Abstract: I. the Loss of Faith -- I. Modern Literature and the Death of God -- II. God and the Alienated Self -- III. Eros and the Death of God -- II. the Search for God -- IV. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche -- V. Dostoevski and the Problem of Religion -- VI. The Literature of Suicide -- VII. The Numinous in Fiction -- VIII. Religion and the Novel -- IX. Catholicism in Fiction -- X. The Dialectics of Tragedy in an Age of Unfaith -- III. the Summing up -- XI. Conclusion.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. John Grote’s Life -- 2. Writings -- 3. Statement, and Division, of the Problem -- 4. Survey of Sources and of Previous Work on the Problem -- 5. Transition to Next Chapter -- II. Grote’s View of Phenomenalism -- I. Distinction of Terms: ‘Noumenon,’ ‘Phenomenon,’ and ‘Thing in Itself’ -- 2. What Phenomenalism Means -- 3. Phenomenal Reality -- 4. Two Tests of Phenomenalism -- 5. The Phenomenalist Spirit or Mind -- 6. Summary and Foreword to Next Chapter -- III. Grote’s Interpretation of the Relation of Phenomenalism to Philosophy -- 1. Each is Necessary to the Other -- 2. Consciousness as Active and Passive -- 3. Analysis of Sensation -- 4. Time and Space -- 5. The Relationship of Phenomenalism to Philosophy Further Illustrated -- 6. Relationship Through Contrast -- 7. Mind Provides Unity -- 8. Grote Avoids A Basic Blunder in Behaviorism -- 9. Kant’s Abstraction of Phenomenal Reality from Reason -- 10. Abstracting of Consciousness from Phenomena is Unwarranted -- 11. Historical Recapitulation -- 12. Main Contribution of the Chapter, with Comment -- 13. Transition to Next Chapter -- IV. Philosophy As Consciousness and the Ego -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ferrier’s Treatment of Philosophy and Phenomenalism -- 3. Criticism of Grote and Ferrier on the Basis of Lotze’s Position -- 4. Meaning of ‘Know,’ and ‘Know About,’ in Reference to Phenomenal Reality -- 5. Relativity of Knowledge -- 6. Summary of Main Issues -- V. ‘Philosophy’ and the Scale of Sensation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Importance of the Scale of Sensation -- 3. Two Kinds of Knowledge — ‘Higher’ and ‘Lower’ -- 4. Hamilton, Mill and Reid Compared -- 5. Descartes and Hamilton -- 6. Proper Use of Certain Terms in Relation to the Scale of Sensation -- 7. Critical Reflection on the Foregoing Chapter -- VI. Phenomenalist Logic and Knowledge -- 1. Introductory -- 2. Grote’s Own Position Revealed Through Criticism of Hamilton and Mill -- 3. Phenomenalism Inadequate For A Perfect Scheme of Knowledge -- 4. Critical Observations and Analyses -- VII. The Introspective Method in Knowledge -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Locke’s Psychology -- 3. Hume’s Rationalism -- 4. Berkeley’s Subjectivism -- 5. Spencer’s and Morell’s Evolutionism -- 6. Retrospect and Prospect -- VIII. Immediateness and Reflection -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Purpose of the Chapter in Introducing These Terms -- 3. Meaning of Immediateness and Reflection -- 4. Significance of Immediateness and Reflection in Grote’s Philosophy -- 5. Critical Comment -- 6. Relation to the Following Chapter -- IX. Personalism in Grote’s Writings -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Epistemological Monism -- 3. Monistic, Pluralistic, and Theistic Personalism -- 4. Critique of Materialism -- 5. Critical Comment -- 6. Summary and Transition to Next Chapter -- X. Grote’s Idealism -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Grote’s Platonism -- 3. Critique of Utilitarianism -- 4. A Critique of Moral Ideals -- 5. Critical Remarks -- 6. Concluding Note to this Chapter -- Conclusion -- 1. Grote’s Position in the History of Philosophy -- 2. Further Critical Comment -- Appendix: An Exposition of the Miscellaneous Writings of John Grote -- I. “On A Furture State” -- 1. Glorification of body and mind -- 2. Simplicity of style and thought in this article -- 3. Effect of present life on the future -- 4. Manner of individual appearance in a future life is unimportant -- 5. Stress on the importance of both present and future life -- 6. Comment -- II. “On Glossology” -- 1. Concerning terminology -- i. Break in Grote’s projected work on glossology -- ii.’ Phone’ and ‘noem’ -- iii.’ Phonism’ and ‘noematism’ -- iv. Ideas of physical ‘things’ -- v. Stomatism -- vi. ‘Hypophonism’ -- 2. The philosophy of language -- i. Four divisions -- ii. ‘Noematism’ -- iii. ‘Noematoschematism’ -- iv.’ Phonarium’ -- v. ‘Dianoematism’ -- vi. In extreme cases the modification in noematism is very great -- 3. Criticism of Tooke -- 4. Criticism of Trench -- 5. Comment -- III. “Thought vs. Learning” -- 1. A contrast -- 2. Use of one’s own mind is of chief importance -- 3. Thought and learning stagnation -- 4. Comment -- IV. “Pascal and Montaigne” -- 1. A brief comparison -- 2. Pascal’s devotion to religion -- 3. Montaigne’s neopaganism -- 4. Pascal on happiness -- 5. Comment -- V. “On the Dating of Ancient History” -- 1. Dating of events by two methods — epochal and eponymous -- 2. Dynastical reckoning -- 3. Olympiadic dating -- 4. Dating by lunar months -- 5. Dating originating in Christendom -- 6. Other methods of dating -- 7. Present and future methods of dating -- VI. “Origin and Meaning of Roman Names” -- 1. Significance of ‘nomen,’ ‘praenomen,’ and ‘cognomen’ -- 2. Criticism of Plutarch -- 3. Change in a Roman name -- 4. Criticism of Varro’s view -- 5. Present-day names based on Roman rather than on Greek -- VII. Conclusion to Miscellaneous Writings -- Chronological Bibliography of the Writings of John Grote -- General Bibliography.

Abstract: An objective of this book is to discuss some of the contributions made by John Grote to philosophy. This work is an extension of a dissertation written for the doctorate at Boston University. The author wishes to acknowledge the invaluable assistance in many places to Professor Peter A. Bertocci and the late Professor Edgar S. Brightman both of whom read the entire manuscript in its original form. Also, the author acknowledges the encouraging interest and support of his wife, Helen, whose many suggestions have improved the writing and without whose assistance this work would not have been accomplished. The author assumes complete responsibility for whatever errors or deficiencies appear in the book. All known writings of Grote are listed and the more important ones analyzed. LAUCHLIN D. MACDONALD CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. JOHN GROTE'S LIFE i. Sketch of his life John Grote will remain best known by reason of the thought formu­ lated in the Exploratio Philosophica, or Rough Notes on Modern I ntellectu­ al Science. To the philosophical world of his own time he was well known as the teacher who ably held the chair of Moral Philosophy in the University of Cambridge from r855 until the year of his death, r866, to the Knightbridge Professor, William Whewell whose in succession Philosophy of Science is the subject of at least one chapter of the Exploratio Philosophica. Grote's birthplace was Beckenham in Kent, and the date, May 5, r8r3.

Abstract: I. The Nature of the Problems and Some Previously Suggested Solutions -- I. An outline of the problems to be considered -- II. An outline of some contemporary writers -- III. A statement of the problems to be solved, and the procedure to be followed -- II. An Examination of the Concept of “Self Evidence” in Thomistic Natural Law Teaching -- I. The nature of the problem, some preliminary considerations, and an outline of the procedure to be followed -- II. S. Thomas’s teaching concerning the concept of “self evidence” in natural law precepts -- III. The role of the Thomistic concept naturalis inclinatio in our knowledge of self-evident natural law precepts -- IV. A critical assessment of some of the precepts suggested by contemporary writers as being self-evident, together with a summary of the main findings of this chapter -- III. The Thomistic Distinction Between Primary and Secondary Natural Law Precepts, as Found in the Commentary on the Sentences, the Summa Contra Gentiles and the Commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle -- I. Recapitulation -- II. The problem of the character of precepts which are not self-evident -- III. The problem in the Commentary on the Sentences -- IV. The Problem in the Summa Contra Gentiles -- V. The problem in the Commentary on the Ethics -- IV. The Thomistic Distinction Between Primary and Secondary Natural Law Precepts, as Found in the Summa Theologica -- The History of the text -- Method of presentation to be followed -- V. Some Comments on the Validity and Usefulness of the Distinction Between Primary and Secondary Precepts -- I. A statement of the aims of this chapter and an outline of the procedure to be followed -- II. Our assessment of S. Thomas’s teaching on the possibility of “logical extension” in natural law -- III. A final assessment of S. Thomas’s teaching on primary and secondary precepts, and their division -- IV. The validity and value of the distinction between primary and secondary precepts -- VI. The Concept of Variability Among the Secondary Precepts of Natural Law -- I. A discussion on the aims of this chapter and the procedure to be followed -- II. Mere historical changes in positive moral beliefs -- III. Historical changes correlated with the rational development of man -- IV. Changes in natural law due to the intrinsic complexity of certain particular situations -- V. The variability of decisions in particular situations due to the contingency of principles -- VI. Variability in natural law due to the “non-obligatory” character of positively formulated precepts -- VII. Variability in natural law due to changes in the intrinsic structure of society -- Conclusion -- Index of Authors.

Abstract: Never before in the history of mankind has there been a period when hitherto accepted moral principles have been more severely tested. The agonized cry of a world smitten by two major wars in a handful of years leaves no doubt in the minds of many that natural law ethics, ifit is to have relevance and to survive, must provide at least the outline of an answer to the problems of every day living. To date, many hundreds of books and articles have been written setting forth with great eloquence the basic and immutable principles of natural law ethics. But too often these discussions fail to consider, in their agonizing detail, situations where there is a choice between conflicting values, conflicting loyalties, conflicting ideas and duties, each of which has a claim to recognition. It is only in the isolation of the particular case that the frightening dilemmas of natural law can be most clearly experienced. To give just two illustrations.

Abstract: I The Personal Question -- II Metaproblematic Inquiry -- III The Existential Situation -- IV The Fellowship of Being -- Conclusion.

Abstract: This book is the fruit of a critical inquiry into the nature and scope of Marcel's philosophie achievement. As such, it is concerned less with affixing the appropriate label (personalist or existentialist) to Marcel's thought -and with it making it stick - than with discovering the precise impulse and tenor ofhis philosophy. In the process ofthat more general inquiry, the writer found being forced upon hirn a central concept as integrating focus of Marcel's philosophie investigations. This eoneept was that of the person. Gradually it emerged as a concept not only of prime importance for understanding the underlying harmony that pervades Marcel's professedly unsystematic researches, but equally as one of profound significanee for any philosophy that pretends adequately to aecount for human experienee. Furthermore, it seemed that the eoneept derived much ofthat significance from its acceptance precisely in the context of Marcel's thought. This feature ofMareel's philosophie writings alone is warrant enough for overeoming any initial embarrassment aroused in Anglo-Saxon breasts by his style. For, to speak candidly, that style is of a generation and a climate whose tastes little aecord with palates trained to a greater astringeney. Nor will Marcel's evident and unashamed coneern with life and its problems necessarily evoke a warm response in minds aceustomed to operate in an atmosphere of stricter and more aeademic reserve.

Abstract: I. Implementing Man’s Natural Rights: The Developing International Law -- Failure at the International Level -- The Regional Approach -- Purpose of the Study -- The Natural Rights of Man -- II. The Development of Procedural Remedies -- From Antiquity to the Modern State -- The Status of the Individual under Roman Law -- Present Theories of Individual Procedural Status -- Other Subjects of the Law -- Early International Courts -- III. The Inter-War Period -- The U.S.-Mexican Mixed Claims Commission -- Mixed Claims Commissions -- Arbitral Tribunals -- IV. The Efforts of the United Nations -- Failure at the International Level -- International Labour Organization -- International Court of Justice -- V. The Council of Europe: Political Unification -- The Realization of an Ideal -- The Council of Europe and Unification -- The Individual and the Commission Convention of Human Rights -- Protection of States -- Regional Tribunals and the Individual Commission of Human Rights -- The Court of Human Rights -- Committee of Ministers -- The Individual as a Beneficiary -- Conclusions: Political Organizations -- VI. European Economic Organizations -- The Common Market -- Economic Integration of Europe -- The European Communities and the Individual -- Combined Community Court -- The Individual and the EEC -- The Role of the Court in an Expanding Legal System -- Treaty Texts and the Individual -- Article 177 and the Individual -- Court Decisions and Individual Rights -- Advisory Jurisdiction -- The Individual as a Beneficiary -- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development -- Conclusions: Economic Organizations -- VII. Conclusions -- Individual Right of Action -- Political and Economic Organizations Compared -- The Future Global Efforts -- International Court of Justice -- Private Undertakings -- Trend of World Law -- Table of Cases -- Subject Matter Index -- Index of Authorities.

Abstract: The most important sipgle factor in guaranteeing the effective pro­ tection of human rights - including economic and property interest- is that private individuals and groups be capable of maintaining a judicial action against any sovereign State causing them injury. Thus, individuals must possess the necessary locus standi at both the regional and international levels. A private individual must be able to prosecute an action before an international tribunal - in his own name - against an offending Government, particularly his own. Unfortunately, this necessary right of action was not recognized under traditional internatio­ nallaw. It is only very recently, since the adoption of the European Convention of Human Rights and the Establishing Treaty of the Common Market, that nongovernmental entities have achieved locus standi before international courts. As this book is being written, it is no longer valid to hold that only States are procedural subjects of international law. Nevertheless, it must - tragically - be conceded that individuals do not enjoy the same standing as Member States. This same generalization applies to the United Nations. Starting with the proposition that the individual is a subject of the Law, this book not only analyses examples supporting this viewpoint, but it concentrates on the more important shortcomings, primarily those existing within the Council of Europe, the European Economic Community, and the United Nations. Therefore, recommendations are offered as to the specific improvements that must be made.

Abstract: A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- Z.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Fundamental Law -- III. The Establishment of the Commonwealth, 1648-1653 -- IV. Agitation for Law Reform, 1649-1653 -- V. Barebone’s Parliament -- VI. The Protectorate -- VII The Last Years of The Protectorate -- Epilogue.

Abstract: Throughout this essay all dates are given in New Style. When pamphlets were originally dated Old Style, the new date has been substituted. In all quotations the original seventeenth-century spelling has been retained. A "sic" is placed in the quotation only where it appears to be certain that there has been a misprint in the original. I want to express my sincere gratitude to the late Professor Garrett Mattingly of Columbia University for his inspiration and guidance during the years spent under his sponsorship. It was a rare privilege to study under him. Professor Sidney Burrell of Barnard College offered many constructive suggestions and I am most appreciative of the kind interest he took in the completion of this study. I also wish to thank the editors of The American Journal of Legal History for publishing some of my material on Chancery reform in their Journal. The staff of the North Library of the British Museum was most helpful in making available the many volumes of the Thomason Collection. Thanks are also due to the staff of the Library of Union Theological Seminary who helped in the location of materials from the McAlpin Collection.

Abstract: I Declarations and the Development of International Law -- 1. The Nature of the Declarations -- 2. Significance of Declarations in Relation to Specific Powers of the Assembly under the Charter -- 3. Significance of Declarations as Interpretation and Application of International Law -- 4. Declarations as Subsequent Practice and as Aid in the Judicial Interpretation of the Charter -- 5. Declarations as Evidence of Custom or General Principles of International Law -- 6. Declarations as Agreements Within the United Nations System -- 7. Factors Affecting the Significance of Declarations -- II Declarations Which Purport to State Existing Principles of International Law -- 1. Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Wealth and Resources -- 2. The Declaration on the Prohibition of the Use of Nuclear and Thermo-Nuclear Weapons -- 3. The Resolution Affirming Principles of International Law embodied in the Charter of the Nurnberg Tribunal -- III Declarations Which Purport to Create New Principles of International Law -- 1. Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space -- IV Declarations Intended to Promote Specific Charter Programs -- 1. The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples -- 2. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- 3. The Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination -- 4. The Declaration of the Rights of the Child -- V Significance of Declarations in the Practice of States and of International Organizations -- 1. Significance of Declarations in the Practice of States -- 2. Significance of Declarations in International Organizations -- Conclusion.

Abstract: Mr. Asamoah's book is concerned with an area of growing importance in the evolution of contemporary international law. The traditional division of the sources of International law into custom and treaties has already been supplemented in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice by the "general principles of law re­ cognized by civilized nations" and-as subsidiary sources, the judicial decisions and the teachings of highly qualified publicists. But in order to cope with the diversity of international law in our time, we have to look to a far greater variety of sources of international law, and we shall have to recognize that, in accordance with the many-sided character of international law, these sources may vary greatly in intensity. In recent years, Declaratory Resolutions of the General Assembly have been much concerned with the general princi­ ples of international law. Sometimes these Declarations are interpre­ tations of the Charter and other instruments; sometimes they are evi­ dence of state practice and a developing customary international law ; sometimes they formulate new principles which, in some cases will eventually lead to international treaties or new custom, or in other cases will be accepted as authorative statements of international legal principles, in circumstances where a formal treaty cannot be attained. There are many reasons--often of an internal character-which prevent the conclusion of a treaty but not the acceptance of the principles contained in it.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 New Guinea Annexations -- 3 Papua Irredenta -- 4 The Former Anglo-German Boundary -- 5 The Irian Boundary -- 6 Epilogue -- Appendixes -- I Some Notes on Administrative Nomenclature -- II The Spelling of Place Names -- III Sources used in the Compilation of the Maps -- References.

Abstract: The paucity of published material on the borders of New Guinea and the international significance of the Irian boundary led me to bring together the information I had gathered over the past few years. Ideally, a book of this kind should cover the subject in its total historical and geographical context. The aim of this work is more modest: it intends merely to throw some light on the birth and development of New Guinea's boundaries. With this purpose in mind, after an introductory chapter attention is given to the historical events leading up to the parti­ tion of New Guinea among three European powers. In subsequent chapters the development of the boundaries between the various parts of the island is discussed. It is realized that this approach may tend to convey the impression that each particular border is in some way unique. This, however, is not intended and it is hoped that the reader will recognize some of the common underlying themes and problems which are given attention in the introductory and concluding chapters. It was intended originally to present in a brief appendix those docu­ ments which define the borders. It soon appeared desirable to include also the unpublished records of more recent border conferences and relevant correspondence leading up to the actual treaties, exchange of notes, Orders in Council, or (as the case might be) lack of action.

Abstract: A New Guinea Annexations, 1828–1885 -- 1 The Van Delden Proclamation of 1828 -- 2 Description of Tidore’s territories in New Guinea, 1865 -- 3 Description of Tidore’s territories in New Guinea, 1875 -- 4 The Erskine Proclamation of 1884 -- 5 The amended Erskine Proclamation -- 6 The Schutzbrief of 1885 -- B The Queensland Boundary, 1879–1919 -- 1 The Queensland Coast Islands Act of 1879 -- 2 John Douglas to the Colonial Secretary, 1885 -- 3 Sir Samuel Griffith to Sir Henry Norman, 1893 -- 4 Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman, 1893 -- 5 Sir William MacGregor to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1895 -- 6 Order in Council directing that certain islands attached to the colony of Queensland shall become part of the possession of British New Guinea, 1896 -- 7 Sir William MacGregor to Lord Lamington, 1896 -- 8 Hugh M. Nelson to Lord Lamington, 1898 -- 9 Order in Council directing that certain islands and reefs to the northward of Queensland shall become part of the possession of British New Guinea, 1898 -- 10 A. H. Jiear to the Government Secretary, Port Moresby, 1903 -- 11 Memorandum of Acting Administrator C. S. Robinson to the Governor-General, 1903 -- 12 Governor-General’s Office to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 1904 -- 13 Governor-General’s Office to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 1906 -- 14 Alfred Deakin to William Kidston, 1906 -- 15 William Kidston to Alfred Deakin, 1906 -- 16 A. P. Lyons to the Government Secretary, Port Moresby, 1919 -- C The Anglo-German Boundary, 1885–1909 -- 1 Arrangement between Great Britain and Germany relative to their respective spheres of action in portions of New Guinea, 1885 -- 2 Declaration between the governments of Great Britain and the German Empire relating to the demarcation of the British and German spheres of influence in the Western Pacific, 1886 -- 3 Sir William MacGregor to Lord Lamington. Despatch recommending that the Gira River be made the boundary between German and British New Guinea, 1897 -- 4 Convention and declaration between Great Britain and Germany for the settlement of the Samoan and other questions, 1899 -- 5 Proclamation by the High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, declaring a British protectorate over Choiseul, etc., 1900 -- 6 Exchange of Notes between Great Britain and Germany relating to the re-delimitation of the British and German spheres of influence in the Western Pacific, 1904 -- 7 British New Guinea: Negotiations for making Gira River free for navigation, 1906, 1908 -- 8 George Le Hunte to Atlee Hunt, 1908 -- 9 Gustavus Sabine to the Australian Minister for External Affairs, 1909 -- 10 Staniforth Smith to Lieutenant-Governor of Papua, 1909 -- 11 An Act to approve the placing of the Territory of New Guinea under the International Trusteeship System, 1949 -- D The Anglo-Dutch Boundary, 1892–1901 -- 1 Dr G. van Tienhoven to Sir Horace Rumbold, 1892 -- 2 Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman. Despatch respecting expedition undertaken to repel Tugeri invasion, 1892 -- 3 Dr G. van Tienhoven to Sir Horace Rumbold, 1893 -- 4 The Koloniaal Verslag of 1893 (extract), 1893 -- 5 Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman. Despatch reporting the proceedings in connection with the delimitation of the boundary between British and Dutch New Guinea, 1893 -- 6 Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands defining the boundaries between the British and Netherland possessions in the island of New Guinea, 1895 -- 7 Presentation of the Convention of 1895 in the Second and First Chambers of the States General, 1895 -- 8 Order in Council applying the laws of Her Majesty’s possessions in New Guinea to the territories acquired under the Convention with the Netherlands of May 16, 1895, 1896 -- 9 Sir Henry Howard to W. H. de Beaufort, 1900 -- 10 W. H. de Beaufort to Sir Henry Howard, 1900 -- 11 Sir Henry Howard to the Marquess of Lansdowne, 1900 -- 12 W. Rooseboom to G. R. Le Hunte 1901 -- E The German-Netherlands Boundary, 1902–1911 -- 1 Memorandum of the German Foreign Office to the Netherlands Legation, 1902 -- 2 H. L. von Tschirschky to W. J. M. van Eysinga, 1906 -- 3 W. A. F. Baron Gevers to H. L. von Tschirschky, 1906 -- 4 W. A. F. Baron Gevers to W. von Schön, 1908 -- 5 W. von Schön to W. A. F. Baron Gevers, 1909 -- 6 The recommendations of the Netherlands Commission of the German-Netherlands Boundary Commission (extract), 1911 -- F The Boundary between the Australian and Netherlands Possessions, 1928–1962 -- 1 Memorandum of J. I. Merrylees to the Government Secretary, Rabaul, concerning the border between the Mandated Territory and Netherlands New Guinea, 1928 -- 2 R. de Marees van Swinderen to S. M. Bruce, 1933 -- 3 R. de Marees van Swinderen to S. M. Bruce, 1934 -- 4 Exchange of Notes between His Majesty’s government in the Commonwealth of Australia and the Netherlands government, 1936 -- 5 J. P. Count van Limburg Stirum to S. M. Bruce, 1939 -- 6 Border Conference. Ingembit Village, 1954 -- 7 Discussions between Sydney Elliott Smith and Sj. van der Goot concerning the Waris border area, 1956 -- 8 Brief report of the visit of the District Commissioner of Daru to Merauke from 2 to 6 June 1956, 1956 -- 9 Australian-Dutch Conference on Survey and Mapping, 1960 -- 10 Report and Recommendations of the Australian-Dutch Technical Commission, 1961 -- 11 Questions in the Netherlands Parliament about the Waris and Jaffi Enclaves, 1962 -- 12 Roggeveen-Dent Declaration (Angamarut), 1962 -- 13 Roggeveen-Dent Declaration (Domongi), 1962 -- 14 Roggeveen Declaration (Bensbach River), 1962 -- G Material concerning the Australian-Indonesian Border -- 1 West Irian/Papua and New Guinea border, 1964 -- 2 Parliamentary Question and Reply concerning the Irian boundary, 1965 -- 3 Parliamentary Questions and Replies concerning the free navigation on the Fly River, 1965.

Abstract: This series of documents is a companion volume to Search for New Guinea's Boundaries: From Torres Strait to the Pacific (Australian National University Press, 1966). It brings together not only scattered, previously published documents, but also some of the correspondence surrounding them and reports and memoranda dealing with the bounda­ ries in general. The latter include material up to 1962. The documents have been arranged chronologically within sections. Material in sections A, B, and C corresponds respectively with matters dealt with in Chapters 2 (New Guinea Annexations), 3 (Papua Irredenta), and 4 (The Former Anglo-German Boundary), that in sections D, E, and F with those in Chapter 5 (The Irian Boundary), while that in section G is touched upon in the concluding chapter. The selection of published documents was simple: all were in­ eluded. Choice of unpublished material available in the archives was an individual one. Documents in Dutch, French, and German have been translated. Personal comments and queries have been entered in foot­ notes to the English translations which in all cases precede the original text. Cross references to Search for New Guinea's Boundaries, using the abbreviation S. N . G. B ., are made for the convenience of the reader.

Abstract: I: The Specification of Logic as a Science -- I. Preliminary View of What Logic Is -- II. Relation of Logic to Other Sciences -- III. The Subject of Logic -- II: The Nature of the Subject of Logic -- IV. Rationate Being -- V. Intentions -- VI. Relations -- III: The Intentions of the three Acts of Reason -- VII. The Intention of Universality -- VIII. The Intention of Attribution -- IX. The Intention of Consequence -- Conclusion.

Abstract: Ever since philosophy became conscious of itself, there has been a problem of the relations between the real world which philosophy sought to understand and explain, and the thought by which it sought to explain it. It was found that thought had certain requirements and conditions of its own. If the real world was to be understood through thought, there was a question whether thought and the real correspond­ ed in all respects, and therefore whether they had the same conditions and laws, or whether some of these were peculiar to thought alone. For the solution of this problem it was necessary to study thought and the process of knowing and the conditions which the manner of know­ ing placed upon our interpretation of the real. With a consciousness of the peculiarities of thought and of its laws, philosophers could then more surely make use of it to arrive at the knowledge of the real world which they were seeking, without danger of reading into the real what is peculiar to thought. This necessity gave rise to the science of logic, a science which is still necessary, and for the same reasons. It has an importance in philosophy which it is disastrous to overlook.

Abstract: I. The Semantic Aspect of Plato’s Theory of Ideas -- 1. The first assumption -- 2. The second assumption -- 3. Metaphysics out of semantics -- II. Aristotle’s Way Out -- 1. Some oblique criticisms of Plato’s semantic assumptions -- 2. Universals and particulars -- III. Examination of the Platonic Assumptions -- 1. An attack by empiricists -- 2. A new approach -- IV. A Constructive Move -- 1. Resemblance -- 2. Universals.

Abstract: The primary purpose of this book is to depict the main features of the classical problem of universals in order to provide a better understand­ ing of the various suggestions made by the moderns towards the solution of that problem. The work is not historical; however, since knowledge of the history of the problem is essential for understanding the import of the new approach, references are given to classical theories and interpretations are offered without any pretension that they are either exhaustive or final. I have tried to argue that the problem, though often appearing in metaphysical guise, is, in fact, part of the more general problem of semantics, i.e., the relation between words and the world. The medieval theory that universals are the meaning of general words is linked here with a recent theory that the meaning of a word is explainable in terms of its function and not in terms of its putative denotation. What comes of this fusion is this: that if the medieval theory that universals are the meaning of general words is in any way credible, then to know the meaning of such words requires close attention to their functions on the ground that words in general do not mirror the world, rather they are tools used to change it.

Abstract: Design of the Investigation -- 1. Purpose of the investigation -- 2. Methods of the investigation -- 3. Composition of the investigated group of refugees and its former position within the Indonesian community -- Results of the Investigation -- 4. Subjects talked about, how often and in what way -- 5. A framework for the description of the refugees’ way of life -- 6. Specified description of the refugees’ evaluations of his new way of life as experienced throughout the successive phases of the investigation -- Interpretation of the Results of the Investigation -- 7. Indicators for the modality of the Course of adjustment -- 8. Factors promoting or hindering adjustment -- 9. General sketch of the course of adjustment -- Conversation questions.

Abstract: People are not so firmly rooted as they used to be. The greater frequency, at least in the Western world, with which people move house can be seen from the statistics. Many migrate voluntarily, or under compulsion, to build up new existences in other parts of the country or in other parts of the world. The problems which face people who are obliged to settle elsewhere have become matters of national and international political importance. Of recent years they have also become the subjects of sociological and socio-psychological research. The psychological research of which this book gives an account took place among families who some years ago emigrated from what was then known as the Dutch East Indies to the Netherlands. Dutch is the language spoken from their youth. Born and bred in another part of the world they embarked in groups to the Nether­ lands, which they had never seen before, when the country they lived in became independent. No doubt they had a vivid image of the Netherlands. It was the Mother country; they had heard a great deal about it in the course of the simple education they had received. They were acquainted with it through pictures and through the contact, however superficial, with representatives of the ruling country. The military service which had played such an important part in the lives of the male adults had made them feel bound up with the country of the House of Orange.

Abstract: I. Biographical sketch -- II, Philosophical viewpoint -- III. Chinese conditions -- IV. Democratic revolution -- V. Socialist revolution -- VI. State and government -- VII. The Communist party -- VIII. Nationalism and internationalism -- IX. Sino-Soviet ideological conflict -- Conclusions.

Abstract: A proper examination of the world political situation makes it necessary to consider the fact of the increasing importance of Commu­ nist China in world affairs. It seems that this big and ancient country expects to be considered not only as the most important country of Asia, not to say of the communist world, but as one of the great powers of the second half of this century. Being one of the largest countries in the world, with a larger popu­ lation than that of the United States and the Soviet Union combined (the two recognized powers of this era), China plays a significant role in world affairs at the same time that she tries to challenge the leader­ ship of communism. As the years have passed and Communist China has been kept out of the United Nations, her attitude has changed to such a point that one fears the possibility of her forming a new organi­ zation that may evolve in rivalry with the work of the United Nations. Therefore, there is a deservedly great concern about the way China conducts her international policy. Under these circumstances, it goes without saying that it is important to ascertain the kind of political thought that has motivated Commu­ nist leaders in China, and the ultimate goal of their revolutionary movement, which has been for some time now responsible for dangerous situations in the Far East and in other areas of the world.

Abstract: I. The Problem of Moral Knowledge -- 1. Contemporary sources of moral skepticism -- 2. Hume and the deductive fallacy -- 3. The meaning of moral obligation -- 4. The criteria of knowledge -- 5. Plan of the book -- II. Duty and Goodness -- 1. Types of theory -- 2. The deontologists’ critique of utilitarianism -- 3. Intuitionistic utilitarianism as a theory of moral knowledge -- 4. The identification of goodness and duty -- 5. The “ought-to-be” argument -- 6. The deductive argument-a restatement -- 7. The appeal to self-evidence -- 8. Reductionistic utilitarianism -- 9. Moral goodness and duty -- 10. Duty and goodness and the “ought” and the “is” -- III. Duty and Rightness -- 1. The intuitionism of the deontologists -- 2. Prichard’s “unreasonable” theory -- 3. The self-evidence of our duties -- 4. The duty to keep promises -- 5. Intuition and generalization -- 6. Rightness and duty -- 7. From rightness to duty -- IV. A New Point of View -- 1. Oxford philosophy -- 2. The revolution in philosophy -- 3. Wittgenstein -- 4. Analysis and moral philosophy -- 5. Analysis and the problem of moral knowledge -- V. Duty and Ordinary Language -- 1. An interpretation of Toulmin’s conclusions -- 2. A reinterpretation of Toulmin’s conclusions -- 3. Good reasons and generally accepted reasons -- 4. Toulmin’s theory and the deductive fallacy -- 5. Does Toulmin escape the deductive fallacy? -- 6. Summary comments on Toulmin’s moral theory -- 7. Nowell-Smith and the problem of moral knowledge -- 8. Wittgenstein and the revolution in philosophy -- VI. A Return to Intuitionism -- 1. The deductive fallacy, skepticism, and intuitionism -- 2. A defense of intuitionism -- 3. Knowledge and a plurality of intuitions -- 4. Intuitive self-evidence and moral knowledge -- VII. Reason and Duty -- 1. Two notions of self-evidence -- 2. Preliminary objections -- 3. Duty and good reasons -- 4. A moral axiom -- 5. A story -- 6. Elaboration and comments -- 7. The principle of personal impartiality -- 8. Egoism and morality -- 9. The deductive fallacy -- VIII. Toward a General Theory of Morality -- 1. Outline of a positive theory of obligation -- 2. Practical qualifications -- 3. Morality and utility -- 4. Goodness and the naturalistic fallacy.

Abstract: As its title indicates, this book is concerned with two different fields of philosophy, ethics and epistemology. The bulk of the argument is devoted to epistemological questions, as these arise within the context of morality. Hence, the conclusions I reach could probably best be described as prolegomena to the elaboration of a theory of ethics. I have plans, which I hope will be realized in the next few years, of elaborating such a theory. I started work on Moral Knowledge in the summer of 1958 with the help of a University Faculty Fellowship, for which I am most grateful. of the research for the book, as well as a good bit of its writing, Much was done in two libraries, The University Library, Berkeley, and the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Members of the staffs of both libraries, by their courtesy and helpfulness, lightened immeasurably the task of my research. lowe a special debt of gratitude to four people-to Mr.

Abstract: I. The Evolution of the Treaty-Making Power in the British Commonwealth of Nations -- Introductory -- 1. Developments before 1914 -- 2. Developments during World War I -- 3. Developments in the Interwar Period -- 4. Developments after World War II -- II. The Evolution of the Treaty-Making Power in the Commonwealth of Australia -- Introductory -- 1. Developments prior to Federation -- 2. Federation of the Commonwealth of Australia -- 3. Early Developments after federation -- 4. Developments after World War I -- 5. The Status of the Commonwealth after World War II -- III. Constitutional Framework -- 1. Constitutional Provisions -- 2. Discussion of Constitutional Amendments -- 3. Conclusions -- IV. The Prerogatives of the Crown and Treaty-Making -- (i) The Crown as a Juristic Entity -- (ii) The Prerogative of Peace and War -- (iii) The Prerogative of Treaty-Making as an Executive Act -- (iv) The doctrine of indivisibility -- V. Negotiation and Conclusion -- (i) Appointment of Australian Plenipotentiaries -- (ii) Negotiation of Treaties -- (iii) Consultation of State Governments by the Federal Executive -- (iv) Cabinet approval and the Competence of the Minister of State for External Affairs -- (v) Issuance of Full Powers -- (vi) Issuance of Full Powers in the case of “Heads of States” Treaties -- (vii) Signature of the Australian Representative -- VI. Ratification and Implementation -- Introductory -- VII. Treaty Implementation and Constitutional Limitations -- 1. International Law and Australian Municipal Law -- 2. Judicial interpretation of the “External Affairs” Clause -- 3. Constitutional limitations upon the power to conclude treaties -- VIII. The Competence of the States in “External Affairs” -- (i) State representation abroad -- (ii) State and United Kingdom relations -- (iii) State Reciprocity Legislation -- (iv) State Legislation and Treaty Implementation -- IX. Federalism, Constitutionalism, and Internationalism -- Appendices -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: In the relation of states, treaties are a matter of great importance. The law of treaties and the study of treaty-making procedures in municipal law systems have become both from a theoretical and practical point of view, subjects of increasing interest. The United Nations Legal Committee as well as the International Law Commission have published studies concerned with the relationship of international law and municipal law, emphasizing national practices concerning the conclusion of treaties. In the case of some countries, such as Great Britain and the United States, numerous studies of treaty­ making problems have been made, but much less has been published in the case of many other countries such as Australia, Canada or India. In the case of Australia, research on treaty-making has resulted in comparatively few published articles in scholarly and legal journals and only a few comments in general legal treatises. But no comprehen­ sive legal analysis of the subject has as yet appeared. This study aims to present a comprehensive survey and analysis of actual treaty­ making procedures and practices in Australia against the setting of the relevant constitutional and other legal norms of the Australian political system. The analysis of treaty-making will consider both normative and empirical legal aspects. Basic constitutional norms, legal principles derived from common and constitutional law and statutes will be discussed, as well as the actual practices and procedures used in the exercise of the treaty-making power.

Abstract: Preface -- 1 Patterns in Nature -- 2 Ecological Survey -- 3 Wytham Hill -- 4 The Classification of Habitats -- 5 Recording Communities: The Wytham Ecological Survey -- 6 Open Ground and Meadow -- 7 Heath, Mountain and Croplands -- 8 The Terrestrial Maritime Zone -- 9 Scrub and Hedgerow -- 10 The Forest Canopy: Herbivores -- 11 Hunters in the Forest Canopy -- 12 The Ground-Plan of Woodland -- 13 Natural Fuel Stations: Concourses on Flowers and Fruits -- 14 Dying and Dead Wood -- 15 Bracket Fungi and Toadstools -- 16 Carrion, Dung and Nests -- 17 Woods and Water Bodies -- 18 Dispersal and Invaders -- 19 The Whole Pattern -- References -- Notes.

Abstract: THE ECOLOGICAL SURVEY on which this book is based began to be planned in 1942, and since 1945 has been mainly centred upon Oxford University's estate at Wytham Woods, where a rich series of habitats from open ground and limestone to woodland with many springs and marshes interspersed occupies a hill set in riverine surroundings. Here biological research workers from the University have accumulated a considerable body of knowledge, some of which I have arranged in a general setting that allows one to comprehend some of the inter-related parts of the whole system. It is also intended to provide a framework for understanding animal communities elsewhere. The ecological inquirer is, more than most scien­ tific people, apt to fmd himself lost in a large labyrinth of interrelations and variables. The dictionary defmes a labyrinth as 'an intricate structure of inter­ communicating passages, through which it is difficult to fmd one's way without a clue'. This could equally be a figurative description of plant and animal communi­ ties. The present book seeks to provide a plan of construction of the labyrinth and a few new clues that may help the inquirer to know where he is on the gene­ ral ecological map. In presenting this blue-print of animal communities I have avoided giving long lists of species such as the botanist, with his smaller kingdom, can handle fairly well.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- Hamann’s Life -- Interpretation -- II. Hamann’s “Authorship”: Content (Faith) -- “Philosophy” and “Faith” -- Revelation as the Humility of God -- Faith as the Humility of Man -- III. Hamann’s “Authorship”: Form (Style) -- The Passion for Unity and Concreteness -- The Calculated Offense -- IV. Idololatria: Philosophy as a Contrary Faith -- A. The Attack on Philosophy -- V. Idololatria (cont.) -- B. The Abstracting and Denuding of Reality -- Appendix: Hamann’s Concept of Tolerance -- VI. Idololatria (cont.) -- C. The Theological Presuppositions of Hamann’s Attack -- VII. Agnosia: Philosophy Before Faith -- 1. Possibility -- 2. Function -- 3. Limitations -- VIII. Philologia: Philosophy From Faith to Faith -- A. Love of the Word Incarnate -- IX. Philologia (cont.) -- B. Love of the Word in Nature and History -- X. Conclusion -- A Man against the Enlightenment -- A Man of the Enlightenment -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: THE PROBLEM OF THE INTERPRETATION OF HAMANN Johann Georg Hamann is an intriguing but poorly known figure in the contemporary intellectual world. Yet this is the man whom Kierkegaard saluted as "Emperor!", whose writings were to have been arranged for publication by none other than Goethe himself, and whom Dilthey numbered among the primordial figures in the rise of modern historical consciousness. There are reasons for the persistence of this general ignorance. Hamann is deep. And, in addition, there is his forbidding style. The readers of Kierkegaard and Dilthey, two other giants who them­ selves achieved late recognition, have not had to face this kind of imposing obstacle. Not only does Hamann expect his readers to handle themselves in deep water, but to intuit their way between his ideas which bob up like islands with no visible connection between them. Like Kierkegaard too, Hamann has had his troubles with the public. He himself referred to the hope that he would be understood by a "better posterity". In fact only the last few years have seen the printing of some of his more controversial writings, in particular his theories on the nature of human sexuality.

Abstract: It is becoming increasingly evident that the existence together, in a diminishing world, of rich nations and very poor nations, is the critical problem of our time; and indeed other questions of international relations are rapidly taking on the appearance of being merely aspects of this central crux. According to some authorities it may only be a matter of a few years before the food and population question takes on such alarming proportions as to make our present troubles on the international scene seem slight by comparison. It is only against this background that we can fully appreciate the significance of the United Nations institutions and procedures for the mediation of aid, whether financial or technical, to developing coun­ tries; and indeed also for the flow of credit and skills between countries generally, for few nations or none belong wholly to one side in this matter, and the whole question is one that vitally affects the immediate futures of every one of the members of the international community.

Abstract: I / Metaphysics and Experience -- I. Hocking’s Metaphysics: Analyses and Evaluations -- The Making of a Philosopher: Ernest Hocking’s Early Years -- Solipsism Surmounted -- Hocking’s Place in American Metaphysics -- Hocking and the Dilemmas of Modernity -- Hocking’s Contribution to Metaphysical Idealism -- Idealism and Our Experience of Nature -- Preface to Privacy -- Integrity -- 2. Related Problems: Evil, Selfhood, Existence and Artistic Responsibility -- The Problem of Evil -- Is the Self an Ultimate Category? -- Existence and the Life World -- Word Versus Deed in Plato -- II / Religious Philosophy and the World’s Living Religions -- I. The Problem of Religious Knowledge -- A Half-Century of Hocking’s Reflection -- Empiricism in Religious Philosophy -- Biblical Faith and Philosophic Truth -- The Spirit of Indian Philosophy -- 2. The Ecumenical Spirit in the World’s Living Religions -- Tambaram:Twenty-Five Years After -- The Role and Responsibility of the Christian Mission -- Religious Diversity and Religious Reconception -- Problems of Religious Freedom -- Fellowship of the Spirit -- III / Philosophy, Society and a World Civilization -- I. The Meaning of Contemporary History -- Philosophy, Society and Civilization -- Reflections on the Literature of Whither Mankind -- The Interplay of Physics, Politics and Religion in Today’s World -- Pan-Humanism, Culturism and the Federal Union of Europe -- 2. The Meeting of East and West -- Professor Hocking and East-West Philosophy -- Valid Materialism: A Western Offering to Hocking’s Civilization in the Singular -- Indian Philosophy and the West -- Human Personality in East-West Perspectives -- It is Time to Remind the West -- Conclusion -- History and the Absolute -- The Bibliography of William Ernest Hocking.

Abstract: Gabriel Marcel reminds me that I asked him to write for this book. This is quite true, but not the whole story. During the visit with Ernest Hocking which he describes so eloquently in his essay, "Solips­ ism Surmounted," he learned from Hocking's hostess, Elizabeth Hazard, that I was planning hopefully for a Hocking F estschri/t. On his return to Harvard, where he was preparing his James Lectures, he wrote me offering an essay should these plans develop. Encouraged, I kept his letter while I moved my family to India and settled into a new job. When it was possible to begin work on the book in earnest I then made my request, reminding him of his original offer. I mention this because I discovered that his enthusiasm was to be typical of those who came to know about the project. Charles Moore commented that such a book was "long overdue," and Walter Stace spoke for us all when he said: "I am sure that there is no one in our profession who would not wish to be associated with any project in his honor. " Given the wide range of Hocking's interests and influence, it was difficult to know just how the volume should be organized.

Abstract: 1 Ideas of Freedom in Common Sense and Philosophy -- I. Commonsense Usages of “Free” and “Unfree” -- II. Commonsense Ideas of Moral Responsibility -- III. Philosophical Theories of Freedom -- IV. Freedom of Choice and Freedom of Action -- 2 The Freedom of Human Activities -- I. “Activities” and “Impediments” -- II. Physical Unfreedom -- III. Unfreedom at Gunpoint -- IV. Unfreedom and the Criminal Law -- V. Economic and Social Unfreedom -- VI. Ignorance and Unfreedom -- VII. Psychological Unfreedom -- VIII. Summary -- 3 Influence, Control, and Power -- I. Basic Meanings of “Influence,” “Control,” and “Power” -- II. The Exercise of Influence -- III. The Exercise of Control -- IV. Varieties of Control and Influence -- V. The Possession of Influence and Control -- VI. The Possession of Power -- VII. Summary -- 4 Authority -- I. The Exercise of Authority -- II. Being an Authority -- III. Authority Without Results -- IV. Authority and Freedom -- V. Summary -- 5 Leadership and Government -- I. Leading and Following -- II. The Functions of the Governor -- III. Control, Influence, and the Criminal Law -- IV. Freedom and Government -- V. The Authority of the Governor -- VI. The Legitimacy of the Governor -- 6 The Philosophical Foundations of Freedom, Control, and Influence -- I. The Human Agent -- II. Human Activities -- III. “Resulting” and “Being Correlated” -- IV. The Interpretation of “Probability P”.

Abstract: Social scientists have become increasingly aware that their work de­ pends upon adequate concepts of certain basic relationships among the people who comprise polities, economies, and societies. Government and politics, in particular, appear to consist almost exclusively of re­ lationships of power, influence, control, authority, leadership, coercion, persuasion, and manipulation. Even the most common and elementary statements of political science - that, for example, the Rio Grande is part of the boundary between Mexico and the United States and members of Congress are chosen in competitive elections - cannot be clear and unambiguous without the use of precise concepts of power and control. The subject matter of the political scientist also appears to raise more questions of evaluation than the economist and sociologist are required to resolve. Questions about the best form of government have always been central to political thought, and recent challenges to the theory, appeal, and suitability of democracy have evoked many at­ tempts to justify it. This attention to evaluation has inevitably involved the perennial issue of human freedom, and although political scien­ tists have written much about the desirability of freedom, they have only infrequently attempted to analyze the concept of freedom.

Abstract: I. Scheler on Philosophy -- Life and Writings -- Meaning and Method of Philosophy -- II. Man and Metaphysics -- “Man’s Place in Nature” -- Spirit and Person -- Person and I -- Man the Microcosm -- III. Man’s Knowledge of Man -- Critical Survey on the Notion of Sympathy -- Questions concerning the Perception of Others -- The Perception of Others -- IV. Man and Society -- Sociology -- Forms of Sociality -- The Sociology of Knowledge -- V. Man and Community -- Sympathy -- Shame -- Love -- Person-Community -- VI. Conclusion -- Attempted Synthesis -- Critical Summary -- Final Comments on Community.

Abstract: My own serious study of Max Scheler began in 1958 when I pre­ sented a Master's thesis to St. Louis University under the direction of Professor Vernon]. Bourke on Scheler's value-theory. Three years later when I returned to complete my doctorate work at St. Louis University I returned also to the study of Max Scheler. In the meantime, several more volumes of the Gesammelte Werke had appeared, several new translations of Scheler were published and the whole area ofphenome­ nology began to be more favorably accepted by the American intel­ lectual community. My doctoral dissertation was on Scheler's theory of community under the expert and careful direction of Professor James Collins. The bulk of the present work is a direct result of my work at St. Louis University. I have never regretted the time and effort spent on the study of Scheler. He can be classified as nothing short of a genius, not only in the breadth of his interests but also in the vitality, unity and depth of his thought. Most students of Scheler criticize his lack of unity; I claim to find strong lines of inner consistency throughout his writings. In the second place, my study of Scheler has put me into contact with many of the most dominant intellectual influences of the day.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Early History of Formosa -- Original Inhabitants of Formosa -- Early Settlers -- Kingdom of Koxinga -- Legality of China’s Acquisition of Formosa -- Formosa Under Chinese Rule -- Japanese Acquisition of Formosa -- III. Conferences and Declarations: Their Effect on the Status of Formosa -- Cairo Conference -- Potsdam Conference -- Instrument of Surrender -- The Effect of the Cairo, Potsdam Declarations and the Instrument of Surrender on the Status of Formosa -- IV. Claims of the Formosan Nationalists -- Chinese Law on Nationality -- Republic of Formosa -- Formosa as A Province of China -- The Right of the Nationalist Government to Establish Its Seat on Formosa -- The Right of Self-Determination -- Validity of Formosan Claims -- V. International Opinions on the Status of Formosa -- The British Position -- The Russian Position -- The American Position -- The Japanese Position -- The Indian Position -- The Irish Position -- The Two-China Theory -- The Conlon Report -- VI. Claims of the Chinese Communists -- Russia and Its Relations with the Chinese Communists Before the End of World War II -- Russia’s Interference in the Domestic Affairs of China After World War II -- The Legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Government -- China Representation Question and Legal Status of Formosa are Separate but Closely Related Issues -- Chinese Communist Position on the Status of Formosa and the Representation Question -- Validity of Communist China’s Claims -- VII. Claims of the Republic of China -- Nationalist Government is the Legitimate Government of China -- Succession of Governments -- Succession of States -- The Republic of China Has Never Extended Recognition to the Chinese Communists in any Form -- State of Hostilities Still Exists -- San Francisco Treaty of Peace -- Sino-Japanese Treaty of April 28, 1952 -- Nationalist Government’s Views on Status of Formosa -- Legitimacy of Nationalist China’s Claims -- Transfer of Title Through A Treaty of Cession -- Title Through Prescription -- VIII. Present Status of Formosa.

Abstract: Can two-Chinas co-exist in the present world order? In a sense they co-exist now-Free China in Taiwan (Formosa) and Communist China on the mainland. Barring a military showdown, this situation could remain for years to come. However, if we seek to put Free China and Communist China on some permanent basis and give them interna­ tional juridical status as abiding and separate entities, then we are faced with serious difficulties. Free China and Communist China co­ exist at present simply because neither can effectively alter the situa­ tion. Each is backed by a power bloc that recognizes the legal existence of only one of these political regimes. The United States does not re­ cognize Peiping, even though it has conducted meetings on the ambas­ sadorial level with the Regime for several years. In a corresponding way, the Soviet bloc of nations refuses to recognize Nationalist China. The situation is very similar to that of two-Germanys, two-Koreas and two-Vietnams. To seek a solution to this political impasse, it is suggested that a "Sino-Formosan State" or some kind of "self-determination" by the Formosans be instituted. This was first expressed by Chester Bowles in his article "The China Problem Reconsidered" (Foreign Affairs, April 1960), and supported by John Carter Vincent in his letter to the editor of the New York Times (December 7,1961). The Conlon Report of 1959 held the same posi. tion. Also, Arnold J.

Abstract: I wish first to express my gratitude to the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, which has kindly arranged for this book to be printed. My thanks also include Professor Dr. C. Hooykaas, who has interested himself in this treatise and has accorded it his support. I should like to render my sincere thanks to Dr. J. Noorduyn, Secre­ tary of the Institute, who has given me a miscellany of good suggestions for the compilation of the editorship of the Introduction. Further I desire to thank my former assistants, Mr. J. Tammu and Mr. L. Pak an, warmly for their work in noting down the text of the Chants for the Deceased and for their help in seeking for an explanation of various difficult places in it. Once more I owe a very great debt of gratitude to Jeune Scott-Kemball, who has been able to accomplish casting my Dutch translation in prose of the lines in trochaic metre of the Chants for the Deceased into a very elegant English verse form. This was not always very simple in view of the metaphorical manner of expression in the Toradja lines of verse.

Abstract: I Introduction -- II The basis of and reason for a sociological approach -- III The method of the sociological approach -- IV International law and sociology -- V The “sociological jurists” -- VI The theory of international relations -- VII The sociological theories -- I. The philosophical systems of sociology -- II. The middle and small range theories -- VIII The concepts of formal and informal structure -- IX The reality structure of world society -- X The formal structure of world society -- XI The interaction between formal and informal structure -- XII The “change” factor in world society -- XIII About the image of the future.

Abstract: The academic or scientific occupation with international relations is not always an encouraging task. At times one gets an image of the enormous psychic and physical forces which operate in the international realm, and it then seems that the role of the publicist is almost a negligible one. If one, in addition, arrives at the conclusion that human social action is not really a volitional process, then there is indeed ample room for pessimism and despair. Nevertheless, in the complexity of our consciousness, the different elements of which life is made of blend into a unity of which the idea is as much a part or even more so than the deed or action. The stress on action expresses the crudeness of our times but the idea has been much more the motivation of history and its cohesive force over long periods. Action in terms of force is never in itself the entire solution because it carries no conviction or understanding, at least unless its role is a very moderate one.

Abstract: Letters -- 1. Lupus to Einhard -- 2. Lupus to Einhard -- 3. Einhard to Lupus -- 4. Lupus to Einhard -- 5. Lupus to Einhard -- 6. Lupus to abbot Bun -- 7. Lupus to bishop Immo -- 8. Lupus to brother Altuin -- 9. Lupus to brother Altuin -- 10. Lupus to brother Altuin -- 11. Lupus and A(dalgaud) to Reginb. -- 12. Lupus to Reginb. -- 13. Lupus to abbot Waldo -- 14. On behalf of abbot Odo to chancellor Louis -- 15. On behalf of abbot Odo to chancellor Louis -- 16. On behalf of abbot Odo to chancellor Louis -- 17. On behalf of abbot Odo to bishop Jonas -- 18. On behalf of abbot Odo to fathers Marcward and Sichard -- 19. The brothers of the monastery of Fernères to emperor Lothaire I -- 20. Lupus and W. to bishop Jonas -- 21. Lupus to Adalgaud -- 22. Lupus to King Charles -- 23. Lupus to bishop Ebroin -- 24. Lupus to bishop Jonas -- 25. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 26. Lupus to bishop Amulus, bishop Guenilo and count Gerard -- 27. Lupus to father Hrabanus -- 28. Lupus to Marcward and Eigil -- 29. Lupus to Emperor Lothaire -- 30. Lupus to Marcward and Eigil -- 31. Lupus to King Charles -- 32. Lupus to abbot Hugo -- 33. Lupus to Marcward -- 34. Lupus to abbot Odacre -- 35. Lupus to Marcward -- 36. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 37. Lupus to King Charles -- 38. Lupus to the brothers of the monastery of Fernères -- 39. Lupus to Hatto -- 40. Lupus to abbot Usuard -- 41. Lupus to bishop Pruden-tius -- 42. Lupus to King Charles -- 43. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 44. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 45. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 46. Lupus to King Charles -- 47. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 48. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 49. Lupus to King Charles -- 50. Lupus to abbot Ratbert -- 51. Lupus to abbot Ratbert -- 52. Lupus to abbot Ratbert -- 53. Lupus to archbishop Orsmar -- 54. Lupus to an unidentified friend -- 55. Lupus to an unidentified friend -- 56. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 57. Lupus to King Charles -- 58. Lupus to Marcward -- 59. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 60. Lupus to Marcward -- 61. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 62. Lupus to the brothers of the monastery of Fernères -- 63. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 64. Lupus to an unidentified friend -- 65. Lupus to father Marcward -- 66. Queen Irmentrude to bishop Pardulus -- 67. Lupus to the brothers of Saint Amand -- 68. On behalf of abbot Marcward to abbot Dido -- 69. Lupus to Ansbold -- 70. Lupus to abbot Marcward -- 71. Lupus to bishop Pardulus -- 72. Lupus to bishop Pardulus -- 73. Lupus to bishop Pardulus -- 74. Lupus to Rotramnus -- 75. Lupus to bishop Reginfrid -- 76. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 77. Lupus to father Marcward -- 78. Lupus to King Charles -- 79. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 80. Lupus to Gottschalk -- 81. Lupus on behalf of various bishops to Nominoë, duke of Brittany -- 82. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 83. Lupus to father Marcward -- 84. Lupus to King Ethelwulf -- 85. Lupus to Felix -- 86. Lupus to bishop Guigmund -- 87. Lupus to abbot Altsig -- 88. Lupus to father Marcward -- 89. Lupus to abbot Hilduin -- 90. Lupus to abbot Hilduin -- 91. Lupus to a number of bishops at Moret -- 92. Lupus to a number of persons on the death of bishop Ercanrad -- 93. On behalf of various bishops to the clergy of the mother church of Paris -- 94. On behalf of bishop Guenilo to his parishes -- 95. Lupus to bishop Heribold -- 96. Queen Irmentrude to bishop Heribold -- 97. Lupus to bishop Heribold -- 98. Guenilo to the prelates of Italy and Gaul -- 99. Lupus to the bishops of Italy and Gaul -- 100. Lupus to Pope Benedict -- 101. Lupus to Reg. -- 102. To Pope Nicolas, on behalf of bishop Guenilo -- 103. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 104. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 105. Lupus to Bertold -- 106. Lupus to abbot Odo -- 107. Lupus to abbot Odo -- 108. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 109. Lupus to archbishop Herard -- 110. Lupus to duke Gerhard and his wife Bertha -- 111. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 112. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 113. Lupus to the brothers of Saint Germain -- 114. Lupus to bishop Arduic -- 115. Lupus to the holy fathers in the monastery of Saint Germain -- 116. Lupus to abbot Ansbold -- 117. Lupus to abbot Ansbold -- 118. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 119. Lupus to bishop Folcric -- 120. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 121. Lupus to bishop Odo -- 122. Lupus to bishop Aeneas -- 123. Lupus to abbot Vulfad -- 124. Lupus to King Charles -- 125. Lupus to Leotald -- 126. Lupus to Leotald -- 127. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 128. Bishop Guenilo to all those who are faithful to Almighty God -- 129. Lupus to his very reverend lords and valiant Christians -- 130. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 131. Lupus to Hugo -- 132. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 133. Lupus to Ebrard -- Chronological and numerical tables.

Abstract: This translation ofthe letters of Lupus of Ferrieres is based primarily on the text of Diimmler' s edition, published in the M onumenta Germaniae Historica in 1902. In the arrangement of the letters, however, I have followed Levillain who sought to put them in chronological order on the basis of his own previous research published in a series of articles in the Bibliothcque de l'E:cole des chartes, volumes LXII and LXIII, in 1901 and 1902. A chronological table with suggested dating of the letters is given in this book on pages 151-153. I have attempted to keep the notes brief, confining them chiefly to identification of quoted passages and to proper names, assuming that the reader, if interested, will him­ self seek more detailed information in the standard sources. In a collection of letters of this nature, covering as they do such a wide range of subject matter, it is to be expected that some will have comparatively little general appeal. The few letters, for example, which deal with Latin grammar will be of little interest to most readers. Occasionally a letter may border on the trite or commonplace. It has seemed desirable, however, in view ofthe limited number of such letters, and for the sake of completeness, to include the entire collection.

Abstract: 1. Rebel -- 2. Onlooker -- 3. Participant -- 4. Ideologue — The Critique -- 5. Ideologue — The Positive Formulation -- 6. Politician -- 7. Knight-Errant -- Appendices -- A. Le Plan du Travail -- B. “Les Thèses de Pontigny” -- C. Programme du 19 juin 1940 -- D. The Official Accusation -- E. Exchange of Letters Between de Man and Mussolini -- F. Summary of Political Reforms Urged by de Man in 1939 -- Primary -- Secondary.

Abstract: I. Statement of the Problem -- II. Jurists and Unilateral Denunciation -- Zouche -- Wolff -- Grotius -- Vattel -- Wildman -- Rivier -- Halleck -- Kent -- F. von Martens -- Calvo -- Bonfils -- Bello -- Cavaglieri -- Guggenheim -- Ross -- Liszt -- Bluntschli -- Sauer -- Spiropoulos -- Schwarzenberger -- Fauchille -- Rousseau -- Anzilotti -- Verdross -- Fenwick -- Dupuis -- Axell Moller -- Fiore -- Wheaton -- Moore -- Pitt Cobbett -- Hall -- Crandall -- Oppenheim -- Hyde -- Brierly -- McNair -- Fitzmaurice -- Korovin -- The Harvard Research in International Law -- The American Law Institute -- The United Nations International Law Commission -- Conclusion -- III. Judges and Unilateral Denunciation -- The Tacna Arica Case -- The Diversion of Water from the Meuse Case -- Ware v. Hylton -- In re Thomas -- Hooper v. The United States -- The Chinese Exclusion Case -- Terlinden v. Ames -- Charlton v. Kelly -- The Blonde and Other Ships Case -- In re Lepeschkin -- Attorney-General of the Court of Appeal of Brussels v. Aron -- In re Totarko -- Security for Costs (Switzerland) Case -- Conclusion -- IV. Private Law Analogy and Unilateral Denunciation -- French Law -- German Law -- Other Continental and Latin American Legal Systems -- English Law -- American Law -- Indian Law -- Soviet Law -- Islamic Law -- Japanese Law -- Chinese Law -- Conclusion -- V. Related Problems -- Pacta Sunt Servanda and Unilateral Denunciation -- Unilateral Denunciation and Unanimity Rule -- The Rule of Extinctive Prescription and Unilateral Denunciation -- A Violated Treaty — Void or Voidable ? -- The Limitation of Substantial Breach -- The Principle of Severability of Provisions -- Unilateral Denunciation and Law-Making Treaty -- The Concept of the Rule of Law and Unilateral Denunciation -- The Sanction of What is Proper and Public Opinion -- VI. Practice of States and Unilateral Denunciation -- The Anglo-American Treaty of Peace of 3 September 1783 -- The Franco-American Treaties, 1778–1790 -- The Ancient Anglo-Spanish Treaties -- Convention between Great Britain, the Netherlands and Russia, 19 May 1815 -- The Russo-British Convention of 16 November 1831 -- The Declaration of Paris of 1856 -- The Anglo-Transval Boers Agreement of 1852 -- The Treaty of 11th May 1867 on the Neutrality of Luxemburg -- The Treaty of London of 1839 on the Neutrality of Belgium -- The Treaty of Paris of 1856 -- The Anglo-Uruguayan Postal Agreement of 28 November 1853 -- The Anglo-Honduran Agreement of 27 August 1856 -- The Proposed Anglo-American Treaty of Extradition of 1876 -- The Anglo-American Treaty of Extradition of 9 August 1842 -- The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 19 April 1850 -- The Sino-American Treaties, 1844–1880 -- Reciprocal Trade Agreements between the U.S.A. and Other States -- The Italo-American Extradition Conventions of 8 February 1864 & 1884 -- The Russo-American Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, 1832 -- The Fifth Treaty of the Triple Alliance, 5 December 1912 -- The Prusso-American Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, 1828 -- The Japanese-American Agreement of 1907–08 -- Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice -- Treaty for the Renunciation of War (Briand-Kellog Pact), 1928 -- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights between Germany and the United States, 8 December 1923 -- The Versailles Treaty, 28 January 1919 -- The Locarno Treaty, 16 October 1925 -- The Anglo-Guatemalan Treaty of 1859 -- The International Load Line Convention, 5 July 1930 -- The Munich Agreement, 29 September 1938 -- The Soviet-Yugoslav Treaty, February 1948 -- Yugoslav-Albanian Treaties -- The Hungaro-Yugoslav Treaty of 24 July 1947 -- The Soviet-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, 11 April 1945 -- The Polish-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, 18 March 1946 -- The Hungaro-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, 8 December 1947 -- Bulgar-Yugoslav Treaties -- The Czechoslovak-Yugoslavian Treaty of 9 May 1946 -- Albano-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, 9 July 1946 -- The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 12 August 1936 -- The Anglo-Egyptian Conventions of 1899 on the Sudan -- The Italian Peace Treaty, 10 February 1947 -- The Sino-Soviet Treaty of 24 August 1945 -- The Soviet-British Treaty of Alliance of 1942 and the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Alliance of 1944 -- The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty on the Suez Canal Base, 1954 -- The Quadripartite Agreements of 1944 and 1945 on Berlin. -- Agreement Relative to the Withdrawal of Offensive Weapons from Cuba, October 1962 -- Treaty on a Partial Test Ban, July 1963 -- Conclusion -- VII. Discussions Relative to Unilateral Denunciation in International Organisations and Conferences -- The Danube Convention and Conference -- The Palestine Armistice Agreements, 1949 -- The Korean Armistice Agreement of 1953 -- Conclusion -- VIII. Conclusions -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: In a world still divided into sovereign states and possessed of no institutions for comprehensive centralised regulation of transnational interests and activities, treaties are steadily increasing in number and importance as an imperfect but indispensable substitute for such regulation. Through multilateral conventions, the world community seeks to establish widely accepted standards of state conduct in the general interest; and many international agreements are concluded for the purpose of regulating the relations between two or more states by creating contractual bonds of reciprocal nature between them. Despite the non-existence of anything resembling a world govern­ ment with effective power to enforce international law, most treaties are observed with a high degree of regularity. States normally carry out their treaty commitments because it is in their interest to do so. A treaty is made because two or more states have a common or mutual interest in establishing a new relationship or modifying an existing one. The natural penalty for the violation of a treaty establishing or regulating a mutually desired relationship is the disruption or im­ pairment of the latter. When national policies change, clauses per­ mitting termination or withdrawal by a unilaterally given notice often serve as safety valves which prevent pressures for treaty violations from building up. But there remains a residue of situations in which a state fails to live up to its obligations under a treaty still in force.

Abstract: 1 Introduction: Some Concepts and Definitions -- 1.0 Arguments and Argument Forms -- 1.1 Symbolic Logic and its Precursors -- 1.2 Symbolization -- 1.3 Logical Functors and Their Definitions -- 1.4 Tests of Validity Using Truth-tables -- 1.5 Proof and Derivation -- 1.6 The Axiomatic Method -- 1.7 Interpreted and Uninterpreted Systems -- 1.8 The Hierarchy of Logical Systems -- 1.9 The Systems of the Present Book -- 1.10 Abbreviations -- 2 The System P+ -- 2.1 Summary -- 2.2 Rules of Formation of P+ -- 2.3 Rules of Transformation of P+ -- 2.4 Axioms of P+ -- 2.5 Definitions of P+ -- 2.6 Deductions in P+ -- 3 Standard Systems with Negation (PLT, PLT’, PLTF, PPM) -- 3.1 Summary -- 3.2 Rules of Formation of PLT -- 3.3 Rules of Transformation of PLT -- 3.4 Axioms of PLT -- 3.5 Definitions of PLT -- 3.6 Deductions in PLT -- 3.7 The Deduction Theorem -- 3.8 The System PLT’ -- 3.9 Independence of Functors and Axioms -- 4 The System PND. Systems of Natural Deduction -- 4.1 Summary -- 4.2 The Bases of the System PND -- 4.3 Proof and Derivation Techniques in PND -- 4.4 Rules of Formation of PND -- 4.5 The Structure of Proofs in PND -- 4.6 Rules of Transformation of PND -- 4.7 Proofs and Theorems of the System PND -- 4.8 Theorems of the Full System PND -- 4.9 A Decision Procedure for the System PND -- 4.10 A Reduction of PND -- 5 The Consistency and Completeness of Formal Systems -- 5.1 Summary -- 5.2 The Consistency of PLT’ -- 5.3 The Completeness of PLT’ -- 5.4 Metatheorems on P+ -- 6 Some Non-Standard Systems of Propositional Logic -- 6.1 Summary -- 6.2 What is a Non-Standard System? -- 6.3 The Intuitionistic System and the Fitch Calculus (PI and PF) -- 6.4 Rules of Formation of PI -- 6.5 Rules of Transformation of PI -- 6.6 Axioms of PI -- 6.7 Definitions of PI -- 6.8 Deductions in PI -- 6.9 The Propositional Logic of F.B. Fitch -- 6.10 The Johansson Minimum Calculus -- 7 The Lower Functional Calculus -- 7.1 Summary and Remarks -- 7.2 Rules of Formation of LFLT’ -- 7.3 Transformation of LFLT’ -- 7.4 Axioms of LFLT’ -- 7.5 Definitions of LFLT’ -- 7.6 Some Applications and Illustrations -- 7.7 Rules of Transformation of LFLT’ -- 7.8 Axioms of LFLT’ -- 7.9 The Propositional Calculus and LFLT’ -- 7.10 Deductions in LFLT’ -- 8 An Extension of LFLT’ and Some Theorems of the Higher Functional System. The Calculus of Classes -- 8.1 Summary and Modification of the Formation Rules of LFLT’ -- 8.2 The Lower Functional Calculus with Identity -- 8.3 Quantification over Predicate Variables. The System 2FLT’= -- 8.4 Abstraction and the Boolean Algebra -- 8.5 The Boolean Algebra and Propositional Logic -- 9 The Logical Paradoxes -- 9.1 Self Membership -- 9.2 The Russell Paradox -- 9.3 Order Distinctions, Levels of Language, and the Semantic Paradoxes -- 9.4 The Consistency of LFLT’ -- 9.5 The Decision Problem -- 9.6 Consistency and Decision in Higher Functional Systems -- 10 Non-Standard Functional Systems -- 10.1 Summary -- 10.2 Intuitionistic and Johansson Functional Logics -- 10.3 The Fitch Functional Calculus of the First Order with Identity (LFFF=).

Abstract: The present work constitutes an effort to approach the subject of symbol­ ic logic at the elementary to intermediate level in a novel way. The book is a study of a number of systems, their methods, their rela­ tions, their differences. In pursuit of this goal, a chapter explaining basic concepts of modern logic together with the truth-table techniques of definition and proof is first set out. In Chapter 2 a kind of ur-Iogic is built up and deductions are made on the basis of its axioms and rules. This axiom system, resembling a propositional system of Hilbert and Ber­ nays, is called P +, since it is a positive logic, i. e. , a logic devoid of nega­ tion. This system serves as a basis upon which a variety of further sys­ tems are constructed, including, among others, a full classical proposi­ tional calculus, an intuitionistic system, a minimum propositional calcu­ lus, a system equivalent to that of F. B. Fitch (Chapters 3 and 6). These are developed as axiomatic systems. By means of adding independent axioms to the basic system P +, the notions of independence both for primitive functors and for axiom sets are discussed, the axiom sets for a number of such systems, e. g. , Frege's propositional calculus, being shown to be non-independent. Equivalence and non-equivalence of systems are discussed in the same context. The deduction theorem is proved in Chapter 3 for all the axiomatic propositional calculi in the book.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Geographical and Historical Description of Northern Asia -- 1. Geographical Conditions -- 2. Historical Background -- III. Expansions of Russia and China in Northern Asia -- 1. Russian Expansion in Siberia, 1552–1700 -- 2. Manchu-Chinese Expansion in Mongolia, 1635–1697 -- 3. Manchu-Chinese Expansion in the Amur Area, 1616–1643 -- IV. The Role of the Mongols in Sino-Russian Relations -- 1. The Kalmuk Sungars, 1606–1616 -- 2. The Altin Khans of the Khalkhas, 1616–1655 -- 3. Sino-Russian Rivalry over the Mongols, 1665–1697 -- V. Early Contacts Between Russia and China -- 1. The Alleged Russian Embassy to China in 1567 -- 2. The Abortive Russian Caravan Embassy to China in 1608 -- 3. Petlin and Mundoff’s Mission to China, 1618–1619 -- 4. Sino-Russian Conflicts on the Amur, 1643–1675 -- VI. Russian Attempts at Establishing Diplomatic Relations With china I -- 1. Baikoff’s Embassy, 1653–1657 -- 2. Mission of PerfiUeff and Ablin, 1658–1662 -- VII. Russian Attempts at Establishing Diplomatic Relations With China II -- 1. Milovanoff’s Mission, 1670 -- 2. Spathary’s Embassy, 1675–1677 -- VIII. Sino-Russian War on the Amur -- 1. Growing Tension on the Amur, 1676–1684 -- 2. The Albazin War, 1685–1686 -- IX. The Treaty of Nerchinsk -- 1. The Dispatch of Embassies, 1685–1689 -- 2. The Negotiation of Treaty -- 3. The Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1689 -- 4. The Confirmation of the Treaty, 1693–1695 -- X. Economic and Cultural Relations -- 1. Trade between Russia and China, 1608–1700 -- 2. Russian Missionaries in China, 1655–1700 -- XI. Summary and Conclusion -- Appendixes -- I. The treaty of Nerchinsk -- II. The form of oath taken by the Chinese ambassador at Nerchinsk -- Chinese Glossary.

Abstract: The seventeenth century was a momentous epoch. While western European countries were busy expanding westward and eastward, Russia, quietly crossed the Ural Mountains, absorbed Siberia and reached as far as Alaska. Russia did not expand toward the East with­ out opposition from the western European countries. In the last half of the sixteenth century, inspired by the "gorgeous East," the Dutch and the English made many efforts to find a northern passage to China l to attain gold, gems, silks, pearls and spices. They attempted to reach China by land routes but were hindered by continual wars between the Kazaks and Mongol tribes, as is indicated in a letter written by an 2 English traveler, Jenkinson, in 1559. They also attempted to reach China by way of the Northern Ocean, but the Arctic weather foiled all of these efforts. The English hoped to find a way to China as well as to India by the Ob River. They knew of the Ob as early as 1555, and the next year Stephen Burrough was sent to find it. He reached the Kara Strait but ice prevented him from passing through it. In 1580 Arthur Pet and Charles Jackman left England with two ships in search of a northeast passage. Pet went through the Kara Strait. Jackman followed him in 1581, encountering much ice. Eventually Pet's expedition succeeded in returning westward again through the Kara Strait, but Jackman and his men were never heard from again.

Abstract: Introduction: Greatness of Western Man -- Introduction: Greatness of Western Man -- I: Ordinance -- I Philosophy and Myth -- II Disintegration of Phtsis-is-Logos -- III Concealed Re-Entry of Phtsis-is-Logos Into the Western World -- IV Re-Disclosure of Phtsis-is-Logos in Contemporary Times -- II: Philosophy in Philosophies -- V the Early Greek Philosophers -- VI Plato -- VII Aristotle -- VIII Saint Thomas Aquinas -- IX Rene Descartes -- X George Berkeley -- XI Immanuel Kant -- XII Friedrich Nietzsche -- III: Contemporary Man -- XIII Greatness of Contemporary Man -- XIV Scientism -- XV Technology.

Abstract: The present study is not a series of disconnected essays concerning select­ ed Western philosophies. All its parts belong organically together and constitute one whole. For this reason, the reader is warned not to use it as a reference book for one or another philosopher here treated. The study begins with the declaration of the exposition of fundamental event in Western philosophy which prevails with a different hue in each of the major philosophies and which relates these to pre-philosophical or mythical thought. The study then treats selected Western philosophies se­ parately with the tendency to disclose the major event of philosophy in them. Finally it approaches contemporary man from the perspective of the fundamental event in philosophy. An inquiry into Western man's greatness is maintained here all along as intimately bound up with the historical development of philosophy. Philosophy involves greatness - not one of many philosophies, how­ ever, but Philosophy as such. Philosophy as such is not a composite of the various major philosophies in history; it precedes these, and is present in each one of them in a concealed way. It holds sway over them, and they belong to it. Philosophy rules the thought of thinkers; it is the Ordinance which directs the way of thought, and which is responded to by the thought of the thinkers. In this way, the major philosophies in history are diverse phases which, like the bends and turns of a river, belong to Ordinance - to Nature's thought.

Abstract: I. Historical Survey of the Treaty-Making Practice of International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Treaty-Making Practice in the Inter-War Period -- C. Development after the Second World War -- II. The Basis of the Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Constitutional Provisions -- C. International Personality -- D. The Implied Power Theory -- E. The Basis of Treaty-Making Capacity -- III. The Conclusion of Treaties -- A. Form of Agreements -- B. Constitutional Requirements — Limitation on the Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations -- C. Constitutional Requirements — Organs Competent to Conclude Treaties -- D. Procedure of Conclusion -- IV. Certain Kinds of Treaties -- A. Succession Agreements -- B. Relationship Agreements -- C. Institutional Treaties -- D. Trusteeship Agreements -- E. Technical Assistance Agreements -- F. UNICEF, Special Fund, and OPEX Agreements -- G. Loan and Guarantee Agreements -- H. Conclusion -- V. The Legal Character of Agreements Concluded by International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Legal Character in General -- C. Tests to Decide the Legal Character of An Agreement -- Conclusions.

Abstract: Mter an international organization is established, if it is necessary for it to acquire certain rights or assume duties or new functions not provided in its constitution, there are four techniques to achieve that 1 end. The first is to amend the constitution of the organization. If the organization has only a limited number of members, then this technique is not too cumbersome. But, the procedure for amending a constitution is usually complicated and requires a substantial period of time. Thus this technique has at least the disadvantage of delay. 2 The second technique is to conclude a treaty among the member States of the organization. The organization is not a party to that treaty, but it can acquire some rights, assume some duties, or new functions under the treaty. 3 The disadvantage of this technique is similar to the first one, i. e. , the conclusion of a multilateral treaty may mean delay since the procedure involved is so complicated and cumber­ some. 1 E. g. , the Constitution of the ILO, Cmd. No. 393 (T. S. No. 4 of 1919), [1919] 13 Foreign ReI. U. S. : Paris Conf. 695 (1947), was amended on October 9, 1946,62 Stat. 3485, T. I. A. S. No. 1868, 15 U. N. T. S.