Abstract: The Countries -- African Countries -- Argentina -- Australia -- Austria -- Belgium -- Bolivia -- Brazil -- Bulgaria -- Canada -- Chile -- China -- Colombia -- Cuba -- Cyprus -- Czechoslovakia -- Denmark -- Ecuador -- Egypt -- Fiji -- Finland -- France -- Germany -- Greece -- Hong Kong -- Hungary -- Iceland -- India -- Indonesia -- Iran -- Ireland -- Israel -- Italy -- Japan -- Korea -- Lebanon -- Malta -- Mexico -- Nepal -- Netherlands -- New Zealand -- Nigeria -- Norway -- Pakistan -- Panama -- Paraguay -- Peru -- Philippines -- Poland -- Portugal -- Qatar -- Romania -- Singapore -- South Africa -- Spain -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- Syria -- Turkey -- Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic -- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) -- United Kingdom -- United States of America -- Uruguay -- Venezuela -- Yugoslavia (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFRJ).

Abstract: In the past several decades, psychology has grown so rapidly in many countries that no one has been able to keep up-to-date on more than a handful of countries. To be sure, the highly developed countries of North America, Western Europe, Ja­ pan, and Australia have generally had well-known national psychological societies for most of this century, and consider­ able information about their universities and institutes has been published at one time or another. But even in these more highly developed countries, the rapid changes of recent years are not well known. In any event, what information has been published is scattered so widely that it is hardly accessible when needed. Still less well known is the growth of psychology in the developing countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, and at least for Western readers, even the modem nations of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union are relatively unknown. Only recently have most Western psychologists become aware of the fact that psychology as they know it is provincial. With more than half of the world's highly trained psychologists in Canada and the United States, which together devote far more of their national resources to psychological research than is true of any other countries in the world, it is not surprising that the North American journals, psychological associations, institutes, clinics, and other manifestations of psychology have completely domi­ nated the field, at least until recently.

Abstract: Realms of Reason and Unreason -- I Diffusion and Superdiffusion, Prologue -- 1 From Continent to Continent: Making Ends Meet -- 2 Stones, Suppositions, and Science -- 3 Ancient Astronauts: Thesis -- 4 Ancient Astronauts: Response -- 5 The UFO Phenomenon -- II Strange Stone Monuments, Prologue -- 6 Stonehenge -- 7 Pyramid -- 8 Easter Island -- III Marine Mysteries, Prologue -- 9 The Bermuda Triangle -- 10 The Lost Continent of Atlantis -- IV Monsters, Stars, and Catastrophists, Prologue -- 11 Monsters -- 12 Astrology -- 13 The Colliding Worlds of Velikovsky -- 14 Noah’s Ark -- Epilogue -- References.

Abstract: The purpose of this book is to explore some of those great mysteries of the earth that have captured the popular imagination, and especially those having their roots in our specialties of archaeology and geology. The average reader probably is unfamiliar with the earth sciences or the archaeological history of man. Nor does the average reader have the time and literary resources to verify all he or she reads. Our aim is to lend a helping hand by examining the evidence that surrounds such mysteries as the legend of Atlantis and the ruins of Stonehenge, and, as logically as we can, sift truth from falsehood and exagger­ ation. Early man found himself in a world of unimaginable mysteries: meteors streaking across a star-studded sky, the darkness beyond the campfire's glow, the sound and fury of a volcano's eruption. Our earliest ancestors were probably mysteries to themselves, and totally susceptible to the subjectivity of their world. Fantasies may have been as much a formative influence as toolmaking in the early development of culture. As human beings gathered knowledge and understanding of their surroundings, old mysteries vanished, only to be replaced by others because so much was not understood.

Abstract: I: Physics and Energy -- Perspective on Pakistan’s Energy Problems -- World Energy Problems -- Long-Term Energy Systems and the Role of Nuclear and Solar Energy -- Laser Produced Nuclear Fusion -- Latest Trends in the Economics of Nuclear Power -- Role of Nuclear Energy with Particular Reference to Western Europe -- Some Topics in Reactor Physics -- Nuclear Non-Proliferation -- Unified Neutron Transport Theory -- II: Physics and Technology -- Amorphous Semiconductors -- Solar Energy Materials -- III: Computational Methods in Physics -- Computational Methods in Physics -- IV: Physics and Frontiers of Knowledge -- Observational Traits of Black Holes in the Optical Band -- The Role of Polarization in Microscopic Physics -- Fundamental Constituents of Matter and Unification of Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions -- V: Science and Development -- Science and Development -- Appendix I: List of Invited Seminar Speakers -- Appendix II: List of Seminars -- Appendix III: List of Participants.

Abstract: These proceedings cover the lectures delivered at the Third International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held from June 17 - July 5, 1978 at Nathiagali, one of the scenic hill resorts in the northern part of Pakistan. The college was organized by The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and co-sponsored by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (ICTP). It also received a financial grant by the University Grants Commission for the participation of physicists from various universities of Pakistan. The college was attended by 14 lecturers, 2 invited seminar speakers and 156 participants from 23 countries and consisted of 15 concen­ trated days of lectures, seminars and informal discussions. These proceedings contain only regular lectures delivered there, but the seminars which were held there are listed in the Appendix. This year the college put special emphasis on energy, parti­ cularly on nuclear energy and its role in the context of energy sys­ tems. However the lectures delivered at the college also covered a wide spectrum of physics. The lectures gave an overview of various topics covered at the college and emphasized the inter-disciplinary aspects of physics. Some of the lecturers also indicated the areas where research in developing countries with limited facilities could be carried out. The college had a definite objective of encouraging the physicists, part~cularly those working at the universities, to apply their knowledge of physics and methodology of research to the needs of modern society.

Abstract: 1 Ontogeny of Social Behavior -- 2 On the Physiological Organization of Social Behavior: Sex and Aggression -- 3 The Analysis of Animal Communication -- 4 Mechanisms and Evolution of Spacing in Animals -- 5 Foraging Strategies and Their Social Significance -- 6 The Evolution of Mating Systems in Birds and Mammals -- 7 The Roles of Individual, Kin, and Group Selection in the Evolution of Sociality.

Abstract: Other books in this series focus on behavior at the individual level, approached from the viewpoints of biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, and psychology. In this volume we show how the functioning nervous systems of interacting individuals are coordinated, with the ultimate creation of complex social structures. The intri­ cacies of an individual's nervous system have been subject to intense inquiry, and research at the chemical, cellular, and organ levels has made remarkable progress. Work at the social level has been conducted somewhat independently, by way of behavioral phenomena and communicative interactions. With the emergence of a large body of information from neurobiology, the beginnings of an integrated approach are possible. New data on social functions are presented in the chapters to follow, and the forward-looking reader may wish to reflect on how they clarify understanding of interactions between two or more independent nervous systems. The outcome is harmonious social structure and improvement in the inclusive fitness of group-living individuals. We believe that there is in prospect a new way of looking at social function that will ultimately increase our understanding of the highest and most complex levels of neurobiology. The modern approach to the study of social behavior involves more than the recording of interactions between animals. Each individual brings to the process of social interaction the implications of its prior genetic and experiential history.

Abstract: VI. Neurobiology -- 1 Neuroembryology and the Development of Perception -- 2 The Differentiate Maturation of the Human Cerebral Cortex -- 3 Organization and Reorganization in the Central Nervous System: Evolving Concepts of Brain Plasticity -- 4 Developmental Aspects of the Neuronal Control of Breathing -- 5 Ontogenesis of Brain Bioelectrlcal Activity and Sleep Organization in Neonates and Infants -- 6 Sexual Differentiation of the Brain -- 7 Critical Periods in Organizational Processes -- 8 Patterns of Early Neurological Development -- 9 Early Development of Neonatal and Infant behavior -- VII. Nutrition -- 10 Nutrition and Growth in Infancy -- 11 Protein — Energy Malnutrition and Growth -- 12 Population Differences in Growth: Environmental and Genetic Factors -- 13 Epidemiological Considerations -- 14 Obesity -- 15 Nutritional Deficiencies and Brain Development -- 16 Nutrition, Mental Development and Learning -- VIII. History of Growth Studies -- 17 A Concise History of Growth Studies from Buffon to Boas.

Abstract: Growth, as we conceive it, is the study of change in an organism not yet mature. Differential growth creates form: external form through growth rates which vary from one part of the body to another and one tissue to another; and internal form through the series of time-entrained events which build up in each cell the special­ ized complexity of its particular function. We make no distinction, then, between growth and development, and if we have not included accounts of differentiation it is simply because we had to draw a quite arbitrary line somewhere. It is only rather recently that those involved in pediatrics and child health have come to realize that growth is the basic science peculiar to their art. It is a science which uses and incorporates the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and biology. It is indeed a part of biology, and the study of human growth is a part of the curriculum of the rejuvenated science of Human Biology. What growth is not is a series of charts of height and weight. Growth standards are useful and necessary, and their construction is by no means void of intellectual challenge. They are a basic instrument in pediatric epidemiology. But they do not appear in this book, any more than clinical accounts of growth disorders. This appears to be the first large handbook-in three volumes-devoted to Human Growth.

Abstract: General -- Evolution in Image Science -- Trends in Digital Image Processing Research -- Theory -- A 1D Approach to 2D-Signal Processing -- Digital Coding of Television Signals -- Digital Image Analysis -- Application -- Biomedical Image Processing -- The Processing of X-Ray Image Sequences -- Landsat Image Processing -- Image Processing for Document Reproduction -- Image Processing and Computer Graphics -- Model-Driven Vision for Industrial Automation -- Implementation -- Distributed Image Processing -- Parallel Processors for Digital Image Processing -- Large-Scale Vector/Array Processors -- A Low-Cost Image Processing Facility Employing a New Hardware Realization of High-Speed Signal Processors.

Abstract: Digital image processing, originally established to analyze and improve lunar images, is rapidly growing into a wealth of new appli­ cations, due to the enormous technical progress made in computer engineering. At present, the most important fields of growth appear to emerge in the areas of medical image processing (i. e. tomography, thermography), earth resource inventory (i. e. land usage, minerals), office automation (i. e. document storage, retrieval and reproduction) and industrial production (i. e. computer vision for mechanical ro­ bots). Currently, emphasis is being shifted from signal-processing re­ search and design-innovation activities towards cost-efficient system implementations for interactive digital image processing. For the years ahead, trends in computer engineering indicate still further advances in Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Input/Output (I/O) technologies allowing the implementation of powerful parallel and/or distributed processor architectures for real-time processing of high­ resolution achromatic and color images. In view of the many new developments in the field of digital image processing and recognizing the importance of discussing these developments amongst key scientists that might make use of them, ffiM Germany sponsored an international symposium on 'Advances in Digital Image Processing', held at Bad Neuenahr, Federal Republic of Germany, September 26 - 28, 1978. The interest shown in this symposium encouraged the publi­ cation of the papers presented in this volume of the ffiM Research Symposium Series.

Abstract: I Developmental Biology -- 1 Adaptive Mechanisms of Growth Control -- 2 Human Biochemical Development -- 3 Developmental Pharmacology -- 4 Glimpses of Comparative Growth and Development -- II Biometrical Methods in Human Growth -- 5 Statistics of Growth Standards -- 6 Sampling for Growth Studies -- 7 The Mathematical Handling of Long-Term Longitudinal Data -- III Genetics -- 8 Introduction to Genetic Analysis -- 9 The Genetics of Human Fetal Growth -- 10 The Genetics of Birth Weight -- 11 The Genetics of Adult Stature -- 12 The Genetics of Maturational Processes -- IV Prenatal Growth -- 13 Anatomy of the Placenta -- 14 Physiology of the Placenta -- 15 Fetal Measurements -- 16 Implications for Growth in Human Twins -- 17 Association of Fetal Growth with Maternal Nutrition -- 18 Carbohydrate, Fat, and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Pregnant Woman and Fetus -- 19 Pre- and Perinatal Endocrinology -- 20 Development of Immune Responsiveness -- 21 Fetal Growth; Obstetric Implications.

Abstract: Growth, as we conceive it, is the study of change in an organism not yet mature. Differential growth creates form: external form through growth rates which vary from one part of the body to another and one tissue to another; and internal form through the series of time-entrained events which build up in each cell the special­ ized complexity of its particular function. We make no distinction, then, between growth and development, and if we have not included accounts of differentiation it is simply because we had to draw a quite arbitrary line somewhere. It is only rather recently that those involved in pediatrics and child health have come to realize that growth is the basic science peculiar to their art. It is a science which uses and incorporates the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and biology. It is indeed apart ofbiology, and the study of human growth is a part of the curriculum of the rejuvenated science of Human Biology. What growth is not is aseries of charts of height and weight. Growth standards are useful and necessary, and their construction is by no means void of intellectualchallenge. Theyare a basic instrument in pediatric epidemiology. But they do not appear in this book, any more than clinical accounts of growth disorders. This appears to be the first large handbook-in three volumes-devoted to Human Growth. Smaller textbooks on the subject began to appear in the late nineteenth century, some written by pediatricians and some by anthropologists.

Abstract: I -- 1 The Position of Factor Analysis in Psychological Research -- 2 Extracting Factors: The Algebraic Picture -- 3 Rotating Factors: The Geometric Picture -- 4 Fixing the Number of Factors: TheScientific Model 52 -- 5 Fixing the Number of Factors: The Most Practicable Psychometric Procedures -- 6 The Theory of Unique Rotational Resolution by Confactor, Procrustes, and Simple Structure Principles -- 7 The Techniques of Simple Structure Rotation -- 8 More Refined Issues in Rotation and the Use of Oblique Factors -- 9 Higher-Order Factors: Models and Formulas -- 10 The Identification and Interpretation of Factors -- II -- 11 Factor Measures: Their Construction, Scoring, Psychometric Validity, and Consistency -- 12 Broader Experimental Designs and Uses: The Data Box and the New Techniques -- 13 Varieties of Factor Models in Relation to Scientific Models -- 14 Distribution, Scaling, and Significance Problems -- 15 Conducting a Factor Analytic Research: Strategy and Tactics -- Appendixes -- A. 1. Proposed Standard Notation: Rationale and Outline -- A.2. An Indexing System for Psychological Factors -- A.3. Note on Utility of Confactor Resolutions with Oblique Factors -- A.4. Transformations among SUD, SSA, and IIA Strata Models: Reversion from the Schmid-Leiman Matrix (IIA) -- A.5. A Practicable Minimum List of Computer Programs -- A.6. Tables for Statistical Significance of Simple Structure -- A. 7. Tables for Significance of Congruence Coefficients in Factor Matching -- A.8. Tables for Significance of Salient Variable Similarity Index s -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: 1. Aerospace Engineering -- 2. Agricultural Economics, Sciences, and Engineering -- 3. Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning -- 4. Astronomy -- 5. Astrophysics -- 6. Ceramic Engineering -- 7. Chemical Engineering -- 8. Chemistry and Biochemistry -- 9. Civil Engineering -- 10. Communicatiohs Engineering and Computer Science -- 11. Cryogenic Engineering -- 12. Electrical Engineering -- 13. Engineering Mechanics -- 14. Engineering Physics -- 15. Engineering Science -- 16. Fuels, Combustion, and Air Pollution -- 17. General and Environmental Engineering -- 18. Geochemistry and Soil Science -- 19. Geological Sciences and Geophysical Engineering -- 20. Geology and Earth Science -- 21. Geophysics -- 22. Industrial Engineering and Operations Research -- 23. Irrigation Engineering -- 24. Marine and Ocean Engineering -- 25. Materials Science and Engineering -- 26. Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering -- 27. Metallurgy -- 28. Meteorology and Atmospheric Science -- 29. Mineralogy and Petrology -- 30. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering -- 31. Missile and Space Systems Engineering -- 32. Nuclear Engineering -- 33. Nuclear Physics -- 34. Nuclear Science -- 35. Oceanography and Marine Science -- 36. Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering -- 37. Photogrammetric and Geodetic Engineering -- 38. Physics and Biophysics -- 39. Plastics Engineering -- 40. Wood Technology, Forestry, and Forest Science -- 41. Reactor Science -- 42. Sanitary Engineering, Water Pollution, and Water Resources -- 43. Textile Technology -- 44. Transportation Engineering -- Theses without Specification of School or Department.

Abstract: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis­ seminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) * at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac­ tivity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 22 (thesis year 1977) a total of 10,658 theses titles from 28 Canadian and 227 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 22 reports theses submitted in 1977, on occasion, certain universities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Abstract: This is the second volume on "Optical Information Processing" within the scope of the US-USSR Science Cooperation Program co­ sponsored by the US National Science Foundation and the USSR Acad­ emy of Sciences Siberian Branch. Volume I was published in 1976, also by Plenum Press, and con­ tained the papers presented by a group of US and USSR scientists at the First US-USSR Science Cooperation Seminar "Optical Informa­ tion Processing" held at the US National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D. C. from 16 to 20 June 1975. The seminar was followed by a series of visits to US scientific research laboratories and universities, to which the visiting USSR scientists were escorted bv Dr. W. E. Kock and Dr. G. W. Stroke. The visits included Bell Laboratories, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Laboratory and M. I. T. , as reported in detail in the FOREWORD of Volume I. Volume II now presents the papers presented by another group of US and USSR scientists, some having participated in the first seminar: this series of papers was presented at the Second US-USSR Science Cooperation Seminar on "Optical Information Processing" held at the USSR Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch Institute of Auto­ mation and Electrometry in the famous "science city" of Akademgorodok, near Novosibirsk in Siberia, USSR from 10 to 16 July 1976.

Abstract: 1 The Development of the Sports Car -- Motor sport -- The sports car -- The history of the sports car -- The first sports car -- The fabulous years -- Historic sports cars -- The future of the sports car -- 2 The Engine: Combustion -- Cylinder head history -- Combustion chamber research -- Volumetric efficiency -- Knock -- Limiting compression ratio -- Types of combustion chamber -- 3 The Engine: Induction and Exhaust -- The induction system -- The 4-cylinder in-line engine -- The 6-cylinder in-line engine -- The V-8 engine -- Ramming induction pipes -- Ramming pipe theory -- Forward-ram intakes -- Cold-air intakes -- The exhaust system -- The silencer -- Ramming exhaust pipes -- Branched exhaust pipes -- 4 The Engine: Valve Gear -- Push-rod valve operation -- Double overhead valve operation -- Single overhead camshaft head -- The four-valve head -- Desmodromic operation -- 5 The Engine: Fuel Metering -- The carburettor -- The S.U. principle -- The H.I.F. model -- Fuel injection -- Lucas electronic fuel injection -- Bosch K-Jetronic mechanical system -- 6 The Engine: Miscellaneous Components -- The crankcase -- The crankshaft -- Crankshaft bearings: bearing pressures: bearing materials -- General lubrication -- Pistons -- Cooling: air cooling: water cooling -- The ignition system: sparking plugs: the conventional coil ignition: new ignition developments -- 7 Road-Holding -- Tyres: the grip on the road: the tyre footprint -- Cornering power -- Tyre construction -- Aquaplaning -- Cornering behaviour: oversteer and understeer: rear wheel drive: front wheel drive: braking -- The mid-engined sports car -- Factors leading to understeer -- 8 The Suspension -- Springs -- Pitching -- Independent suspension -- Shimmy and tramp -- Representative designs: Jaguar, Porsche, Datsun, Aston Martin -- The suspension damper: double-tube damper: single tube damper -- 9 The Chassis, Frame and Body -- Materials -- Torsional stiffness -- The tubular frame -- Unitary body-chassis construction -- The backbone chassis -- The shape of the body: drag coefficients, lift at high speed, the air dam, directional stability at high speed -- 10 The Transmission -- Torque multiplication -- The gear ratios -- The overdrive -- Synchromesh -- The automatic transmission -- The clutch -- The final drive -- Universal joints -- The limited slip differential -- 11 The Brakes -- The grip on the road -- Braking forces -- Weight transference under braking -- Brake fade -- Disc brakes: disc brakes for the high-speed sports car, pad materials -- 12 Performance -- Standards of performance -- The meaning of power -- Acceleration: acceleration times for 0–60 m.p.h., the concept of effective mass -- Maximum speed -- 13 The Sports Car in the Future -- The Engine: promising alternatives, the gas turbine, rotating combustion engines, the Diesel engine, the Stirling engine, the steam engine -- Petrol engine developments: stratified charge: turbocharging: air fuel ratio control -- The transmission -- Tyres and suspension: no-roll suspension -- Braking -- The long-life car -- 14 Design Studies -- The Jaguar -- The Lotus -- The Mercedes -- The Porsche.

Abstract: I: Physics and Technology -- Surfaces and Interfaces in Semiconductor Technology -- Semiconductor Devices in Perspective — Discovery of and Recent Developments in Tunneling Devices -- A Short Introduction to the Physics of Sol-Gel Transitions -- Lasers and Applications -- Applications of Algebra and Geometry in Applied Systems Theory -- II Energy Resources and Earth Physics -- Magnetic Fusion Energy -- Feasibility Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion -- Wind Energy -- Ocean Waves -- Seismology -- III Physics and the Frontiers of Knowledge -- Gauge Unification of the Four Fundamental Forces -- Monopoles and Instantons: Classical Solutions to Quantum Mechanical Equations -- Cosmology Today -- Report on Some Aspects of the Scientific Programmes of the European Space Agency -- Appendix I: List of Invited Seminar Speakers -- Appendix II: List of Seminars -- Appendix III: List of Participants.

Abstract: These proceedings cover the lectures delivered at the Second International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held from June 20 - July 7, 1977 at Nathiagali, one of the scenic hill resorts in the northern part of Pakistan. The college was organised by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and co-sponsored by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (ICTP). It also received a financial grant by the University Grants Commission for the participation of physicists from various universities of Pakistan. The college was attended by 13 lecturers, 7 invited semi­ nar speakers and 134 participants from 26 countries and consisted of 15 concentrated days of lectures, seminars-and informal discu­ ssions. These proceedings contain only regular lectures delivered there but. the seminars which were held are listed in the Appendix. The theme of the college covered two important aspects of science in general and physics in particular: first to provide to the participants from developing countries some of the excitement of what is happening at the frontiers of physics; secondly as the name of the college emphasises it was to encourage the physicists from developing countries to interest themselves in and to use their knowledge and methodology of research for attacking some of the problems faced by their respective countries. The lectures delivered at the college covered a wide spectrum of physics and indicated similarity of methodology used in various branches of physics as well as practical applications of some of the topics discussed.

Abstract: 1 The Early Development of Hatch Covers -- 1.1 Introduction to the access problem -- 1.2 Early hatch covers -- 1.3 Failings of wooden hatch covers -- 1.4 The coming of steel hatch covers -- 1.5 Steel hatches after 1927 -- 2 Cargoes and Ships -- Summary -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Dry bulk trades -- 2.3 Bulk liquid trades -- 2.4 Break-bulk general cargo -- 2.5 Unitized cargo -- 2.6 Cargo handling -- 2.7 General arrangement of ships -- 2.8 Dry cargo ship types -- 3 The Influence of Cargo Access Equipment on Ships’ Performance -- Summary -- 3.1 The cost of time in port -- 3.2 Delays in port -- 3.3 Benefits of reduced time in port -- References -- 4 General Requirements for Access Equipment -- Summary -- 4.1 Regulatory requirements -- 4.2 Vertical loading ships -- 4.3 Horizontal loading ships -- 4.4 Operational requirements -- 4.5 General considerations for access equipment -- 4.6 Fabrication and installation -- 4.7 Safety -- References -- 5 Access Equipment in Vertical Loading Ships -- Summary -- 5.1 Types of hatch covers -- 5.2 Single pull covers -- 5.3 Folding covers (hydraulic or wire-operated) -- 5.4 Direct pull covers -- 5.5 Roll stowing covers — ‘Rolltite’ -- 5.6 Side and end rolling covers -- 5.7 Lift and roll covers (piggy-back) -- 5.8 Sliding tween-deck covers -- 5.9 Pontoon covers -- 5.10 Telescopic covers -- 5.11 Flexible rolling covers -- 5.12 Miscellaneous covers -- 6 Access Equipment for Horizontal Loading Ships -- Summary -- 6.1 Design philosophy -- 6.2 Ro-Ro access equipment -- 6.3 Ramps -- 6.4 Bow openings -- 6.5 Elevators -- 6.6 Side doors -- 6.7 Bulkhead doors -- 6.8 Car decks -- 6.9 Dimensions and weights -- References -- 7 Ship Design and Selection of Access Equipment — Bulk Cargo -- Summary -- 7.1 Access equipment for ships carrying dry bulk cargoes -- 7.2 Choice of type of hatch cover -- 7.3 Economic evaluation of alternative equipment -- References -- 8 Ship Design and Selection of Access Equipment — General Cargo -- Summary -- 8.1 Multi-deck break-bulk ships -- 8.2 Container ships -- 8.3 Roll-on/Roll-off ships -- 8.4 Specialized cargo vessels -- 8.5 What sorts of ships are best for general cargo? -- References -- 9 Specific Design Requirements for Access Equipment -- Summary -- 9.1 Hatch covers -- 9.2 Access equipment in horizontal loading ships -- 9.3 Advanced design techniques -- 9.4 Seals -- 9.5 Construction materials -- 9.6 Miscellaneous -- References -- 10 Access Equipment in Service -- Summary -- 10.1 Cargo claims -- 10.2 Hatch cover surveys -- 10.3 Hatch cover defects -- 10.4 Some reasons for hatch leakage -- 10.5 Hatch cover maintenance -- 10.6 Hatch cover maintenance costs -- 10.7 Ro-Ro access equipment maintenance -- 10.8 Ship conversion -- References -- 11 Recent Developments and Prospects -- Summary -- 11.1 Recent developments -- 11.2 Influences on change -- 11.3 Ship types -- 11.4 Materials -- 11.5 Innovation.

Abstract: As President of International MacGregor I am deeply indebted to the authors of this excellent book for the very considerable amount of work and scholarship it contains. It is the first authoritative work on cargo access equipment to be pubbshed and I am sure that it will be greatly welcomed by the Marine Industries. You will see from the authors' preface that the book was commissioned by the Henri Kummerman Foundation which was established in 1976 to assist and promote internationally research and development in the field of marine transportation and cargo handling. The Foundation has already made a number of grants to universities and to students but this book is its first major contribution to the furthering of education in the Marine Industries. For me, it is a rewarding fruition of a long involvement in maritime affairs. However, much requires to be done in the future and the Foundation can only succeed if it is encouraged and assisted by people who are forward thinking. I should be pleased therefore to hear from any readers of this book if they feel that they can help or be helped within the aims and objectives of the Foundation. 28 Chemin du Pommier, HENRI KUMMERMAN 1218 Geneva, Switzerland.

Abstract: One Introduction -- 1 Life’s logic -- Two Growing -- 2 life as an energy transforming system -- 3 Life as a cellular system -- 4 Life as a dynamic steady-state -- 5 On the adaptive significance of growing -- Three Reproduction -- 6 How organisms reproduce -- 7 Quantitative aspects of reproduction -- Four Ageing -- 8 The ageing process -- 9 The cycle reversed -- Five Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Index of organisms.

Abstract: As time progresses, biology becomes more and more fragmented and specialized and it becomes increasingly difficult to see how all the dis- ! parate facts fit together. It is completely proper that biologists should have sought to reduce complex biological wholes into their parts, and it is natural that studies on the products of this reduction should have diverged from more holistic studies on evolution and ecology. Yet the biological parts, what they do and how they are organized are products of an evolutionary process which fits organisms for life in particular ecological circumstances. Physiology, developmental biology, ecology and evolutionary biology must not be allowed to grow too far apart, therefore, because all these disciplines and the way their subject matters interact are crucial to understanding organisms - and it is this, it seems to me, which is the fundamental goal of the biological sciences. This book has been written in the spirit of unification and synthesis. It is, in a sense, a general biology of the organism - not, however, of organisms as static unchanging systems, but of organisms as dynamic entities which progress through a definite cycle of events from birth to maturity. The central theme, therefore, will be the life cycle, and the book is organized around the three main phases which are characteristic of all life cycles; growth (Part II), reproduction (Part III) and ageing (Part IV).

Abstract: Section VIII: Research Procedures and Data Analysis -- 1 Techniques for Cytogenetic Analysis -- 2 Mutation Testing Systems -- 3 Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture as Teratologic Tools -- 4 Whole Embryo Explants and Transplants -- 5 Survey of in Vitro Systems: Their Potential Use in Teratogenicity Screening -- 6 The Structure and Uses of Genetically Homogeneous Lines of Animals -- 7 Multigeneration Reproduction Studies -- 8 The Design of Subprimate Animal Studies -- 9 Feasibility and Design of Subhuman Primate Studies -- 10 Uterine Vascular Interruption and Combined Radiation and Surgical Procedures -- 11 Analytical Techniques for the Study of Teratogenic Mechanisms -- 12 Immunological Aspects of Development -- 13 Behavioral Teratology -- 14 Methods and Concepts of Biometrics Applied to Teratology -- of the Complete Handbook (Volumes 1–4).

Abstract: 1 Longevity in Man and Animals -- 2 The Emergence of Man -- 3 Geographical Medicine -- 4 Problems of Nutrition -- 5 New Diseases -- 6 Gloom and Doom -- 7 Stress in a Crowded World -- 8 Genetics and Inheritance -- 9 Cardio-Vascular Disease—Horror and Dismay -- 10 Cancer—Ignorance and Fear -- 11 Inflating the Balloon -- Appendix: Stress and Cardio-Vascular Disease.

Abstract: Environment of Man is the eighth of the Croom Helm series of mono­ graphs on Biology and the Environment. The first volume, by this author, was a straightforward review of the principles of ecology as applied to the history of the earth. The second volume by J.L. Cloudesley-Thompson applied ecological principles to terrestrial habitats, and was followed by two volumes by C. F. Hickling and E. J. Ferguson-Wood on the ecology of aquatic habitats. The fifth volume, by Robert L. Snyder, reviews the natural ecological safeguards which control excessive growth of popUlation and discusses how these are operative in relation to the human race. Snyder's volume introduces man to the ecological scene and leads to the monograph by L. Harrison Matthews on the relationships of man with wildlife. In the seventh volume, Sir Cedric Stanton Hicks introduces us to the effects of agriculture on the ecology of the earth.

Abstract: 1. The Activation of Enzymes with Light -- 2. Radiation Synergism and Antagonism -- 3. The Melanins: Their Synthesis and Structure -- 4. The Role of Mutagenesis in Carcinogenesis -- 5. Physical Properties of Excited States: A General Method for Measuring Triplet-Triplet Extinction Coefficients, Singlet-Triplet Intersystem Crossing Efficiences, and Related Parameters -- 6. Mapping the Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins by Photochemical Techniques -- 7. The Use of Microwaves for the Hyperthermic Treatment of Cancer: Advantages and Disadvantages.

Abstract: The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four categories: to develop (I) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine. To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and physicists; because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multi­ disciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for theoretical or practical use. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in­ depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that these reviews will provide an important service to the younger scientists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking, or suggest a redirection when appropriate. Kendric C. Smith Editor vii Contents v Contents of Earlier Volumes ...................................... . Preface ............................................... . vii Chapter 1. The Activation of Enzymes with Light ................... .

Abstract: 1 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation: UV-A in Perspective -- 2 Sources of UV-A -- Solar Ultraviolet Radiation -- Summary -- Artificial Sources of UV-A -- Ultraviolet Spectral Transmission and Reflection of Common Materials -- References -- 3 Radiometry of Ultraviolet Radiation -- and General Considerations of Radiometry -- Detectors -- Spectral Filters and Input Optics -- Appendix: U.S. Manufacturers of UV-Related Instrumentation -- 4 Optical Properties of the Skin and Eyes -- Structure of the Skin -- Factors Affecting Penetration and Absorption of Ultraviolet Radiation in the Skin -- Measurements of the Penetration and Reflection of Optical Radiation in Skin -- Ultraviolet Optics for the Eye -- References -- 5 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Microorganisms and Animal Cells -- Effect of Ultraviolet on Cells -- DNA Repair -- Effects of UV-A -- Summary -- References -- 6 Immediate and Short-Term Biologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Normal Skin -- Erythema -- Histology -- UV and Epidermal Macromolecular Synthesis -- Effects of UV-A on Mucous Membrane -- Tanning -- References -- 7 Adverse Cutaneous Reactions to UV-A -- Chemical Photosensitivity -- Persistent Light Reactivity -- Actinic Reticuloid -- Polymorphous Light Eruption -- Solar Urticaria -- Porphyrias and Other Endogenous Photosensitization Syndromes -- Melasma and Ephelides -- Management of U V-A-Induced Dermatoses -- References -- 8 Skin Aging and Carcinogenesis Due to Ultraviolet Radiation -- Incidence of Skin Cancers in Man -- Epidemiologic Evidence Supporting the Role of Sunlight -- Mechanisms of UV Carcinogenesis -- Action Spectrum of Animal Photocarcinogenesis and the Carcinogenic Effects of UV-A -- Other Factors Influencing or Associated with Development of Skin Cancer -- Ultraviolet Radiation and Aging -- References -- 9 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Eye -- Morphology and Histology of the Cornea and the Lens -- Histologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation -- Action Spectrum of Ocular Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation -- Corneal and Lenticular Effects of Longwave Ultraviolet Radiation -- Effects of U V-A in the Retina -- The Ocular Effects of UV-A Exposure in the Presence of Photosensitizing Compounds (Psoralens) -- Summary: UV-A Exposure of the Eye -- References -- 10 Uses of UV-A Involving Exposure of Humans -- Therapeutic Uses of Ultraviolet Radiation -- Ultraviolet Treatment of Psoriasis -- Photochemotherapy -- Oral Psoralen Photochemotherapy -- UV-A-Activated Polymerization of Resinous Dental Restorations -- Diagnostic Uses of UV-A -- References -- 11 Safety Measures and Protection Against Ultraviolet Exposure -- Ultraviolet Exposure Safety Standards -- Sunscreens -- Eye Protection against Ultraviolet Radiation -- References.

Abstract: The origin of this text was a request by industry and government to summarize the biological effects and to estimate the limits of safe exposure to longwave ul­ traviolet radiation. The specific issue was the safety of a small medium-pressure mercury arc designed to emit UV-A (NUVA-Lite, L. D. Caulk Co. , Milford, Delaware) for photopolymerization of resinous fillings used in dentistry. How-­ ever, the context grew to become a consideration of the risks and benefits to hu­ mans of electromagnetic radiation between the biologically active short UV and the visible spectrum. We have accumulated data from our own experimental work and from the literature and have attempted to put this information in the perspective of known biologic effects of ultraviolet radiation as it influences hu­ mans. Interest in the biological effects of longwave ultraviolet radiation is increas­ ing in all of the many scientific disciplines that make up the complex field of photobiology. In order to minimize the chance for error and personal prejudice and to maximize the use of expertise, each chapter has been reviewed by several authorities. Some of the contributions of this group led to significant alterations and creative additions to the chapter, and these persons deserve not only our sin­ cere gratitude but also recognition by the reader. These include Chapters 2 and 3: Dr. Robert E. Levin, Mr. Charles P. Comeau, Mr. Donald Gonser, Dr. David Sliney; Chapter 5: Dr. Jerry Williams, Dr. Robert Webb, Dr. Madhu A.

Abstract: Content -- 1 Apples -- 2 Pears -- 3 Dwarfed Apples and Pears -- 4 Peaches -- 5 Cherries -- 6 Plums -- 7 Apricots and Nectarines.

Abstract: This is a revised and updated edition of the book Tree Fruit Production, first published in 1959 and extensively revised in the second edition in 1972. Considerable advances have been made in recent years in the scientific production and handling of deciduous tree fruits in North America. This third edition brings together in up-to-date usable text­ book form the essence of pertinent research and practical experience on the subject. Although the principles involved in the different operations of orchard management, such as pruning, soil management, fruit thin­ ning, and harvesting remain constant, practices and techniques have been undergoing considerable change. Economic and social changes have been brought to bear in altering the approach to such aspects of pomology as tree size, plant density, mechanical harvesting, pest control and irrigation. Greatly increased costs of production have swung the emphasis of attention toward the wider use of organic chemicals in the orchard. Growth regulating substances are finding a place in the orchard, not only for fruit thinning, preharvest drop control and weed suppression, but also for other purposes such as promotion of early flowering, tree train­ ing, pruning and the advancement and extension of the harvest season. The trend toward the smaller, more easily and economically managed apple tree which began slowly some three or more decades ago and increased rapidly in subsequent years is now complete.

Abstract: Keynote Papers -- Session I. Production and Extraction of Microbial Enzymes -- Session II. Industrial Applications of Enzymes: Engineering Aspects -- Session III. Study of Modified, Stabilized, and Immobilized Enzymes -- Session IV. New Medical Applications for Enzymes -- Session V. Industrial Applications for Enzymes: State of the Art -- Session VI. Multienzyme Systems, Immobilized Whole Cells, and Organelles -- Session VII. Fundamentals of Solid Phase Biochemistry -- Session VIII. Application of Affinity Methods and New Purification Procedures -- Guidelines for the Characterization of Immobilized Enzymes: A Proposal -- List of Participants.

Abstract: The unique catalytic properties of enzymes and the numerous techniques for immobilization of enzymes and cells continue to maintain a high degree of practical and scientific interest in this area called Enzyme Engineering. This fourth International Enzyme Engineering Confer­ ence was the first to be held outside of the United States. Europe was chosen as the site primarily to en­ able greater participation by investigators from that continent. The Engineering Foundation of New York, which was the principal sponsor of the first three conferences, was most fortunate in having the DECHEMA (Deutsche Gesell­ schaft fur chemisches Apparatewesen e. V.) of Frankfurt (Main), F. R. Germany as the cosponsor for this fourth conference. The success of the conference also was due in large part to the generous financial support, especially by the government of the Federal Republic of Germany, as well as by European enzyme and chemical companies. The fourth conference, held September 25-30, 1977 at Bad Neuenahr, Federal Republic of Germany was certainly successful, with 240 participants from 23 countries, repre­ senting many academic disciplines and occupational special­ ties. At this conference special emphasis was placed on the immobilization of whole cells and organelles, medical applications of immobilized enzymes and organelles, and the industrial status and future for immobilized biological materials.

Abstract: Section I Developmental and Educational Practice -- Assessment of Sensory and Behavioral Functions in Infancy -- Growing Up Social -- Memory Strategies in Learning: Training Children to Study Strategically -- Televised Aggression and Prosocial Behavior -- Application of Basic Research in Reading -- Section II Psychological Practice and Social Problems -- Attitude Change -- Decision Counseling: Theory, Research, and Perspectives for a New Professional Role -- Uses and Abuses of the Polygraph -- Section III Clinical Applications of Basic Research -- Introduction—Health Care: Good Intentions Are Not Enough -- The Consequences of Prematurity: Understanding and Therapy -- Early Visual Experience in Humans: Evidence for a Critical Period in the Development of Binocular Vision -- The Production and Perception of Speech by a Misarticulating Child -- Clinical Applications of Biofeedback: Current Status and Future Prospects -- Section IV Application of Psychophysics and Human Performance Information -- Maneuvering the Mammoth -- Applications of Signal Detection Theory -- Subjective Effort in Relation to Physical Performance and Working Capacity -- A Psychophysical Contribution to Air Safety: Simulator Studies of Visual Illusions in Night Visual Approaches.

Abstract: This book grew out of discussion at the meetings of the Board of Sci­ entific Affair,r of the American Psychological Association during the years 1972 through 1975. Members of the board felt that there was general misunderstanding by the public about the role of basic research in science. The problem was thought to be particularly severe in the case of the behavioral sciences but it appeared to be a reflection of a more general anti-intellectual attitude in the United States. At the same time basic researchers had been admittedly underconcerned with the prac­ tical application of their results. Yet many thoughtful scientists realize there is a very fruitful interplay between basic research and application. The proposal was made to prepare a book of case studies that demon­ strate the application of basic research in psychology. The book was organized to sample applications from a range of topics in psychology. The editorial board divided up responsibilities for these topics. Herschel W. Leibowitz focused on applications from exper­ imental and engineering psychology and Jerome E. Singer organized the section on applications to social problems. Alfred Steinschneider took responsibility for the section on clinical applications of basic research in psychology and Harold W. Stevenson organized the section on appli­ cations of basic research to developmental and educational problems.

Abstract: 1 Stimulating One’s own Creativity -- 2 The Transistor -- Early Semiconductor Research -- The Bell Laboratories Program -- Preparations for the Transistor Announcement -- Patent Precautions -- The Transistor Announcement -- The Benefits -- From Surface States to Solid State -- The Double-Dimple Transistor -- Transistor Applications -- Leaving the Beaten Track -- 3 Electronic Music -- Musical Tones -- Harmonic Analysis -- The First Electric Organ -- The Early Days of Radio -- Radio and Electronic Music -- Electronic Developments -- Pitch Stabilization -- Doctoral Research -- The Formant Concept -- Visible Speech -- Formants and Hallformanten -- Engineering Thesis -- The Baldwin Electronic Organ -- Church Organists’ Views -- Formants and Pipe Organ Mixtures -- Several Electrical Musical Analogues -- Electronic Door Chimes -- Radar and High-Frequency Loudspeakers -- Modern Electronic Music -- 4 Lasers -- The Laser -- Laser Fundamentals -- The Metastable State -- The Two-Step Process -- Gas Lasers -- Semiconductor Lasers -- Alignment -- Distance and Length Measurements -- Lasers in Machine Tool Applications -- Interferometric Detection of Footprints -- Lasers in the Supermarket -- Drilling and Welding Applications -- Identification -- Fabric Cutting -- Medical Applications -- Communicating with Light -- Video Disks -- Laser Fusion -- Interdisciplinary Innovation -- 5 Traits -- Help for the Young -- The Value of Praise and Encouragement -- The Value of Creativity for Children -- Other Traits of Creative Youngsters -- Interest in Problems -- Chess-Playing Traits -- Chess Problem Composing -- Computer Chess -- Music -- Religion -- Authorship -- Age -- Needs -- 6 Waveguides -- Early Radio Transmission -- Microwave Waveguides -- The Waveguide as a Transmission Medium -- Phase and Group Velocities -- Long-Distance Transmission -- Millimeter Wavelengths -- The Circular Electric Mode -- Recent Field Tests -- Waveguides and Coaxial Cables -- Dielectric Waveguides -- Metallic Dielectric Waveguides -- Electron Bunching -- Bunchers and Catchers -- Ideal Bunching -- Klystrons -- Velocity Modulation of Waves -- Radar Breakdown Problems -- Wave Coding -- Corrugated Sound-Wave Waveguides -- Pulse Compression Tests -- Chirp -- Natural Waveguides -- Underwater Waveguides -- The SOFAR Channel -- SOFAR Localization -- Nonexplosive Acoustic Uses -- Acoustic Atmospheric Waveguides -- Waveguide Junctions -- Tee Junctions -- Hybrid Junctions -- The Magic Waveguide Junction -- 7 Lenses -- Velocity Focusing -- A Constant-Thickness Lens -- The Metal Plate Lens -- Stepped Lenses -- Radio Relay -- Foamed Dielectric Lenses -- Wider Bandwidth Needs -- Born’s Light Wave Analysis -- The First Artificial Dielectrics -- Sphere and Disk Dielectrics -- Strip Lenses -- The Transcontinental Relay -- The Bell Transcontinental Circuit -- High Refractive Power Lenses -- Path Length Lenses -- Lenses for Loudspeakers -- Microwave Lenses for Sound -- 8 Communications Satellites -- The First Rockets -- The Intercontinental Missile -- The Reentry Problem -- Sputnik -- Initial U.S. Reactions to Sputnik -- Explorer I -- Apollo 11 -- Communications -- Communications and the Space Program -- Orbiting Satellites -- Geostationary Satellites. -- Domestic Satellites -- Direct Broadcast Satellite -- 9 Why Invent? -- Wherewithal -- Renown -- Helping Others -- Eminence -- The Fraternity of Doers -- 10 Radar -- Early History -- The British Beginnings -- The U.S. Beginnings -- Radar Fundamentals -- The Plan Position Display -- The A-Scope Display -- Fire Control Radars -- Other Forms of Military Radar -- Doppler Radar -- Radars for Cars -- Circular Polarization -- An Aircraft-Versus-Submarine Machiavellism -- 11 Holography -- Gabor’s Interdisciplinary Skill -- Holography Fundamentals -- Making a Hologram -- The Complete Hologram Process -- The Hologram of a Scene -- Parallax in Holograms -- Single-Wavelength Nature of Holograms -- Nonoptical Holograms -- Microwave Holograms -- Microwave Holograms and Liquid Crystals -- Ultrasonic Holograms -- Underwater Viewing -- Earth Exploration -- Phase Quadrature -- Laser Holography -- Three-Dimensional Holography -- Information Content -- The Concept of Phase in Holography -- Synthetic Aperture Radar -- Two Recent Holography Developments -- Gabor’s Clairvoyance -- 12 Picturephone -- Visible Speech -- Real Time Sound Analysis -- The Real Time Analyzer -- From Analyzer to Picturephone -- Transmission Cost -- The Experimental Movie -- The First Picturephone -- The Permanent Record Form -- The Announcement to the Press -- Additional Background Information -- Press Reaction -- The Move to Higher-Quality Pictures -- The First Commercial Service -- The Future -- Peroration.

Abstract: The economic growth and strength of a nation are directly related to the ability of its people to make discoveries and their ability to transform these discoveries into useful products. Ninety percent of the increase in output per capita in the United States from 1909 to 1949 has been held to be attributable to technological advances. In this book, we examine the ways in which a number of important new technologies came into being and review the characteristic traits of inventors who create new technologies. Ways are suggested that could enable young and old alike to become more creative, and the various benefits they can thereby reap are also discussed. A high level of creativity is an important asset for a nation, and therefore a knowledge of ways to increase inventiveness can be of great value. University of Cincinnati President Warren Bennis has noted that "creativity is something most of us seem to lose, or let atrophy, as we leave childhood."· To "rediscover it," he continues, "we must find ways of re-creating our sense of wondering why, of heightening, even altering, our consciousness." Thus the earlier in life one seeks to enhance his creativity, the more successful the results are likely to be.

Abstract: 1 General Account of the Geomagnetic Field -- 2 Role of Geomagnetic Field in Vital Activity of Organisms on Earth -- 3 Questions of General Geomagnetobiology -- 4 Specific Aspects of Geomagnetobiology -- 5 Possible Mechanisms of Biological Effect of the Geomagnetic Field -- References.

Abstract: I am very pleased that my book The Geomagnetic Field and Life is being published in English in the United States. Thanks to the initiative of Plenum Press, a publishing hause that is widely known in all countries, I have a great new opportunity to make direct contact with friends throughout the world. My book on the geomagnetic field can be regarded as an abstraction, whose purpose is to provide a better picture and understanding of the world araund us, its main driving forces, and factors, to help us to know ourselves, and to proceed further. The essence of the abstraction is that in treating the problern I have deliberately ignored the diverse effects of various extemal factors on living organisms and have confined myself to an analysis of the effect of the GMF. This approach allows me to go one step further-to draw various conclusions and propose theories that rnight bring us closer to a proper understanding of the true nature of the phenomena. Philosophers have long been aware that by such abstract thinking we can deterrnine the nature of phenomena more reliably, completely, and comprehensively, penetrate to the very core of the observed effects, and perceive the depth of their interrelations.

Abstract: I: Physics and Technology -- Lasers -- Surface Phenomena -- Applications of Superconductivity to Fundamental Research in Physics -- The Impact of Physics on Technology and Industry -- II: Physics, Energy and Natural Resources -- Solid State Physics Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion -- The Physics of the Earth -- The Oceans -- III: Physics and the Frontiers of Knowledge -- Probing Into the Heart of Matter -- Particle Physics -- Astrophysics, General Relativity and Cosmology -- Aspects of General Relativity -- Appendix I: List of Seminars -- Appendix II: List of Participants.

Abstract: Even in this age of information explosion, Seminars and Symposia have an importance of their own, particularly in countries which are scientifically and geographically remote from active centres of learning. Our scientists suffer this isolation very acutely; the Cow~ission recognises this problem and has endeavoured to solve it through organisation of meetings and conferences in Pakistan to which international specialists in different fields are invited to share their experience with colleagues in Pakistan. We find that the personal encounter and human touch still remain one of the most effective methods of transferring and sharing scientific knowledge. The International Summer College at Nathiagali held in August, 1976, also grew out of our need to communicate with each other and to identify promising areas of development relevant to the needs of a developing country. In the implementation of this idea, the Pakis­ tan Atomic Energy Commission received support from the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste and from the Swedish Inter­ national Development Authority which is gratefully acknowledged.

Abstract: Section I General -- Sexual Disorders in Male Alcoholics -- Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid in Chronic Alcoholics -- Porphyria Cutanea Tarda in Chronic Alcoholics -- Physical Complications of Alcohol Excess—Metabolism of Alcohol -- Is Illegal Drugtaking a Problem? -- Alcoholism and Drug Dependence — A Multidisciplinary Problem: The Sociologist’s Viewpoint -- Alcohol and the General Physician -- Denial of the Hidden Alcoholic in General Practice -- Section II Aetiology and Epidemiology -- The Validity of Per Capita Alcohol Consumption as an Indicator of the Prevalence of Alcohol Related Problems: An Evaluation Based on National Statistics and Survey Data -- On the Need to Reconcile the Aetiologies of Drug Abuse -- Drinking Patterns of Young People -- Alcoholism and Psychology — Some Recent Trends and Methods -- A Psychiatric View of Substance Dependency -- How Important is Alcohol in “Alcoholism”? -- Social Circumstances of Non-Convicted vs Convicted Drug Users -- The Pathological and the Subcultural Model of Drug Use — A Test of Two Contrasting Explanations -- Unemployment and Sickness Absenteeism in Alcoholics -- Alcohol Problems in Women -- The Aetiology of Dependency -- Section III Treatment -- A Pilot Controlled Drinking Out-Patient Group -- Programming Alcoholism Treatment: Historical Trends -- A Young Problem Drinkers Programme as a Means of Establishing and Maintaining Treatment Contact -- Family Focused Treatment and Management: A Multi-Discipline Training Approach -- The Young Alcoholic — Approaches to Treatment -- Detoxification — The First Step -- The Treatment of Drug Dependence — A Taxonomy of Approaches -- Aims of Treatment -- Controlled Drinking in the Alcoholic — A Search for Common Features -- A Programme of Group Counselling for Alcoholics -- The Ontario Detoxication System: An Evaluation of its Effectiveness -- Section IV Rehabilitation -- The Role of the Probation Service in the Treatment of Alcoholism -- An Analysis of Clients Using Alcoholic Agencies within One Community Service -- Co-ordination and Co-operation -- The Problem — Its Magnitude and a Suggested Community Based Answer to Alcoholism -- Methodological Problems in Evaluating Drug Misuse Intervention Programmes -- Planning for the Future — Developing a Comprehensive Response to Alcohol Abuse in an English Health District -- The Featherstone Lodge Project — Phoenix House. One Method of Rehabilitation -- The Co-ordination of Care in the Field of Alcoholism -- Section V Prevention and Education -- The Role of Legislation in Diminishing the Misuse of Alcohol -- The Need for and Some Results of Evaluation of English Drug Education -- Developing a Co-ordinated Approach to Interprofessional Education -- Alcohol Control Policy as a Strategy of Prevention: A Critical Examination of the Evidence -- Parents, Children and Learning to Drink -- Alcohol and Education -- Chairmen -- Contributors.

Abstract: It is for me, as President of the Merseyside Lancashire & Cheshire Council on Alcoholism, a signal privilege to write a brief foreword to these Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. During the week experts, from the world over, in all those disciplines which have a contribution to make to the solution of the problems of alcoholism and drug dependence, surveyed recent advances in our knowledge of the aetiology, epidemiology, early recognition, management, and the social and industrial implications of these twin scourges of the contemporary scene. The discussions were most helpful and enlightening even when a wide spectrum of conflicting views and experiences were revealed. The justification for adding yet another volume to the growing literature in this field is two-fold; first, that those taking part in the conference can study at leisure and in depth the transactions of the conference; and secondly, that those who were unable to attend might benefit from the most recent views of international experts in the diverse facets of one of the major current problems in world health. LORD COHEN OF BIRKENBEAD CH, PRSH, MD, DSc, ScD, LLD, DCL, FRCP, DL, JPo CONTENTS Introduction . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abstract: 1. Biological, Photochemical, and Spectroscopic Applications of Lasers -- 2. Photochemistry of the Nucleic Acids -- 3. Ultraviolet Radiation Effects on the Human Eye -- 4. Lethal and Mutagenic Effects of Near-Ultraviolet Radiation -- 5. DNA Repair Enzymes in Mammalian Cells.

Abstract: Mapping of Chemical Data Bases Using a Relational Data Base Structure -- Computer Aided Design of Experiments and Automatic Data Processing -- Computer Based Teaching of Chemistry -- Computer Enhanced Chemical Education: Any Computer Can Be Used -- The Effective Use of Non-Tutorial Computer Methods in Chemistry Education -- The Computer’s Role in Undergraduate Chemistry Education: Report on a Study for UNESCO -- Automation in an Industrial Research Laboratory -- Current Research and Development in Computer-Aided Process Design -- Theoretical Studies of Metal Clusters as Models for Surface Phenomena -- Semi-Empirical Molecular Orbital Calculations Relevant to Adsorption and Catalysis On Metal Surfaces -- Comparison of Different Theoretical Approaches in the Study of Chemisorption On Metal Sources -- Cluster Method Multiple Scattering Calculations of Electronic Density of States for Amorphous and Liquid Metallic Alloys -- Description of Rapid Rearrangements With the Aid of Longuet-Higgins Group Theory. Spectroscopy and Reaction Mechanisms -- The Study of Chemical Structure and Reactivity By Means of Computations -- Computer Determination of Molecular Properties for Diatomics -- Computers as an Aid in Organic Synthesis Design -- Chemistry of Large Molecular Systems Using Molecular Quantum Mechanics -- Computer Planning of Research in Organic Chemistry -- Computer Aided Interpretation for the Structure Elucidation of Organic Compounds -- Computer Assisted Chemical Reasoning -- Dynamics of Chemisorption and Heterogeneous Reactions -- Quantum Chemistry and Small Molecule Dynamics -- List of Contributors.

Abstract: 1. The genetical foundation -- 1. Continuous variation -- 2. The genic basis -- 3. Assaying the chromosomes -- 4. Locating the genes -- 2. The biometrical approach -- 5. The manifestation of polygenic systems -- 6. Genetic analysis and somatic analysis -- 7. Biometrical genetics -- 3. Additive and dominance effects -- 8. Components of means -- 9. Testing the model -- 10. Scales -- 11. Components of variation: F2 and back-crosses -- 12. Generations derived from F2 -- 13. The balance sheet of genetic variability -- 14. Partitioning the variation -- 4. Diallels -- 15. The principles of diallel analysis -- 16. An example of a simple diallel -- 17. Undefined diallels -- 18. An example of an undefined diallel -- 5. Genic interaction and linkage -- 19. Non-allelic interaction -- 20. Interaction as displayed by means -- 21. Variances and covariances -- 22. Correlated gene distributions: linkage -- 23. Diallels -- 6. Interaction of genotype and environment -- 24. Genotype x environment interaction -- 25. Two genotypes and two environments -- 26. A more complex case -- 27. The relation of g to e -- 28. Crosses between inbred lines -- 29. Variance of F2 -- 7. Randomly breeding populations -- 30. The components of variation -- 31. Human populations -- 32. The use of twins -- 33. Experimental analysis -- 34. Complicating factors -- 35. Heritability -- 8. Genes and effective factors -- 36. Estimating the number of segregating genes -- 37. Consequences of linkage: effective factors -- 38. Other sources of estimates -- 9. Conclusion -- 39. Designing the experiments -- 40. Concepts and uses -- Glossary of symbols and abbreviations -- References.

Abstract: In the second edition of Biometricai Genetics, which appeared in 1971, we set out to give a general account of the subject as it had developed up to that time. Such an account necessarily had to be comprehensive and reasonably detailed. Although it could be, and indeed has been, used by those who were making an acquaintance with this branch of genetics for the first time, it went beyond their needs. We have been encouraged therefore to write an introduction to the genetical analysis of continuous variation aimed primarily at senior undergraduate and postgraduate students, and concentrating on basic considerations, basic principles and basic techniques. This has meant, of course, omitting all reference to some phenomena of more restricted interest, notably sex-linkage, ma­ ternal effects, haploidy and polyploidy. It has meant, too, that even with some phenomena which have been included, like interactions, linkage and effective factors, the discussions cannot go into full detail. Anyone who is interested, however, can find further information in Biometricai Genetics, to which detailed references have been given where it ap­ peared that these would be helpful. The order of presentation has been changed with the aim of making it easier for beginners.

Abstract: The Farrington Daniels Memorial Lecture Solar Energy -- Symposia -- Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Excited States -- Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Excited States Introduction -- The Rules of Organic Molecular Fluorescence -- Elementary Photochemical Reactions -- Photoreactions in Biological Macromolecular Complexes -- Photoreactions in Biological Macromolecular Complexes (Introductory Remarks) -- Excited State Interactions and Photochemical Reactions in Protein-Nucleic Acid Complexes -- Structural Relationships in Macromolecular Complexes Determined by Photochemical Crosslinking -- Photodegradation of Biomembranes -- Photomovement in Microorganisms -- Photomovement in Microorganisms — Introduction to the Symposium -- Photomovement in Microorganisms: Strategies of Response -- Pigments Involved in the Photomotion of Microorganisms -- Speculations about Sensory Transduction -- Panel Discussion of Photomovement -- Photosynthesis -- Present Status of the O2 Evolution Model -- Low Temperature Reactions in Photosynthesis -- Control of the Electron Transfer by the Transmembrane Electric Field and Structure of System II Centers -- Modulating Effects on the Delayed Luminescence from Photosystem II of Photosynthesis -- In Vitro Photosynthesis -- Comparative Effects of Exciting and Ionizing Radiations -- Quantitative Mutagenesis by Chemicals and by Radiations: Prerequisites for the Establishment of Rad-Equivalences -- A Comparative Study of Several Survival Responses of Mammalian Cells after UV and after X-Irradiation -- Ionizing and Ultraviolet Radiations: Genetic Effects and Repair in Yeast -- Ataxia Telangiectasia: an Inherited Human Disease Involving Radiosensitivity, Malignancy and Defective DNA Repair -- Effects of Vacuum-UV and Excited Gases on DNA -- Photosensitized Reactions of Nucleic Acids and Proteins -- Photosensitization in Biological Systems -- The Role of Oxygen in Photosynthetized Reactions of Proteins and Nucleic Acids -- New Chemical Aspects of the Photoreaction between Psoralen and DNA -- Excited States of Skin-Sensitizing Psoralens and their Reactions with Nucleic Acids -- Photochemotherapeutic, Photobiological, and Photochemical Properties of Psoralens -- Repair of Radiation Damage -- DNA Repair Schemes in Bacteria and in Human Cells -- Postreplication Repair in Human Fibroblasts -- Studies on the Enzymology of Excision Repair in Extracts of Mammalian Cells -- Human Photoreactivating Enzymes -- Effects of Ultraviolet-Light and of Some Major Chemical Carcinogens of E. Coli K12 (?) -- Solar Energy Conversion Systems -- Hydrogen Metabolism in Photosynthetic Organisms, the Mechanims of Hydrogen Photoevolution -- Chemical Reactions for the Utilization of Solar Energy -- Photosynthesis — a Practical Energy Source? -- Photoproduction of Hydrogen in Photosynthetic Systems -- Determinants of Feasibility in Bioconversion of Solar Energy -- Photobiology in Medicine -- Photobiology in Medicine -- Photophysiological Research — Preventive Medicine -- Erythropoietic Protoporphyria — the Disease, and its treatment with Beta-Carotene -- Photochemotherapy of Psoriasis (PUVA) -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Phototherapy in Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia -- Phototherapy of Neonatal Jaundice: Effect on Blood Biorhythms -- Phototherapy of Human Tumors -- Cancerogenic Effects of Radiation -- Carcinogenic Effects of Radiation — Introduction -- Defective DNA Repair and Cancer -- Experimental Ultraviolet Carcinogenesis -- Sunlight and Melanomas -- Cutaneous Carcinogenic Effects of Sunlight in Humans -- Role of DNA Repair in Physical, Chemical and Viral Carcinogenesis -- Light and Development -- Control of Chloroplast Development and Chlorophyll Synthesis by Phytochrome -- Progress Toward an Understanding of the Molecular Mode of Action of Phytochrome -- Phototransformations of Phytochrome -- Biogenesis of Chloroplast Membranes in Algae -- Light-Induced Cytochrome Reduction in Neurospora Crassa Membrane Fractions -- Light Induced Degeneration of Skin: Chronic Actinic Dermatosis -- Studies on the Pathomechanics of Chronic Actinic Dermatosis -- Clinical Pattern of the Actinic Chronic Dermatosis -- Distribution and General Factors Causing Chronic Actinic Dermatosis -- Environment-Space Interactions: Photobiological Implications -- Introductory Remarks -- The Stratospheric Photochemistry of Chlorine Compounds and its Influence on the Ozone Layer -- The Effects of Solar UV-B Radiation (280–315 nm) on Higher Plants: Implications of stratospheric Ozone Reduction -- Epidemiology of Malignant Melanoma of the Skin in Norway with Special Reference to the Effect of Solar Radiation -- Estimating the Increase in Skin Cancer Caused by Increases in Ultraviolet Radiation -- Vision -- MSP Measurements of Rod and Cone Visual Pigments in a Retina (Scardinius Erythrophthalmus) that can be either Vitamin A1 — or Vitamin A2—Based -- The Ionochromic Behavior of Gecko Visual Pigments -- Membrane Adaptations of Visual Photoreceptors for the Analysis of Plane-Polarized Light -- Dynamic Aspects of the Molecular Architecture of Photoreceptor Membranes -- The Photochemistry of Rhodopsin Excited in the 280 nm (?) Band -- Degenerations of the Retina Induced by Light -- Mutagenic Effects of Radiation -- Mutagenic Repair Pathways in Yeast -- Pathways of UV Repair and Mutagenesis in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae -- Mitochondrial Mutagenesis by 2-6-Diaminopurine in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae: Effect of UV Light -- On the Molecular Mechanism of Mutagenesis by Carcinogenic Mutagens -- Chromosome Effects Induced by Low Levels of Mutagens -- Round Tables -- Units, Nomenclature and Dosimetry in Photobiology -- Protection from UV and Visible Radiations -- Topical Photoprotection of Normal Skin -- Photochemotherapy (PUVA) of Psoriasis -- Photobiology and Education -- Author Index.

Abstract: Every four years the photobio1ogists of the world get together in an International Congress. They discuss and learn not only re­ search details and findings in their own, often narrow, fields but educate one another broadly in the many biological systems that interact with light. It is this latter purpose that is exemplified by these proceedings - the Symposium papers and Workshop summaries of the VIIth International Congress on Photobiology held in Rome, August 29 - September 3, 1976. Photobiology is one of the few true interdisciplinary fields. It has an air of excitement about it. A glance at the table of contents indicates clearly that photobiology and its practitioners (individuals whose primary interests are in medicine, plant sci­ ences, animal sciences, molecular properties, and energy conversion) interact with the entire and diverse world of living creatures. We supply not only the basic research background to help evaluate many present-day environmental problems but are also evaluating and pointing the way toward solutions to a number of these problems.

Abstract: I. The Structural and Functional Organization of the Innervation Mechanisms of the Eye Muscles -- Peripheral Innervation of the Eye Muscles -- Supranuclear Innervation Mechanisms of the Eye Muscles -- Afferent Regulation of the Tonus of the Eye Muscles -- II. Fixation Movements of the Eyes -- The Role of Fixation Movements of the Eyes in Visual Perception -- Microtremor of the Eyes as an Indicator of Combined Activity of Motor Units of the Ocular Muscles -- Mechanisms Controlling Fixation Micromovements of the Eyes -- Plasticity of the System for Stabilization of Fixation -- III. Tracking Movements of the Eyes -- Visual Perception of Moving Images -- Mechanisms of Extrapolation in the Control of Tracking Movements of the Eyes -- Electrical Activity of the Ocular Muscles During Tracking Movements of the Eyes -- IV. Saccadic Eye Movements -- Saccadic Eye Movements and Visual Functions -- Mechanisms Controlling Saccadic Eye Movements -- Electrical Activity of the Ocular Muscles During Saccadic Eye Movements -- V. Convergent Eye Movements -- Convergent Eye Movements and Stereoscopic Vision -- Eye Movements and Reactions of the Pupils During Convergence -- Interaction Among Innervation Mechanisms of the Various Eye Muscles During Convergence -- VI. Eye Movements and Higher Cortical Functions -- Eye Movements and Cortical Unit Activity -- Eye Movements and Local Cerebral Blood Flow -- Eye Movements and the “Constancy” of Visual Perception -- Conclusion -- References.

Abstract: Dr. Shakhnovich brought out the original Russian edition of this work in 1974. Fully half of that book was concerned with his own studies of eye movements. These included observations on patients with neuromuscular disorders that produced unique oculomotor deficits. Other anomalies of eye motility resulted from local changes in cerebral and cerebellar blood flow and the effects of surgical intervention for aneurisms and brain tumors. Supplementary experi­ ments included the probing of single units in the motor and visual brain areas of rabbits. Still other studies were done on normal human eye movements with the aid of the Yarbus "cap" attachment to the cornea of the eye. A major aim of the original book was to show that eye movements provide a relatively simple illustration of "goal-directed behavior." This traditional Russian theme, developed by Sechenov, Pavlov, and Bemshtein, was put forth as a unifying concept to explain the author's findings. Consideration was also given to Western ideas ana problems that dominated the research of the 1950's and 1960's. Among these, as summarized by Dr. Shakhnovich, were perceptual constancy, corollary discharge, saccadic suppression, and the effects of image stabilization.

Abstract: I. Overview and Perspective -- 1. The Crisis of Physical Illness: An Overview -- II. The Crisis of Illness: Stillbirth and Birth Defects -- 2. Chronic Grief -- 3. Maternal Reaction to the Loss of Multiple Births -- 4. Counseling Parents after the Birth of an Infant with Down’s Syndrome -- III. The Crisis of Illness: Cancer -- 5. Bearing Cancer -- 6. A Brave Family Faces Up to Breast Cancer -- 7. Family Mediation of Stress -- IV. The Crisis of Illness: Cardiovascular Disease -- 8. Psychological Hazards of Convalescence Following Myocardial Infarction -- 9. Psychological Responses to the Experience of Open-Heart Surgery -- 10. Rehabilitating the Stroke Patient through Patient-Family Groups -- V. The Crisis of Illness: Severe Burns -- 11. Long-Term Adjustment and Adaptation Mechanisms in Severely Burned Adults -- 12. Adjustment Problems of the Family of the Burn Patient -- VI. The Crisis of Illness: Chronic Conditions -- 13. Long-Term Physical Illness in Childhood: A Challenge to Psychosocial Adaptation -- 14. Psychological Aspects of the Care of Children with Cystic Fibrosis -- 15. Coping with a Chronic Disability: Psychosocial Observations of Girls with Scoliosis -- VII. The Crisis of Treatment: Unusual Hospital Environments -- 16. The Hospital Environment: Its Impact on the Patient -- 17. Cancer, Emotions, and Nurses -- 18. Coping with Waiting: Psychiatric Intervention and Study in the Waiting Room of a Pediatric Oncology Clinic -- VIII. The Crisis of Treatment: Survival by Machine -- 19. The CCU Nurse Has a Pacemaker -- 20. Survival by Machine: The Psychological Stress of Chronic Hemodialysis -- 21. Problems in Adaptation to Maintenance Hemodialysis -- IX. The Crisis of Treatment: Organ Transplants -- 22. The Vicissitudes and Vivification of Viki Vaughn -- 23. Kidney Transplantation and Coping Mechanisms -- 24. Selection of Cardiac Transplant Recipients and Their Subsequent Psychosocial Adjustment -- X. The Crisis of Treatment: Stresses on Staff -- 25. Identity Problems and the Adaptation of Nurses to Severely Burned Children -- 26. The Psychological Stresses of Intensive Care Unit Nursing -- XI. The Final Crisis: Death and the Fear of Dying -- 27. I Don’t Intend To Die This Year -- 28. Humane Treatment of the Terminally Ill -- 29. Family Tasks and Reactions in the Crisis of Death -- Author Index.

Abstract: This book discusses how human beings cope with serious physical ill­ ness and injury. A conceptual model for understanding the process of coping with the crisis of illness is provided, and basic adaptive tasks and types of coping skills are identified. The major portion of the book is organized around various types of physical illness. These physical illnesses, which almost all people face either in themselves or their family members, raise common relevant coping issues. The last few sections cover "the crisis of treatment," emphasizing the importance of unusual hospital environments and radical new medical treatments, of stresses on professional staff, and of issues related to death and the fear of dying. The material highlights the fact that people can successfully cope with life crises such as major ill­ ness and inj ury, rather than the fact that severe symptoms and/or breakdowns sometimes occur. The importance of support from professional care-givers, such as physicians, nurses, and social workers, and from family, friends, and other sources of help in the community, is emphasized. Many of the selections include case examples which serve to illustrate the material. Coping with Physical Illness has been broadly conceived to meet the needs of a diverse audience. There is substantial information about how human beings cope with illness and physical disability, but this material has never been collected in one place.

Abstract: 1 Aggregation and Cell Surface Receptors in Cellular Slime Molds -- 2 Bacterial Chemotaxis -- 3 Bacterial Receptors for Phages and Colicins as Constituents of Specific Transport Systems -- 4 The Attachment of Bacteria to the Surfaces of Animal Cells -- 5 Binding and Entry of DNA in Bacterial Transformation -- 6 A Redefinition of the Mating Phenomenon in Bacteria -- 7 Cell—Cell Interactions during Mating in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- 8 Mating Interactions in Chlamydomonas -- Cell—Cell Interactions in Ciliates: Evolutionary and Genetic Constraints -- An Overview -- Thesaurus of Microbial Interactions.

Abstract: Microbiology has undergone a number of metamorphoses in its relatively brief existence. It has been in approximate succession, morphology, epidemiology, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology. It is also becoming a significant parcel of cell surface studies. The one embodiment which has remained elusiv- particularly for bacteriology - is the taxonomic one. This may have been a blessing in disguise because it encouraged microbiologists to deal with the general rather than the particular; promoting a search for unitary explanations, in the manner of Kluyver and van Niel, long before anyone knew about the universality of the genetic code, or could trace the genealogy of enzymes from the study of amino acid substitutions. . This volume is predicated on the idea that deep analogies underly the mech­ anisms of cellular interaction, and therefore belongs in the unitary tradition of microbiology. It occupies itself with a wide variety of micro-organisms, considering them from vantage points of considerable diversity, ranging from taxonomic irreverence to keen evolutionary awareness, and is concerned with areas which have developed independently of each other.

Abstract: Section III: Initiating Mechanisms and Early Pathogenesis -- 1 Gene Expression and Its Regulation -- 2 Developmental Genetics -- 3 Numerical and Structural Chromosome Abnormalities -- 4 Cell Death and Reduced Proliferative Rate -- 5 Altered Biosynthesis -- 6 Embryonic Intermediary Metabolism under Normal and Pathological Conditions -- 7 Altered Electrolyte and Fluid Balance -- 8 Abnormal Cellular and Tissue Interactions -- 9 Cell Morphogenetic Movements -- 10 Alterations in the Metabolism of Glycosaminoglycans and Collagen -- 11 Time-Position Relationships, with Particular Reference to Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate -- 12 Teratogenesis and Oncogenesis -- Section IV: Examples of Abnormal Organogenesis -- 13 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Eye -- 14 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Cardiovascular System -- 15 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Urinary Tract -- 16 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Reproductive System -- 17 Abnormal Organogenesis of Facial Structures -- 18 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Limbs.

Abstract: 1 Theory and Practice in the Treatment of Alcoholism -- The Development of Alcoholism -- A Pathogenetic Classification of Alcoholics -- Implications for Therapy -- Treatment Models in Alcoholism -- The Multimodal, Multidisciplinary Approach to the Treatment of Alcoholism -- References -- 2 Medical Management of the Alcoholic Patient -- The Role of the Physician in the Treatment of Alcoholism -- Criteria for Diagnosis -- Criteria for Referral and/or Treatment -- Designing a Specific Treatment Plan -- References -- 3 Psychotherapeutic Approach -- General Considerations -- Initial Phase -- Middle Phase -- Late Phase and Termination -- Relationship Issues -- Individual Psychotherapy in Relation to Other Treatment Methods -- Summary -- References -- 4 Engaging the Alcoholic in Treatment and Keeping Him There -- Detection of the Alcoholic -- Engaging the Patient at the Referral Stage -- Keeping the Alcoholic in Treatment -- References -- 5 Toward a Social Model: An Assessment of Social Factors Which Influence Problem Drinking and Its Treatment -- Social Systems Theory and Its Role in the Social Model -- Social Etiological Factors in Drinking Behavior -- Treatment Approaches -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Group Psychotherapy in Alcoholism -- Alcoholics Anonymous -- A Survey of Group Therapy with Alcoholics -- Conjoint and Family Groups -- Summary -- References -- 7 Family Therapy in Alcoholism -- Family Therapy as a Treatment Modality -- Family Therapy in Alcoholism -- Al-Anon Family Groups -- Discussion -- References -- 8 Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of Alcoholism -- Behavioral Theories of Alcoholism -- Behavioral Assessment Techniques -- Behavioral Treatment Approaches -- References -- 9 The Role of the Halfway House in the Rehabilitation of Alcoholics -- Halfway Houses -- Residents -- Rehabilitation -- A Theory of Rehabilitation -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 10 Evaluation of Treatment Methods in Chronic Alcoholism -- Treatment Goals and Outcome -- Treatment Length -- Spontaneous Improvement, or What Happens to the Untreated Alcoholic? -- Inpatient Treatment -- Outpatient Treatment -- Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) -- Behavioristically Oriented Psychotherapy -- Drug Treatment -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 11 Factors in the Development of Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) -- Introduction: Crisis for a Hungover Doctor -- The Growth and Size of A.A -- The Development of A.A. and Its Structure -- Evaluations of A.A. Effectiveness -- The Literature on A.A -- References -- 12 Role of the Recovered Alcoholic in the Treatment of Alcoholism -- Definitions -- Scope of Chapter -- Roles of the Recovered Alcoholic, Past and Present -- The Alcoholism Counselor as Member of a Treatment Team -- Thoughts on the Future of Recovered Alcoholics as Counselors -- References -- 13 Training for Professionals and Nonprofessionals in Alcoholism -- Significant Components of Training -- Examples of Programs -- Evaluation -- Guidelines for Designing a Training Program -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Public Health Treatment Programs in Alcoholism -- Alcohol Problems in the United States -- The Rise of Organizational Interest in the Problem of Alcoholism -- Social Involvement with Problems of Alcoholism -- Changing Legal Patterns in the Public Approach to Alcoholism -- Involvement of the Federal Government in Alcoholism Problems -- Patterns of Alcohol Use and Abuse within Communities -- The Scope of Public Health Problems Involved in Alcoholism -- Community Alcoholism Treatment Services -- Using Available Agencies: The Experience of Industry -- A Model Alcoholism Treatment Program -- Prevention of Alcoholism -- Summary -- References.

Abstract: The present volume contains a large variety of treatment approaches to the long-term rehabilitation of the alcoholic, ranging from the biological to the physiological to the psychological to the social. The multiplicity of proposed therapies, each of which has its strong proponents, suggests that alcoholism is either a complex medical-social disease syndrome requiring a multipronged treatment approach or a very simple illness for which we have not yet dis­ covered the remedy. The latter may, indeed, be true, but we cannot use what we do not know and must use what we do know. We do, however, have the obligation to be responsible in our treatment, to provide the best that is known at this time, and to be discriminating in our prescription of appropriate treat­ ment for individual patients. If there is one conclusion we would like to offer in our preface, it is that alcoholics constitute a markedly heterogeneous popula­ tion with widely disparate needs, for whom, at least at our present level of knowledge, a broad spectrum of treatment modalities is necessary. If this is true, then probably most of this book has validity. With this volume on the treatment and rehabilitation of the chronic alco­ holic, we bring to completion our five-volume series, The Biology of Alcoholism. As the title of the present volume indicates, we have departed from our original intention to deal solely with biological aspects of the syndrome and have attempted rather to produce a more comprehensive work.

Abstract: Critical Points and Multicritical Points (Abstract) -- Series Expansion Approximants for Singular Functions of Many Variables -- Structure and Thermodynamics of Interfaces -- A Van Der Waals Fixed Point -- Spin-Spin Correlation Functions for the Two-Dimensional Ising Model -- Scaled Particle Theory of Hard Sphere Fluids to 1976 -- Statistical Mechanics of Lattice Boson Field Theory -- On The Use of Determinants and their Expansions for Various Physical Problems -- Ring Diagram Contribution to Electron Correlations -- Fluctuations Near and Far from Equilibrium -- Stochastic Equations for Classical and Quantum Distribution Functions -- Stationary States and Noise in the Ballast Resistor, an Electro-Thermal Instability in a Conducting Wire -- Speculations on the Intrinsic Significance of Random Interactions -- A Dilation Problem in Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics -- The Fractal Geometry of Percolation, Polymers and almost Everything Else -- On the Iterative Solution of a Stochastic Mapping -- Theory of the Surface Contribution to the Low Temperature Specific Heat of a Semi-Infinite Solid -- Optical Spectra Line Shape for Mixed Crystals -- Nonadiabatic Approach to Vibronically Assisted Radiationless Transitions -- The Generalized Master Equation and its Applications -- Two-Dimensional Anisotropic Random Walks -- Random Walks and Gamma Functions -- Steady-State Kinetics of a Linear Array of Interlocking Reactions -- Monte Carlo Models of Self Replicating Macromolecules I -- Combinatorial Aspects of Dynamics in Biological Systems -- The Transition of Two Stranded DNA to Single Strands -- Effective Behavior of Heterogeneous Media -- Unstable Brownian Motion of a Bus Trip -- Integration Errors in Image Reconstruction of Circularly Symmetric Objects in Computer Assisted Tomography -- The “Internal Referencing” Structural Instability in an Environment Characterized by Random Variation: The Example of the N.Y.C. Banks in the Crisis of 1857 -- The Theory of the Glory -- Exotic Matter in the Universe -- Some Statistical Observations from a 75 Year Run of Sears Roebuck Catalogues.

Abstract: 1 Phototechnology and Biological Experimentation -- 2 Spectroscopy -- 3 Photochemistry -- 4 Photosensitization -- 5 Ultraviolet Radiation Effects On Molecules and Cells -- 6 Environmental Photobiology -- 7 Photomedicine -- 8 Chronobiology (Circadian Rhythms) -- 9 Extraretinal Photoreception -- 10 Vision -- 11 Photomorphogenesis -- 12 Photomovement -- 13 Photosynthesis -- 14 Bioluminescence -- 15 New Topics in Photobiology.

Abstract: Although there are several excellent books covering a few of the specialized areas of photobiology, at the present time there is no book that covers all areas of the science of photobiology. This book attempts to fill this void. The science of photobiology is currently divided into 14 subspecialty areas by the American Society for Photobiology. The first 14 chapters of this book deal with those subspecialty areas, each written by a leader in the field. Chapter 15, entitled "New Topics in Photobiology," highlights areas of research that may be desig­ nated sUbspecialties of photobiology in the future. This book has been written as a textbook to introduce the science of photobiology to advanced undergraduate and graduate students. The chapters are written to provide a broad overview of each topic. They are designed to contain the amount of information that might be presented in a one-to two-hour general lecture. The references are not meant to be exhaustive, but key refer­ ences are included to give students an entry into the literature. Frequently a more recent reference that reviews the literature will be cited rather than the first paper by the author making the original discovery. Whenever practical, a classroom demonstration or simple laboratory exercise has been provided to exemplify one or more major points in a chapter.

Abstract: In September 1925 the first class of medical students was admitted to the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. On January 4, 1926 the Strong Memorial Hospital was officially opened. The first patient was admitted the next day. On January 7th Dr. John J. Morton, Jr., newly appointed Chief of Surgery, performed the first operation. Ten days later the first baby was delivered. From these small beginnings the University of Rochester Medical Center had a steady and strong growth into the internationally renowned center of teaching, research and patient care that it is today. In recognition of its semicentennial the Medical Center con­ ducted a series of events during the 1975 - 76 year in which medi­ cal faculty and staff~ alumni, community physicians and distin­ guished visitors participated. This symposium on "Frontiers of Medicine" was a climactic event of the year's program. The twelve outstanding physicians and scientists undertook to look forward, in selected areas of biological science and medicine, to what promise there may be for developments to come which will significantly affect mankind's health and the quality of life. Four areas were chosen for discussion to cover the span of human life and to include aspects of it which are of vital in­ terest and in which significant developments now seem to be prob­ able in the years ahead. So far as possible the presentations sought to cover the basic science, the clinical and the sociologic aspects of each subject area.

Abstract: Optical Realization of a Foucault-Hilbert Transform -- Materials and Devices for Coherent Optical Computing -- Information Processing in Optical Systems of Holographic Memory Devices -- Generation of Asymmetric Interference Fringes in Reflected Light -- Noise in Coherent Optical Information Processing -- Informational Capacity of Coherent Optical Processing Systems -- Extensions of Synthetic Aperture Radar Information Processing -- Controlled Transparencies for Optical Processing -- Kinoform Optical Elements -- Acoustooptic Signal Processing -- Some Peculiarities of Physical Realization of Operation Optical Memory -- Non-Coherent Optical System for Processing of Images and Signals -- Optical Logic and Optically Accessed Digital Storage -- Nonlinear Optical Processing -- Optical Foundations of Digital Communication and Information Processing -- The Information Content of Optical Diffraction Patterns -- Holographic Memories -- Biographies of Authors -- Author Index.

Abstract: This volume contains the complete set of papers presented at the First U. S. -U. S. S. R. Sciences Cooperation Seminar on "Optical Information Processing" held at the U. S. National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D. C. from 16 - 20 June 1975 under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation in cooperation with the U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences. The papers present the latest theoretical advances and ex­ perimental state of the art in the newly developing field of "opti­ cal information processing", with particular emphasis on appli­ cations to communication, information storage and processing. Digital as well as optical systems are discussed in terms of concepts and implementations. Included are coherent and inco­ herent optical processing systems (for images and signals), materials and devices for optical computing, acousto-optic signal processing, memories (optical, digital and holographic), optical logic and optically-accessed digital stores, non-linear optical processing, as well as an analysis of the information capacity of optical processing systems and a report on new ex­ tensions of information processing in synthetic aperture radar. Detailed configurations and new manufacturing techniques for several components are presented, including such topics as "asymmetric interference fringes in reflected light" and' kino­ form optical elements" of very high quality; these are phase plates having a carefully controlled thickness, somewhat com­ parable to the famous Schmidt plates and which could have an important role in many optical computer and communications systems.

Abstract: Psychopathology of Human Adaptation: Psychological and Physiological Mechanisms in Human Adaptation and Maladaptation -- I. Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Adaptive Behavior -- Some Experimental Observations on the Neuroanatomical Substrates of Learned Adaptive Behaviors -- The Role of Learning in Physiological Response to Stress -- Do Reward Neurons and Drive Neurons Exist? -- Constitutional Differences in Physiologic Adaptation to Stress and Distress -- Motivation, Mood, and Mental Events: Patterns and Implications for Adaptive Processes -- Stereotyped Behavior and Stress -- Workshop I (Moderated by Eliot Stellar) -- II. Psychopathology of Adaptive Learning: Motivation, Anxiety, and Stress -- Stress without Distress -- Selectivity of Corticosteroid and Catecholamine Responses to Various Natural Stimuli -- The Role of Peripheral Catecholamines in Adaption to Understimulation and Overstimulation -- Resistance and Overmotivation in Achievement-Oriented Activity -- From the Dynamics of Conscience to Contract Psychology: Clinical Theory and Practice in Transition -- Discussion -- Workshop II (Moderated by Stewart G. Wolf) -- III. Clinical Modification of Behavior -- Sources of Stress in the Drive for Power -- Advances in the Healing of Psychopathology: Exposure Treatment -- How Laboratory-Derived Principles of Learning Have Conquered the Neuroses -- Recurrent Dilemmas in Behavioral Therapy -- The Affective Significance of Uncertainty -- Workshop III (Moderated by Chester M. Pierce) -- Concluding Remarks -- Stress and Human Psychopathology -- Index of Names.

Abstract: Undoubtedly this symposium will prove to be an important landmark in the development of our understanding of the psychopathology of human adaptation in general, as well as of the general adaptation syndrome and stress in particular. It was organized to give an opportunity to an international group of experts on adaptation and stress research to present summaries of their research that could then later be exhaustively analyzed. The carefully structured program brings out three major aspects of adapta­ tion to stress in experimental animals and man. The first section deals with the neurophysiology of stress responses, placing major emphasis upon the neuroanatomical and neurochemical aspects involved. The second section is devoted to the psychology and psychopathology of adaptive learning, motivation, anxiety, and stress. The third section examines the role played by stress in the pathogenesis of mental diseases. Many of the relevant subjects receive particularly detailed attention. Among these, the following are especially noteworthy: The existence of reward and drive neurons. Constitutional differences in physiological adaptations to stress and d- tress. Motivation, mood, and mental events in relation to adaptive processes. Peripheral catecholamines and adaptation to underload and overload. Selective corticoid and catecholamine responses to various natural stimuli. The differentiation between eustress and distress. Resistance and overmotivation in achievement-oriented activity. The dynamics of conscience and contract psychology. Sources of stress in the drive for power. Advances in the therapy of psychiatric illness. The application of experimental studies on learning to the treatment of neuroses.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Insects and Human Affairs -- 3 DDT and the Balance of Nature -- 4 Science, Pure and Applied -- 5 The Science and Practice of Entomology -- 6 Insects and the Farmer -- 7 The Fauna of the Orchard -- 8 Malaria in Ceylon -- 9 Malaria in War -- 10 The Insect as a Medium for the Study of Physiology -- 11 The Contributions of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) to Insect Physiology -- 12 Fifty Years of Insect Physiology -- 13 The Epidermal Cell -- 14 Preformation and Insect Development -- 15 Experimental Biology, Pure and Applied -- 16 Wordsworth and Science -- 17 The Religion of Science.

Abstract: When Patrick A. Buxton was appointed by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1926 to head their Department of Medical Entomology, he had formed the opinion that the control of the insect-borne diseases of the tropics was being impeded by lack of knowledge about the physiology of insects. He persuaded the Board of Management to agree to the selection of a lecturer who would endeavour to advance the subject of insect physiology; and at the suggestion of Sir Gowland Hopkins, under whom I had worked at Cambridge, and with the support of Sir Walter Morley Fletcher, Secretary of the Medical Research Council and a member of the Board of Management, I was appointed to this post - with opportunity for extensive travel to study medical entomology in the tropics and with abundant time for research. Some seventeen years later, during the war years, W. W. C. Topley, as Secretary of the Agricultural Research Council, was faced with the urgent need for improved methods of control of insect pests in agriculture and horticulture by insecticidal or other means. As a support for this objective he recommended the establishment of a Unit of Insect Physiology to carry out basic research which would be of potential value to agriculture; and I was invited to act as director. So once again I was able to undertake world-wide travel - to learn the elements of agricultural entomology.

Abstract: This volume is an introduction to the study of the earth sciences, a multitude of the earth's composition; geology, which embraces geochemistry, the science the science of the earth's structure; meteorology and climatology, the study of both local and planetary weather; tectonics, the fledgling science of the move­ ment of sections of the earth, of earthquakes, and of volcanoes; biology and agricultural engineering; the water cycle and reclamation; the chemistry of the atmosphere and the origin of the changes it undergoes; the seas, the oceans, or oceanography; beach movement and deserts; hydrology, the science of water from the viewpoint of the sources of energy; pressure and temperature effects; the crust or lithosphere; the hydrosphere, or water areas; the atmosphere, winds, weather, hurricanes, and cyclones, as well as the technology of tracking them; the interfaces of the sections of the planet, and the uses of the earth by its peoples. The human race has developed on the crust and at the interfaces of the land, air, and sea of an unstable planet - a dynamic geological entity whose thermal equilibrium is still millions of years away. The crust of the earth in its movement and cracking evolves earthquakes and volcanoes which are destructive of human work and limit our habitation. Over the last 1500 years, earthquakes have killed as many people as now inhabit the planet, and fifteen times the present U. S. population.

Abstract: Digital Image Processing in the United States -- Digital Image Processing in Japan -- An Automated Microscope for Digital Image Processing — Part I: Hardware -- An Automated Microscope for Digital Image Processing — Part II: Software -- Clinical Use of Automated Microscopes for Cell Analysis -- Multiband Microscanning Sensor -- Computer Synthesis of High Resolution Electron Micrographs -- Computer Processing of Electron Micrographs of DNA -- Significance Probability Mappings and Automated Interpretation of Complex Pictorial Scenes -- Intracavitary Beta-Ray Scanner and Image Processing for Localization of Early Uterine Cancer -- New Vistas in Medical Reconstruction Imagery -- Digital Image Processing for Medical Diagnoses Using Gamma Radionuclides and Heavy Ions from Cyclotrons -- Processing of RI-Angiocardiographic Images -- Bioimage Synthesis and Analysis from X-Ray, Gamma, Optical and Ultrasound Energy -- A Pap Smear Prescreening System: CYBEST -- Automatic Analysis and Interpretation of Cell Micrographs -- Multi-Layer Tomography Based on Three Stationary X-Ray Images -- Texture Analysis in Diagnostic Radiology -- Automated Diagnosis of the Congenital Dislocation of the Hip-Joint -- Boundary Detection in Medical Radiographs -- Feature Extraction and Quantitative Diagnosis of Gastric Roentgenograms -- Computer Processing of Chest X-Ray Images -- MINISCR-V2 — The Software System for Automated Interpretation of Chest Photofluorograms -- Automatic Recognition of Color Fundus Photographs -- Image Processing in Television Ophthalmoscopy -- Attendees -- Author Index.

Abstract: Until recently digital processing of biomedical images was conducted solely in the research laboratories of the universities and industry. However, with the advent of computerized tomography in 1972 and the computerized white blood cell differential count in 1974, enormous changes have suddenly occurred. Digital image pro­ cessing in biomedicine has now become the most active sector in the digital image processing field. Processing rates have reached the level of one trillion picture elements per year in the United States alone and are expected to be ten trillion per year in 1980. This enormous volume of activity has stimulated further re­ search in biomedical image processing in the last two years with the result that important inroads have been made in applications in radiology, oncology, and ophthalmology. Although much significant work in this field is taking place in Europe, it is in the United States and Japan that the level of activity is highest.

Abstract: 1 Landmarks and Milestones in the History of Biological Abstracts/BIOSIS -- 2 The Historical Origins of Biological Abstracts, Precursors-1917–1925 Botanical Abstracts and Abstracts of Bacteriology -- 3 The Founding of Biological Abstracts, The Concept and the Publication -- 4 Coexistence with a Time Bomb -- 5 The Years of Crisis -- 6 Consolidation and Growth, The Introduction of Electronic Data Processing -- 7 The Computerization of Biological Abstracts -- 8 The Mechanization of Biological AbstractslBIOSIS -- 9 Planning for the Next Fifty Years -- 10 Housing Biological Abstracts for a Half-Century -- 11 Biological Abstracts/BIOSIS as a Leader in National and International Cooperation -- 12 The Trustees of Biological Abstracts, 1927–1976 -- References.

Abstract: A fiftieth birthday is a good one to celebrate-old enough to be ex­ perienced and mature, but not so old as to be an antique. And if the fifty years have spanned as much change in scientific affairs as has occurred during the lifetime of Biological Abstracts it is surely time for a stocktaking. The leaders of biology in 1926 simply could not have imagined the condi­ tions of 1976. And few biologists active in 1976 can imagine what 1926 was like. That was before the explosive growth of federal funds for research and development, before the huge swelling of graduate enrollments and degrees, before World War II, even before the Great Depression! A few old-timers can remember 1926, and Bill Steere will forgive me for calling him an old-timer. After all, he provides the evidence himself; as a graduate student he met the first editor when Biological Abstracts was only three years old, and he has known all its later editors and administra­ tive officers. What he does not say is that tn length of service to BIOSIS, in seniority, he stands among only a few past and present members of the board of trustees; nor does he mention that at least as frequently as any other biologist he has been called upon to serve on governmental and associational councils and committees dealing with policy and strategy concerning the abstracting, classification, and dissemination of scientific knowledge. Surely he was the right choice to write this history.

Abstract: 1 Theory of Parallel Programming. I. Survey of Practical Aspects -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Parallel Programming Languages and Methods -- 3. Scheduling Problems for Parallel Programs -- 4. Automatic Construction of Parallel Programs -- 2 Theory of Parallel Programming. II. Survey of Formal Models -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Memory -- 3. The Operator and Database -- 4. Computational Processes -- 5. The Metamodel -- 6. The Control -- 7. Equivalence of Computational Processes -- 8. Determinacy of Metasystems -- 9. Equivalence of Metasystems -- 10. Asynchronism -- 11. Programs and Systems -- 12. Conclusions -- 3 Data Structure Models in Information System Design -- 1. Data Morphology -- 2. Data Structure Models for Simple Information Retrieval -- 3. Data Structures for Information Systems of Flexible Use -- 4. Conclusions -- 4 The Mathematical Theory of L Systems -- 0. Introduction -- 2. Squeezing Languages out of L Systems -- 3. Fitting Classes of L Languages into Known Formal Language Theoretic Framework -- 4. Other Characterizations of Classes of L Languages within the Framework of Formal Language Theory -- 5. Structural Constraints on L Systems -- 6. Squeezing Sequences out of L Systems -- 7. Growth Functions -- 8. Decision Problems -- 9. Global Versus Local Behavior of L Systems -- 10. Deterministic Versus Nondeterministic Behavior of L Systems -- 11. L Transformations -- 12. Getting Down to Properties of Single L Languages or Sequences -- 13. Generalizing L System Ideas: Toward a Uniform Framework -- 14. Some Proof Techniques -- 15. Conclusions.

Abstract: Information systems science is rapidly advancing in many directions. Di­ versified ideas, methodologies, and techniques as well as applications have been conceived and developed. This series intends to discuss some of the recent advances in this field. In this volume, we cover four timely topics which are of great current interest. In each chapter, an attempt is made to familiarize the reader with some basic background information on the ad­ vances discussed. The emphasis of this volume is placed upon parallel pro­ gramming, data structure models in information system design, and the principles of L systems. One of the effective means to enhance computation performance is parallel information processing on multiprocessor systems. In Chapter I, V. E. Kotov discusses the practical aspects of parallel programming. He is concerned with the languages and methods of parallel programming, per­ formance an~lysis, and automatic synthesis of parallel programs. In Chapter 2, A. S. Narin'yani presents the formal theory of parallel computations. These two chapters attempt to correlate and classify various methods in parallel programming, thus providing the reader with a unified approach to this important subject matter. Data structures play an important role in information system design.

Abstract: 1 Protection of Superalloys for Turbine Application -- Protection System Selection -- Classification -- Processing Techniques -- Pack Coatings: Fundamental Aspects -- Coating Degradation -- Testing and Inspection -- Coating Performance -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 2 Hydrogen Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Uranium and Uranium Alloys -- Systems that Embrittle and/or Stress Corrosion Crack -- Effect of the Environment on Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking in Uranium and Uranium Alloys -- The Effects of Metallurgical Parameters on Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking -- Mechanisms -- Protective Coatings -- Summary -- References -- 3 The Polarization Resistance Technique for Measuring Corrosion Currents -- Historic Development -- Derivation of Basic Equations -- The Constant in the Equation -- The Question of Linearity -- Limitations and Problems -- Experimental Techniques and Instrumentation -- Applications of Polarization Resistance Technique -- Related Techniques -- References Related to the Polarization Resistance Technique -- Related References.

Abstract: This series was organized to provide a forum for review papers in the area of corrosion. The aim of these reviews is to bring certain areas of corrosion science and technology into a sharp focus. The volumes of this series are published approximately on a yearly basis and each contains three to five reviews. The articles in each volume are selected in such a way as to be of interest both to the corrosion scientists and the corrosion technologists. There is, in fact, a particular aim in juxtaposing these interests because of the importance of mutual interaction and interdisciplinarity so important in corrosion studies. It is hoped that the corrosiori scientists in this way may stay abreast of the activities in corrosion technology and vice versa. In this series the term "corrosion" is used in its very broadest sense. It includes, therefore, not only the degradation of metals in aqueous en­ vironment but also what is commonly referred to as "high-temperature oxidation. " Further, the plan is to be even more general than these topics; the series will include all solids and all environments. Today, engineering solids include not only metals but glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids, and composites of these. Environments of interest must be extended to liquid metals, a wide variety of gases, nonaqueous electrolytes, and other non­ aqueous liquids.

Abstract: Information Flow in Decentralized Systems -- Decentralized Control and Large Scale Systems -- Comparison of Information Structures in Decentralized Dynamic Systems -- On Fluctuations in Microscopic States of a Large System -- Flow Systems -- Some Remarks on the Concept of State -- On Multicriteria Optimization -- Dynamic Games with Coalitions and Diplomacies -- Three Methods for Determining Pareto-Optimal Solutions of Multiple-Objective Problems -- Stackelberg Strategies for Multilevel Systems -- Incentive Compatible Control of Decentralized Organizations -- Some Thoughts About Simple Advertising Models as Differential Games and the Structure of Coalitions -- Equilibrium Patterns for Bargaining under Strike: A Differential Game Model -- Permanent Differential Games: Quasi Stationary and Relaxed Steady-State Operations -- Modelling and Control of the U. K. Economy -- Decentralized Management and Optimization of Development -- Organization and Control -- Decentralized Stabilization and Regulation in Large Multivariable Systems -- The Role of Poles and Zeros in Multivariable Feedback Theory -- The Linguistic Approach and Its Application to Decision Analysis -- Fuzzy Core and Equilibria of Games Defined in Strategic Form -- Stabilization and Optimal Control of Nonlinear Systems Homogeneous-in-the-Input -- Stability of Large Scale Interconnected Systems -- Large-Scale Systems: Optimality vs. Reliability -- List of Authors.

Abstract: This book is the record of papers presented at the Conference on Directions in Decentralized Control, Many-Person Optimization, and Large-Scale Systems held at the Colonial Hilton Inn, Wakefield, Massachusetts from September 1-3, 1975. Our motivation for organizing such a conference was two fold. Firstly, the last few years have seen a great deal of activity in the field of Large-Scale Systems Theory and it has been certainly one of the dominant themes of research in the disciplines of Systems and Control Theory. It therefore seemed appropriate to try and take stock of what had been accomplished and also try to "invent"l the future directions of research in this field. Secondly, the 6th World IFAC Conference was being held in Cambridge, Massachusetts the week earlier and it provided an ideal opportunity for taking advantage of the presence of a large number of specialists from all parts of the world to organize a small conference where a free exchange of ideas could take place. It is left to the readers of this volume to judge to what extent we have been successful in our above­ mentioned goals. There is no accepted definition of what constitutes a "large­ scale system" nor what large-scale system theory is. While this diversity does suggest that the field {whatever it may turn out to be} is in a state of flux, it does not necessarily imply chaos.

Abstract: 1. Aerospace Engineering -- 2. Agricultural Economics, Sciences, and Engineering -- 3. Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning -- 4. Astronomy -- 5. Astrophysics -- 6. Ceramic Engineering -- 7. Chemical Engineering -- 8. Chemistry and Biochemistry -- 9. Civil Engineering -- 10. Communications Engineering and Computer Science -- 11. Cryogenic Engineering -- 12. Electrical Engineering -- 13. Engineering Mechanics -- 14. Engineering Physics -- 15. Engineering Science -- 16. Fuels, Combustion, and Air Pollution -- 17. General and Environmental Engineering -- 18. Geochemistry and Soil Science -- 19. Geological Sciences and Geophysical Engineering -- 20. Geology and Earth Science -- 21. Geophysics -- 22. Industrial Engineering and Operations Research -- 23. Irrigation Engineering -- 24. Marine and Ocean Engineering -- 25. Materials Science and Engineering -- 26. Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering -- 27. Metallurgy -- 28. Meteorology and Atmospheric Science -- 29. Mineralogy and Petrology -- 30. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering -- 31. Missile and Space Systems Engineering -- 32. Nuclear Engineering -- 33. Nuclear Physics -- 34. Nuclear Science -- 35. Oceanography and Marine Science -- 36. Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering -- 37. Photogrammetric and Geodetic Engineering -- 38. Physics and Biophysics -- 39. Plastics Engineering -- 40. Wood Technology, Forestry, and Forest Science -- 41. Reactor Science -- 42. Sanitary Engineering, Water Pollution, and Water Resources -- 43. Textile Technology -- 44. Transportation Engineering -- Theses without Specification of School or Department.

Abstract: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis· seminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) *at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac· tivity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 20 (thesis year 1975) a total of 10,374 theses titles from 28 Canadian and 239 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. The organization of Volume 20 is identical to that of past years. It consists of theses titles arranged by discipline and by university within each discipline.

Abstract: I The Human Machine -- A. Introduction -- B. The Mechanics of Movement -- C. The Production of Energy -- D. The Transportation System -- E. Temperature Control -- F. Gas Exchange -- G. The Information Receptors -- H. Body Measurement (Anthropometrics) -- I. Psychological Overlay -- References -- II The Ocean as an Environment -- A. Introduction -- B. Physical and Chemical Properties of Sea Water -- C. Coping with Waves, Tides, and Currents -- References -- III Man in the Ocean Environment: Physical Factors -- A. Basic Concepts -- B. Gases -- C. Solubility and Partial Pressures -- D. Buoyancy -- E. Effects of Increased Pressure -- References -- IV Man in the Ocean Environment: Physiological Factors -- A. Respiration in a Hyperbaric Environment -- B. Cardiovascular Factors -- C. Oxygen Toxicity -- D. Physiological Aspects of Nitrogen Narcosis -- E. The Physiology of Breathing Mixtures -- F. The High Pressure Nervous Syndrome and Other High-Pressure Effects -- G. Cold -- H. Diet and Metabolism -- References -- V Man in the Ocean Environment: Psychophysiological Factors -- A. Vision -- B. Hearing -- C. Vestibular Function -- D. Other Sensory Functions -- Terminology, Physical Constants, and Definitions of Terms -- References -- VI Man in the Ocean Environment: Performance -- A. Introduction -- B. Tests and Measures of Diver Performance -- C. Summaries of Performance Research in the Diving Environment -- References -- VII Decompression Sickness -- A. Introduction -- B. Factors Relevant to the Pathogenesis of Decompression Sickness -- C. Diagnosis -- D. Prevention -- E. Treatment -- F. Decompression Schedules -- References -- VIII Operational Safety Considerations -- A. Introduction -- B. Organization and Planning -- C. Predive Conditions -- D. Underwater Blast -- E. Fire Safety -- F. Electrical Safety -- G. Drowning -- H. Other Hazards -- I. Problems of Escape and Rescue -- References -- IX Operational Equipment -- A. Hand-Held Tools -- B. Power Sources and Requirements -- C. Personal Equipment -- D. Human Engineering Factors -- E. Environmental Equipment -- Terminology -- References -- X Underwater Communications -- A. Introduction -- B. Normal Speech Generation Process -- C. Communication Systems -- D. Factors Distorting Speech in the Underwater Environment -- E. Human Factors Considerations in Underwater Communication -- F. Summary -- Terminology -- References -- XI Selection and Training of Divers -- A. Selection -- B. U. S. Navy Divers -- C. Training—Civilian Sector -- D. Training Pays Off -- References.

Abstract: This handbook attempts to translate data on various parameters of man's capability in underwater and hyperbaric environments for those without a background in the life sciences. Accomplishing any multifaceted task requires team work, and effective team work depends on facile communication among all participants. To communicate properly, all parties must understand each other's problems and be able to speak a similar language. To this end we believe that this publication will go a long way in furthering the understanding and communication necessary for maximum achievement. The U. S. Navy has a fundamental interest in all types of activities connected with the ocean and is especially interested in the growing field of manned underwater and hyperbaric activities. Thus, the manuscript for this comprehensive book was developed under Office of Naval Research contract N00014-67-A-0214-0013 with The George Washington University. We acknowledge with appreciation the financial support and technical guidance for this undertaking by the Naval Medical Research and Develop­ ment Command of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery as well as by the Engineering Psychology Program and the Physiology Program of the Office of Naval Research. JOSEPH P. POLLARD Director Biological and Medical Sciences Division Office of Naval Research vii Preface A need was felt for a book that would document the relationship of the human being to the underwater hyperbaric environment in such a way that the individual unfamiliar with the psychological or biomedical jargon could still understand and appreciate the information.

Abstract: 1. The C4 Pathway of Photosynthesis: Ein Kranz-Typ Wirtschaftswunder? -- 2. Phycocyanins: Structure and Function -- 3. Transmission of Solar Radiation into Natural Waters -- 4. Light and Diurnal Vertical Migration: Photobehavior and Photophysiology of Plankton -- 5. Sunlight and Melanin Pigmentation -- 6. Visible Light Therapy of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia -- 7. Physiological Responses of Escherichia coli to Far-Ultraviolet Radiation.

Abstract: A stone carving from the 14th century B.C. records that the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten (born Amenhoteph IV) and his wife, Nefertiti, recognized the importance of sunlight to life. In fact, Akhenaten initiated a monotheistic religion, with Aton, the sun, as God. One of his daughters be­ came the wife of King Tut Ankamon, the spelling of whose name indicates a return to the old religion and an eclipse of interest in photobiology among the pharaohs. A renewal of interest in photobiology in modern times was climaxed in 1928 by the establishment of an international organization for photobiology under the title Comite International de la Lumiere (C.I.L.). Its present title, Comite International de Photobiologie (C.I.P.), was adopted at a meeting in Paris in 1951. The first of a series of international congresses on photobiology was held in 1954 and probably represents the beginning of modern day photobiology. Medical men were prominent in the activities of the old C.I.L., for the importance of natural sunlight in human health and disease was obvious though not well understood. The bringing together of physicians with physicists, chemists, and biologists from the pure and applied branches of their subjects was the aim of the older C.I.L. and continues to the present day through the C.I.P.

Abstract: Invited Paper I -- Invited Paper II -- Invited Paper III -- Invited Paper IV -- Session A1 - High-Speed and Ultra High-Speed Cameras -- Session B6 - High-Speed Cameras -- Sessions A2 and A3 - Electro-Optical Cameras and Shutters -- Session A4 - Electro-Optical Cameras and Shutters -- Sessions B9 and B10 - Electro-Optical Cameras -- Sessions A5, A6 and A7 - Holography and Interferometry -- Session B11 - Holography and Analysis -- Session A8 - Laser and Plasma Sources -- Session A11 - Continuous, Flash and X-Ray Sources -- Sessions A9 and A10 - Schlieren, Shadowgraph, Microscopy, Steroescopy and Time-Resolved Spectroscopy -- Session A12 - Data Reduction and Image Analysis -- Sessions A13, A14, A15, A16 and B12 - Applications -- Session B7 - Visualization Techniques -- Sessions B13 and B14 - Late Papers -- Sessions B4 and B5 - Terminology -- Papers supplied by authors but not presented at the Congress -- Author Index.

Abstract: The combination of color schlieren with high speed flash techniques has proved to be a valuable tool for investigating high speed transient events. Fully two dimensional refractive index information can be ob­ tained. The resolution on 35 mm film was sharp enough to allow 50 cm by 75 cm color enlargements. REFERENCES 1. Barnes, N.F., Jour. of the SMPTE, Oct. 1953, Vol. 61,487-511. 2. Cords, P.R., S.P.I.E. Jour., February-March 1968, Vol. 6. 3. North, R.J., NPL/Aero/266, 1954. 4. Settles, G.S., Image Technology, June-July 1972. 5. Smith, L.L., and J.R. Waddell, 9th Congress of Righ Speed Photogra­ phy, Denver, Colo., August 1970, Paper 86. 6. Stong, C.L., and G.S. Settles, Scientific American, May 1971, Vol. 225, No.5. 7. Stong, C.L., and Vandiver, J.K., Scientific American, August 1974, Vol. 231, No.2. ,105 DISCUSSION MY' R J North, (UK): Pould the author care to comment on possible ambiguities of interpretation due to the omnidirectional sensitivity of the colour filter system used? I notice that in two of his pic­ tures density gradients in directions at right angles are shown by the same colour transitions. MY' J Kim Vandiver: The photographs presented were not composed to yield accurate determination of the direction of density gradients.

Abstract: 1 Electronic Structure in Aqueous Acid—Base Chemistry -- 1. The Proton in Compounds -- 2. The Oxy-Acid—Bases -- 3. Brønsted Acid—Base Pairs versus “Hydrolysis” -- Problems -- 2 Chemical Equilibrium Relations and the pH System -- 1. The Equilibrium Constant -- 2. Water -- 3. Monoprotic Acids -- 4. Bases and the Kb -- 5. The pH System -- Problems -- 3 Monoprotic Acid—Base Equilibria in Water Solutions -- 1. A Complete Equation Treatment -- 2. Graphical Illustrations -- 3. Procedure for Solving pH Problems -- 4. Summary -- Problems -- 4 Monoprotic Acid—Base Diagrams -- 1. Equilibrium Ratio Plots -- 2. Logarithmic Fraction and Concentration Diagrams -- 3. Logarithmic Concentration Diagrams: H and OH Intersection Method -- 4. Summary -- Selected Reading -- Problems -- 5 Polyprotic Acid-Base Equilibria: Relations and Diagrams -- 1. Constants and Conventions -- 2. Alpha Fractions and Diagrams -- 3. Log Ratio Diagrams -- 4. Graphical Solutions to Polyprotic pH Problems -- 5. Logarithmic Fraction and Concentration Diagrams -- 6. Microscopic versus Macroscopic Equilibrium Constants -- 7. Summary -- Selected Reading -- Problems -- 6 Applications of Acid—Base Relations -- 1. pH Indicators -- 2. Separations -- 3. Some Physiological pH Effects -- 4. pH Calculations for Mixtures and Polyprotic Cases -- 5. Summary -- Problems -- 7 Acid—Base Titration Curves -- 1. The Monoprotic Weak Acid—Strong Base Curve -- 2. Slope and Buffer Index -- 3. Graphical Methods for Location of Titration End Points -- Selected Reading -- Problems -- 8 Metal Ion—Ligand Systems -- 1. General View of M—L Systems -- 2. Useful Relations Derived from Sets of Step Equilibria -- 3. General Features of Species Distributions -- 4. Approximate Sketching of an Alpha Diagram -- 5. Logarithmic Ratio Plots -- Selected Reading -- Problems -- 9 Applications of Metal Ion—Ligand Calculations -- 1. Fe(III)-SCN- -- 2. Hg(II)-Cr- -- 3. Cu(II)-NH3-EDTA: Competing Ligands -- 4. The pH Effect in EDTA Complexing -- 5. Amino Acid Complexes of Copper and Cobalt Ions -- 6. Weak Complexing at Moderate Concentrations: The Sea Water Problem -- 7. Calculation of Equilibrium Constants from Data -- 8. Some Physiological Reactions of Metal Ions -- Problems -- 10 Solubility Equilibria -- 1. Simple Solubility: No Competing Reactions -- 2. Solubility with Complex Formation -- 3. Multiple Strong Complexing -- 4. Solubilities Dependent upon pH -- 5. Summary -- Problems -- 11 Applications of Solubility Calculations -- 1. CaCO3 Solubility in Open Systems: CO2 Pressure a Variable -- 2. Ampholyte Solubility: An Amino Acid -- 3. The Solubility of Silver Halides in Ammonia Solutions -- 4. Mineral Precipitation from Sea Water -- 5. The Problem of Uniqueness of the Solid Phase -- 6. The Calcium—Phosphate System: Bone and Mineral Formation -- 7. Solubility Affected by Amino Acid Chelation -- Problems -- 12 Oxidation—Reduction -- 1. Definitions and Relations of Electrochemistry -- 2. Log Activity versus Potential Diagrams -- 3. Potential versus pH (E-pH) Diagrams -- 4. Applications -- Problems -- Appendixes -- A-1. Ionic Activity Coefficients from Kielland and by the Davies Equation -- A-2. Computer Program for Plotting Alpha Diagrams -- A-3. Typical Run of Computer Program of Appendix A-2 -- A-4. Computer Program for Numerical Values of ? and ñ -- A-5. Equilibrium Constants -- A-6. Bibliography -- Answers and Hints for Selected Problems.

Abstract: * The present work is designed to provide a practical introduction to aqueous equilibrium phenomena for both students and research workers in chemistry, biochemistry, geochemistry, and interdisciplin­ ary environmental fields. The pedagogical strategy I have adopted makes heavy use of detailed examples of problem solving from real cases arising both in laboratory research and in the study of systems occurring in nature. The procedure starts with mathematically complete equations that will provide valid solutions of equilibrium problems, instead of the traditional approach through approximate concentrations and idealized, infinite-dilution assumptions. There is repeated emphasis on the use of corrected, conditional equilibrium constants and on the checking of numerical results by substitution in complete equations and/or against graphs of species distributions. Graphical methods of calculation and display are used extensively because of their value in clarifying equilibria and in leading one quickly to valid numerical approximations. The coverage of solution equilibrium phenomena is not, however, exhaustively comprehensive. Rather, I have chosen to offer funda­ mental and rigorous examinations of homogeneous step-equilibria and their interactions with solubility and redox equilibria. Many examples are worked out in detail to demonstrate the use of equi­ librium calculations and diagrams in various fields of investigation.

Abstract: I Collecting Information -- 1 The Adventure -- 2 The Equipment -- II The Microbes of the Sea -- 3 Perspective and Classification -- 4 Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi -- 5 The Phytoplankton -- III The Physical World of the Ocean -- 6 Sunlight and Life -- 7 Pressure, Temperature, Salinity, Density and and Chemistry of the Oceans -- 8 Ocean Currents -- 9 Food and Webs -- IV The Inshore World -- 10 The Life of Estuaries -- 11 Coloured Microbes in the Estuarine Environment -- 12 Colourless Microbes in Estuaries -- 13 Microbes of the Olden Days -- V Marine Life and Man -- 14 Men as Destroyers of Marine Life -- 15 Destruction of Man-Made Materials by Marine Microbes -- 16 Measuring, Stimulating and Utilizing Marine Productivity.

Abstract: I have enjoyed writing this book. Some of my ideas are controversial. Some of them I know to be true though I have not sufficient evidence for a conviction. My intention is that you should realise that microbes will be as important in the future of the earth as they have been in the past. They have led to our existence, and may help to prevent our destruction; they may even save us from ourselves. i As a student, I was taught that a scientist must be objective, and that every statement or observation must be documented. Also, that a scien­ tist must seek the truth, and not be satisfied with less. It took me a long time to realize that no human being can be completely objective, and that the truth, even scientific truth, is a chimera. The most that we can get with our human minds and feeble experimentation is an approxima­ tion, and all we can hope to contribute is a better approximation than we have had to date. Newton's theories were regarded as absolute until Einstein came along; and now it seems that Einstein may be inadequate.

Abstract: Each chapter in this book deals with a single mathematical topic, which ideally should form the basis of a single lecture. The chapter has been designed as a mixture of the following ingredients: -(i) Illustrative examples and notes for the student's pre-lecture reading. (ii) Class discussion exercises for study in a lecture or seminar. (iii) Graded problems for assignment work. Contents 1 Sets, functions page 11 2 Limits and continuity 17 3 The exponential and related functions 25 4 Inverse functions 30 5 Differentiation 35 6 Differentiation of implicit functions 44 7 Maxima and minima 50 8 Curve sketching 54 9 Expansion in series 61 10 Newton's method 67 11 Area and integration 72 12 Standard integrals 80 13 Applications of the fundamental theorem 87 14 Substitution in integrals 94 15 Use of partial fractions 100 16 Integration by parts 106 Answers to problems 110 Index 116 1 Sets, Functions A set is a collection of distinct objects. The objects be­ longing to a set are the elements (or members) of the set. Although the definition of a set given here refers to objects, we shall in fact take objects to be numbers throughout this book, i.e. we are concerned with sets of numbers. Illustrative Example 1: Set Notation We give straight away some examples of sets in set notation and explain the meaning in each case.

Abstract: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis­ seminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis, (CINDAS) *at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac­ tivity was transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 19 (thesis year 1974) a total of 10,045 theses titles from 20 Canadian and 209 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. The organization of Volume 19 is identical to that of past years. It consists of theses titles arranged by discipline and by university within each discipline.

Abstract: of Part A -- Banquet Address -- 1. Primary Energy Sources -- 1.1 Is Massive Solar Energy Conversion a Practical Prospect? -- 1.2 A Tower-Top Point Focus Solar Energy Collector -- 1.3 Reliability of Low Cost Cu2S/CdS Solar Cells for Large-Scale Conversion of Solar to Electrical Energy -- 1.4 Geothermal Energy as a Resource in a Hydrogen Energy Economy -- 1.5 The Effect of Atmospheric Turbulence on Windmill Performance -- 1.6 Hydrogen: The Ultimate Energy Source -- 2. Hydrogen Production -- 2.1 Nuclear Water-Splitting and High Temperature Reactors -- 2.2 High Temperature Nuclear Reactors as an Energy Source for Hydrogen Production -- 2.3 Hydrogen Production with a High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) -- 2.4 Hydrogen Production from Decomposition of Water by Means of Nuclear Reactor Heat -- 2.5 Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor for Hydrogen Production -- 2.6 Wind Capture and Diversion Through Pneumatic Energy Recovery with Large Capacity Aerogenerators -- 2.7 Sea Thermal Power as a Hydrogen and Methanol Generator -- 2.8 Ocean Based Solar-To-Hydrogen Energy Conversion Macro System -- 2.9 Thermochemical Water Cracking Using Solar Heat -- 2.10 Photolysis of Water as a Solar Energy Conversion Process: An Assessment -- 2.11 The Technology and Economics of Hydrogen Production from Fusion Reactors -- 2.12 Economic Criteria of Selection for Closed Cycle Thermochemical Water-Splitting Processes -- 2.13 Comparative Study of Hybrid Energy Systems of Hydrogen and Electric Power -- 2.14 An Economic Perspective on Hydrogen Fuel -- 2.15 The Utilization of Solar Energy for Hydrogen Production by Cell Free System of Photosynthetic Organisms -- 2.16 An Analysis of Hydrogen Production Via Closed-Cycle Schemes -- 2.17 Hydrogen and Food Production from Nuclear Heat and Municipal Wastes -- 2.18 Hydrogen as Energy Storage Element -- 2.19 Hydrogen Opportunities in Saudi Arabia -- 2.20 On Methods for the Large-Scale Production of Hydrogen From Water -- 2.21 Electrolytic Hydrogen Generators -- 2.22 Electrolysis of Sea Water -- 2.23 Hydrogen Generation Through Static Feed Water Electrolysis -- 2.24 Hydrogen Generation by Solid Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis -- 2.25 Evaluation of Multi-Step Thermo Chemical Processes for the Production of Hydrogen From Water -- 2.26 Considerations on Iron-Chlorine-Oxygen Reactions in Relation to Thermochemical Water-Splitting -- 2.27 Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Research at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory -- 2.28 Analysis of Thermo Chemical Water- Splitting Cycles -- 2.29 A Search for Thermochemical Water-Splitting Cycles -- 3. Hydrogen Storage and Transmissions -- 3.1 Pipeline Transportation of Hydrogen -- 3.2 Economics of Pipeline Transport for Hydrogen and Oxygen -- 3.3 Low Thermal Flux Glass-Fiber/Metal Vessels for LH2 Storage Systems -- 3.4 Electric Power and Fuel Transmission by Liquid Hydrogen Superconductive Pipeline -- 3.5 Optimal Location of Hydrogen Supply Centers to Minimize Distribution Costs -- 3.6 The Activation of a Lanthanum-Nickel-Five Hydrogen Absorbent -- 3.7 An Engineering-Scale Energy Storage Reservoir of Iron Titanium Hydride -- 3.8 Modeling Studies of Fixed-Bed Metal-Hydride Storage Systems -- 3.9 The Safety Characteristics of LaNi5 Hydrides -- 3.10 The Formation and Properties of Rare-Earth and Transition Metal Hydrides.

Abstract: There are three important problems facing the world: deple­ tion of fossil fUels, demand for more energy, and the pollution of our environment. The world contains limited amounts of fossil fuels. They are being depleted, at an ever-growing rate. Peoples of the world are demanding more and more energy. This is due to the desires of peoples to improve their standard of living--and the standard of living is directly proportional to the energy con­ sumed. In addition, the world is demanding a cleaner environment to live in. Many of us, scientists and engineers, believe that replacing fossil fuels with the inexhaustible and clean synthetic fuel, hydrogen (produced from non-fossil primary sources of energy) will answer the above problems. Hydrogen, as the fUel of the post-fossil-fUel era, was pre­ dicted more than a hundred years ago by that great forecaster of the future, Jules Verne, in his novel The Mysterious Island: Water decomposed into its primitive elements, and decom­ posed doubtless by electricity, which will then have become a powerful and manageable force. • • . Yes, my friends, I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen, which constitute it, used singly or together, will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light of an intensity, of which coal is not capable •. •. I believe, then, that when the deposits of coal are exhausted, we shall heat and warm ourselves with water. Water will be the coal of the future.

Abstract: Since the publication of an article by G. DoETSCH in 1927 it has been known that the Laplace transform procedure is a reliable sub­ stitute for HEAVISIDE's operational calculus*. However, the Laplace transform procedure is unsatisfactory from several viewpoints (some of these will be mentioned in this preface); the most obvious defect: the procedure cannot be applied to functions of rapid growth (such as the 2 function tr-+-exp(t)). In 1949 JAN MIKUSINSKI indicated how the un­ necessary restrictions required by the Laplace transform can be avoided by a direct approach, thereby gaining in notational as well as conceptual simplicity; this approach is carefully described in MIKUSINSKI's textbook "Operational Calculus" [M 1]. The aims of the present book are the same as MIKUSINSKI's [M 1]: a direct approach requiring no un-necessary restrictions. The present operational calculus is essentially equivalent to the "calcul symbolique" of distributions having left-bounded support (see 6.52 below and pp. 171 to 180 of the textbook "Theorie des distributions" by LAURENT SCHWARTZ).

Abstract: Biological Perspectives of some Trauma Injuries -- Homeostasis and Heterostasis -- Collagen Metabolism in Wound Healing -- Bio-Engineering Analysis of Healing Tissues (Abstract) -- Biochemistry of Pathological Effects of Light Trauma (Abstract) -- Trauma from Visible and Infrared Lasers -- Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Hemopoiesis -- The Problem of Acute Severe Trauma and Shock -- Endocrine Aspects of Trauma -- Microbiology of Trauma -- Physiologic Effects of Endotoxemia -- The Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome -- Physical Maltreatment of Children -- Anesthetic Problems in Trauma Management -- Spinal Cord Injury and Trauma -- Problems in Rehabilitation Following Trauma -- Air Disaster Trauma (Abstract) -- Blood Bank Problems in Trauma Management -- Contributors.

Abstract: Late in summer 1973, the Bell Museum of Pathology of the University of Minnesota Medical School, held a three day symposium to discuss some of the biological aspects of trauma disease. The meeting was intended to be a coatribution to the study of trauma by placing emphasis upon many of the basic biologic issues related to trauma injuries. It was also hoped to put in focus perspectives from which constructive interaction between basic research scientists and practicing clinicians could flow. It is our belief that it is through such interdisciplinary exchanges that intelligent progress and new developments will occur. Moreover we believe that the student body and the practicing physician can equally share this scientific backdrop, and in a sense must so participate, for in a technological society trauma injuries face the prospect of an almost exponential increase in numbers, decade to decade. With these views in mind we brought together biologists, biophysicists, biochemists, pathologists, physicians and surgeons, in an effort to build a new bridge of collaborative understanding between unrelated disciplines, which, in the past, have charac­ teristically rarely inter-related, one to the other. There were no hard and fast rules set in the selection of topics. Not surprisingly, therefore, the program developed into one of diverse and remarkable scope and breadth. Papers for discussion varied from the biochemistry of collagen metabolism to features of trauma characteristic of aviation and air trauma accidents.

Abstract: 1 Systems, Equipment, Techniques, and Trends -- What has Computer Graphics to Offer? -- Computer Graphics Hardware Techniques -- Computer Graphics Software Techniques -- Interactive Software Techniques -- Computer Display System. Tradeoffs -- Computer Graphics in the United States -- The U.K. Scene -- Low Cost Graphics -- Remote Display Terminals -- 2 Applications, Installations -- Graphical Computer Aided Programming Systems -- Alphanumeric Terminals for Management Information -- Computer Graphics used for Architectural Design and Costing -- Graphical Output in a Research Establishment -- Appendix to Graphical Output in a Research Establishment -- High Energy Physics Applications -- Mechanical Design Using Graphics -- Electronic Design Using Graphics -- Man-Machine Co-operation on a Learning Task -- Some Hardware, Software and Applications Problems -- 3 For the Computer Technologist -- Present-day Computer Graphics Research -- 4 For Reference -- Glossary of Computer Graphics Terms -- Consolidated Bibliography -- Subject and Author Index.

Abstract: About four or five years ago one began to hear about the enormous interest being taken in on-line consoles and displays. Nothing much was done with them, but computer men felt that this was the way computing ought to go: one might dispense with cards, and overcome many of the problems of man-machine communication. It quickly appeared that, as with computers, there had been a great under­ estimation of the amount of work involved, of the difficulties of programming, and of the cost. So it began to emerge that graphics was not the ultimate answer, in spite of superb demonstrations where one might watch a square being converted into a cube and then rotated. But my mind goes back to 1951 and the first computers. There, there were demonstrations of arithmetic speed and storage facility; but not much idea of actual use. However, we now understand how to use computers, and in the last year or two, significant developments in the field of graphics have led to genuine applications, and economic benefits. The equipment is still expensive, but it is becoming cheaper, more uses are being found, and f believe that we are just at the stage when the subject is gaining momentum, to become, like computers, a field of immense importance.