition between different stabilizations of Maniola jurtina -- 6 The Theory of Genetic Polymorphism -- Balanced polymorphism -- The evolution of polymorphism -- The formation of super-genes -- Human polymorphism -- Criticisms of the polymorphism concept -- 7 Balanced Polymorphism in Panaxia dominula -- Estimates of larval populations -- Estimates and analysis of imaginal populations -- Experimental populations -- 8 Polymorphism and the Effects of the Switch-gene -- Selection for the effects of the switch-gene -- Heterozygous advantage and multiple-phase polymorphism -- Sex-controlled polymorphism -- Polymorphism in hydrogen cyanide production -- The super-gene -- Protein variation and ‘neutral’ mutants -- 9 Polymorphism and the Super-gene in Snails -- The genetics of Cepaea nemoralis -- Natural selection in populations of C. nemoralis -- Selection and genetic drift in C. nemoralis and C. hortensis in England and France -- Partula and Achatinella on Pacific islands -- 10 The Heterostyle-Homostyle System -- The homostyle primrose in England -- Primrose pollination -- Tristylic and ‘concealed’ heterostyled conditions -- 11 Chromosome Polymorphism -- Drosophila -- Chromosome polymorphism and selection in Drosophila -- Heterozygous advantage in chromosome polymorphism -- Other organisms, and conclusion -- 12 Mimicry -- General survey -- Experimental proofs of mimicry -- Mimetic polymorphism in the Lepidoptera -- Mimicry in brood parasites -- Aggressive mimicry -- Sound and scent mimicry -- 13 Papilio dardanus and the Evolution of Mimicry -- The races of Papilio dardanus -- The genetics of Papilio dardanus -- The evolution of mimicry -- Monomorphic Batesian mimicry -- 14 Transient Polymorphism and Melanism -- Transient polymorphism -- The spread of melanic forms -- Explanations of industrial melanism -- Selective elimination by birds -- The insularia forms -- The evolution of melanic forms -- Melanism in Phigalia pedaria -- Melanism in the beetle Adalia bipunctata -- A comparison of melanism in three species -- Recessive melanism -- Melanism in Amathes glareosa -- 15 Isolation and Adaptation -- Mortality in small localities -- The evolution of local races and species -- Ecological genetics and adaptation -- Conclusion -- Plates -- References.

Abstract: This book describes the experimental study of evolution and adaptation, carried out by means of combined field-work and laboratory genetics. That technique has been developed during the last forty years or so by my colleagues and myself, and by a small but increasing number of geneticists throughout the world. In discussing what has been achieved by these means many relevant pieces of work familiar to me have been omitted, while doubtless there are others that have escaped my attention. To those who have thus laboured without recognition here, I offer my apologies. Yet I would not include further examples were I writing again, and this for two reasons. First, my aim is not to produce a com­ pendium in the German fashion, for I have endeavoured to develop principles with enough instances to illustrate them but no more. Secondly, this book is in danger of becoming too long as it is: one which is in general consulted only in libraries, not read familiarly by students.