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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project
    Keywords: Steuerpolitik ; Konfliktregelung ; Welt ; OECD-Staaten ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 2012 -
    DDC: 380
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Migration ; Minderheit
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 2012 -
    DDC: 380
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Migration ; Minderheit
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264452404
    Language: Hungarian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Hungary: Country Health Profile 2023
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Hungary
    Abstract: Ez a profil tömör és szakpolitikára összpontosító áttekintést nyújt a magyarországi egészségügy és egészségügyi rendszer állapotáról, az "Egészségügyi helyzet az EU-ban" kezdeményezés szélesebb körű országos egészségügyi profiljainak részeként. Rövid elemzést nyújt, amely a következő kulcsfontosságú szempontokat foglalja magában: Magyarország jelenlegi egészségi állapota; az egészséget meghatározó tényezők, különös tekintettel a viselkedési kockázati tényezőkre; a magyar egészségügyi rendszer szervezete; valamint az egészségügyi rendszer hatékonyságának, hozzáférhetőségének és ellenálló képességének értékelése. A 2023-as kiadás emellett egy tematikus részt is bemutat a mentális egészség és a kapcsolódó szolgáltatások magyarországi helyzetéről. Ez a profil az OECD és az Egészségügyi Rendszerek és Politikák Európai Megfigyelőközpontjának közös munkája, amely az Európai Bizottsággal együttműködve valósult meg.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264996526 , 9789264451674 , 9789264920927
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (183 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Budgetinzidenz ; Kanada ; Frankreich ; Irland ; Italien ; Südkorea ; Niederlande ; Neuseeland ; Schweden ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Governance
    Abstract: In many countries, public expenditure, including transfers, plays a major role in reducing income inequality. The report reviews the various ways that budgeting can be used to this end. A first includes taking a broad approach to results-based budgeting, taking social and distributional goals into consideration. A second relies on integrating distributional impact analysis directly into the budget process. The report discusses the concrete experience of eight OECD countries in this area, analysing how they are integrating distributional impact assessment in spending and budgeting decisions. Finally, it discusses the tools, frameworks and data that are needed to take distributional considerations into account as part of evidence-informed policy making.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264613249 , 9789264719736 , 9789264485068
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (210 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Klimaneutralität ; Klimapolitik ; Hamburg ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Energy ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Germany
    Abstract: Reaching climate neutrality requires economic transformations of unprecedented scale and speed. Immediate action from the business community can avoid unnecessary costs, create wellbeing co-benefits and prepare local businesses with a better competitive position in the future climate neutral economy. This report shows what reaching climate neutrality by 2040 means for Hamburg businesses and identifies key actions they need to undertake. It provides insights where the Hamburg economy and its businesses stand on the way to climate neutrality and on their needs to advance, drawing on a business survey. The study also shares insights from action plans of selected comparison cities. It points to cross-sector as well as to sector-specific challenges and opportunities for Hamburg businesses. This includes making better use of low-cost renewables, addressing energy efficiency in buildings as well as challenges and opportunities in activities in and around the port and in industry. It highlights Hamburg's potential as a hydrogen hub as well as the need to adopt circular economy practices. It illustrates that a regional and business perspective are necessary to achieve climate neutrality in prosperity, requiring individual and collective business action.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.40
    Keywords: Feuer ; Klimawandel ; Brandschutz ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Environment ; Governance ; United States
    Abstract: The frequency and severity of extreme wildfires are on the rise in the United States, causing unprecedented disruption and increasingly challenging the country’s capacity to contain losses and damages. These challenges are set to keep growing in the context of climate change, highlighting the need to scale up wildfire prevention and climate change adaptation. This paper provides an overview of the United States’ wildfire policies and practices and assesses the extent to which wildfire management in the country is evolving to adapt to growing wildfire risk under climate change.
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1789
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper reviews the diverse experience of OECD countries in establishing and running independent fiscal institutions, offering insights that could be useful for Latin American countries seeking to set-up and strengthen those institutions in the region. Through cluster analysis, we identify different types of OECD independent fiscal institutions and draw practical lessons from cases studies. We also identify key features that could serve as a road map for Latin American countries in their efforts to establish or enhance independent fiscal institutions.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.10
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Gesundheitswesen ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: Artificial intelligence will have profound impacts across health systems, transforming health care, public health, and research. Responsible AI can accelerate efforts toward health systems being more resilient, sustainable, equitable, and person-centred. This paper provides an overview of the background and current state of artificial intelligence in health, perspectives on opportunities, risks, and barriers to success. The paper proposes several areas to be explored for policy makers to advance the future of responsible AI in health that is adaptable to change, respects individuals, champions equity, and achieves better health outcomes for all. The areas to be explored relate to trust, capacity building, evaluation, and collaboration. This recognises that the primary forces that are needed to unlock the value from artificial intelligence are people-based and not technical. The OECD is ready to support efforts for co-operative learning and collective action to advance the use of responsible AI in health.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Spotlights no.9
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Research evidence in education serves as a compass, directing stakeholders towards informed choices that drive educational progress, enhance teaching methodologies, address inequities and support resource optimisation. Overcoming the challenges of harnessing research evidence in education by policy makers and practitioners involves fostering a culture of research engagement. This Education Spotlight draws on an international Policy Survey conducted with Ministries of Education from 37 education systems, and other evidence from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation publication Who Really Cares About Using Education Research in Policy and Practice? Developing a Culture of Research Engagement (OECD, 2023[1]) and beyond to explore the following questions: • Which systemic conditions, such as resources, infrastructures, and leadership, matter for the development (or transformation) of an organisational and system-level culture of research engagement? How do these conditions relate to one another? • How can these conditions be developed to best support education research engagement from the system level? This Spotlight reflects on the elements at the system level that are crucial for establishing such a culture for policy makers and practitioners. It does so with the understanding that complex systems require thinking strategically and employing systems approaches to knowledge mobilisation, alongside the more commonly used linear models of disseminating evidence or relational ones focusing on partnerships and networks.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.44
    Keywords: E-Government ; Digitalisierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: Digital government is essential to transform government processes and services in ways that improve the responsiveness and reliability of the public sector. During the COVID-19 pandemic it also proved crucial to governments' ability to continue operating in times of crisis and provide timely services to citizens and businesses. Yet, for the digital transformation to be sustainable in the long term, it needs solid foundations, including adaptable governance arrangements, reliable and resilient digital public infrastructure, and a prospective approach to governing with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. This paper presents the main findings of the 2023 edition of the OECD Digital Government Index (DGI), which benchmarks the efforts made by governments to establish the foundations necessary for a coherent, human-centred digital transformation of the public sector. It comprises 155 data points from 33 member countries, 4 accession countries and 1 partner country collected in 2022, covering the period between 01 January 2020 and 31 October 2022.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264582880 , 9789264791572 , 9789264888821
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (118 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Efektīvas strīdu izšķiršanas tiešsaistē attīstība Latvijā
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Digitalisierung ; Internet ; Lettland ; Governance ; Latvia
    Abstract: This report assesses the use of online dispute resolution (ODR) in Latvia. It looks at the country’s efforts to modernise its justice system and develop dispute resolution mechanisms, identifies areas for improvement in line with the OECD ODR Framework, and provides examples of the application of ODR in other countries. The assessment is enriched by the application of the OECD ODR Framework to three specific types of claims – simplified and warning procedures, and consumer claims. It provides recommendations for successfully implementing ODR in Latvia and broadly modernising the justice sector to ensure better access to justice for all.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264454675 , 9789264848269 , 9789264632974
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (232 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Keywords: Regionalentwicklung ; Regionalpolitik ; Regionales Wachstum ; Brüssel (Region) ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Belgium
    Abstract: The OECD Territorial Review of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium, provides an in-depth assessment of the trends, challenges and opportunities for sustainable and inclusive urban development in the region. It aims to help tackle the so-called ‘Brussels paradox’ between a highly performing region in terms of economic wealth creation and competitiveness but relatively poor social conditions. The region is also grappling with a shortage of affordable and quality housing, as well as several mobility challenges, including a high reliance on individual cars and traffic congestion, resulting in high commuting times and pollution levels, despite good accessibility to public transport. Although a comprehensive urban and land-use planning system exists, there is a lack of co-ordination with the surrounding regions and municipalities to drive more effective policies on housing, mobility, and other infrastructure investments. This review also examines the governance and institutional framework and suggests policy actions to strengthen co-ordination and co-operation mechanisms, and promote incremental collaboration at the metropolitan level. Finally, the review provides recommendations to enhance public finances in the region, focusing on better compensating for its additional charges, co-ordinating public investment among levels of government more efficiently, and establishing a metropolitan fund.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264830257 , 9789264594883 , 9789264520448
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (105 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perspectives des politiques de l’investissement durable dans les pays de la communauté économique des états de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO)
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; ECOWAS-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS) offers a large and diverse market of over 400 million people and natural resource wealth, and yet it is not currently living up to its potential as a destination for international investment. Inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the region have been declining over time, and have not always delivered on promoting sustainable development. This report serves as a baseline diagnostic to explore ways to reinvigorate the reform of the ECOWAS investment climate while also improving sustainable outcomes from investment. It also highlights areas where further collaboration between ECOWAS and the OECD could contribute to improved investment climates throughout the region. Building upon the OECD Policy Framework for Investment and the FDI Qualities Policy Toolkit, the report covers the national regulatory framework encapsulated in national investment laws and how this compares with initiatives at a regional level, investment promotion and facilitation, investment incentives, investment for green growth and responsible business conduct.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789264343115 , 9789264396784 , 9789264782051
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (203 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Privater Konsum ; Sparen ; Privater Haushalt ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Einkommensverteilung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: This publication presents guidance for the compilation of distributional results on household income, consumption and saving consistent with national accounts totals. These results are a key input for evidence-based policies targeting inequality and fostering inclusive growth, providing insights into key dimensions of material well-being across household groups. The results complement existing inequality measures by including elements that are often lacking from micro statistics and by providing inequality measures consistent with macroeconomic aggregates, broadening the scope for analyses, while also capturing households and transactions that are typically underrepresented in micro data. Moreover, while the estimates do require a number of statistical choices and assumptions, they have a high degree of international comparability because of the common methodology and their alignment to national accounts results. The handbook provides an overview of the conceptual framework underlying the distributional results and discusses various aspects in relation to the compilation and presentation of the distributional results. It aims to assist compilers in deriving high-quality distributional results and to provide users with more insights into the main benefits of these results as well as into the way that the results have been derived.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.84
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Private schools cater for around 1 in 5 students from pre-primary to the end of secondary education, a share that has not changed materially since 2015. They enjoy greater autonomy, suffer fewer shortages of all kinds and handled the COVID-19 pandemic better than public schools. Although their students achieved better results in PISA 2022 in many countries, this is mainly because they enrol more students from advantaged socio-economic backgrounds than their public counterparts. The main challenge in many countries today is to increase the social mix in public and private schools, which is why many efforts have been made in this direction over the past decade.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.88
    Keywords: Bildungsreform ; Indonesien ; Education ; Indonesia
    Abstract: This policy perspective examines Indonesia’s Merdeka Belajar (“Emancipated Learning”) initiative, a comprehensive education reform agenda initiated in 2019. The primary objective of this reform is to enhance learning outcomes, make schooling a more joyful experience, and empower students and school communities. The new "Emancipation Curriculum" emphasises foundational competencies and 21st-century skills and adopts holistic, formative assessment methods. It streamlines content and introduces innovative teaching methods, while increasing teachers' flexibility and autonomy in schools. It also instigates a new model of teacher professional learning. This document contextualises these initiatives within the international education landscape. It offers perspectives on what could help Indonesia ensure the success of these reforms, potentially reshaping the country’s educational future and contributing to its development and prosperity.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Papers no.66
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Australia
    Abstract: This paper provides evidence on the impact of international migrants on regional innovation. The study combines administrative individual-level data covering all Australian residents with data on intellectual property rights applications such as patents, trademarks, and design rights. The analysis uses a standard shift-share instrument based on past migrant settlements to identify the causal effects of migration on innovation. Its four main findings are the following: First, on average, a one percentage point increase in the regional employment share of higher-educated migrants relative to total employment leads to a 4.8% rise in regional patent applications in the medium run (five years). Second, while migrants of all skill and education levels have a positive impact on patenting, those in scientific occupations have the largest effect. Third, regions with lower levels of patenting benefit relatively more from increases in migration compared to those with higher patenting levels. Fourth, there is no effect of migration on trademarks or design rights applications.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities no.20
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Parental emotional support, alongside material and temporal support, is an important determinant of children's subjective well-being and academic success. However, not all children benefit from the same level of parental support, and there are major differences depending on families' socio-economic status and child gender. Using the PISA 2018 surveys, this paper examines differences in parental support reported by 15-year-olds both within countries according to social status and between girls and boys, and between countries. We show that differences in parental emotional support by parents' education level and child gender are substantial. Some of these differences are (largely) explained by other characteristics such as family wealth, country of origin, and school urbanicity and private/public status. Greater parental emotional support is also found to be associated with higher PISA test scores and greater subjective wellbeing, with little variation by parental education. On the whole, our findings suggest that a significant enhancement in parental support and related child outcomes, especially in countries with lower average levels of parental emotional support, can be attained through a combined effort on several fronts: by addressing monetary and material poverty within families, by facilitating parents in balancing work and taking care of their children, by promoting greater parental involvement in their children's school life, and by offering appropriate services to assist families with special needs and facing greater challenges.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264867604 , 9789264579644 , 9789264438736
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (261 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; EU-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Cancer causes almost a quarter of all deaths in the EU27, Norway and Iceland, with five new cancer cases diagnosed every minute in 2022. Assessing and improving cancer care from prevention to treatment is essential for promoting longer, healthier lives. This report addresses the latest trends in cancer incidence and mortality in the EU and reviews key cancer risk factors, cancer screening programmes and early diagnoses, and issues in the provision of high-quality cancer care. Country performance, cross-cutting challenges and new developments are examined with a particular focus on disparities by regions, socio-economic status and gender. The report provides policy makers with fiscal, regulatory and health systems organisation tools, as well as examples of initiatives that can be undertaken in primary care, workplaces, and schools to better control cancer and counter inequalities.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264700079 , 9789264352063 , 9789264592322
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (166 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Informelle Wirtschaft ; Niedriglohn ; Schwarzarbeit ; Qualifikation ; Soziale Mobilität ; Education ; Economics ; Development
    Abstract: This report adds two perspectives on informality. First, it disassembles the mechanics of the deleterious links between informal employment, low-paying work and low skills. It shows that informal employment is highly persistent, and that the vulnerability of informal workers is passed on to their children in the absence of adequate education, skills and social protection policy. Second, the report underscores the double burden of informality and low-paying work that a large share of workers in developing and emerging economies carry, and as such calls for policy solutions that go beyond the formalisation agenda and embrace the goal of social justice.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264567634 , 9789264940802 , 9789264710153
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (109 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Green Finance and Investment
    Keywords: Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Bauinstallation ; Philippinen ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: In recent years, the Philippines has increased its commitment to climate action and its efforts to decarbonise the domestic economy. The power sector in the Philippines accounts for 58% of the country’s overall carbon emissions and will be an important driver of domestic emission reduction efforts to meet national climate and energy targets. Renewables, such as offshore wind, are expected to play a key role in the transition toward a low-carbon energy mix. With more than 17 thousand kilometres of coastline, the Philippines is estimated to have an offshore wind potential of 178 GW. However, this potential has yet to be leveraged. Alongside a changing power sector, progress on energy efficiency is needed to achieve the country’s emission reduction goals, with energy savings estimated at approximately 2% annually for the residential and commercial sectors. To deliver a clean energy transition, the Philippines requires estimated cumulative investments of over USD 300 billion between now and 2040. This report outlines key actions needed to unlock finance and investment in offshore wind power and energy efficiency in public buildings. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the progress to date and the challenges to mobilise near-term finance in those sectors, assist the Philippines transition towards a low-carbon economy, and achieve broader development goals.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264913097 , 9789264394872 , 9789264379046
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (207 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Gesundheitsfinanzierung ; Gesundheitskosten ; Gesundheitswesen ; Finanzpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Finding sufficient funds to pay for more resilient health systems is challenging in the current economic context. COVID-19 has shown the need for additional targeted spending on public health interventions, the digital transformation of health systems, and bolstering the health workforce. Rising incomes, technological innovation and changing demographics put further upward pressure on health spending. This could result in health spending reaching 11.8% of GDP across OECD counties by 2040. This publication explores the policy options to finance more resilient health systems whilst maintaining fiscal sustainability. It finds that the scale of the additional health financing needs requires ambitious and transformative policy changes. Robust actions to encourage healthier populations and policies to reduce ineffective spending can put future health expenditure on a far gentler upward trajectory. These would enable spending to reach a more sustainable 10.6% of GDP in 2040. Better budgetary governance is critical. It improves how public funds for health are determined, executed and evaluated. Therefore, a focus of this report is on how good budgeting practices can increase the efficiency of current public spending, and also enable more ambitious policy changes in the medium to longer-term. Findings of this report are targeted at health and finance policy makers, with improved dialogue between health and finance ministries especially important when governments are operating in a constrained fiscal setting.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264780781 , 9789264767607 , 9789264974531
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Competition Law and Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Exámenes Inter-Pares sobre el Derecho y Política de Competencia: República Dominicana
    Keywords: Wettbewerbsrecht ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Dominikanische Republik ; Finance and Investment ; Dominican Republic
    Abstract: Peer reviews of competition law and policy are a valuable tool to reform and strengthen a country’s competition framework. This peer review of the Dominican Republic presents the evolution of its competition regime over the last few years and assesses the effectiveness of its current competition law and policy. It provides recommendations to help the Dominican Republic strengthen its competition regime and institutions, developed and discussed at the Peer Review examination carried out during the 2023 OECD-IDB Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789264740976 , 9789264649675 , 9789264589469
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (96 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Peer Reviews of Competition Law and Policy: Dominican Republic
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Dominican Republic
    Abstract: Los Exámenes Inter-Pares sobre el Derecho y Política de Competencia son una herramienta valiosa para reformar y fortalecer el marco de competencia de un país. Este examen inter-pares de la República Dominicana presenta la evolución de su régimen de competencia en los últimos años y evalúa la eficacia de su actual legislación y política de competencia. El examen proporciona recomendaciones para ayudar a la República Dominicana a fortalecer su régimen de competencia y sus instituciones, desarrolladas y discutidas en el examen inter-pares llevado a cabo durante el Foro de Competencia de América Latina y el Caribe OCDE-BID 2023.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264825420 , 9789264577473 , 9789264378490
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Rückwanderung ; Familie ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Return migration has emerged as a critical policy concern for both destination and origin countries. While policy attention in destination countries has been focused on assisted voluntary return and reintegration (AVRR) programs, particularly for migrants with expulsion orders, these efforts represent only a fraction of broader return movements. This report, based on a project carried out by the OECD with support from the German Corporation for International Co-operation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH – GIZ), commissioned by the Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development, analyses the scope and characteristics of different categories of return migration. The report draws on three workshops, held in Tunis, Rabat and Brussels, that discussed return migration in different contexts. It examines the multiple factors that influence migrants' decisions to return to their countries of origin and their reintegration at home, including the role of family and community. The report emphasises the pre-existing structures and networks of returning migrants in origin countries and their role in supporting different types of return migrants. The report also looks at potential re-migration.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264319882 , 9789264952195 , 9789264376472
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Finanzprodukt ; Private Finanzplanung ; Verbraucherkredit ; Finanzrisiko ; Verbraucherschutz ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Using original data collected from governments around the globe, the Consumer Finance Risk Monitor analyses the constantly evolving issues and risks facing consumers of financial products and services. It examines consumer harms and complaints in five product markets (banking and payments, credit, insurance, investments and pensions) and describes regulatory and supervisory responses to address market conduct risks. It also presents data on financial scams and frauds, highlights tools used to monitor risks, and identifies consumer protection policy responses.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264967441 , 9789264912816 , 9789264946699
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Agroindustrie ; Ernährungsindustrie ; Due Diligence ; Lieferkette ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; G7-Staaten ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This report aims to provide G7 agricultural policy makers with insights to better understand the design, objectives and mechanisms of national and regional, voluntary and mandatory due diligence-related measures. The report creates a fact-based selective inventory for policy makers to identify common elements across the measures with a view to strengthening, where possible, coherence of G7 policy responses to promote responsible business conduct in agricultural supply chains. The inventory also aims to help companies understand different national and regional standards by highlighting synergies and, where applicable discrepancies, to enable and support effective implementation.
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  • 30
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264944329 , 9789264653399 , 9789264507401
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Repenser l'évaluation de la performance des systèmes de santé : Un cadre renouvelé
    Keywords: Gesundheitswesen ; Performance-Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Health systems are under intense pressure to adapt to evolving needs and megatrends driven by population ageing, digitalisation, and climate change. They also need to be better prepared to withstand sudden, large-scale shocks such as pandemics, financial crises, natural disasters, or cyberattacks. This shifting policy context and emerging challenges called for a revision in how OECD countries assess health system performance, to help ensure that health systems meet people’s health needs and preferences while providing quality healthcare for all. This document presents the OECD’s renewed health system performance assessment framework. It incorporates new performance dimensions, notably people-centredness, resilience, and environmental sustainability, and places increased emphasis on addressing inequalities, including those related to gender. This framework expands on existing OECD efforts in these domains and integrates the most recent advancements in health system performance assessment. By offering common definitions and fostering a shared understanding among policy makers, stakeholders and organisations, the updated framework will enhance international collaboration. Furthermore, it lays the foundation for developing future indicators, facilitating data collection, policy analysis, and the integration of knowledge.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1790
    Keywords: Infrastrukturinvestition ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Brasilien ; Economics
    Abstract: Infrastructure investment has been low in Brazil over the last decades, leaving significant gaps in all infrastructure sectors. To close these gaps, public investment will need to increase and become more effective, while additional private resources need to be mobilised. Improving strategic planning and effectively translating it into budget allocations over time would increase the quality of infrastructure projects. Promoting foreign participation in public procurement would raise competition and value for public money, while strengthening the governance of SOEs would enhance the quality of infrastructure services. Minimising policy and judicial risks would help to leverage more private infrastructure financing, including at longer maturities, while ensuring an adequate risk sharing between public and private actors.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.68
    Keywords: Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Globale Mindeststeuer ; Welt ; Taxation
    Abstract: The paper assesses the impact of the global minimum tax (GMT) on the taxation of multinational enterprises (MNEs), based on a comprehensive dataset capturing the global activities of large MNEs. It has four key findings. First, the GMT substantially reduces the incentives to shift profits. Second, the GMT is estimated to very substantially reduce low-taxed profit worldwide through lower profit shifting and top-up taxation. Third, the GMT is estimated to increase CIT revenues. Finally, the GMT is estimated to reduce tax rate differentials across jurisdictions with potential impacts on the allocation of investment and MNE activity.
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  • 33
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.89
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Early childhood education and care (ECEC) staff are central to promoting young children’s development, learning and well-being. Novice staff, defined as staff with up to three years of experience, account for 27% of staff in TALIS Starting Strong 2018. Novice staff are generally less educated than experienced staff in terms of the level of educational attainment and education or training with a focus specifically on working with children. More novice staff than experienced staff report a strong need for additional professional development in several areas, including “classroom/playgroup/group management” and “working with parents or families”. Policy approaches to support novice staff in ECEC can include ensuring that initial education prepares novice staff for their jobs by providing relevant knowledge specifically on working with children, supporting novice staff to engage in ongoing professional development, and clarifying how novice staff can progress professionally.
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  • 34
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264912564 , 9789264753297 , 9789264675803
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (186 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Artenvielfalt ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Energieinfrastruktur ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: As countries scale up climate action, they face the challenge of expanding renewable power while tackling biodiversity loss. Transitioning away from fossil fuels can reduce climate-related pressure on biodiversity, but brings its own risks. Unless carefully managed, the expansion of renewable power could compromise biodiversity. This report synthesises evidence on biodiversity impacts from renewable power infrastructure, with a focus on solar power, wind power and power lines. It identifies opportunities for mainstreaming biodiversity into power sector planning and policy to deliver better outcomes for nature and the climate. Drawing on good practice insights from across the globe, the report offers governments recommendations to align renewable power expansion with biodiversity goals.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264478763 , 9789264872738 , 9789264489943
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (117 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; IT-Kriminalität ; Frankreich ; Deutschland ; Polen ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; France ; Germany ; Poland
    Abstract: In an increasingly digital world, the significance of cyber security for individuals, businesses, and governments has never been greater. Rising cyber attacks are challenging current defence and operational capabilities, highlighting a critical shortage of skilled cyber security professionals. This report delves into the demand for cyber security expertise by analysing online job postings in France, Germany and Poland in between 2018 and 2023. It examines trends in the demand for cyber security professionals, the geographical distribution of job opportunities, and the changing skill requirements in this field. Focusing on France, the report also explores cyber security education and training programmes, the characteristics of the programmes, the demographics of enrolled learners, and their outcomes. Additionally, it reviews French policies and initiatives aimed at broadening the cyber security workforce and enhancing educational opportunities in this field. This comprehensive analysis is part of a larger effort to understand the evolving landscape of cyber security policies and professional experiences worldwide.
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  • 36
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2024 | number:3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2024
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The growth of strategic budget initiatives – such as gender budgeting and green budgeting - has been a prominent trend in OECD countries. This is driven by a desire to use the budget to help deliver transformational change in relation to key policy priorities demanding a whole-of-government response. This paper outlines the emergence of strategic budget initiatives across OECD countries and offers some preliminary observations on how these initiatives are being designed and implemented.
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  • 37
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 1 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Bonnes pratiques de l’OCDE en matière de budgétisation sensible au genre
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents best practices for gender budgeting in OECD countries, consisting of the core features common to successful implementation of gender budgeting. These best practices identify elements that contribute to the sustainability of gender budgeting and help governments ensure that the budget helps achieve broader government objectives relating to gender equality, such as women’s participation in the labour market. The best practices draw on gender budgeting practices in Member countries and the OECD’s work with countries in designing and implementing gender budgeting.
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  • 38
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 23(2023), 2 vom: 21. Juni, Artikel-ID 6, Seite 1-15 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:2 | day:21 | month:06 | elocationid:6 | pages:1-15
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23(2023), 2 vom: 21. Juni, Artikel-ID 6, Seite 1-15
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:21
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:06
    Angaben zur Quelle: elocationid:6
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-15
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: This paper explores how Early Childhood Education and Childcare (ECEC) can be more effectively financed and delivered to promote human capital development, economic growth and well-being. It discusses evidence showing that quality ECEC contributes to better education outcomes and higher future earnings, particularly for socio-economically disadvantaged children. Yet it identifies challenges in delivering ECEC services, including uneven coverage and lack of affordability in many OECD countries, necessitating intergovernmental fiscal co-operation. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic’s disruptive effects on children’s learning and future GDP, the paper underscores the urgent need for effective policy interventions. These include augmenting public spending, implementing equitable fiscal governance models, enhancing the affordability of services and establishing robust monitoring systems. By addressing these issues, the paper posits that we can ensure equitable access to high-quality ECEC and fortify the resilience of our education systems for future generations.
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  • 39
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2022, no. 1 | volume:2022 | year:2022 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2022, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
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  • 40
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2022, no. 1 | volume:2022 | year:2022 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2022, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
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  • 41
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2022, no. 1 | volume:2022 | year:2022 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2022, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
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  • 42
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2022, no. 1 | volume:2022 | year:2022 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2022, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
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  • 43
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2022, no. 1 | volume:2022 | year:2022 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2022, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
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  • 44
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2022, no. 1 | volume:2022 | year:2022 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2022, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
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  • 45
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2022, no. 1 | volume:2022 | year:2022 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2022, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
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  • 46
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2022, no. 1 | volume:2022 | year:2022 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2022, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: … more and more governments, as well as regional and international organisations, are focusing greater attention on nuclear energy’s potential role in combating global climate change. At the same time, the nuclear energy sector is facing many complex issues, with legal systems playing an increasingly vital role in adjudicating public policy and regulatory questions, particularly in countries with long-established nuclear power programmes
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  • 47
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 1 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides good-practice guidelines for parliamentary budget officials and independent fiscal institutions (IFIs) that estimate the costs of policy proposals. It covers topics including which costs to capture, how to handle behavioural responses and macroeconomic feedback, how to communicate results, and how to work with stakeholders. It also contains a section on the special considerations for costing election platforms.
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  • 48
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.277
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: In the midst of the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, trade and economic growth face new challenges as the Russian Federation’s large-scale war against Ukraine has increased uncertainty and tensions along supply chains and the People’s Republic of China’s trade performance has fallen short of expectations. Merchandise trade is recovering slowly and has been dampened by high and volatile commodity and energy prices, coupled with monetary tightening. Some durable goods, such as motor vehicles, have not regained their pre-pandemic share in global trade. Services trade has yet to recover losses incurred during the pandemic, with travel services in particular recovering slowly. Russia’s trade is adjusting as the war continues, with repercussions for commodities markets. This report uses detailed trade data to monitor recent developments in trade in goods and services and in commodity markets.
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  • 49
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Amid the millions of refugees forced to flee Ukraine, an estimated 10-17% have previously worked in the education sector. The expertise and qualifications of Ukrainian educators can be harnessed in host countries to provide vital support for Ukrainian students who are navigating unfamiliar educational systems, while also offering them continued career opportunities in their chosen field and supporting the local education system. Drawing insights from recent OECD survey results, this brief provides an overview of the efforts initiated by OECD countries to employ Ukrainian teachers, while identifying the obstacles which persist such as qualifications recognition, training gaps, and language barriers. Measures such as streamlining recruitment processes, fostering flexibility in qualification recognition, and providing tailored training for teachers and assistants can help optimise their potential.
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.40
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper explores different frameworks of subnational investment promotion and facilitation and focuses on the link between these frameworks and the degree of and the degree of countries’ decentralisation, their role in regional FDI attractiveness and local development, and their relations with the levels of FDI regional disparities. It also examines characteristics of subnational investment promotion strategies and the quality of institutional relationships within regions, across regions and with the central government.
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.305
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The provision of high-quality early childhood education and care (ECEC) is widely seen as a strategy to promote a more equitable and inclusive society due to its potential to give all children, and especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds, a strong basis for early development and well-being. This requires approaches that address the needs of the increasingly diverse populations of children participating in ECEC. A first step in this direction is to assess the prevalence of different dimensions of diversity (e.g., socio-economic disadvantage, special education needs, different first language, and refugee status) across ECEC centres, and the extent to which the quality of ECEC varies between more and less diverse centres. This working paper uses data from the TALIS Starting Strong 2018 survey to examine these questions in the nine participating countries, and to derive policy pointers to ensure that ECEC systems promote equity and inclusion in response to the diversity of children’s needs.
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Adverse Outcome Pathways no.34
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This adverse outcome pathway links inhibition of aromatase activity in teleost fish during gonadogenesis to increased differentiation to testis resulting in a male-biased sex ratio in the population, and ultimately, reduced population sustainability. Most gonochoristic fish species develop either as males or females and do not change sex throughout their life span. However, in species where sexual differentiation is controlled at least to some degree by environmental factors, there can be a window of development during gonadal differentiation that is sensitive to a variety of exogenous conditions. During this window, endocrine active chemicals, aromatase inhibitors in particular, have the potential to alter gonad development and sex differentiation. This AOP is referred to as AOP 346 in the Collaborative Adverse Outcome Pathway Wiki (AOP-Wiki).
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Papers no.2023/01
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Multifactor productivity is a comprehensive measure of productivity where the underlying production function accounts for multiple factor inputs, traditionally labour and produced capital. While single-factor productivity is intuitively simple, such measure offers a biased picture of the economy because it attributes all variation in output growth to a single factor input (e.g. consumption of fossil fuels or material resources) while the role of other factors is ignored. Multifactor productivity aims at addressing this shortcoming, and as such it is a valuable component of the OECD set of Green Growth headline indicators. This paper presents further progress in measuring the EAMFP and related growth accounting indicators in 52 countries for 1996-2018. An important novelty is the inclusion of renewable natural resources such as land, timber and fisheries, and ecosystem services such as coastal and watershed protection. Exploratory results on accounting for renewable energy resources are also included.
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Insights on Well-being, Inclusion and Equal Opportunity no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Travailler main dans la main ? Explorer les opinions sur le rôle de différents acteurs dans la lutte contre les inégalités
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Drawing on data from the Opportunities module of the 2022 wave of the OECD Risks that Matter survey, this Policy Insights looks at people’s concerns about inequality and examines their views on the role held by different actors – ranging from public and private sectors to civil society and citizens – in reducing economic divides. The analysis exposes a widespread concern about the multiple facets of inequality: on average, nearly seven-in-ten respondents think that economic resources should be distributed more equally and up to half of them believe that non-economic disparities are too high. Acknowledging the complex nature of inequality, respondents also recognise the need for a multi-stakeholder approach. National governments are seen as key but not exclusive players, and more than half of respondents believe that both public and private actors have a key role to play in addressing inequality.
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.206
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Reforming agricultural support is increasingly considered a viable means to enhance agriculture’s contribution to climate change mitigation, while fulfilling broader food systems policy objectives related to food security and livelihoods. This study uses a new computable general equilibrium model to investigate a set of global policy reform scenarios that reorientate governments’ budgetary transfers to agriculture to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The results suggest that removing budgetary support globally would reduce agricultural emissions by 2.1% with potential negative effects on food supply. Reorienting existing support, instead, could have significantly stronger effects: decoupling payments from production and tying these to suitable agri-environmental practices could raise emission reduction to over 4% without harming food supply. Targeted investments in productivity and abatement technologies could bring additional emission savings in the long term with co-benefits for food security. Overall, combining green decoupling and investment policies in OECD countries would reduce global agricultural emissions by 5% – or by 11% if extended to other regions – while balancing outcomes across the three dimensions of the food systems’ triple challenge.
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.33
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes the latest update of the OECD’s long-term scenarios, which are done every 2-3 years to quantify some of the most important long-term macroeconomic trends and policy challenges facing the global economy. For the first time, this update incorporates the effect of the low-carbon energy transition. The study first presents a baseline projection that acts as a business-as-usual scenario against which the economic effects of the transition can be gauged. Next, it outlines extensions to the OECD global long-term model (LTM) to consider energy use and associated CO2 emissions and describes an alternative stylised scenario in which OECD and non-OECD G20 countries successfully transition to low-carbon energy in a way broadly consistent with a net-zero target for greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. These extensions rely on a variety of sources, but most crucially on simulations of CO2 mitigation costs with the OECD’s ENV-Linkages model. Finally, the model’s extensions are used to explore some fiscal implications of the energy transition, in particular how the negative economic effects of carbon mitigation could be alleviated by fiscal or other structural reforms.
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1773
    Keywords: Economics ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper provides empirical evidence on the short and long-term sectoral effect of environmental policy stringency on CO2 emissions, exploiting longitudinal data covering 30 OECD countries and more than 50 sectors. The analysis relies on the OECD Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) index, a composite index tracking climate change and air pollution mitigation policies. Estimates obtained from panel regressions suggest that more stringent environmental policies are associated with lower emissions, that the effect builds over time and differs across sectors depending on their fossil fuel intensity. A one unit increase in the EPS index (about one standard deviation), is associated with 4% lower CO2 emissions in the sector with median fossil fuel intensity after two years and by 12% after 10 years. For sectors in the top decile of the fossil fuel intensity distribution, the estimates point to a decline in emissions by 11% after two years and 19% after ten years. Environmental policies targeted at energy, manufacturing and transport sectors have the largest potential impact on emissions. Illustrative policy scenarios based on these results indicate that achieving emission reductions consistent with net-zero targets will require raising the stringency of environmental policies more drastically and rapidly than in the past.
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1779
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Using data on more than 150.000 non-financial companies operating in both manufacturing and services sectors around the world, we analyse the drivers of firm performance throughout the whole COVID cycle (until end 2021). We highlight three key results. First, if anything, larger and older firms did worse than smaller and younger ones in terms of revenues and investment spending, both during COVID-19 and the subsequent recovery. Even in sectors that were under scrutiny from a competition standpoint, such as technology and healthcare, larger firms did not systematically over-perform. Second, ex-ante financial strength attenuated the effects of the shock on revenues during the COVID cycle. Third, there is some evidence of debt overhang: firms that entered the crisis with a higher leverage ratio invested less than others, including on R&D, both in 2020 and in 2021, while firms that became more debt-burdened during the pandemic tended to record weaker investment spending during the recovery. These insights shed light on market power, competition, and more generally on the performance of the corporate sector since the start of COVID-19 pandemic.
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (97 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.226
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Industry decarbonisation is a cornerstone to reach net-zero emissions by this mid-century. The diversity of industrial activities, processes and products, the complexity of global industrial value chains, and the international competition make industry decarbonisation a challenging objective. Annual investments in low-carbon technologies for industry decarbonisation need to increase by a factor of three to five by 2030 compared to current levels to align industrial emissions with net-zero pathways. This paper analyses available financing solutions to scale up investments at pace, especially in emerging and developing economies where industrial production is growing rapidly whilst available finance is limited. It highlights de-risking and financial instruments and models that can help accelerate investments and draws lessons from twelve financing industry decarbonisation case studies which demonstrate how private capital can be mobilised.
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1787
    Keywords: Economics ; Israel
    Abstract: High employment growth has sustained Israel’s high GDP growth in recent decades, but demographic change and labour market duality put future growth at risk. Policy action is required to stimulate employment and raise labour productivity, especially among population groups with weaker labour market outcomes. A particular concern is closing employment gaps of Haredim and Arab Israelis and ensuring gender equality in the workplace, which would simultaneously improve opportunities for all Israelis and the aggregate labour productivity of the economy. This will require setting appropriate work incentives and providing better support for working parents; improving skills at all stages of the learning cycle; as well as increasing mobility and improving reallocation towards high-productivity jobs and firms, in particular in the high-tech sector.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Papers no.60
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Australia
    Abstract: This paper examines the contribution of international migrants to regional differences in labour productivity in Australia. The study relies on individual-level administrative wage data from 2011 to 2018. It finds that a region with a 10% larger migrant share has, on average, a 1.3% larger regional wage difference, which indicates a positive link between migration and labour productivity. The presence of migrants benefits native workers with different skill levels residing in all types of regions. The positive effects of migrants are even more pronounced for higher-skilled migrants. Concretely, a region with a 10% larger share of higher-skilled migrants has, on average, a 1% higher regional productivity difference. However, these additional benefits mainly accrue to more productive regions and those with higher migrant shares than the median region.
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.164
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: In response to the increase of cyberattacks in health care settings, the Health Committee of the OECD asked for a paper on Digital Security as part of the OECD ongoing work on health data governance. This working paper emphasizes that as the healthcare industry undergoes digital transformation it brings significant benefits while simultaneously escalating the vulnerability to cyber threats. This working paper summarises survey results based on the OECD framework for digital security risk management. The paper reveals varying levels of digital security alignment among countries, with Ireland and Korea exhibiting full alignment. Countries with specific strategies for digital security in health showed higher alignment to leading practices. The paper identifies key areas for improvement, including fostering a digital security culture through training, strengthening strategy and governance, and embedding risk assessment and treatment. The paper also emphasises the need for collaboration on innovative tools to detect and manage digital security threats, such as multi-factor authentication and encryption. These collaborative efforts are essential to safeguard the digital foundations of modern healthcare systems and ensure the security of health data and services.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (91 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Papers no.59
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Italy
    Abstract: The Autonomous Province of Bolzano-Bozen, Italy, has embraced the 2030 Agenda through a sustainability pact including its sustainable development strategy "Everyday for Future". The strategy defines seven fields of action that were derived from the SDGs framework to promote sustainability across policy areas such as the conservation of the natural environment, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, competitiveness and social justice. The SDGs offer a clear framework to tackle the province’s main territorial development challenges, such as climate change, the transition to sustainable agriculture, mobility, tourism, and affordable housing. This report provides guidance on how to harness the implementation of the SDGs to address these challenges through concrete measures across the seven fields of action, identify and manage synergies and trade-offs between sectoral policies and, in turn, help the province implement Everyday for Future.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Spotlights no.8
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This Education Spotlight presents key lessons and inspiring examples of policy and practice to inform collaboration between secondary education and higher education. The Spotlight was prepared by the OECD Higher Education Policy Team as part of the Education and Innovation Practice Community (EIPC), an action of the European Union’s New European Innovation Agenda, flagship 4 on “Fostering, attracting and retaining deep tech talent”. EIPC seeks to bring together peers from policy and practice to advance understanding of the competencies that can trigger and shape innovation for the digital and green transitions, and the mechanisms through which higher education can contribute to their development in secondary education (Strand 1), higher education (Strand 2), and adult upskilling and reskilling (Strand 3).
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.38
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Environment
    Abstract: Given the direct impacts of climate change are felt first and foremost at the local level, many have called for climate adaptation to be a local responsibility. Indeed, local authorities have a major influence on climate change adaptation - such as through their land use and permitting decisions. Yet, their actions are strongly determined by the national fiscal, regulatory and policy contexts in which they are embedded in. This policy paper provides an overview and a discussion of the roles and responsibilities for climate adaptation across levels of government. It argues that co-operation across levels of government is needed to strengthen adaptation at the local level. This policy paper was prepared as part of the OECD Territorial Approach to Climate Action and Resilience programme, which supports subnational authorities in their efforts to accelerate the net zero transition and build systemic resilience.
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.162
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper discusses five innovation policy imperatives critical to achieving green and digital transitions: coordinated government, stakeholder engagement, policy agility and experimentation, directionality and support for breakthrough innovation. The paper provides policy examples from Germany, based on the OECD Review of Innovation Policy: Germany , and other countries to illustrate in what ways countries have addressed these imperatives. Overall, the quality and scale of these policy responses need to increase if transitions are to succeed. Open questions for future policy research are also highlighted.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1777
    Keywords: Economics ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The EU’s ambitious Green Deal aims at achieving net zero emissions by 2050. The EU is starting from a relatively good position. It has successfully reduced greenhouse gas emissions over the past decade. But further efforts are needed to reach the net zero target. These include an extension of emission trading to agriculture and the phase-out of generous subsidies for fossil fuels. Such efforts should be complemented by additional measures to shift to clean energy, notably more integrated electricity markets and deeper capital markets that provide the necessary investment in new technologies. Accelerating the green transition will also involve costs for displaced workers. Bolstering workers’ mobility and training will help improve labour reallocation and reduce transition costs.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.113
    Keywords: Economics ; Development ; Trade ; Environment ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This paper traces the history of China’s development co-operation system and looks into its practices, touching upon implementation gaps with established international norms and practices.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (78 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/20
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Ireland
    Abstract: Ireland is home to a vibrant social enterprise community, active in essential sectors such as health, care, and education, as well as local development and cultural and creative sectors. This report provides an in-depth analysis of social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in Ireland. It identifies the country’s strengths and challenges and provides policy recommendations. An action plan with concrete and actionable measures is also provided to support Ireland in the development of its new national social enterprise policy. Following an overview of the socio-economic landscape (Chapter 1), the report describes factors underpinning social entrepreneurship, social enterprises and the social economy in the context of Ireland (Chapter 2); analyses the institutional and legal framework around social enterprises (Chapter 3); explores conditions and opportunities for access to finance and funding (Chapter 4); navigates developments in access to public and private markets for social enterprises (Chapter 5); looks at the existing state of social impact measurement and data availability on social enterprises (Chapter 6) and concludes with skills and business development for social entrepreneurship (Chapter 7).
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/21
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les secteurs de la culture et de la création comme levier de développement des régions ultrapériphériques de l'Union européenne
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; France ; French Guiana ; Mayotte ; Portugal ; Spain
    Abstract: This report assesses the current state and future potential of cultural and creative sectors (CCS) in the nine outermost regions of the European Union (EU): Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte, Réunion, and Saint Martin (France); the Azores and Madeira (Portugal); and the Canary Islands (Spain). Global trends, such as increases in cultural tourism, trade in creative goods and services, and FDI in CCS offer significant opportunities for EU outermost regions to expand their cultural and creative sectors, promote synergies with tourism and help drive job creation. In addition, CCS policies can also boost well-being outcomes and social cohesion through preserving and promoting local cultural heritage and encouraging cultural participation. CCS policy which capitalises on these global trends, whilst recognising the specific context of EU outermost regions, could help promote these areas and contribute to local development.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.160
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper resents a measurement framework aiming to support the collection of comprehensive and internationally comparable quantitative and qualitative information on governmental innovation support programmes and instruments. It proposes a taxonomic system with definitions, classifications and reporting conventions aligned with OECD and other international standards. The framework is intended to support future OECD measurement efforts in this area and the analysis of innovation support portfolios within and across countries.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264984684
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: State of Health in the EU
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Portugal: Perfil de Saúde do País 2023
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Mental Health ; Portugal ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Portugal
    Abstract: This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Portugal, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Portugal; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the Portuguese healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Portugal. This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264976962 , 9789264863811 , 9789264860933
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (111 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes (Global Forum) is a multilateral framework for tax transparency and information sharing, within which over 160 jurisdictions participate on an equal footing. The Global Forum monitors and peer reviews the implementation of the international standards of Exchange of Information on Request (EOIR) and Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI). AEOI provides for the automatic exchange of a predefined set of financial account information between tax authorities on an annual basis to assist them in ensuring the correct amount of tax is paid. To ensure the AEOI standard is fully effective, the Global Forum carries out a review of each jurisdiction’s domestic and international legal frameworks to ensure they are complete, as well as a review of the effectiveness of their implementation of the standard in practice. This report presents the latest conclusions of the peer reviews of the legal frameworks put in place by jurisdictions to implement the AEOI standard. It supplements the assessments of the legal frameworks and the initial reviews of the effectiveness of their implementation in practice published in 2022, for around 100 jurisdictions that were the first to commit to commence AEOI. This report also contains the results of the Global Forum’s initial peer reviews in relation to the effectiveness in practice of the implementation of the standard by jurisdictions commencing exchanges in 2019.
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  • 74
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Cadre de détermination des prix de transfert appliqué aux prix des minéraux
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Determining the Price of Minerals: A Transfer Pricing Framework
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Taxation
    Abstract: En el sector minero, los ingresos públicos se generan mediante la recaudación de regalías mineras e impuestos sobre la renta calculados sobre el valor del mineral comercializado. Sin embargo, debido a la frecuencia y la escala de las transacciones entre partes vinculadas, el riesgo potencial para los ingresos fiscales que supone la manipulación de los precios de transferencia puede ser elevado, especialmente en torno al valor de los minerales extraídos. Este conjunto de herramientas proporciona orientaciones prácticas y significativas para que los países en desarrollo determinen el precio de los minerales vendidos a partes vinculadas utilizando el principio de plena competencia. Ofrece un marco sobre cómo utilizar los principios de precios de transferencia para aplicar el método del Precio Comparable No Controlado, incluida la identificación de los principales factores económicos que influyen en el precio de los minerales ("marco de precios de los minerales") para garantizar que los países en desarrollo puedan gravar adecuadamente las exportaciones de minerales. También incluye enfoques administrativos simplificados para fijar el precio de las ventas de minerales que podrían reducir la carga administrativa de los países en desarrollo.
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9789264942738 , 9789264444331 , 9789264316003
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (121 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Governance ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This Public Communication Scan of the United Kingdom, the first such scan of an OECD Member country, brings new insights to the OECD’s work on understanding how public communication contributes to democratic governance. The scan analyses how the United Kingdom’s Government Communication Service (GCS) is building a more effective communication function amid changes to the information ecosystem and how it can help make policymaking more responsive to citizens' needs. The analysis and recommendations in this Scan highlight opportunities for the GCS and the UK Government to align ongoing communication reforms with actions to promote more inclusive and people-centred communication that contributes to greater engagement, improved public trust, and better policy outcomes.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789264752443
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Oman
    Abstract: As the global energy transition accelerates, all energy sectors will experience significant transformations, affecting how energy is produced and consumed. This implies a changing role of hydrocarbon fuels such as oil and natural gas. While these fuels will continue to play a role in energy systems, notably in large energy demand centres, all scenarios point to a gradual decline in demand for both oil and gas. As a result, producer economies such as Oman, whose economic development has been to a significant part enabled by a thriving oil and gas industry, have been exploring opportunities to adapt their economic model to the emerging energy economy we are observing. Nevertheless, it remains important to appreciate the role producer economies play in the global energy transition. While this transformation involves a wide range of challenges to secure future revenues and employment opportunities for citizens, the energy transition also holds with it a range of opportunities. Oman's assets, infrastructure, and skills were once developed in the service of an omnipresent oil and gas industry. Today, the objective of this study is to lay out the opportunities of repurposing these advantages in the services in developing clean energy supply chains in Oman, led by solar PV, wind and low-emission hydrogen where significant economic value is expected to lie as the global economy decarbonises.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264541627
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Establishing appropriate institutional architecture is important to integrate power systems across borders and facilitate electricity trading, as even if the necessary infrastructure is in place, it does not automatically follow that it is being used to exchange power effectively. The co-ordination of all stakeholders – governments, utilities1 and regulators – is required within jurisdictions, as is the creation of regional entities to support and oversee the integration process. This report therefore examines stakeholder roles at different stages of crossborder integration to enable multilateral power trade. As energy regulators are our main audience, we focus on their roles and responsibilities after briefly addressing those of governments and utilities.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264735484
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: State of Health in the EU
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Polska: Profil systemu ochrony zdrowia 2023
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Mental Health ; Polen ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Poland
    Abstract: This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Poland, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Poland; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the Polish healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Poland. This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264393608
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: One of the many lessons learnt about nuclear safety over the years has been that human aspects of nuclear safety are as important as any technical issue that may arise. The international nuclear community regularly works together to identify, discuss and address technical issues, but examining how behaviour affects safety from country to country remains less common. Yet practical experience has shown that there are important differences across borders and even within borders in how people work together and communicate. The Country-Specific Safety Culture Forum was created to gain a better understanding of how the national context affects safety culture in a given country and how operators and regulators perceive these effects in their day-to-day activities. The ultimate goal is to ensure safe nuclear operations. The third NEA safety culture forum – a collaborative effort between the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) and the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) – was held in Canada in September 2022. This report outlines the process used to conduct the forum, reveals its findings and encourages the nuclear community to further reflect and take relevant action.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264729292 , 9789264785182 , 9789264455764
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : Pologne 2023
    Keywords: Development ; Poland
    Abstract: The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts peer reviews of individual members once every five to six years. Reviews seek to improve the quality and effectiveness of members’ development co-operation, highlighting good practices and recommending improvements. A DAC member since 2013, Poland has aligned its 2021-2030 Multiannual Programme with the 2030 Agenda, under the leadership of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). Building on recommendations made in Poland’s first peer review in 2017, this review identifies opportunities for the Polish development co-operation system to work better together, programme bilateral official development assistance (ODA) more efficiently, and enhance multilateral and civil society partnerships. Recommendations include moving from annual calls for proposals to a more sustainable partnerships model, strengthening the MFA’s capabilities to co-ordinate with other actors in partner countries and better aligning Poland’s international engagement with its commitments to sustainable development.
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789264575646
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (107 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Taxation ; Dominica
    Abstract: This supplementary peer review report analyses the practical implementation of the standard of transparency and exchange of information on request in Dominica, as part of the second round of reviews conducted by the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes since 2016.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264502130 , 9789264602755 , 9789264858107
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (216 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C as early as in 2030, with current climate action falling short of meeting the Paris Agreement goals and a mounting risk of tipping beyond the ability of human societies to adapt. Building on broader OECD work on climate, this report proposes a new OECD territorial climate indicator framework and demonstrates that the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to climate impacts and address vulnerabilities varies across different territories. The report also presents a policy framework of 9 recommended actions to help decision makers unleash more effective climate action and resilience, both by integrating a territorial approach into national and subnational climate policies and by mainstreaming climate objectives into urban, rural and regional policies. The report summarises the analysis into a checklist for national and local governments to implement a territorial approach to climate and resilience policies, as well as a compendium of 36 best practices from cities, regions and countries from all around the world.
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  • 83
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Determining the Price of Minerals: Application to Bauxite
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Cadre de détermination des prix des minéraux appliqué à la bauxite
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Taxation
    Abstract: En el sector minero, los ingresos públicos dependen de que los productos minerales tengan un precio y una medición precisos, pero las complejidades en torno a la fijación de precios surgen de diversos factores. Esta publicación aplica el marco de precios de los minerales -tal como se documenta en la obra conjunta de la OCDE y el IGF “Determinación del precio de los minerales: Un marco para precios de transferencia” para identificar los principales factores económicos que influyen en el precio de la bauxita a la hora de aplicar el método del Precio Comparable No Controlado para garantizar que los países en desarrollo puedan gravar adecuadamente las exportaciones de bauxita. También ofrece ejemplos prácticos de cómo aplicar con precisión el marco de precios de los minerales a la bauxita.
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789264983267
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Kenya
    Abstract: Energy efficiency continues to play a critical role in improving living standards around the world and is the first and best response to simultaneously meet affordability, supply security and climate goals. As Kenya looks to drive forward its clean energy transition in the face of the global climate and energy crises, there is a growing role for energy efficiency in supporting its aims to ensure affordable, reliable access to electricity while allowing greater integration of renewable energy technologies. As part of the Energy Efficiency in Emerging Economies (E4) Programme, this report aims to provide an overview of current progress in energy efficiency and its potential for improving people's lives through delivery of a sustainable, modern energy system. The report assesses progress, opportunities and challenges for energy efficiency across four key areas: Buildings, Appliances, Clean Cooking and Electricity System Losses. The report gives suggestions on potential policy actions that can be taken to enhance progress, drawing on case studies and examples from Kenya and other countries in Africa and globally. It represents part of the IEA’s growing collaboration with Kenya in the build-up to the IEA’s Energy Efficiency in Emerging Economies Training Week and 9th Annual Global Conference on Energy Efficiency, which will take place in Nairobi in March and May 2024 respectively.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264603479
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: State of Health in the EU
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Eesti: Riigi terviseprofiil 2023
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Mental Health ; Estland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Estonia
    Abstract: This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Estonia, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Estonia; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the Estonian healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Estonia. This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Inventaire OCDE des mesures de soutien pour les combustibles fossiles 2023
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Despite commitments to scale up and speed up climate action, the fiscal cost of government support for fossil fuels almost doubled in 2022 to reach more than USD 1.4 trillion as governments across the OECD and partner countries introduced substantial initiatives to mitigate high energy costs on households and firms, caused in part by Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine. This rising trend is a real threat to our collective net zero goals and highlights the challenges of staying on track with net zero commitments in the face of geopolitical and economic disruption. Going forward, it will be critical that support measures are reformed to better target those most in need. Support for fossil fuels should also be phased out as soon as possible. This will help free up much needed resources for the transition towards net zero emissions and accelerate innovation to improve energy efficiency.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789264422209 , 9789264406827 , 9789264489998
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (112 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Green Finance and Investment
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: This report explores evidence-based action areas to increase and accelerate the mobilisation of private finance for climate action in developing countries, and the role of international public finance providers in doing so. It draws on best-available data to provide disaggregated analysis of the sectoral, geographic and other features of private finance mobilised by public climate finance and presents key economy-wide, sector-specific, and institutional challenges to private finance mobilisation. The analysis is anchored in the context of the USD 100 billion climate finance goal, initially set for 2020 and extended to 2025, while also providing insights related to mobilising private finance for climate action in developing countries more broadly.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264681293 , 9789264519350 , 9789264805323
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (94 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Un équilibre précaire ? Instabilité des revenus et insécurité économique en Europe (version abrégée)
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Over the past few decades, economies and technologies have changed in ways that have made people’s economic prospects more insecure. While non-standard work and digital transformation have created opportunities for many, they have also exposed individuals to fluctuations in their incomes, known as "income instability", as have major recent shocks. Recognising that individuals’ jobs and circumstances can change multiple times in a year, this report uses novel techniques to identify who is most exposed to income instability in European OECD countries and examines the effects it has on their lives, social mobility, and inequality. Income instability can be difficult to manage for individuals who lack the financial resources to smooth their incomes. In this report, people facing the twin problems of exposure and vulnerability to income instability are considered to be economically insecure. Economic insecurity falls predominantly on people with weak attachments to the labour force and on those who are not well-placed to leverage the benefits of digitalisation. People at risk of economic insecurity are more likely to worry about losing their jobs in the future than economically secure individuals and, as shown in other research, experience poor health, food insecurity, and poor childhood development outcomes, which can impede social mobility. Finally, the report reviews a range of policies to improve the timeliness of social protection to better support people with highly unstable incomes and explores options to help those most at risk of economic insecurity build financial buffers.
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264840898
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (442 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS have published more information concerning the Mutual Agreement Procedure (MAP) than ever before, including MAP guidance, MAP Statistics, MAP profiles and Peer Review reports, all pursuant to the BEPS Action 14 Minimum Standard. However, this information is available in different places, so taxpayers and other competent authorities must seek out this information for each jurisdiction separately. Accordingly, the FTA MAP Forum has decided to summarise and consolidate published information concerning MAP for all member jurisdictions of the Inclusive Framework on BEPS in a single publication containing Consolidated Information on Mutual Agreement Procedures for 2023. This report provides stakeholders with an overview of each jurisdiction’s MAP policy and practices in a clear and simple manner. For each jurisdiction, the Consolidated Information on Mutual Agreement Procedures contains: recent developments relevant to MAP, a brief overview of the MAP provisions contained in its tax treaties, the contact details and organisation of the competent authority, links to published information on MAP, and an overview of the jurisdiction’s MAP statistics for the previous year.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264756427
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: State of Health in the EU
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Mental Health ; Island ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Iceland
    Abstract: This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Iceland, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Iceland; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the Icelandic healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Iceland. This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789264402799
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE) initiative, launched in 2022 by India, aims to promote environmentally responsible consumption choices and behaviour in India and worldwide. High level principles on implementing LiFE were adopted by the G20, under India’s presidency. Following the first IEA report on LiFE, which examined the impact on energy consumption, costs and emissions of measures like those proposed by the LiFE initiative, this report provides a concrete policy toolkit for advancing LiFE implementation at the level of countries, subnational jurisdictions and individuals, and through international fora such as the G20. Enabling people to adopt sustainable consumption choices and habits requires dedicated and sustained policy interventions. This report examines the mechanisms of policies in driving change. Of the almost 1.7 billion tonnes (Gt) of CO2 savings that would be achieved in G20 countries by an implementation of LiFE-aligned measures, around 60% could be directly influenced or mandated by policies. It showcases that the LiFE movement is gaining traction, tracking around 120 LiFE-aligned policies already implemented across G20 countries and building policy toolkit based on experiences and best practices. Finally, it examines the multiple co-benefits of LiFE measures on equity, air pollution, employment and economic development, health, water, food and land-use.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264351288
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (491 pages)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Keywords: Education--Demographic aspects ; Education--Evaluation ; Education and state ; Electronic books ; Education
    Abstract: The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) examines what students know in reading, mathematics and science, and what they can do with what they know. Volume VI: Are Students Ready to Thrive in an Interconnected World? explores students' ability to examine issues of local, global and cultural significance; understand and appreciate the perspectives and worldviews of others; engage in open, appropriate and effective interactions across cultures; and take action for collective well-being and sustainable development.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.361
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: First adopted in 1980, the OECD Privacy Guidelines are the first internationally agreed-upon set of privacy principles. They are framed in concise, technology-neutral language and have significantly influenced legislation and policy in OECD member countries and beyond. In 2018, the OECD initiated a comprehensive review of the Privacy Guidelines, which included a survey of Adherents, an ad hoc group of experts, and several workshops to explore the main challenges for privacy and personal data protection in an ever-evolving digital environment. This report presents the review's findings, confirming the continued importance and relevance of the Privacy Guidelines. However, it also highlights persistent and emerging implementation challenges and provides recommendations for addressing them.
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1782
    Keywords: Economics ; Türkiye
    Abstract: The Turkish economy grew strongly over the past two decades and created many jobs. However, given its young and growing workforce, Türkiye needs to ramp up efforts to achieve high-quality formal job creation. A sizeable share of the workforce, mostly female workers, does not actively participate in the labour market. While informality has decreased significantly, it is still widespread and entrenches productivity differences across firms. Rigid labour market rules, particularly the high severance pay but also minimum wages, impede formal job creation. More flexible labour markets should be part of a comprehensive reform programme that shifts job loss protection to a broader-based unemployment insurance scheme, supported by well-designed activation policies. While educational attainment has risen impressively, a growing number of vacancies, significant skill mismatches and a low level of adult skills highlight the need to address the quality of education and to improve on the matching of talent to jobs.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1784
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Croatia’s labour market has made important progress over the past decade. Employment rates are rising, reducing the gap with OECD countries, and poverty has fallen. While important weaknesses remain, many dimensions of equity and working conditions are similar to OECD countries. Continuing this progress is essential for Croatia’s incomes and well-being to converge with OECD countries, to counter accelerating population ageing and to make the most of emerging opportunities, including from digitalisation and the green economy transition. For employers, filling increasingly advanced skill needs is a growing obstacle. Relatively few of the young and older adults are in work – contributing to weakening skills, lower incomes and higher poverty risks. Addressing these challenges will require dramatically expanding participation in re-skilling and adult education programmes, and raising the workforce’s flexibility, for example by strengthening active labour market policies, improving the housing market’s dynamism and making the most of immigrants’ and returned emigrants’ skills. This Working Paper relates to the 2023 OECD Economic Survey of Croatia.
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1781
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper evaluates the link between educational policies and i) student performance and ii) macroeconomic measures of productivity. The analysis has two stages. First, using the 2015 and 2018 PISA databases, it quantifies the relationship between student test scores and the characteristics of students taking the tests, their school environment and national educational systems. Second, assuming that these relationships reflect the effect of different characteristics/policies on student test performance, the second stage converts the latter into an estimated effect on macroeconomic measures of productivity using a new measure of human capital as an intermediary variable. This new measure of human capital, devised in previous OECD work, combines student test scores and mean years of schooling with estimated elasticities that suggest the former is more important. The analysis shows a positive association between spending on education and student test scores, but only for levels of student expenditure below the OECD median, suggesting scope for currently low-spending countries to raise student performance with potential gains to long-run productivity. Boosting participation in early childhood education as well as improving teacher quality is found to generate large aggregate productivity gains. There are significant, but smaller, macroeconomic gains for many countries from limiting grade repetition and ability grouping across all subjects as well as increasing the accountability of schools. Finally, the results provide evidence for income inequality having a major influence on productivity through a human capital channel.
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.82
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This analytical report was prepared by the OECD Higher Education Policy Team as part of the Education and Innovation Practice Community (EIPC), an action of the European Union’s New European Innovation Agenda, flagship 4 on “Fostering, attracting and retaining deep tech talent”. EIPC seeks to bring together peers from policy and practice to advance understanding of the competencies that can trigger and shape innovation for the digital and green transitions, and the mechanisms through which higher education can contribute to their development in secondary education (Strand 1), higher education (Strand 2), and adult upskilling and reskilling (Strand 3). This report for EIPC Strand 1 examines how higher education institutions (HEIs) can support teachers and school leaders in secondary schools to help their students develop competencies for innovation. Drawing on research evidence, practical examples and insights from the EIPC network and a wide range of OECD and EU education systems, it offers five options for consideration by education policy makers on how to strengthen HEIs’ role in supporting secondary education to develop human capacity for innovation.
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities no.19
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Austria
    Abstract: In Europe, the introduction of the Council Recommendation establishing a European Child Guarantee has helped put concerns relating to childhood disadvantages higher up on the policy agenda. Structured around ensuring effective access to a series of key child services, the ultimate goal of the European Child Guarantee is to promote opportunities for children from disadvantaged backgrounds and help stop the transmission of poverty and social exclusion across generations. But as European countries move forward with their plans for implementation, it is important to understand what child disadvantage looks like, as well as the potential lifelong effects it can have on children’s lives. This paper explores childhood socio-economic disadvantage in Austria from a comparative perspective. It sketches the breadth and depth of child poverty and material deprivation in Austria today, and discusses the potential longer-run economic costs of childhood disadvantage once disadvantaged children reach adulthood, based on findings from Clarke et al. (2022). It also discusses key policy challenges Austria will need to consider to tackle childhood socio-economic disadvantage.
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.228
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Ukraine
    Abstract: This study evaluates the progress of fossil-fuel subsidy reform in Ukraine since its launch in 2016 using the OECD “bottom-up”, inventory, approach. It also identifies major subsidy schemes that need significant reform. The report reflects the energy subsidy policies and reforms in Ukraine prior to Russia’s full-scale invasion in February 2022. The analysis covers: budgetary transfers, government revenue foregone (or tax expenditure), induced transfers in the form of cross-subsidies or below market tariffs and transfer of risk to government. The study also covers fossil-fuels subsidies to production and consumption, particularly, for natural gas, coal and electricity generated from fossil fuels while support for energy efficiency and renewables is considered for comparative purposes. This report also briefly discusses the taxation and energy pricing policies in Ukraine that have had direct or indirect impact on the evolution of fossil-fuel subsidies in the country. Detailed estimates of all individual support measures are provided in the Annexes to the report.
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1772
    Keywords: Economics ; Iceland
    Abstract: Immigration has increased rapidly since the late 1990s, driven largely by strong economic growth and high standards of living. By mid-2023, foreign citizens made up around 18% of the population. This has brought important economic benefits to Iceland, including by boosting the working age population and helping the country to meet labour demands in fast-growing sectors. However, there are important challenges regarding the integration of immigrants and their children that need to be addressed through a comprehensive approach, helping to make the most of immigration. Successful labour market integration of immigrants requires more effective language training for adults and an improvement in skills recognition procedures. At the same time, immigrants need more opportunities to work in the public sector and the adult learning system should be adjusted to better encompass their training needs. Strengthening language skills is key to improving the weak educational outcomes of immigrant students. Enhancing teachers’ preparedness to accommodate students’ diverse educational needs is another pre-requisite. Strengthening integration further hinges upon meeting the housing needs of the immigrant population, including through an increase in the supply of social and affordable housing.
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