Abstract: I: Origins and Contexts -- Factors Shaping the Growth of Business Associations and their Involvement in Political Finance -- II: Germany -- How German Business Associations Came to Innovate Manifold Political Finance Techniques -- III: Norway -- Why Norwegian Business Associations Have Generally Avoided Political Finance Roles -- IV: Japan -- How Even a Giant Conveyer is Limited in its Impact on Japanese Party Politics by the Timidity of the Self-Effacing Entrepreneur -- V: Comparative Analyses -- How National Party and Interest Group Patterns Affected the Efficacy and Viability of Conveyers.

Abstract: Students of government and social power recognize that wherever governmental systems embrace popular elections, the functions and mechanisms of political finance constitute inevitable links of influence between economic structures and political processes. The transmu­ tation of economic power into political power has been of historic concern from ancient philosophers to modern political scientists. Efforts to discern and interpret the political roles of those engaged in funding candidates and political parties have intensified in recent years. Attention given the subject has deepened substantially in the United States since World War II and, while there have been differ­ ences in range and quality, serious analytical interests have also developed in numerous other nations around the world. These trends have been accompanied by increasingly more energetic and sophisti­ cated attempts at comparative analysis. Problems in transnational studies of political processes have always been formidable. The comparative study of political finance has been retarded by difficulties in defining units of analysis that make it possible to identify in some measurable way the effects of political fmance in precise phases of the governing process, e. g. , in the per­ suasion of voters, in party nominating processes, in executive decision­ making. Cash transactions, even when known with confidence, consti­ tute only a partial aspect of political finance. Other shades of economic power may be equally relevant, involving services or goods directly provided, credits and other economic benefits extended or withheld, and the exercise of less tangible but equally potent influence.

Abstract: to Volume Two -- Classification -- The 18-electron rule -- 1. Two-Electron Ligands -- A. Classification -- B. The preparation of olefin-transition metal complexes -- C. A molecular orbital description of the bonding in organo-metallic complexes -- D. A description of the bonding of 2-electron ligands to transition metals -- E. General comments of 2-electron ligands -- F. Particular complexes of metals with 2-electron ligands -- 2. Three-Electron Ligands -- A. Preparation of ?-enyl complexes -- B. The structure of ?-enyl complexes -- C. The ?-allyl metal bond -- D. Dynamic equilibria in allyl complexes -- E. The chemistry of particular ?-enyl complexes -- 3. Four-Electron Ligands -- A. Some differences between unconjugated and conjugated olefin ligands -- B. The bonding of 4-electron ligands to transition metals -- C. Particular studies -- 4. Five-Electron Ligands -- A. Cyclopentadienyl metal complexes -- B. ?-Cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- C. Cyclopentadienide transition metal complexes -- D. The bonding in mono-?-cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- E. ?-Cyclopentadienyl carbonyl complexes -- F. ?-Cyclopentadienyl nitrosyl complexes -- G. Brief notes on binuclear ?-cyclopentadienyl complexes containing bridging ligands -- H. ?-Cyclopentadienyl hydride complexes -- I. ?-Cyclopentadienyl halides and oxides -- J. Other 5-electron ligands -- K. The organic chemistry of ?-cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- L. Some particular reactions -- 5. Six-Electron Ligands -- A. Arene transition metal complexes -- (a) Preparation -- B. Olefin 6-electron ligands -- C. Transition metal complexes containing ?-bonded heterocyclic ligands -- 6. Seven-Electron Ligands Mixed Sandwich Complexes Related Azulene Derivatives and Cyclo-Octatetraene Complexes -- A. 7-Electron ligands -- B. Mixed sandwich complexes -- C. Metal complexes formed from azulenes -- D. Cyclo-octatetraene complexes -- 7. One-Electron Ligands -- I.1. Hydrocarbon alkyl and aryl complexes -- I.2 Transition metal-acyl complexes -- I.3. ?-Cyclopentadienyl complexes -- II. Transition metal fluorocarbon complexes -- III. Transition metal acetytides and alkynyls -- 8. Organometallic Complexes Formed From Acetylenes -- A. Monoacetylene, mononuclear complexes: acetylenes as 2-elec-tron ligands -- B. Monoacetylene binuclear complexes: acetylenes as 4-electron ligands -- C. Monoacetylene trinuclear complexes -- D. Monoacetylene tetranuclear complexes -- E. Bis-acetylene mononuclear complexes -- F. Bis-acetylene trinuclear complexes -- G. Tris-acetylene mononuclear complexes -- H. Tris-acetylene binuclear complexes -- I. Miscellaneous -- 9. The Role of Organotransition Metal Complexes in Some Catalytic Reactions -- A. Some chemistry of transition metal hydride complexes -- B. Some catalytic reactions which involve hydrogen transfer: isomerization reactions -- C. Homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins and acetylenes -- D. Some dimerization oligomerization and polymerization reactions of olefins and acetylenes -- E. Hydroformylation and related carhonylation reactions -- F. Some general comments on the relationship between heterogeneous and homogeneous transition metal catalysts -- G. Miscellaneous -- Author -- Subject -- Crystal Structures〉.

Abstract: to thank Messrs J. R. Sanders, W. E. Lindsell and M. G. Swanwick for helping to check the text and references and prepare indexes. Finally, I should like to thank my wife for the very considerable assis­ tance she has given me in the writing and production of this book. M. L. H. G. Contents Preface to the Third Edition, Volume Two Page v INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME TWO I Oassification I The IS-electron rule 2 (i) The basis of the I8-electron rule p. 4, (ii) Exceptions to the I8-electron rule p. 5 1. TWO-ELECTRON LIGANDS 7 A. Classification 7 B. The preparation of olefin-transition metal complexes 7 (a) Displacement of solvent ligands p. 9, (b) Preparations from metal carbonyls p. 9, (c) Less common preparative routes p. 11, Reductive olefination method p. 12 C. A molecular orbital description of the bonding in orga- metallic complexes 13 (a) General comments p. 13, (b) Symmetry considerations p. 13, (c) Energies of the molecular orbitals p. 14 D. A description of the bonding of 2-electron ligands to transition metals 14 E. General comments of 2-electron ligands 19 (a) Infrared studies p. 20, (b) Effect of olefin substituents p. 21, (c) The rotation of ethylene about the ligand-metal bond p. 22, (d) Chemical properties p. 23 F. Particular complexes of metals with 2-electron ligands 25 (a) Copper, silver and gold p. 25, Complexes with benzene p. 28, (b) Nickel, palladium and platinum p.

Abstract: Table des Matières -- Transformation des principes généraux en règles positives du droit international -- Remarques sur l’interdiction d’intervention -- Les problèmes de la subjectivité internationale -- Le statut juridique des partisans et des mouvements de résistance armée: évolution historique et aspects actuels -- Die Vereinigten Nationen und das Kriegsrecht -- International Freedom of Information. New Dimensions -- Observations sur une enquête internationale: L’affaire du «Tavignano» -- La souveraineté dans l’histoire du droit des gens. De Vitoria à Vattel -- Norwegian Attitude to International and Foreign Judgments. Recent Developments -- The Evolution of Space Law Continues -- Contribution à l’étude des rapports entre le droit international public et le droit international privé -- Betrachtungen zum Europäischen Niederlassungabkommen vom 13. Dezember 1955 -- Le rôle de la condition des mains propres de la personne lésée dans les réclamations devant les tribunaux internationaux -- Unverbindliche Abmachungen im zwischenstaatlichen Bereich -- La non-reconnaissance des actes contraires au droit -- La motivation et la révision des sentences arbitrales à la Confêrence de la paix de la Haye (1899) et le conflit frontalier entre le Royaume-Uni et le Vénézuéla -- The Problem of the Application of Military Measures by the General Assembly of the United Nations -- Politique et droit dans les Balkans. Etude d’histoire de la diplomatie et du droit international -- The Special Function of the Principle of Restrictive Interpretation -- La règle juridique, le droit subjectif et le sujet de droit en droit international. Essai d’une nouvelle théorie -- Der Primat des Völkerrechts und die Vereinten Nationen -- Bibliographie des travaux scientifiques de Juraj Andrassy.

Abstract: One: Historical Background -- One: Pre-Islamic Arabia -- Two: Evolvement of Muslim International Law -- Two: Muslim Legal Legacy -- One: Nature and Genesis of International Law -- Two: Sources and Methods of Interpretation of Muslim International Law -- Three: Subjects and Domain of Muslim International Law -- Three: The Muslim Conception of International Law -- One: Muslim Classical Conception of International Law -- Two: The Classical Doctrine Considered -- Three: Towards a Conventional Interpretation -- Epilogue -- Epilogue.

Abstract: The traditional doctrine of Islamic law in regard to international re­ lations is well known. The Shari'a includes many excellent provisions about declarations of war, treaties of peace, armistices, diplomatic envoys, negotiations and guarantees of safe conduct. But the fact remains that it divides the world, broadly speaking, into the "Abode of Islam" and the "Abode of 'War," and that it envisages the continu­ ance of intermittent war between them until the latter is absorbed in the former. In the course of such fighting, and in the intervals in be­ tween, many civilities were to be meticulously observed; but prisoners of war could be killed, sold or enslaved at the discretion of the Muslim authorities, and the women of those who resisted the advance of Islam could be taken as slave-concubines, regardless of whether they were single or married. The "Abode of Islam" did not, indeed, consist ex­ clusively of Muslims, for those whose religion was based on a book accepted by Islam as originally inspired and in practice, indeed, those other religions too - were not forced to embrace Islam but only to accept Muslim rule. They were granted the status of dhimmis, were protected in their persons and their property, were allowed to follow their own religion in an unobtrusive fashion, and were accorded the position of essentially second-class citizens. They were also of course, perfectly free to embrace Islam; but for a Muslim to be converted to another faith involved the death penalty.

Abstract: I. Inductive Empiricism -- Joseph Neef’s Sensationalistic Empiricism -- George Jardine’s Philosophical Education -- James G. Carter: An Inductive Science of Education -- Thomas Tate: An Inductive Philosophy of Education -- Herbert Spencer: Evolutionism and Progress -- Joseph Payne on the Science and Art of Education -- G. E. Partridge: Scientism and the Philosophy of Education -- II Rationalism -- James P. Wickersham: Rationalistic Principles as Precepts -- Rationalism’s Classic Philosophy of Education -- Herman Harrell Home’s Idealistic Theism -- III. Naturalistic Empiricism -- Chauncey Wright’s Suggestive Naturalism -- John Dewey: Experience as Empirical and Natural -- John Angus MacVannel: Experimentalism and Functionalism -- A Common Prospect -- Bibliographic Note.

Abstract: John Dewey once wrote: "Education is such an important interest of life that . . . we should expect to find a philosophy of education, just as there is a philosophy of art and of religion. We should expect, that is, such a treatment of the subject as would show that the nature of existence renders education an integral and indispensable function of life. " Indeed, such treatments of education are at least as old as Plato's Republic. Even so, it was not until the nineteenth century that the philosophy of education was recognized as a distinct discipline. His­ torically, it has been one thing to treat education in such a manner as Dewey mentions; it has been another thing to do so while deliberately making explicit a discipline with a subject matter which is in some sense distinct from that of other disciplines. The aim, in the present study, has been to study the origins of philosophy of education as a distinct discipline in the United States. In doing so, "origins" are taken to mean, first, that from which the disci­ pline has come, and second, that which initiates, serves as a point of departure for what follows. In searching for origins, I have explored the philosophic considerations of education from which came those distinct conceptions of the philosophy of education that were to serve as points of departure for later considerations of the discipline.

Abstract: Ein anthropologisches Modell -- An Anthropological Model -- Un Modèle Anthropologique (Sommaire) -- Sociologie et Psychanalyse -- Sociology and Psychoanalysis -- Sociología y Psicoanálisis -- A Technology of the Emotions? -- Une Technologie des Emotions? -- From Psychoanalytic Naturalism to Phenomenological Anthropology (Daseinsanalyse) -- Documents and Reports -- Book Reviews.

Abstract: I. Nature -- I. The Problem of the Exact Sciences -- II: Mathematics and Nature -- III. The Anthropocentric Character of Space, Time, and Motion -- IV. The Analogy of the Grammar of Nature -- II. Common Sense -- V. Berkeley’s Intentions -- VI. The two Kinds of Metaphysics -- VII. Philosophical Scruples: Their Cause and Cure -- VIII. The Rôle of Common Sense -- IX. The Potentiality of Common Sense -- X. Berkeley’s Dialectic -- III. Mystery -- XI. The Mysterious Universe -- XII. The Exact Sciences.

Abstract: In this work I have endeavoured to see Berkeley in his contemporary setting. On the principle that philosophy is ultimately about men, not about abstract problems, I have tried to see Berkeley the philosopher as an expression of Berkeley the man. When this is done, what is perennial in the philosophy may be discerned in and through what is local and temporal. Berkeley then emerges as a pioneer reformer; not so much an innovator as a renovator; one who set out to rescue phi­ losophy from the enthusiasms of the preceding age; one who strove to seat philosophy once more on the broad human and common sense foundations laid by Plato and Aristotle. Critical studies of some of the more striking of Berkeley's epistemo­ logical arguments are legion. They commenced with the young Berke­ ley's first appearance in print, and have continued to this day. But whether they take the form of professions of support for Berkeley, or of bald refutations of Berkeley's supposed fallacies, or whether, like the contemporary "analytical" studies of Moore, Warnock, and Austin, they are subtle exposures of alleged deeply concealed logical muddles, they all tend to share one common characteristic: they select and abstract from the totality of Berkeley, and miss the robust simplicity and universality of Berkeley's intentions. It is the intentions which control the whole, and give the right perspective in which to view the various items.

Abstract: I:Marxism -- The Person -- The Dialectic -- Freedom -- II:Catholicism -- The Person -- Authority -- The World -- III:Coexistence -- What the Marxists Must Do -- What the Catholics Must Do -- Epilogue.

Abstract: This is an authentic book. Its style fits its situation. The encounter between Marxism and Catholicism was yesterday diatribe, is today dialogue, and tomorrow will be epilogue. The virtue of Father Adelmann's writing is to make us aware that we are in via. Happenings are everywhere, not just in hippieland. In Salzburg and South Bend, in Chiem see and Cambridge conversations are going on - conversations that are no less than con­ fessions. For Catholics and Marxists are listening to each other and are changing their minds. It has been the peculiar good fortune of the author of this book to have been both recorder and participant in these changes. He has experienced the transition from diatribe to dialogue in his own thoughts and feelings, and he has here written not an outsider's account, but an insider's recounting. He is not simply this volume's author, but also one of its case of characters. Hence the style of his writing is apperceptively autobiographical. It fits the situation. He is a character in a play, who is also that drama's author. His essay, then, is not simply a discussion of the relation between Catholicism and Marxism today, but is a contribution to­ ward a new relation between them and tomorrow.

Abstract: I. From Autocracy to Democracy: Political Institutions at the End of the Ch’ing Dynasty -- 1. Transformation from Absolute to Constitutional Monarchy -- 2. Causes of the Constitutional Movement -- 3. Preparation for Constitutionalism -- 4. The Principles of Constitution, September 22, 1908 -- 5. The National Legislative Council (Tse-cheng Yuan) -- 6. The Provincial Assembly (Tse-I Chu) -- 7. The Beginning of Local Self-Government -- 8. The Revolution and the Nineteen Articles of November 3, 1911 -- II. Democracy in Experiment: Political Institutions During the Early Republican Period -- 1. Preparations for a Provisional Government -- 2. Analysis of the Organic Law of the Provisional Government -- 3. Inauguration of the Provisional Government at Nanking -- 4. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, March 11, 1912 -- 5. The Change of the Provisional Presidency and the Seat of Government -- 6. The Establishment of Parliament -- 7. The Drafting of the Constitution and the Election of President -- 8. The Judicial System of the New Republic -- 9. The Local Government System -- III. Monarchism vs. Republicanism: Political institutions Under the Dictatorship of Yüan Shih-K’ai -- 1. Yüan Shih-k’ai vs. Constitutional Democracy -- 2. Yüan Shih-k’ai and the Constitutional Compact of 1914 -- 3. The Reorganized National Government Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 4. The Local Government System Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 5. The Rise and Fall of Yüan’s Monarchial Movement -- IV. Split Between the North and the South: Political Institutions During the Period of Internal Dissensions -- 1. Developments under the Regime in Peking -- 2. The New Parliament and the New Constitutional Draft -- 3. Parliament’s Second Restoration and its Adoption of the 1923 Constitution -- 4. The Constitution-Protecting Government in the Southwest -- 5. The Peking Government Under Provisional Chief Executive Tuan -- 6. The Local Government System -- V. The Nationalist Party in Power: Unification of China Under Kuomintang Programs -- 1. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party in 1924 -- 2. Basic Principles and Programs of the Nationalist Party -- 3. The Northern Expedition and the Unification of China -- 4. The Beginning of Political Tutelage -- VI. The Five-Power Constitution at Work: Political Institutions During the Period of Political Tutelage -- 1. The National Government Before 1928 -- 2. The National Government Since 1928 -- 3. The National People’s Convention and the Promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China for the Period of Political Tutelage -- 4. Nationalist Efforts to Carry out Party Principles and Programs -- 5. The Preparation for Constitutional Rule in China -- 6. The Local Government System During the Period of Political Tutelage -- VII. Communism Versus Nationalism: The Chinese Communist Party and Soviet Regimes (1921–1945) -- 1. The Formation of Communist Organizations in China -- 2. The First United Front of the Nationalists and Communists -- 3. Armed Uprisings and the Change of Leadership -- 4. The Establishment of Soviet Regimes in China -- 5. The Second United Front and Expansion of the Communist Regimes -- VIII. China at War: Political Institutions During the Period of the Sino-Japanese War -- 1. The Hostilities Between China and Japan -- 2. The Formal Establishment of Chiang Kai-shek’s Leadership -- 3. Wartime Party Alignments -- 4. The Supreme National Defense Council — The Highest Organ of Wartime China -- 5. The Triple-linked Administrative System -- 6. The Wartime National Government -- 7. The People’s Political Council -- 8. The Wartime Local Government -- 9. The Local Representative Bodies -- IX. From the Mainland to Taiwan (Formosa): Political Institutions during the Postwar Period -- 1. Peace Negotiations Through the Political Consultative Conference -- 2. The Convocation of the National Assembly and the Constitution of 1946 -- 3. The Central and Local Governments Under the Constitution of 1946 -- 4. The First Session of the First National Assembly -- 5. The Nationalist Debacle and Retreat to Taiwan -- 6. The National Government in Taiwan -- 7. The Local Government System in Taiwan -- 8. Taiwan Today -- X. The Communist Party in Power: Mao’s Political Thought and the Party Organization -- 1. On the Road to Victory -- 2. The Political Thought and Strategy of Mao Tse-tung -- 3. The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party and its Guiding Principles -- 4. The Organization and Functions of the Communist Party -- 5. The Communist Youth League -- 6. The Communist Relationship with Minor Political Parties and Mass Organizations -- XI. Fundamental Laws of the People’s Republic: From the Common Program to the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) -- 2. The Common Program of 1949 in the Nature of a Provisional Constitution -- 3. The Central Government System, 1949–1954 -- 4. The Local Government System, 1949–1954 -- 5. The Adoption of the Constitution by the National People’s Congress -- 6. General Principles of the Constitution of 1954 -- XII. The Government of “Democratic Centralism”: Political Institutions under the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Present System of Government -- 2. The National People’s Congress -- 3. The Head of the State -- 4. The State Council -- 5. The People’s Courts and Procuratorates -- 6. Local People’s Congresses and Councils -- 7. Self-Government Organs of National Autonomous Areas -- 8. The Communist Government in Action -- Appendices.

Abstract: This book is prepared primarily for students who are interested in studying the constitutional development and government structure of twentieth-century China. Since the emergence of the Chinese consti­ tutional movement at the end of the nineteenth century, political institutions in China have undergone constant changes. The first four chapters treat of constitutional development and government systems from the latter part of the Ch'ing dynasty to the re-unification of China by the Nationalist Party in 1928. The other eight chapters deal with the policies, programs, and institutions of the Nationalist and Commu­ nist governments up to 1962. While treatises on various subjects have been consulted, the sources of this book are chiefly based on the official documents from the collections as indicated in the bibliography. Materials in the first few chapters are partly drawn from my previous works on government and politics in China. Because of the immense scope of the subject and the intricacy of the problems involved, this work is not intended to be exhaustive, but is rather a brief description and discussion of each topic under consideration. As there are many valuable works on China in general as well as on her history and inter­ national relations, I have tried not to cover what has already been dealt with by others. In my presentation of facts and views, I have endeavored to be as objective as possible, personal political convictions notwithstanding.

Abstract: One: The Indian States in India -- Two: The State of Jammu and Kashmir -- Section I. The Land and the People -- Section II. History -- Section III. British Interest in Kashmir -- Section IV. The Economy -- Three: The Democratic Struggle -- Section I. In India -- Section II. In Kashmir -- Section III. India, Pakistan and the Indian States -- Four: Kashmir Accedes to India -- Section I. The Maharaja’s Dilemma -- Section II. The Invasion of the Tribesmen and Accession to India -- Five: In the United Nations -- Section I. The International Posture of India and Pakistan in 1948 -- Section II. The United Nations Mediation -- Section III. The Role of the United Nations Commission 1948–1949 -- Section IV. The McNaughton Proposals and Dixon’s Mediation -- Six: The Continued Deadlock -- Section I. The Commonwealth Mediation -- Section II. Dr. Graham’s Mediation, 1951–1953 -- Section III. Direct Negotiations -- Seven: The Internal Dynamics of Kashmir -- Section I. Constitutional Developments -- Section II. Economic Developments in Kashmir -- Section III. Political Constellations -- Section IV. The Aligned and the Non-Aligned in Kashmir -- Section V. Kashmir and her Constitution -- Section VI. Azad Kashmir -- Eight: The Kashmir Imbroglio -- Section I. The Security Council, 1957–1958 -- Section II. The Home Front -- Section III. The International Perspective -- Nine: The Chinese Intervention -- Section I. The Security Council, 1962 -- Section II. Cold War in Kashmir -- Section III. Tumult in Kashmir -- Section IV. The Security Council, 1964 -- Ten: The Arbitrament of the Sword -- Section I. Sadiq, Abdullah and Bakshi -- Section II. The Arbitrament of the Sword -- Section III. The Security Council, 1965 -- Section IV. 1966 and After -- Epilogue -- Treaty of Amritsar, 1846 -- Supplement to Treaty of Lahore, 1846 -- Text of the “agreement” signed by China and Pakistan in Peking on March 2, 1963 -- Resolution of the Security Council of January 17, 1948 -- Resolution of the Security Council of January 20, 1948 -- Resolution of the Security Council of April 21, 1948 -- Resolution of the Commission of August 13, 1948 -- Resolution of the Commission of January 5, 1949 -- Resolution of the Security Council of March 14, 1950 -- Resolution of the Security Council of March 30, 1951 -- Resolution of the Security Council of January 24, 1957 -- Resolution of the Security Council of February 21, 1957 -- Resolution of the Security Council of December 2, 1957 -- Resolution of the Security Council of September 4, 1965 -- Resolution of the Security Council of September 6, 1965 -- Resolution of the Security Council of September 20, 1965 -- Resolution of the Security Council of November 5, 1965 -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: This study is primarily meant for readers outside India, and that explains the lengthy background which it provides. Although literature on the issue is growing daily, each work is written from a certain angle, and that is quite understandable. Every mind has a particular drawing bias; the information supplied is therefore necessarily coloured by tpe views a writer holds. There are to the author's mind two ways of approaching a subject: One would attempt to fit the facts into the value system of the writer, the other would try to draw values from the mass of materials under study. In either case there is no escaping the subjective evaluation of the narrator; and the present writer does not claim any immunity from the process. Kashmir's present history has two aspects. One of them is international, and here the ups and downs in the fortunes of the two States are to be seen against the complexity of power relations in the multinational world body. The other is the internal dynamics, which have their own compelling logic. An attempt has been made in this study to correlate the two into some sort of unity, but it is not for the writer to evaluate its success.

Abstract: I: The Precedents for United Nations Military Operations -- 1. The UN Action in Korea -- 2. United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation in Palestine (UNTSO) -- 3. United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL) -- 4. United Nations Emergency Force in the Middle East (UNEF) -- 5. Conclusions -- II: The Historical Background to the Congo Situation -- 1. Historical background of Belgian administration -- 2. Events leading to independence -- 3. Independence and the breakdown of public order -- III: The Factual Context within Which the Basic Resolutions of the Security Council and General Assembly were Made -- 1. The First Phase: 12 July 1960–31 December 1960 -- 2. The Second Phase: 1 January 1961–31 January 1963 -- IV: Constitutional Basis and Effect of the Resolutions Made -- 1. Action by the Security Council — Creation of ONUC -- 2. The Resolutions of the General Assembly -- 3. The role of the Secretary-General under the Charter generally and the specific resolutions -- V: The Functions of ONUC -- 1. To assist the Congolese Government in the restoration and maintenance of law and order -- 2. To assist the Government in restoring and maintaining the territorial integrity and the political independence of the Republic of the Congo -- 3. To prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo -- 4. To secure the withdrawal and evacuation from the Congo of all foreign military, para-military and advisory personnel, not under the United Nations Command, and all mercenaries -- VI: The Principles Applied by the Secretary-General to the Operations of the Force -- 1. The Principle of Non-Intervention -- 2. The Principle of Self-Defence -- 3. The Right to Freedom of movement -- VII: Operational Problems Connected with the UN Force -- 1. Methods of raising the Force -- 2. Relations between UN and Contributing States -- 3. Command Structure -- 4. Strategic and political control -- 5. Applicability of the Laws of War -- VIII: Relations between the UN and the “Host” State -- 1. Exclusiveness of UN authority over the Force -- 2. Status of Forces Agreements -- 3. Relations between the UN and Provincial Authorities -- IX: Relations between the UN and Member States Generally -- 1. Expulsion of foreign military, para-military personnel, political advisers and mercenaries -- 2. Unilateral assistance outside UN -- 3. Use of territories -- 4. Economic “Sanctions” -- X: Claims and Responsibility -- 1. Civil Claims -- 2. Criminal Responsibility -- XI: Civilian Relief Operations -- XII: Financing -- 1. The Budget Procedure -- 2. Apportionment of Expenses generally -- 3. Sources of Funds -- 4. Practice followed in relation to ONUC -- 5. Default of payment and the problem of arrears -- 6. Submission of the Finance Question to the I.C.J. -- 7. The Court’s Opinion on the Finance Question -- 8. The question of Suspension -- 9. New Sources of Funds -- XIII: Conclusions -- I. A “Basic Agreement” between the United Nations and the Congolese Government on the Operation of the Force -- II. Agreement between the United Nations and the Republic of the Congo Relating to the Legal Status, Facilities, Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations Organization in the Congo -- III. Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice.

Abstract: Few episodes in recent history have aroused as much controversy as the United Nations military operations in the Congo. This controversy has no simple, straight-forward, and uniform explanation. Part of the explanation is to be found in the successes and failure of the operation itself; part in its labyrinthine international ramifications. But the most important explanation lies in its significance as a precedent. The ability of the Organization to take "collective measures" to maintain law and order within the territory of a Member State, albeit as a means of preserving international peace, was demonstrated, challenged and criticized. So much has been reported of the details and so varied has been the commentary that only the most intrepid spirit would venture something more with which to detain interested parties. The present study does not pretend to uncover new data so as to complete or correct the his­ torical record; it attempts, rather, to reflect on what has already been brought out and, against that background of factual knowledge, to indi­ cate and examine the legal problems involved. In so doing, it has been necessary to be ruthless in deciding what are central issues and in re­ jecting what is often interesting but probably peripheral.

Abstract: I. The Unity Theory VS. Socialism in One Country -- From “Proletarian internationalism” to “Socialism in One Country” -- II. The Soviet View of the Socialist World State: Development and Control Factor Aspects -- The Soviet Conception of the Communist Camp Future -- III. A Consideration of Chinese Contributions to “Marxism,” Including “Prolonged Struggle” and “revolutionary Fervor” -- The Chinese Communist View of Permissible and Impermissible “Paths to Socialism” -- IV. The Sino-Soviet Dispute, and Some Implications for the Future of the World Communist Movement -- The Dialectics of Dispute: Tactics and Strategy of Communist Concepts in the Thermonuclear Age -- Unity or Diversity -- Factors Tending Toward Unity in the Communist Camp -- The Breakdown in Communications -- The Changing Political Realities -- The Italian and German Party Congresses, 1962 and 1963 -- Communist Dogma or “Creative Marxism”? -- V. The Soviet Union and East Europe: Conflict, Support and Opposition -- Institutionalized Divergence: The Case of Yugoslavia -- Albania: China’s Window to Europe -- Poland: Nationalism Contained by Territorial Claims -- Hungary: From Repression to Permissiveness? -- Rumania: Path to Economic Independence -- Bulgaria: Unconditional Support for the U.S.S.R. -- Czechoslovakia: Politics take Precedence over Ideology -- East Germany: The Permanent Satellite -- Conclusion -- VI. The International Communist Movement: A Reappraisal of Some Theoretical Concepts.

Abstract: The current conflict which threatens the very existence of the inter­ national communist movement as a single coherent entity must be looked for in the roots of Marxian philosophy. The central concept of pre-Leninist communism is contained in the notion of "proletarian internationalism. " Yet the emergence of the communist party-states has been squarely predicated on the requirements of single national states, as viewed through the training and experience of the various communist leaders. Thus the Soviet version has been shaped by the nationalism of Lenin, Stalin, and Khrushchev. The only aberrant case, the internationalism of Trotsky, was doomed to failure. The Chinese version of "communism" has as its root concepts the spirit of "prolonged" struggle against a superior enemy, whose ultimate defeat is ensured through the dialectics of political growth. The non­ communist societies are by definition "decadent. " The movement came to power by exploiting the nationalism engendered within China by the Japanese invasion. Its mass support was based on the peasantry, although the transparent fiction of "proletarian leadership" was strictly maintained. Further, "communism" is a term which has lost its original encompassing definition. Peking now narrowly defines it as policies consonant with "the thought of Mao Tse-tung. " Thus both the Soviet and the Chinese interpretation of "commun­ ism" are based on a concept which was anathema to the intellectual founders of the movement.

Abstract: I. The Low Countries During the Middle Ages -- 1. The Geographic and Ethnic Background -- 2. The Political Constellations -- 3. The Cultural Life -- 4. The Religious Life -- 5. Faith, Life, and Leaders -- 6. Asceticism and Monasticism -- 7. The Administration of the Church -- II. The Dawn of a New Day -- A. The Soil and the Seed -- B. In the Embrace of a World Revolution (1517–1530) -- III. The Evangelical Sacramentarian Reformation -- A. From Sacrament to Symbol -- B. The Evangelical Movement -- IV. Melchior Hofmann: A Prophetic Layman -- A. From Wittenberg to Strassburg -- B. The Anabaptist Apostle to the North -- V. Anabaptism at the Crossroads -- A. In Search of the City of God -- B. Münster: The New Jerusalem -- VI. Gathering a Christian Fellowship -- A. Sifting and Gathering -- B. The Covenanted Church of God -- VII. Growth and Molding of the Brotherhood -- A. From Antwerp to Danzig -- B. Defining and Defending the Faith -- VIII. Conclusion -- 1. In the Context of the Reformation -- 2. The Swiss and Dutch Anabaptists -- 3. At the Crossroads -- 4. Covenanters of Christ -- 5. The Ministry and the Ordinances -- 6. The Disciplined Brotherhood -- 7. The Christian and his Citizenship -- 8. Lasting Contributions -- Footnotes -- I. The Low Countries During the Middle Ages -- II. The Dawn of a New Day -- III. The Evangelical Sacramentarian Reformation -- W. Melchior Hofmann: A Prophetic Layman -- V. Anabaptism at the Crossroads -- VI. Gathering a Christian Fellowship -- VII. Growth and Molding of the Brotherhood -- VIII. Conclusion -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: 1. Towards a More Comprehensive Concept of the Person -- 2. Love, Self, and Contemporary Culture -- 3. The Problem of Immortality -- 4. Free Will, Creativity of God, and Order -- 5. Other Persons, Other Things -- 6. The Concept of Rational Animal -- 7. The Self in Mu’tazilah Thought -- 8. Unity: Appearance and Reality in the Light of the Sufi Doctrines of Wahdat-ul-Wujud of Ibn ‘Arabi and Wahdat-ush-Shahud of Shaik Ahmed Sarhandi -- 9. Variants in the Concepts of the Self in the Islamic Tradition -- 10. Is There a Soul or No Soul? The Buddha Refused to Answer. Why? -- 11. ?ankara’s Interpretation of the Self and Its Influence on Later Indian Thought -- 12. Person and Moral Life (A Presentation of the Nature of Person and the Essence of Moral Life in the Philosophy of Prajñ?p?ramit? -- 13. The Self as Discovery and Creation in Western and Indian Philosophy -- 14. The Bhagavad g?t? and the Book of Job on the Problem of the Self -- 15. Pre-existence -- 16. Approaches to the I-consciousness: Its Depths, Normal and Abnormal -- 17. Concern for the Person — Concluding Paper.

Abstract: The general characteristics of the decades after the last World War, so far as the human situation goes, include two phenomena: these decades are marked by man's dissatisfaction with himself, his confession of ignorance of himself, his anxiety about his future, and also his earnest search for the ground of his being, which can give him a feeling of security with reference to his life here and hereafter; they are also marked by man's pride about his achievements in science and tech­ nology, a hope of a better life on earth, and a faith in himself as capable of engineering the individual and society for realizing peace, harmony, and happiness for all men. The contemporary thinking man is conscious of the predicament these two kinds of characteristics have created for him, admits failures, hopes for improvements, and works for them. In carrying out this work, he has to and wants to know what human life is, what the meaning and purpose of life are, and why his struggles and achievements have not succeeded in giving every man a reasonable amount of comfort and happiness. He has come to realize also that the accumulation of material comforts does not necessarily lead to happi­ ness, although happiness for man - except for the monk, fakir, or sannyiisin - is not possible without material comforts. Here we have the problem.

Abstract: I. Some contemporary interpretations of Hume’s theory of imagination -- W. C. Gore’s interpretation -- N. K. Smith’s interpretation -- E. J. Furlong’s interpretation -- Harold Taylor’s interpretation -- Concluding remarks -- II. The elements of Hume’s theory of imagination -- The contents of the mind -- The materials of imagination -- The source of the materials of imagination -- The criteria for recognizing imaginative activity -- Principles governing the imagination -- The nature of imagination -- Imaginative activity and the real -- The function of imagination in cognition -- Concluding remarks -- III. The generic features and basic argument-Structure of Hume’s Philosophy of the Human Understanding -- The primary goal of Hume’s philosophy of the human understanding -- Hume’s basic principles -- Concluding remarks -- IV. Hume’s theory of imagination in the argument of His Philosophy of the Human Understanding (I): The attack on reason -- The attack on abstract reasoning -- The attack on matter-of-fact reasoning -- The combined attack on both types of reasoning -- V. Hume’s theory of imagination in the Argument of His Philosophy of the Human Understanding (II): The attack on sense -- The attack on external sense -- The attack on internal sense -- VI. Conclusion -- A Bibliography of the Most Important Sources.

Abstract: The present work is, as its title indicates, a study of Hume's theory of imagination. Naturally, it is a study of a particular sort. It has a certain scope and limitations, takes a certain line of approach, exhibits certain emphases, has certain ends-in-view, etc. As an initial step in specifying the nature of this study, I shall indicate its central problem, i. e. , that problem to the solution of which the solutions of the various other problems with which it is concerned are merely means. The central problem of this study is that of determining how Hume's theory of im­ agination is related to, or involved in, the generic features and main lines of argument of his philosophy of the human understanding. The expression "philosophy of the human understanding" is obvious­ to allude to a restriction on the scope of this investigation. ly intended Actually, it is a title suggested to me by two of Hume's philosophical writings; and to anyone who is even modestly acquainted with these writings, its reference should be no mystery. Hume published the first two so-called "Books" of his A Treatise of Human Nature in 1739. The first of these two Books was entitled "Of the Human Understanding. " Nine years later, he published a work under the title, An Enquiry Con­ cerning Human Understanding.

Abstract: Avesta. Ancient Persian Inscriptions. Middle Persian Literature -- I. Ancient Eastern-Iranian Culture -- II. The Culture of the Ancient Medes and Persians -- III. The Middle Persian Era -- IV. The Period of Transition to New Persian Literature (The Advance of Islam and the Beginnings of New Persian) -- History of Persian literature up to the Beginning of the 20th Century -- I. Introduction -- II. The Beginnings of Persian Literature -- III. The Samanids (Middle of 3rd/9th century to end of 4th/10th) -- IV. The Ghaznavid Period (5th/11th century) -- V. The Seljuq Period (5th/11th to 6th/12th century) -- VI. The Prose of the Seljuq Period (5th–6th/11th–12th century) -- VII. ??fism -- VIII. The Mongols -- IX. T?m?r and His Successors -- X. The Safavids -- XI. The Turbulent 12th/l8th Century -- XII. Literary and Associated Species of Prose During the 7th–12th/13th–18th Centuries -- XIII. THE 13th/19th Century -- Persian Literature of the 20th Century -- I. Brief Survey of The Economico-Political Situation in Iran After 1896 355 -- II. Character of the Literary Renaissance -- III. Literary Life in the Years 1921–1941 -- IV. The Main Literary Trends After 1941 -- Persian Learned Literature From Its Beginnings up to the End of the 18th Century -- I. Introduction -- II.Philosophy -- III.Philology -- IV.History and biography -- V.Geography -- VI. The exact sciences -- VII. The natural sciences -- VIII. Medicine and pharmacology -- IX. Encyclopaedias -- Tajik Literature From the 16th Century to the Present -- I. Before the Revolution -- II. After the Revolution -- Iranian Folk-Literature -- I. Introduction -- II. Iranian Folk-Epics -- III. Introduction to Folk-Tales -- IV. Iranian Entertainment Folk-Literature -- V. Written Forms of Folk-Literature -- VI. The Influence of Folk-Literature in Modern Persian and Tajik Literature -- VII. Religious Folk-Literature -- VIII. Dramatic Folk-Literature in Iran -- IX. Verse Forms of Folk-Literature -- X. Riddles and Proverbs -- XI. Conclusion -- Persian Literature in India -- An Outline of Judeo-Persian Literature -- Survey of Dynasties -- Selected Bibliography -- Addenda.

Abstract: Some justification seems to be necessary for the addition of yet another History of Iranian Literature to the number of those already in existence. Such a work must obviously contain as many novel features as possible, so that a short explanation of what my collaborators and I had in mind when planning the book is perhaps not superfluous. In the first place our object was to present a short summary of the material in all its aspects, and secondly to review the subject from the chronological, geo­ graphical and substantial standpoints - all within the compass of a single volume. Such a scheme precludes a formal and complete enumeration of names and phenom­ ena, and renders all the greater the obligation to accord most prominence to matters deemed to be of greatest importance, supplementing these with such figures and forms as will enable an impression to be gained of the period in question - all this is far as possible in the light of the most recent discoveries. A glance at the table of contents will suffice to give an idea of the multifarious approach that has been our aim. We begin at the very first traces of evidence bearing on our subject and continue the narrative up to the present day. Geographically the book embraces Iran and its neighbouring countries, while it should be remarked that Iranian literature in its fullest sense also includes Indo-Persian and Judeo-Persian works.

Abstract: I Basic Texts and General Information -- I. Basic Texts -- II. The European Commission of Human Rights -- III. The European Court of Human Rights -- IV. Principal Developments in the Council of Europe Concerning the Protection of Human Rights -- II Decisions of the European Commission and the European Court of Human Rights -- I. Cases Before the Commission -- II. Case Struck off the List After Being Declared Admissible -- III. Case Having Resulted in a Friendly Settlement -- IV. Cases Brought Before the Court -- III The Convention within the Member States of the Council of Europe -- I. The Convention in the Parliaments of the Member states -- II. The Convention in the Domestic Courts of the Contracting Parties -- Appendix Documentation and Bibliography -- A. Council of Europe Documents -- B. Selective Bibliography of Publications Concerning the European Convention on Human Rights -- Alphabetical Index.

Abstract: Preliminary Statement -- One. God and Nature -- A. Nature as Fact for Science -- B. Nature as Meaningful for Man -- C. Nature as Manifestation of God -- D. Nature as Work of God Open to Science -- Two. God and Man -- A. Man in the World with God -- B. Man as Knower -- C. Man as Knower of God -- Three. Man and Man -- A. The Human Self -- B. The State -- C. Art as Partial Hold on the Whole -- Four. Man and God -- A. Religion in General -- B. Christianity as Concrete Religion -- C. Immortality as a Free Possibility to Participate the One -- Concluding Statement -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: I. Benjamin Whichcote: A Man of Good-Nature -- II. From Athens to Cambridge -- III. Controversy with a Puritan -- IV. Religion of First-Inscription — The Candle of the Lord (i) -- V. Religion of First-Inscription — Natural Ethics (ii) -- VI. Religion of after-Revelation—Saving Knowledge (i) -- VII. Religion of after-Revelation — Christian Morals (ii) -- VIII. Religion of after-Revelation — The Universal Church (iii) -- IX. The Father of the Christian Platonists of Cambridge -- X. Whichcote and the Intellectual Tradition -- XI. Epilegomena -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: The research of Professor J. D. Roberts has interested me for several years. It has interested me because he has been working in a really rich area of intellectual history. Even before Professor Whitehead taught us to speak of the seventeenth century as the "century of genius," many of us looked with wonder on the creativity of the men who produced religious and philosophical literature in that period of contro­ versy and of power. It was, in a most unusual way, a flowering time of the human spirit. The present volume is devoted to one fascinating chapter in the history of ideas. We know now, far better than we knew a generation ago, how incendiary Puritan ideas really were. They had tremendous consequences, many of which continue to this day, in spite of the absurd caricature of Puritanism, which is popularly accepted. The best of Milton's contemporaries were great thinkers as well as great doers.

Abstract: I. Civil-Military Jurisdiction with Respect to United States Military Forces in the Philippines, 1898–1947 -- War and Insurrection, 1898–1902 -- The Territorial Period, 1902–1935 -- The Commonwealth Period, 1935–1942 -- The Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945 -- United States Reoccupation and the Postwar Period -- Summary -- II. Arrangements for Postwar Bases in the Philippines -- Pre-Independence Developments—Background to Negotiations -- Independence and the Beginning of Negotiations -- Negotiation of the Bases Agreement of 1947 -- Summary -- III. Criminal Jurisdiction under the Military Bases Agreement of 1947 -- Base Arrangements in General -- Criminal Jurisdictional Arrangements -- Major Differences between the NATO SOFA and the Philippine Agreement -- The Constitutional Test -- Continuity in Jurisdictional Arrangements -- IV. Criminal Jurisdictional Problems under the 1947 Bases Agreement -- Philippine Prosecution of United States Personnel for Off-Base Offenses -- Enforcement of Philippine Laws on the Bases -- Offenses by United States Personnel against Filipinos on the Bases -- Exercise of Jurisdiction over Filipinos by the United States 67 Killing and Injury of Filipinos by Security Guards on the Bases -- Summary -- V. Revision of the 1947 Agreement -- The Security-Sovereignty Dilemma -- Presidential Overtures—First Attempts at Negotiation, 1953–1954 -- Pelaez-Bendetsen Talks, 1956 -- Serrano-Bohlen Talks, 1958–1959 -- Mendez-Blair Talks, 1965 -- VI. Criminal Jurisdictional Arrangements under the 1965 Agreement -- General Principles of Jurisdiction -- Exclusive Jurisdiction -- Concurrent Jurisdiction -- Waiver of Jurisdiction -- Base Security -- Arrest and Confinement -- Search and Seizure -- Procedural Guarantees -- Potential Problems -- Conclusion -- VII. Toward a Conjurisdictional Law -- List of Cases Cited.

Abstract: The peace time stationing for collective security purposes of large numbers of military personnel of one country in the territory of an­ other country constitutes one of the most significant developments of postwar international relations. The United States, for example, has stationed nearly one half of its active military forces in over seventy 1 countries since the Korean War broke out. Stambuk noted that al­ though the theories rationalizing this situation have changed, "the overseas bases and forces remain. "2 As a direct result of this stationing of large numbers of troops in foreign countries numerous bilateral and multilateral status of forces agreements have been put into force. One aspect of these agreements which has attracted considerable attention is the provisions dealing with the right to exercise criminal juris­ 3 diction. As might be expected, a host of jurisdictional problems has arisen concerning whether jurisdictional rights lie with the states sending or the states receiving military personnel, the accompanying civilian component, and their dependents. As Snee and Pye have pointed out: "For the first time in the modern era, the sometimes radically different systems of law of two sovereign nations are operating within the same territory and in respect to the same individuals. "4 Thus a situation has arisen in which the relationships between the military authorities of the 1 George Stambuk, American Military Forces Abroad (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Vni­ versity Press, 1963), pp. 3-4.

Abstract: I. Ignorance, Formation, and Operation -- Ignorance and Judgment -- Formation of Judgment -- Operation of Judgment -- II. The Limitations of Judgment -- Exaltation and Alteration -- God and Institutions -- The Emotional Nature of Man -- Deficiency: A Practical Guide -- III. Judgment and Being -- Self-Identification -- The Role of Appraisal -- The Problem of Essence and Self-Awareness -- The Nature of Movement and Personality -- The Function of Experience -- The Relationship of Judgment and Life -- IV. The Relationship of Judgment to the Other Faculties -- Entendement -- Sens -- Raison and Discours -- Conscience -- Conclusion.

Abstract: Sociology of Law in Scandinavia -- Sociology of Law in The Netherlands -- The Sociology of Law in Japan -- Law and Sociological Studies in U.S.S.R. -- Studies in the Sociology of Law in Hungary -- The Sociology of Law in the Development of Sociology in Jugoslavia -- The Sociology of Law in Poland -- The Sociology of Law in Spain, Portugal and Latin America -- The Sociology of Law in America -- Legal Sociology in France -- The Sociology of Law in Italy -- The Sociology of Law in the Federal Republic of Germany Current Position and Trends -- Conclusion -- List of Authors.

Abstract: The present volume has been planned and prepared in meetings of the Research Committee for the Sociology of Law of the International Sociological Association at the initiative of its chairman, Renato Treves, who also took upon himself editorial responsibility. The first edition of the volume appeared in Italian under the title La socioZogia deZ diritto. ProbZemi e ricerche. It was published in Milano, August I966. The present English edition has the same contents as the Italian volume with the addition of a concluding chapter by J an Glastra van Loon. This publication was undertaken with the purpose of presenting a survey of recent trends in sociology of law in various countries of the world. We hope that the growing interest in the discipline, as evidenced by the large number of publications issued since the Italian edition of this volume, * may be considered as justification for this undertaking. J. v. L. R. T. * We should like to refer to the Law and Society Review published in the United States, to the issue of Acta Sociologica, September 1966, devoted to sociology of law, and finally to the many papers submitted to and discussed at the meetings of the Research Committee for the Sociology of Law during the VIth World Congress of Sociology at Evian. INTRODUCTION by RENATO TREVES I. The sociology 0/ law in its traditional sense and in its more recent developments. Origin and obfects 0/ this work.

Abstract: I: Berdyaev’s Philosophy of History -- A. Introduction -- B. The “historical” and the philosophy of history -- C. Philosophy of history and metaphysics of history -- D. The philosophy of history and the end of history -- E. Philosophy of history in respect to time -- F. Philosophy of history and the doctrine of godmanhood -- G. Summary -- II: Godmanhood, Freedom and Philosophy of History -- A. Introduction -- B. The doctrine of godmanhood -- C. Godmanhood and the freedom of man -- D. Some consequences of the doctrine of godmanhood -- E. Summary -- III: Existentialism: A Personalist Philosophy of History -- A. Introduction -- B. Personalism: the existent and the ego -- C. Personality is spirit: an existentialism of spirit -- D. Personality: the concrete and universal existent -- E. Personality and existence not isolated from the thou and the we -- F. Personality: the microcosm -- G. Summary -- IV: Epistemology and Philosophy of History Conclusion -- A. Introduction -- B. The rejection of the subject-object relationship -- C. Knowledge not anti-rational, but super-rational -- D. Knowledge an identity -- E. True knowing is communal in character -- F. True knowing is loving and creative in character -- G. Image, symbol and mystical experience: concrete and creative knowing -- H. Summary -- Conclusion -- Bibliography of Sources.

Abstract: BERDYAEV AS A PHILOSOPHER How shall a non-Russian, above all a North American, assimilate the extraordinary assemblage of ideas which is Berdyaev's philosophy? Dr. Richardson does not exaggerate the difficulties. And he introduces us with great care (and what a formidable task it must have been) precisely to what is most strange in this writer, his fusion of historical .. eschatological-metaphysical-mystical-Christian conceptions. By some standards Berdyaev is a theologian rather than a philosopher; for he takes the truth of the Christian revelation for granted and his work can readily be viewed as an elaborate apologetic for one religion against all others and against irreligion. Yet I incline to sympathize with him in his claim to be a philosopher. What an eccentric one, however! There are indeed some partial analogies in the general European tradition. Certainly this Russian is a disciple of Kant, and strong traces of Kantianism survive in him. He also moved away from Kant somewhat as did Fichte, Hegel, and, above all, Schelling in his last period. His sympathetic response to Heracleitos and Boehme recalls Hegel. The interest in Boehme and Schelling is found also in Tillich. Like the late German-American, Berdyaev rejects conceptual in favor of symbolic speech about God. Like Bergson, he stresses intuition and makes a radical distinction between scientific logical analytic thought and the mode of apprehension by which, he believes, metaphysical truth is to be appropriated. Here one thinks also of Heidegger.

Abstract: I. Soul and Mathematicals -- II. Posidonius and Neoplatonism -- III. The Subdivisions of Theoretical Philosophy -- IV. The Origin of the Quadrivium -- V. Speusippus in Iamblichus -- VI. A New Fragment of Aristotle -- VII. Metaphysica generalis in Aristotle ? -- Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Passages in Greek and Latin Authors.

Abstract: I: International Custom: its Statics and Dynamics -- Some Traditional Criteria of the Growth of International Custom -- The Law of the Continental Shelf in Theory -- II: The Continental Shelf, its Utilization and Control -- The Continental Shelf and its Riches -- National Shelf Policies -- Industrial Involvement on the Shelf -- The Shelf and the State -- Political and Industrial Limits of the Shelf -- III: Political and Legal Problems of the Continental Shelf: an Outline -- Political and Legal Aspects of the Doctrine: 1945 -- Conceptual Enlargement of the Shelf Doctrine: 1945–1958 -- The 1958 Conference on the Law of the Sea -- IV: Bilateral Perspectives of the Legal Regime of the Continental Shelf -- American and British Shelf Practice in the 1940’s -- Coastal Right of Exclusive Control in Bilateral Perspectives -- Shelf Utilization and Responsibility of States: From Bilateral to Multilateral Perspectives -- Provisional Conclusions -- V: The Continental Shelf and International Custom: Assessment and Conclusions -- The Continental Shelf Regime -- International Custom: Aspects of Growth -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: One of the reasons for the speed with which international law has been changing in recent years has been the acceleration in the development of technology. New technological capabilities create opportunities for new kinds of economic activities which in turn require new legal norms to regulate them. Many such norms are formulated by express agreement and embodied in multilateral treaties. Much of contemporary air and space law is being developed by this method. For various reasons, however, the treaty­ making process is not always adequate for the development of new law, at least in its initial stages. Express agreement of a substantial majority of states on norms formulated with some precision requires much time and effort. Eighteen years have passed, for example, since the United Nations International Law Commission began its work on the law of the sea which led to the formulation of four conventions at the Geneva Conference of 1958 on this subject. Ten years after this Conference, none of the four conventions has been ratified or acceded to by a majority of the states of the world. It is not surprising, therefore, that in some fie1ds new law first emerges as a set of customary norms of varying degrees of c1arity and general accep­ tance. But the nature of the process of development and change of customary norms has remained inadequately understood and explained in the theory of intemationallaw. Some eminent jurists have called it "a mystery.

Abstract: Prefatory Remarks -- I. The Phonemic Inventory -- A. Phonemes and Variants -- B. Monophonematic Evaluation of Sound Combinations -- C. Polyphonematic Evaluation of Single Sounds -- D. Phonological Content and Distribution of Phonemes -- II. Phoneme Combinations -- III. Prosodic Features -- A. Syllabics and Morae -- B. Prosodic Types -- IV. Means of Boundary Marking or Boundary Signals.

Abstract: I: Introduction -- II: Historical Background -- 1. Pre-Partition Plans for the Jordan Waters -- 2. Post-Partition Plans -- 3. The Dispute before the United Nations Security Council -- III: Geographic and Economic Dimensions of the Dispute -- 1. Syria -- 2. Lebanon -- 3. Jordan -- 4. Israel -- IV: The Jordan River and International Law -- 1. International Character of the Jordan River and Tributaries -- 2. The Practice of States: Treaties -- 3. Adjudication -- 4. Opinions of Scholars -- 5. Conclusion -- V: The Political Dimensions of the Dispute -- 1. Israeli Interests -- 2. Arab Reaction to Israel: Inter-Arab Politics -- 3. Major Power Interests in the Dispute -- VI: Solutions Attempted or Proposed -- 1. Multilateral Development of the Jordan Basin -- 2. Unilateral Development of the Jordan Waters -- VII: Assessment of Alternative Solutions -- 1. Peaceful Adjustment of Disputes: Direct Agreement -- 2. Peaceful Adjustment of Disputes: Indirect Agreement -- 3. Stalemate -- 4. Force -- VIII: Prospects -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: In spite of the importance of the Jordan River dispute, there has been no comprehensive and systematic study of the problem. What few articles have been written so far have been fragmentary and essentially dealt with the history of the dispute. M. G. Ionides, in "The Disputed Waters of Jordan," Middle East Journal, Vol. 7 (I953), pp. I53 ff., Georgiana Stevens, in the "Jordan River V alley," International C on­ ciliation, No. 506 (I956), and more recently, Kathryn B. Doherty, in "The Jordan Waters Conflict," International Conciliation, No. 533 (I965), elaborate this theme. H. A. Smith, in the "Waters of the Jordan: a Problem of International Water Control," International Affairs, Vol. 25 (I949), pp. 4I5 ff. has been the exception. However, his work is outdated in that many other factors have entered the picture since I949. My purpose in writing this study is twofold. First, I have sought to update the writings in this field. Second, it is hoped that the findings of this study will give a clearer and a more objective insight into the problems involved. Primary sources for this study include United Nations documents, Arab and Israeli government publications, federal and international law cases dealing with river disputes, treaties, and newspapers. Sec­ ondary source materials include books, articles in learned journals, and others.

Abstract: Table des Matières -- Transformation des principes généraux en règles positives du droit international -- Remarques sur l’interdiction d’intervention -- Les problèmes de la subjectivité internationale -- Le statut juridique des partisans et des mouvements de résistance armée: évolution historique et aspects actuels -- Die Vereinigten Nationen und das Kriegsrecht -- International Freedom of Information. New Dimensions -- Observations sur une enquête internationale: L’affaire du „Tavignano“ -- La souveraineté dans l’histoire du droit des gens. De Vitoria à Vattel -- Norwegian Attitude to International and Foreign Judgments. Recent Developments -- The Evolution of Space Law Continues -- Contribution à l’étude des rapports entre le droit international public et le droit international privé -- Betrachtungen zum Europäischen Niederlassungabkommen vom 13. Dezember1955 -- Le rôle de la condition des mains propres de la personne lésée dans les réclamations devant les tribunaux internationaux -- Unverbindliche Abmachungen im zwischenstaatlichen Bereich -- La non-reconnaissance des actes contraires au droit -- La motivation et la révision des sentences arbitrales à la Conférence de la paix de la Haye (1899) et le conflit frontalier entre le Royaume-Uni et le Vénézuéla -- The Problem of the Application of Military Measures by the General Assembly of the United Nations -- Politique et droit dans les Balkans. Etude d’histoire de la diplomatie et du droit international -- The Special Function of the Principle of Restrictive Interpretation -- La règle juridique, le droit subjectif et le sujet de droit en droit international. Essai d’une nouvelle théorie -- Der Primat des Völkerrechts und die Vereinten Nationen -- Bibliographie des travaux scientifiques de Juraj Andrassy.

Abstract: IFLA/FIAB -- Programme -- Premiere Séance / First Session -- Comptes de la Fédération -- Deuxième Séance / Second Session -- Troisième Séance / Third Session -- Séance Spéciale/Special Session -- Annexes -- Membres Nationaux / National Members -- Bundesrepublik Deutschland, III: Verein der Diplom-Bibliothekare an Wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken e. V -- Bundesrepublik Deutschland, IV: Deutscher Büchereiverband e.V.: -- Deutsche Demokratische Republik I. Deutscher Bibliotheksverband -- Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin -- Deutsche Bücherei, Leipzig -- Autriche / Austria, I: Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekare -- Belgique / Belgium -- Bulgarie / Bulgaria -- Danemark / Denmark -- Finlande / Finland. I: Suomen Kirjastoseura / Finnish Library Association -- Grande-Bretagne / Great Britain -- Hollande / Holland -- Hongrie / Hungary -- Italie / Italy -- Pologne / Poland -- Suéde / Sweden -- Suisse / Switzerland -- UDC (5) ASIE / ASIA -- Israël / Israel -- Japon / Japan -- UDC (6) Afrique / Africa -- UDC (7) Amérique du Nord / North America -- États-UNIS D’Amérique / United States of America, I -- UDC (8) Amérique Latine / Latin America -- UDC (9) Australasie / Australasia.

Abstract: One -- I. The Notion of the Begriffsschrift -- II. Number and Concept -- III. The Hierarchy of Functions -- IV. Wertverlauf and the Problem of Expansion -- Two -- V. The Article ‘On Sense and Reference’ -- VI. Description, Designation, Assertion: Russell, Jones and Bierich on Frege’s Semantics -- VII. Synonymity and Sentential Context -- VIII. The Contamination of Ontics and Semantics -- Summary -- Index of Names.

Abstract: I: The “Ratio Communis” of the Analogous Name -- I. Texts which reject a ratio communis -- II. Texts which imply a ratio communis -- III. The analogy of names -- IV. Some analogous names -- VI. Being is not a Genus -- VII. Resolution and Conclusion -- II: Metaphor and Analogy -- I. Cajetan on metaphor -- II. Analogy vs. Metaphor -- III. Ratio Propria non invenitur nisi in uno -- IV. The signification of names -- V. Ratio communis and ratio propria -- VI. Proprie, Communiter, Metaphorice -- VII. Concluding summary -- III: Metaphor and fundamental ontology -- IV: “Analogy” is analogous -- V: Reply to a Critic -- I. Cajetan and Intrinsic and Extrinsic denomination -- II. Professor Beach as exegete -- III. Professor Beach’s confusion of the Logical and Real -- VI: Is the term soul analogous?.

Abstract: The present volume brings together a number of things I have written on the subject of analogy since the appearance of The Logic of Analogy in 1961. In that book I tried to disengage St Thomas' teaching on analogous names from various subsequent accretions which, in my opinion, had obscured its import. The book was widely reviewed, various points in it were rightly criticized, but its main argument, namely, that analogical signification is a logical matter and must be treated as such, was, if often confronted, left finally, I think, standing. The studies brought together now reflect the same concentration on the teaching of Aquinas. I am not of the opinion that everything important on the question of analogy, and certainly not everything of importance on those problems which elicit the doctrine of analogy, was said by Thomas Aquinas. But it was my decision, for my personal work, first to achieve as much clarity as I could with respect to the teaching of Thomas, and then to go on to other writers, both ancient and modern. I am currently engaged in working out the relations among equivo­ cation, analogy and metaphor in Aristotle. When that study is com­ pleted, I shall turn eagerly to some quite recent contributions to the nature of religious language. In short, the present work, which is by and large a prolongation of my attempt at an exegesis of Thomistic texts, marks the end of one phase of my research into the problem of analogy.

Abstract: Table Des MatiÈres -- Transformation des principes généraux en règles positives du droit international -- Remarques sur l’interdiction d’intervention -- Les problèmes de la subjectivité internationale -- Le status juridique des partisans et des mouvements de résistance armée: évolution historique et aspects actuels -- Die Vereinigten Nationen und das Kriegsrecht -- International Freedom of Information. New Dimensions -- Observations sur une enquête internationale: L’affaire du „Tavignano” -- La souveraineté dans l’histoire du droit des gens. De Vitoria à Vattel -- Norwegian Attitude to International and Foreign Judgments. Recent Developments -- The Evolution of Space Law Continues -- Contribution à l’étude des rapports entre le droit international public et le droit international privé -- Betrachtungen zum Europäischen Niederlassungsabkommen vom 13. Dezember 1955 -- Le rôle de la condition des mains propres de la personne lésée dans les réclamations devant les tribunaux internationaux -- Unverbindliche Abmachungen im zwischenstaatlichen Bereich -- La non-reconnaissance des actes contraires au droit -- La motivation et la révision des sentences arbitrales à la Conférence de la paix de la Haye (1899) et le conflit frontalier entre le Royaume-Uni et le Vénézuéla -- The Problem of the Application of Military Measures by the General Assembly of the United Nations -- Politique et droit dans les Balkans. Etude d’histoire de la diplomatie et du droit international -- The Special Function of the Principle of Restrictive Interpretation -- La règle juridique, le droit subjectif et le sujet de droit en droit international. Essai d’une nouvelle théorie -- Der Primat des Völkerrechts und die Vereinten Nationen -- Bibliographie des travaux scientifiques de Juraj Andrassy.

Abstract: I: Background -- I: A Short History of German Socialism -- II: Ideological Development in the Postwar Period -- II: The New Program -- III: How the Program was Adopted -- IV: How the Program was Adopted [continued] -- III: The New Leadership; the New Style -- V: How the Guard was Changed -- VI: How the Guard was Changed (continued) -- VII: The Evolution Completed -- IV: Socialism in the New Europe -- VIII: Conclusions -- Epilogue -- Epilogue -- Appendices.

Abstract: On November 15, 1959, an extraordinary conference of the German Social Democratic Party adopted a new program, one which departed abruptly from the party's ninety-year tradition. One year later, on November 25, 1960, the party conference in regular session applauded the party's new "team," a group of personable candidates headed by Willy Brandt. In the fall of 1961, this team, with Brandt as chancellor candidate, led the SPD in a campaign based on the most modern techniques, many copied frankly from the American presidential campaign of the previous year. This three-fold change of program, leadership, and style was unlike any other in the party's long evolution. I t was the culmination of a conscious effort to adapt the party to chang­ ing times, an effort, in short, to modernize socialism. This development is of obvious interest to the observer of postwar West German politics. The SPD, oldest and formerly strongest of the German political parties, after 1949 became the second party in an essentially three-party system. As such it assumed the unhappy role of apparently perpetual opposition. Its escape from the role would depend to a large extent on the appeal of the new package offered the German voter. The success or failure of the party's effort of modern­ ization would thus greatly affect the subsequent course of German politics.

Abstract: I: Equality of Treatment, Trade Discrimination and International Law -- I: Introduction -- II: Trade Discrimination and International Law -- II: Most-Favoured-Nation Clause vs. Discrimination in Gatt -- III. Background to M. N. F. Clause in Gatt -- IV: Equality of Treatment vs. Discrimination in Gatt: Article I(I) -- V: Exceptions to M. F. N. Clause in Article I (I) and Discrimination -- VI: Exceptions in Favour of Frontier Traffic, Customs Unions, Free Trade Areas and Discrimination -- VII: Equality of Ttreatment vs. Discrimination in Other Articles of GATT -- VIII: Quantitative Restrictions and Non-Discrimination -- IX: Remedies and Organisational Structure -- X: Conclusions.

Abstract: Doctor Hyder's meticulous and comprehensive study throws much­ needed light on the often invoked but little understood concept of "discrimination" in international law. It is also of great practical value to those who are concerned with the law of international trade. "Discrimination" is a word with bad connotations. It suggests un­ fairness, prejudice and favouritism. It seems to point to adeparture from the ideal of equal opportunities, equal rewards and even-handed legal protection of all human beings without regard to differences of race, religion, ethnic origin or sex. Similarly, in public international law "discrimination" suggests violation of the principle of equality of states. Yet there are vast areas of international relations in whieh states are regarded as being legally free, except as specially provided in treaties, to make distinctions between other states or their nationals. The principle of equality of states merely means that the many rules constituting what is often called "general (or universal) international law" apply equally to all independent states. Hence, by definition, such states have equal rights and duties under general international law. But the latter leaves vast areas of transnational activity to be regulated by states at their discretion either unilaterally or by special agreement with other states. No state has, in fact, exactly the same totality of rights and duties as other states, since no two states are parties to exactly the same treaties. By treaty, astate often grants to another state a right which it may withhold from third states.

Abstract: I. The Postwar Setting -- II. Reparation or Hegemony? The Background and Development of Poincaré’s Ruhr Policy -- III. Opposition and the Retreat from Hegemony -- IV. Britain and the Policy of Benevolent Neutrality -- V. The Abandonment of Benevolent Neutrality -- VI. Weimar Germany and the Ruhr Struggle -- VII. Stresemann and the Fulfilment Policy -- VIII. United States Policy: The Wilson Administration and the Developing Ruhr Question -- XI. Charles Evans Hughes and the Emergence of the Dawes Plan -- X. Some Conclusions -- Appendices -- Bibliographical Essay -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: Given the atmosphere of the time, given the passions aroused in all democracies by years of war, it would have been impossible even for supermen to devise a peace of moderation and righteousness .•..• human error is a permanent and not a periodic factor in history. Harold Nicolson, writing in I933 of the Treaty of Versailles 1 Although the period of history from 1918 to 1925 has been the subject of considerable analysis and interpretation by historians, journalists, and students of international politics, there are certain aspects of this postwar era which are greatly in need of further study and evaluation. The occupation of the Ruhr area of Germany by French and Belgian troops in 1923 is one of these. While it is not the intention of the present writer to deal definitively or exhaustively with all possible sources, either for the era in general or for the Ruhr episode itself, he does seek to note and compare some influential French, British, German, and American attitudes.

Abstract: Some general features of Soviet private international law. Legal sources -- General Part -- I. Soviet criticism of Western public policy -- II. Soviet legal writers on their own system -- III. General remarks on the current doctrines of public policy and the approach to be followed -- Special Part -- I. Soviet legislative public policy -- II. Soviet judicial public policy -- Summary and Final Remarks -- Samenvatting -- List of Laws and Legal Digests -- List of Cases.

Abstract: This study is based on original Russian sources, due atten­ tion being paid to some authoritative views advanced by foreign lawyers. Leaving aside the essentials of the work in the hope that they will speak for themselves; I should like to make some prelim­ inary remarks regarding the linguistic and other formal aspects. First of all it should be noted that many of the Soviet laws have already been translated into English either in the USSR itself or in Western countries. This fact is fully reflected in the bibliographical survey at the end of this study. Some laws have been translated both in the Soviet Union and abroad, as for instance the Fundamentals of Soviet Civil Legislation. In such a case I have used the translation made in the USSR even though linguistically it may be inferior to the translation made in the West. The author has translated only those legal provi­ sions of which no English translation was available. For transliteration, I have used the system of the Library of Congress of the USA without its diacritical marks. Further, a word should be said about the references in the notes. They are very brief and consist of the surnames of the authors concerned and if necessary an additional element, e. g.