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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (686)
  • Poverty
  • Women in development
Materialart
Erscheinungszeitraum
Schlagwörter
  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Manchester : Manchester University Press
    ISBN: 9781526166784 , 152616678X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (viii, 260 Seiten)
    Serie: Studies in early modern European history
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Ideas of Poverty in the Age of Enlightenment
    Schlagwort(e): Enlightenment ; Eighteenth century ; Poverty ; Siècle des Lumières ; Dix-huitième siècle ; Pauvreté ; Enlightenment (18th-century western movement) ; poverty
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 2
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Schlagwort(e): Agribusiness ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Macroeconomic Analysis of Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Measurement ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of the Latin America and the Caribbean region. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita, and where available, other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country in the region
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (131 pages)
    Serie: South Asia Economic Focus
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Climate Shocks ; Economic Growth ; Employment Growth ; Female Labor Force Participation ; Labor Market ; Poverty ; Private Investment ; Technology Adoption
    Kurzfassung: South Asia is expected to continue to be the fastest-growing emerging market and developing economy (EMDE) region over the next two years. This is largely thanks to robust growth in India, but growth is also expected to pick up in most other South Asian economies. However, growth in the near-term is more reliant on the public sector than elsewhere, whereas private investment, in particular, continues to be weak. Efforts to rein in elevated debt, borrowing costs, and fiscal deficits may eventually weigh on growth and limit governments' ability to respond to increasingly frequent climate shocks. Yet, the provision of public goods is among the most effective strategies for climate adaptation. This is especially the case for households and farms, which tend to rely on shifting their efforts to non-agricultural jobs. These strategies are less effective forms of climate adaptation, in part because opportunities to move out of agriculture are limited by the region's below-average employment ratios in the non-agricultural sector and for women. Because employment growth is falling short of working-age population growth, the region fails to fully capitalize on its demographic dividend. Vibrant, competitive firms are key to unlocking the demographic dividend, robust private investment, and workers' ability to move out of agriculture. A range of policies could spur firm growth, including improved business climates and institutions, the removal of financial sector restrictions, and greater openness to trade and capital flows
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  • 4
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (96 pages)
    Serie: International Development in Focus
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Child Marriage ; Free Education ; Health ; Human Development ; Poverty ; Under-Five And Maternal Mortality
    Kurzfassung: Sierra Leone is one of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a gross national income per capita of USD 510 in 2022. The country ranked near the bottom of all countries in the latest Human Development Index. Despite these low rankings, in the years since the end of the 10-year civil war in 2002, Sierra Leone has made notable progress. The return to peace and stability and the ample availability of fertile land have facilitated recovery and growth in agriculture. Urban areas have become local trading and commercial centers, and the capital of Freetown has seen many sources of new wealth and development. Poverty significantly declined from 2003 to 2011. Progress continued, although less emphatically, until 2018, and access to basic services improved, particularly in education and health. Sierra Leone has made strides in key indicators on education and health, including expected years of schooling and primary completion rates. Strong gains in reducing under-five and maternal mortality as well as under-five stunting have also been observed. However, improvements in some of these dimensions should not distract policy makers from the challenges posed by the relative lack of progress in others. Adolescent girls in Sierra Leone continue to have relatively high rates of child marriage and early childbearing and low educational attainment. Moreover, improvements have not permeated to the entire population. The rural poor population in particular has experienced a relative lack of progress. Essays on Equity, Health, and Education in Sierra Leone: Selected Challenges and Benefits examines the evolution of poverty and human development outcomes since the end of the civil war and asks if the foundations for achieving shared prosperity and addressing persistent poverty in the country have been laid down through key policies in the education and health sectors
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  • 5
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (78 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Dang, Hai-Anh Using Survey-to-Survey Imputation to Fill Poverty Data Gaps at a Low Cost: Evidence from a Randomized Survey Experiment
    Schlagwort(e): Consumption ; Household Surveys ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Survey-To-Survey Imputation
    Kurzfassung: Survey data on household consumption are often unavailable or incomparable over time in many low- and middle-income countries. Based on a unique randomized survey experiment implemented in Tanzania, this study offers new and rigorous evidence demonstrating that survey-to-survey imputation can fill consumption data gaps and provide low-cost and reliable poverty estimates. Basic imputation models featuring utility expenditures, together with a modest set of predictors on demographics, employment, household assets, and housing, yield accurate predictions. Imputation accuracy is robust to varying the survey questionnaire length, the choice of base surveys for estimating the imputation model, different poverty lines, and alternative (quarterly or monthly) Consumer Price Index deflators. The proposed approach to imputation also performs better than multiple imputation and a range of machine learning techniques. In the case of a target survey with modified (shortened or aggregated) food or non-food consumption modules, imputation models including food or non-food consumption as predictors do well only if the distributions of the predictors are standardized vis-a-vis the base survey. For the best-performing models to reach acceptable levels of accuracy, the minimum required sample size should be 1,000 for both the base and target surveys. The discussion expands on the implications of the findings for the design of future surveys
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  • 6
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Decerf, Benoit Lives, Livelihoods, and Learning: A Global Perspective on the Well-Being Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Schlagwort(e): Communicable Diseases ; Covid ; Education ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Learning ; Mortality ; Poverty ; School Health ; Welfare
    Kurzfassung: This study compares the magnitude of national level losses that the COVID-19 pandemic inflicted across three critical dimensions: loss of life, loss of income, and loss of learning. The well-being consequences of excess mortality are expressed in years of life lost, while those of income losses and school closures are expressed in additional years spent in poverty (as measured by national poverty lines), either currently or in the future. While 2020-21 witnessed a global drop in life expectancy and the largest one-year increase in global poverty in many decades, widespread school closures may cause almost twice as large an increase in future poverty. The estimates of well-being loss for the average global citizen include a loss of almost three weeks of life (19 days), an additional two and half weeks spent in poverty in 2020 and 2021 (17 days), and the possibility of an additional month of life in poverty in the future due to school closures (31 days). Well-being losses are not equitably distributed across countries. The typical high-income country suffered more total years of life lost than additional years in poverty, while the opposite holds for the typical low- or middle-income country. Aggregating total losses requires the valuation of a year of life lost vis-a-vis an additional year spent in poverty. If a year of life lost is valued at five or fewer additional years spent in poverty, low-income countries suffered greater total well-being loss than high-income countries. For a wide range of valuations, the greatest well-being losses fell on upper-middle-income countries and countries in the Latin America region. This set of countries suffered the largest mortality costs as well as large losses in learning and sharp increases in poverty
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  • 7
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Lain, Jonathan Comparing Internally Displaced Persons with those Left Behind: Evidence from the Central African Republic
    Schlagwort(e): Armed Conflict ; Central African Republic ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Displacement ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Poverty ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Global poverty is increasingly becoming concentrated in conflict-affected settings. Therefore, assessing the welfare of those people displaced by conflict is of growing policy importance. Collecting and analyzing data on displaced people is challenging because sampling them is difficult, standard welfare metrics may not reflect their experiences, and they are highly heterogeneous. Assessing the welfare effects of displacement also hinges on constructing counterfactuals that show how internally displaced persons would have fared had they stayed in place. Displaced people typically come from a nonrandom subset of communities affected by conflict or other shocks, so comparing them with the rest of the population may be misleading. This paper addresses this issue using data from the Central African Republic, which recorded detailed information on displacement histories to isolate the communities from which those living in internally displaced person camps originated. Using these "catchment areas" for internally displaced person camps as a counterfactual suggests that although displaced households have lower monetary consumption and higher monetary poverty than the overall population, they may be no worse off on many key metrics than those left behind in the communities originally affected by conflict. Moreover, those left behind enjoy none of the benefits of being in camps, such as additional access to water and sanitation services. These results underline the importance of tailoring policies and data collection to consider those in communities originally affected by conflict, just as practitioners are doing for displaced populations
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Education For All ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Capital ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; UMI Countries
    Kurzfassung: This Human Capital Review aims to provide analytical foundations in the support of policies that improve human capital outcomes for the following four UMI countries in Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. The objective of this report is to identify the key constraints to human capital growth and understand how education and labor market policies can foster a resilient recovery, promote inclusive growth, and contribute to poverty reduction in these countries. The review also estimates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human capital outcomes using a multi-sectoral approach. The analysis compares human capital outcomes in the decade before the COVID-19 pandemic (2010-2019) against trends during the pandemic (2020-2021). Lastly, the report focuses on these four countries, which are the only UMI in Central America to take advantage of new data collected during the pandemic, which allowed to quantify some of the impacts of COVID-19 and understand some of their long-term implications for human development outcomes
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  • 9
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Human Capital ; Poverty ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Climate change, and its associated impacts, threatens to reverse decades of global progress in improving people's health, human capital accumulation, and poverty reduction. At the same time, individuals and households with more human capital and are better positioned to withstand climate change impacts. Several studies have established a correlation between higher human capital with faster disaster preparedness and recovery. These challenges are particularly pressing for Indonesia, where the poor are disproportionately affected by climate shocks. The disproportionate impact of climate change on poor households, and those vulnerable to poverty, signals the importance of social protection as a critical interlocutor to help address the pressing threat of climate change and climate shocks. This background paper outlines the important relationship between human capital development and climate change adaptation; and the needs and opportunities for improving the adaptiveness of Indonesia's social protection system
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  • 10
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez, Laura Taxes, Transfers, and Gender: Fiscal Policy Incidence across Fiscal and Care Categories in Jordan
    Schlagwort(e): Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Fiscal incidence analysis helps in understanding who contributes to and benefits from the fiscal system, and assessing the impact of fiscal policies in reducing poverty and inequality. Traditionally, the incidence of fiscal policy is assessed for households along the income distribution. In an attempt to tease out the gendered impacts of the fiscal system, this paper instead looks at how much different types of households in Jordan contribute to and benefit from current fiscal policies and the extent to which the fiscal system is helping to equalize post-market outcomes within and across groups. A household typology is constructed for Jordan based on households' demographic characteristics, which not only determine which taxes and transfers a household experiences, but also influence the participation of women in economic activity outside the household because they affect the generation and allocation of care responsibilities. The paper shows that the receipt of in-kind benefits, primarily education, is what drives which groups that receive the largest net benefits from the fiscal system. The results also show that the fiscal system in Jordan is reducing within-group inequalities, which represent over 80 percent of total inequality for both fiscal and care groups. The fiscal system has a limited impact on inequalities across groups, but they are very small
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  • 11
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Canavire Bacarreza, Gustavo Fiscal Incidence on the Island: Grenada's Fiscal System and Its Incidence
    Schlagwort(e): Consumption ; Fiscal Incidence ; Fiscal Policy Interventions ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Expenditure ; Public Revenue ; Social Transfers ; Tax ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the distributional effects of fiscal policy in Grenada. Using data from the 2017-18 Living Conditions and Household Budgets Survey and following the Commitment to Equity analysis framework, the paper estimates the effects of fiscal policy interventions on inequality and poverty. It analyzes the distributional incidence of direct and indirect taxes, direct transfers provided by social transfers and school feeding programs, and in-kind transfers generated by public services in health and education. The results show that Grenada has a tax system that is neutral on the value-added tax side and progressive on the personal income tax side. Furthermore, direct transfers make a modest contribution to poverty reduction and are almost neutral in their distributive impact. The results contribute to the understanding of who bears the burden of taxation and benefits from transfers and of how Grenada's fiscal system can improve its redistributive effect
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (59 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Trinh, Trong-Anh Does Global Warming Worsen Poverty and Inequality? An Updated Review
    Schlagwort(e): Chronic Poverty ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Global Warming ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Transient Poverty
    Kurzfassung: This paper offers an updated and comprehensive review of recent studies on the impact of climate change, particularly global warming, on poverty and inequality, paying special attention to data sources as well as empirical methods. While studies consistently find negative impacts of higher temperature on poverty across different geographical regions, with higher vulnerability especially in poorer Sub-Saharan Africa, there is inconclusive evidence on climate change impacts on inequality. Further analysis of a recently constructed global database at the subnational unit level derived from official national household income and consumption surveys shows that temperature change has larger impacts in the short term and more impacts on chronic poverty than transient poverty. The results are robust to different model specifications and measures of chronic poverty and are more pronounced for poorer countries. The findings offer relevant inputs into current efforts to fight climate change
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  • 13
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; No Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; SDG 1
    Kurzfassung: This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita, and where available, other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country in the region
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (558 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Developing Economies ; Growth Prospects ; Policies ; Poverty ; Structural Growth
    Kurzfassung: A structural growth slowdown is under way across the world: at current trends, the global rate of potential growth is expected to fall to a three-decade low over the remainder of the 2020s. Nearly all the forces that have powered growth and prosperity since the early 1990s have weakened. In addition, a series of shocks has affected the global economy over the past three years. A persistent and broad-based decline in long-term growth prospects imperils the ability of emerging market and developing economies to combat poverty, tackle climate change, and meet other key development objectives. The challenges presented by this potential inability call for an ambitious policy response at the national and global levels. This book presents the first detailed analysis of the growth slowdown and a rich menu of policy options to deliver better growth outcomes. This book presents a sobering analysis of the secular growth slowdown based on the most comprehensive database of potential growth estimates available to date. With nearly all the forces that have driven growth and prosperity in recent decades now weakened, the book argues that a prolonged period of weakness is under way, with serious implications for emerging market and developing economies. The authors call for bold policy actions at both the national and global levels to lift growth prospects. The book is essential reading for policy makers, economists, and anyone concerned about the future of the global economy. Beatrice Weder di Mauro Professor of International Economics, Geneva Graduate Institute, and President of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Economic policy making is becoming increasingly complicated in the 2020s. In addition to tackling traditional trade-offs in aggregate demand management and improving efficiency on the supply side, policy makers need to address new priorities and challenges, from addressing climate change and its impacts to improving income distribution, all in the context of lower growth rates, waning productivity growth, and flattening of the globalization process that has brought unprecedented prosperity across the globe and lifted more than a billion people out of poverty. In Falling Long-Term Growth Prospects, the authors do a phenomenal job of assessing these trends at the global and regional levels, identifying and unpacking salient twenty-first-century policy challenges, and providing thoughtful and evidence-based policy prescriptions for leaders in advanced, emerging market, and developing economies. Importantly, the book underscores that these challenges tend to be global and, hence, global cooperation at all levels is necessary to achieve optimal results. Alas, we seem to be going in the opposite direction; this book offers a road map to put us back on the path to creating a more integrated, prosperous, and equitable global community. Michael G. Plummer Director, SAIS Europe and ENI Professor of International Economics, The Johns Hopkins University
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Triyana, Margaret Climate Shocks and the Poor: A Review of the Literature
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Distributional Impact ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Meta Analysis ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: There is a rapidly growing literature on the link between climate change and poverty. This study reviews the existing literature on whether the poor are more exposed to climate shocks and whether they are more adversely affected. About two-thirds of the studies in our analyzed sample find that the poor are more exposed to climate shocks than is the rest of the population and four-fifths of the studies find that the poor are more adversely affected by climate shocks than is the rest of the population. Income and human capital losses tend to be concentrated among the poor. These findings highlight the potential long-term risk of a climate-change induced poverty trap and the need for targeted interventions to protect the poor from the adverse effects of climate shocks
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031507472
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XXIX, 439 p. 25 illus., 4 illus. in color.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Rahman, Andaleeb The future of India's social safety nets
    Schlagwort(e): Social policy. ; Agriculture ; Development economics. ; Economic history. ; Economics. ; Social Safety Nets ; Indian Welfare Safe ; Food Policy in India ; Political Economy ; Governance ; Development Economics ; Health Care ; Poverty ; Public Distribution System (PDS) ; Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
    Kurzfassung: 1. India’s Safety Net System, Development and Challenges -- 2. Evolution of Social Safety Nets -- 3. Hunger to Nutrition Nexus -- 4. Poverty and Livelihoods -- 5. Intergenerational Growth -- 6. Health Care -- 7. Filling Gaps in Safety Net Design: Targeting, Modality and Technology -- 8. Political Economy Considerations and Effective Governance -- 9. Way Forward.
    Kurzfassung: “An invaluable springboard for further research and action in this field.” —Jean Drèze, Ranchi University “A vision of the potential for social policy to move beyond palliative measures towards a resilient and inclusive social contract.” —Harold Alderman, International Food Policy Research Institute “A must read for those that want to understand the past, present, and future of social protection in the country and beyond.” —Ugo Gentilini, World Bank “It will become a standard reference in the literature.” —Ravi Kanbur, Cornell University India has learned what to do and what not to do when it comes to implementing policy to address human suffering. COVID-19 unified the international response to human suffering, and the world has a lot to learn about the initiatives implemented in India since its independence. This open-access book covers the conceptualization, design, and impact of notable social welfare programs in India. The Future of India's Social Safety Nets combines insights from social protection, economic development, and social policy. It covers India’s social development in terms of three essential aspects of policy design: focus (intended beneficiaries), form (transfer modalities), and scope (developmental objectives). Highlighting developmental achievements and shortcomings, this book proposes a framework to foster human resilience through social protection. Andaleeb Rahman is an economist at the Tata-Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutrition at Cornell University. Prabhu Pingali is Professor of Applied Economics and Founding Director of the Tata-Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutrition at Cornell University.
    Anmerkung: Open Access
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9783031507472
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XXIX, 439 Seiten)
    Serie: Palgrave studies in agricultural economics and food policy
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Rahman, Andaleeb The future of India's social safety nets
    Schlagwort(e): Social policy. ; Agriculture ; Development economics. ; Economic history. ; Economics. ; Social Safety Nets ; Indian Welfare Safe ; Food Policy in India ; Political Economy ; Governance ; Development Economics ; Health Care ; Poverty ; Public Distribution System (PDS) ; Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme ; Political economy ; Central / national / federal government policies ; Agricultural science ; Development economics and emerging economies ; Economics ; Social Safety Nets ; Indian Welfare Safe ; Food Policy in India ; Political Economy ; Governance ; Development Economics ; Health Care ; Poverty ; Public Distribution System (PDS) ; Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
    Kurzfassung: India has learned what to do and what not to do when it comes to implementing policy to address human suffering. The COVID-19 pandemic unified the international response in similar ways, and the world has a lot to learn about key initiatives in India that have been implemented since India's independence. This open-access book includes key learnings about the conceptualization, design, and impact of social welfare programs in India spanning more than a 75-year period. The Future of India's Social Safety Nets provides a comprehensive analysis of these systems by combining insights from a wealth of interdisciplinary scholarship on social protection, economic development, and social policy. It covers India’s social development in terms of three essential aspects of policy design: focus (intended beneficiaries), form (transfer modalities), and scope (developmental objectives). Highlighting the developmental achievements and shortcomings of the myriad of social welfare schemes, this book proposes a framework to foster human resilience through social protection. This is an open-access book
    Anmerkung: English
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9781447370611 , 1447370619
    Sprache: Unbestimmte Sprache
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    DDC: 339.4/6
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Generations Economic conditions ; Pauvreté ; Générations - Conditions économiques ; poverty ; SOCIAL SCIENCE / Poverty & Homelessness ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: EPDF and ePUB available Open Access under CC-BY-NC-ND license. The perpetuation of poverty across generations damages lives. It weakens social cohesion and the economy and undermines environmental sustainability. This book examines why poverty is carried on from one generation to the next and what needs to be done to eradicate it. This book draws on a wide variety of sources and academic disciplines (social sciences, economics, law, community development, neuroscience and developmental psychology) along with the lived experience of people in poverty. Challenging the myths and prejudices about poverty that hinder progress, it calls for a comprehensive approach based on ensuring real equality of opportunity for all. It stresses the need to intervene early to combat child poverty and break the vicious cycles that perpetuate poverty and disadvantage
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031418853
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XXI, 174 p. 23 illus., 22 illus. in color.)
    Serie: Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Development economics. ; Technology ; Information technology. ; Agriculture ; Wireless communication systems. ; Mobile communication systems. ; Stagnant economic growth ; Climate volatility ; Poverty ; Communication device ; Financial service device ; Digitized development ; Agriculture and trade ; Education ; Health sector ; Social protection ; Politics
    Kurzfassung: 1. Where there is no phone -- 2. The Economics of the Phone -- 3. Digitizing Development -- 4. Living up to the Hype? -- 5. Rethinking ICT4D? -- 6. Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: "A must read for any development policy maker or practitioner especially if they are thinking about how and where digital technologies can add value and improve the livelihoods of the poor…Most important of all…(they) provide a framework to think about when and how digital is the solution." —Tavneet Suri, Louis E. Seley, Professor of Applied Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology " I strongly recommend this book to all researchers and students interested in this area." —Yaw Nyarko, Professor of Economics and Director of NYU Africa House, Center for Technology and Economic Development, New York University "This is a very important book about a technology that has transformed all of our lives along multiple dimensions—mobile phones. This book cuts through the hype and hyperbole, and it provides a meaningful and theory-informed treatment of how information technology is shaping economic development in low-income countries—as a communication device and a financial service device." —Erwin Bulte, Professor of Development Economics, Wageningen University This book focuses on the impact of information technology on the lives and livelihoods of rural households in sub-Saharan Africa, where simple mobile phones have leapfrogged traditional communication and financial technologies, and thus, arguably, offer some of the greatest potential for development. Drawing on primary and secondary research from a variety of disciplines, the authors examine the evolution of mobile phone coverage and adoption in sub-Saharan Africa over the past two decades, before exploring the main channels through which mobile phones can affect development. They then review initiatives on “digitizing development” and evaluate empirical evidence on their impact. The book argues that digital has yet to live up to the hype, ending with a set of questions that stakeholders should ask (and answer) when using digital technology for promoting development. Jenny C. Aker is Professor of Development Economics at the Fletcher School and the Department of Economics at Tufts University, Non-Resident Fellow at the Center for Global Development, Senior Researcher at Wageningen University, and co-Chair on “Digital Trust” at the Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International (FERDI). Joël Cariolle is Research Officer at the FERDI (France) and Associate Researcher at the CERDI – University Clermont-Auvergne. He conducts research on digitalization and development, and he contributes to the FERDI “Digital Trust” Chairs.
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  • 20
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    Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031276897
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XX, 190 p. 42 illus., 21 illus. in color.)
    Serie: Palgrave Studies in Islamic Banking, Finance, and Economics
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Islam—Study and teaching. ; Finance. ; Development economics. ; Islam ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Infrastructure Development ; Povery Alleviation ; Poverty ; Wealth Redistribution ; Smallholder Farmers ; Affordable Housing ; Food Security
    Kurzfassung: 1. Affordable housing and poverty -- 2. Islamic mortgages and securitization -- 3. Food security and poverty -- 4. Financing the trade of agricultural commodities -- 5. Financing the production of agricultural commodities -- 6. Enabling infrastructure -- 7. The role of the state.
    Kurzfassung: This book is the product of an attempt to look differently at the issue of poverty, along with food security and affordable housing. There is a tendency in conventional economics and finance literature to be apologetic when dealing with globally prevailing and unfair economic and financial systems. Islamic economics and finance academia is not immune from this tendency. The book aims to raise awareness about the root causes and suggests novel proposals that will lead to sustainable solutions. It is based on the understanding that if we continue doing more of the same things, we cannot expect to produce different results. This book is also premised on the understanding that the financial sector can promote economic progress only if it channels capital to the most productive use while avoiding moral hazard and adverse selection. The issue of collateral taking promotes a situation where financial institutions prefer to lend only too big-to-fail structures for shelter and food sectors that fuel poverty and inequality. This adverse selection ultimately gives rise to food security and affordable housing issues. This indicates that financial liberalization is not the solution to dealing with poverty and inequality. Instead, strong policy initiatives and financial regulations to direct capital to provide long-term sustainability are needed. Ahmet Suayb Gundogdu is Senior Professional at the Islamic Development Bank, where he has been employed since 2008. He holds a Ph.D. in Islamic Finance from Durham University (UK). He is Co-author, along with Amadou Thierno Diallo, of Sustainable Development and Infrastructure: An Islamic Finance Perspective, published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2021.
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  • 21
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    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789811986802
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 316 p. 137 illus., 124 illus. in color.)
    Serie: India Studies in Business and Economics
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Development economics. ; Economic development. ; Economic policy. ; Social policy. ; Finance, Public. ; Covid Pandemic ; COVID-19 ; Fiscal Management ; Poverty ; Inequality ; Health ; Education ; Konferenzschrift
    Kurzfassung: The complexity of Managing COVID-19: How Important is Good Governance? -- Covidonomics or the Curious Case of a Supply Constrained Keynesian Equilibrium -- Contact Intensity, Unemployment and Finite Change -The Case of Entertainment Sector under Pandemic -- Financing Economic Recovery: The Covid Challenge -- Transformation in Higher Education in the Post-Covid Era: A Perspective from Economics -- Pandemic-induced Poverty in India after the First Wave of COVID-19: An Elaboration of Two Earlier Estimates -- Trends, Patterns and Regional Variations of Covid-19 Pandemic in India at Sub-National Level: Analysis based on Spatial Econometric Method -- Unequal Inequalities in India: Income and Non-Income Dimensions -- Exploring the Significance of Food Insecurity Mediated Poverty and Low Productivity Traps: Furthering Policy by Reconciling Secondary Data with Primary Surveys -- State-level Exports: An Alternate Exploration using ASI Unit Level Data -- Subaltern Culture and Happiness in Tribal Communities of West Bengal -- Is GST Reform Pro-Poor In India? -- Public Expenditure Quality of States for Education and Health, Does Rationalisation of Grants Matter?.-Measurement and Determinants of Efficiency of Government and Government Aided Secondary School in Kolkata: An Application of Data Envelopment Approach.
    Kurzfassung: This book discusses the extent and nature of COVID-19 pandemic in India and its effect on the society and economy. The suggested management practices discussed here are also not stereotype. At the same time, it highlights deficiency in development fundamentals in India on several dimensions, especially health, education, quality of public spending, taxation orientation, external trade involvement across states, etc., deficiencies which create an inbuilt bottleneck toward the creation of a more equal society. While discussing these, the book throws light on how they were expectedly exacerbated by the sudden negative shock in the form of COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the book has highlighted the COVID pandemic and its response in India in the background of certain less discussed aspects of development fundamentals. The contents would be of interest to researchers and students studying socioeconomic aspect of developmental economics and also to policy makers and non-government entities involved in mitigating effects of pandemic in the socioeconomic sphere.
    Anmerkung: "This volume is a collection of chapters comprising (i) the invited papers presented by four very eminent economists Professors Kaushik Basu, Dipankar Dasgupta, Abhirup Sarkar and Sugata Marjit at the Webinar on COVID-19 pandemic held on 5-6 March 2021, organised by Planning and Development Unit (NITI Aayog), Jadavpur University (PDU); (ii) some invited papers presented at the other seminar/conferences organised by PDU; and (iii) the outcome of different projects sanctioned by PDU and completed by different faculty members of the Department of Economics, Jadavpur University." - Site v
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  • 22
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (59 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Verschuur, Jasper Welfare and Climate Risks in Coastal Bangladesh: The Impacts of Climatic Extremes on Multidimensional Poverty and the Wider Benefits of Climate Adaptation
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation Co-Benefits ; Climate Change ; Coastal Risk ; Cyclone Hazard Data ; Environmental Risk ; Household Survey ; Multidimensional Poverty Index ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Welfare Implications
    Kurzfassung: It is widely recognized that climate hazards impact the poor disproportionately. However, quantifying these disproportionate hazard impacts on a large scale is difficult given limited information on households' location and socioeconomic characteristics, and incomplete quantitative frameworks to assess welfare impacts on households. This paper constructs a household-level multidimensional poverty index using a synthetic household dataset of 43 million people residing in the coastal zone of Bangladesh. Households are spatially linked to the critical infrastructure networks they depend on, including housing; water, sanitation, and hygiene; electricity; education; and health services. Combined with detailed cyclone hazard data, the paper first quantifies risks to households, agriculture, and infrastructure. It then presents a novel framework for translating critical infrastructure impacts into the temporary incidence of service deprivations, which can contribute to temporary deprivations and hence multidimensional poverty. The paper uses this framework to evaluate the benefits of various adaptation options. The findings show that asset risk due to flooding is USD 483 million per year at present, increasing to USD 750 million per year in 2050 under climate change. Households face an average infrastructure service disruption of two days per year, which is expected to increase to 4.6 days per year in 2050. This, in turn, would incur a temporary increase in multidimensional poverty (7.2 percent of people are multidimensionally poor at the baseline) of up to 94 percent (2.9 million people) 30 days after an extreme cyclone event (a 1-in-100 years event) at present and 153.9 percent (4.8 million people) in the future. The paper quantifies the large welfare benefits of upgrading embankments, showing how apart from significant risk reduction, these interventions reduce service disruptions by up to 70 percent in some areas and can help up to 1.6 million (0.23 million under current and proposed programs) people from experiencing some form of temporary poverty. Overall, the paper identifies poor households exposed to climate impacts, as well as those prone to falling into poverty temporarily, both ofcould help to mainstream equity considerations in new adaptation programs
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  • 23
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): DEBT Management ; Fiscal Sector ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Security ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Ghana's economy entered a full-blown crisis in 2022, after having rebounded from the COVID-19 slowdown in 2021. In response to the macroeconomic challenges, the authorities enacted some fiscal adjustment in 2022 but fell short of their consolidation targets; the 2023Q1 fiscal deficit (cash) was within target. Expenditure consolidation and revenue mobilization continued to be hampered by structural constraints. To address these unsustainable domestic and external imbalances, the authorities embarked on a comprehensive debt restructuring operation. Against the backdrop, growth is projected to decelerate further in 2023-24, before picking up in the medium-term. The government has embarked on an ambitious fiscal consolidation plan: however, delivering on it will require addressing long-standing revenue mobilization and budget control weaknesses. In 2023, the authorities intend to finance the fiscal deficit from multilateral (and other official) sources, in the context of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) - supported program, and from the domestic treasury bills (T-bills) market. In addition, leveraging government programs to build up resilience against vulnerability is an imperative and should not be suspended during the crisis. Beefing up the government's payments through the livelihood empowerment against poverty will be critical. Second, support for food self-sufficiency is needed in Ghana (a goal for many countries now due to the global food crisis), while opening the country to generate more export revenues. The Ghana Tree Crops Diversification Project can serve as a critical puzzle piece of the country's current challenges. The project will support poverty alleviation while setting the country up to generate more foreign revenues in the medium to long-term
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  • 24
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (72 pages)
    Serie: International Development in Focus
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Stem ; Labor Markets ; Poverty ; Stem Education ; Women
    Kurzfassung: In recent decades, the Sri Lankan government has introduced reforms aimed at enhancing education access and quality, as well as emphasizing the importance of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), which are crucial fields for economic development and social inclusion. Advancing STEM Education and Careers in Sri Lanka examines how access to STEM education can affect enrollments at various levels (lower, upper secondary, higher education, and technical and vocational training) and careers in the labor market. The report also analyzes STEM education status by gender at the central, provincial, and district levels, and it highlights factors that enable and hinder the achievement of desired outcomes.The report offers a wide range of interventions to boost student access and teacher training, including developing digital learning materials and technology-based tools to broaden service delivery, facilitate learning, and support an inclusive public education system. In addition, it proposes policy options at the central and provincial levels. The findings and recommendations can be used to guide policy and investments to achieve the country's potential to expand human capital, foster inclusion, contribute to economic development and competitiveness, promote recovery from the economic crisis, and build resilience
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  • 25
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2190
    Schlagwort(e): Education and Work ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Gender Based Violence ; Gender Equality ; Gender Norms ; Human Rights ; Informal Trading ; Labor Markets ; Labor Standards ; Law and Development ; Poverty ; Social Protections and Labor ; Teenage Pregnancies ; Women and Girls
    Kurzfassung: Gender equality is a key foundation of inclusive and sustainable economic development that can translate into long-term and effective poverty reduction. While gender equality matters on its own as a human right, it also offers instrumental value for individuals, households, and societies at large. Global evidence consistently shows that empowering women and girls reduces poverty incidence and food insecurity, boosts economic growth and productivity, and enhances investments in children's human capital. Angola, a country where a third of the population lives in poverty and economic output is heavily dependent on its oil sector, stands out in Sub-Saharan Africa for its particularly large gender disparities, especially when compared to countries of same income levels. Family formation, education, and labor market decisions are intrinsically interwoven and connected, which in the case of Angola leads to extreme demographic pressure on an already weak public service system. To begin tackling these significant gender disparities, well-designed and targeted policies are needed. But there are significant knowledge gaps when it comes to understanding the key barriers facing Angolan girls and young women in accessing education and transitioning to the labor market. This report presents insights gained from the voices of young women and girls, their parents, and key informants through a series of interviews carried out in Luanda, home to a quarter of the country's population, in 2022. Based on these in-depth interviews with low-income young women in Luanda, this report points to the multiple challenges they face across their life cycle - challenges relating to the dimensions of education, family formation, and work. It also shows how those dimensions in a woman's life are deeply interconnected - and how they are determined by structural constraints including poverty and vulnerability, gender norms, corruption and lack of transparency in access to services and opportunities, and violence in public and private spheres
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  • 26
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez, Laura Fiscal Policy and Equity: Vietnam 2018 Fiscal Incidence Analysis
    Schlagwort(e): Equity and Development ; Fiscal Incidende ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Spending ; Taxation ; Transfers
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the distributive and poverty reducing effects of Vietnam's fiscal system in 2018. The paper looks at the incidence across the distribution and the effect of (direct and indirect) taxes, subsidies, and social spending (in cash and in-kind) on inequality and poverty in Vietnam using the Commitment to Equity methodology. The overall pattern of taxes and transfers in Vietnam is moderately progressive, but most households pay more in taxes and co-payments than what they receive in cash benefits, and the fiscal system results in a small increase in poverty. The progressivity of the fiscal system and its inequality-reduction impact mostly comes from in-kind health and education spending. This reduction in inequality is about average for lower-middle-income countries, but Vietnam could do more to increase the progressivity of its fiscal system
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  • 27
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Pape, Utz Measuring Poverty in Forced Displacement Contexts
    Schlagwort(e): Communities and Human Settlements ; Conflict and Development ; Forced Displacement ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Poverty ; Refugee Poverty Measurement ; Refugees ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Kurzfassung: Poverty measurement among forcibly displaced populations, including refugees and internally displaced persons, has been, for long, neglected by the economics profession and by poverty specialists working across the social sciences. This has changed since the beginning of the Syrian conflict in 2011 and the peak of the European migration crisis in 2015. This paper reviews the evolution, current status, and future prospects of the poverty measurement literature on forcibly displaced populations; discusses the main data and measurement challenges associated with this type of population; illustrates selected empirical findings that have emerged from the recent literature; and provides an overview of the substantial effort that humanitarian and development organizations are currently undertaking to close this historical gap in poverty measurement
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  • 28
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; MENA ; Poverty ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability ; Women and Youth
    Kurzfassung: People in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and around the word, are hurting. A polycrisis, including COVID-19 and Russia's invasion of Ukraine, has had-and is continuing to have-a devasting impact on living standards. But most countries in MENA were already struggling to reduce poverty and vulnerability before this cascade of shocks. This report argues that labor market exclusion is at the root of the problem. Many people cannot find jobs-MENA has the highest youth unemployment rate and the lowest women's labor force participation rate in the world. And most workers are stuck in low-productivity informal jobs with no social protection. This makes them extremely vulnerable to falling into poverty when a shock hits-as the recent crises have pain- fully shown. Reducing labor market exclusion requires, first and foremost, a dynamic private sector that generates productive jobs. Our companion report on jobs in MENA, "Jobs Undone", provides options to do that. How can social protection policies help? They can play a crucial role in reducing labor market exclusion, by facilitating access to productive jobs, protecting workers, and providing a safety net for people who are left behind and are at risk of poverty. And they should do so in an efficient manner, by ensuring financial responsibility and avoiding unintended consequences on decisions regarding work, retirement, and hiring
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  • 29
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2193
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Atlas Region ; Earthquake ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Female Labor Force ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tourism ; Women's Economic Empowerment
    Kurzfassung: The Moroccan economy is recovering. Following a sharp deceleration in 2022 caused by various overlapping commodity and climatic shocks, economic growth increased to 2.9 percent in the first semester of 2023, driven primarily by services and net exports. Inflation has halved between February and August 2023, but food inflation remains high. Lower commodity prices havealso contributed to a temporary narrowing of the current account deficit. The response to recent crises and the unfolding reform of the health and social protection systems are exerting pressures on public spending. However, the government is managing to gradually reduce the budget deficit
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  • 30
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2163
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Resilience ; Urban Development ; Urban Environment
    Kurzfassung: Cote d'Ivoire is at a crossroads. Despite good progress over the last decade, recent global economic and health shocks have aggravated existing problems including lack of fiscal space, limited access to concessional and cheap financing, and a fragile political neighborhood. But Cote d'Ivoire now has an opportunity to put its growth on a more sustainable path, both realizing the aspirations of a growing population and better adapting to the growing impacts of climate change. Climate change impacts are already affecting Cote d'Ivoire, as temperatures increase, rainfall and other weather events become more extreme and less predictable, and sea levels rise. This World Bank Group Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) shows negative impacts from climate change will reduce economic performance and over proportionally impact the poor. The report examines specific opportunities in energy, agriculture, and land use as well as urban development and interconnectivity that could render the country's development more sustainable and inclusive, raising standards of living while increasing resilience in face of climate change. Dealing with a changing climate is a national imperative, where choices need to be made for the structural transformation of the economy, transitioning from outdoor low-earning sectors such as agriculture to more value-added industrial and service activities
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  • 31
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 39458
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Environment ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Vulnerability Analysis ; Water Resources Institutions and Participations ; Weather Shocks ; Weather Vulnerability ; Welfare Impact
    Kurzfassung: Weather vulnerability is often assessed using historical data, but this can be very misleading in a world of changing climate. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions, while climate is the weather averaged over a long period. With climate change, some places are becoming wetter, some drier, and extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, floods, droughts, and tropical cyclones, are becoming more likely. Hence, the nature of weather risks will vary considerably. Despite the magnitude of this shift, there is currently no widely accepted method for bringing climate change into catastrophe risk modeling. The objective of this note is to review, compare, and contrast the different techniques used in this literature to include climate change into vulnerability analysis. To do so, it summarizes recent research papers exploring how to bring climate change into catastrophe risk modeling. The note builds on this review to propose and explain a robust methodology and highlight its potential caveats. As such, this note is a first step towards unifying approaches and disseminating the analysis of climate change in vulnerability analysis. The method proposed in this note can be applied by researchers, economists, and public policy practitioners to study a wide range of topics, from the impact of climate change on diseases to stress-testing social protection programs
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  • 32
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Lain, Jonathan Seasonal Deprivation in the Sahel is Large, Widespread, and can be Anticipated
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Economic Insecurity ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Insecurity ; Food Security ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Rainfed Agriculture ; Seasonal Poverty VARIATION ; Seasonality ; Welfare
    Kurzfassung: Shocks and seasonality may have profound effects on poor households' wellbeing, especially in contexts like the Sahel where livelihoods depend on rainfed agriculture and pastoralism. Understanding how seasonal variation affects Sahelian households is therefore essential for guiding policies that jointly seek to address chronic poverty, seasonality, and unexpected shocks. This paper uses harmonized household survey data from Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Niger, and Senegal, collected in two distinct waves in 2018 and 2019, to examine the extent of seasonal deprivation in the Sahel. These data reveal significant seasonal variation in poverty and wellbeing. Mean real monetary consumption is around 10.5 percent lower in the lean season. Moreover, rather than representing a reduction in dietary diversity, this drop is concentrated in staple foods (especially cereals), implying that seasonality brings about extreme forms of deprivation. Welfare losses may begin early in the lean season, even as early as April. When the data were collected in 2018/19, the climatic conditions were relatively benign and the security situation was more stable than today, so the effects of seasonality shown in this paper likely represent a lower bound. On policy, although initiatives currently focus on responding to unpredictable shocks, seasonal food insecurity could be better tackled by expanding social protection and providing regular transfers early in the lean season, when prices are lower and fewer households have succumbed to extreme deprivation. Seasonal variation happens every year and more can be done to support Sahelian households if there is information on how it will perennially threaten their wellbeing
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  • 33
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Deficit ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Public and Municipal Finance ; SOE ; Unemployment
    Kurzfassung: Eswatini's economy has been characterized by persistent low growth, high fiscal deficits, and unprofitable state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Without significant reform, the country is unlikely to achieve its socioeconomic aspirations, and poverty and unemployment are likely to remain high. These problems are exacerbated by the difficult external environment, with subdued global demand and volatile international prices. In this context, the government of Eswatini recognizes that the country needs a series of policy reforms to unleash the potential of the private sector. It also needs to improve the efficiency of SOEs in strategic sectors, which deliver services to many businesses and households. This report is divided into two parts. Part 1 discusses recent economic developments in the global and domestic economy and assesses Eswatini's short and medium-term prospects. Part 2 reviews the role that SOEs can play in the government's efforts to enhance economic performance. It assesses both their contribution to the economy and their limitations to suggest directions for reform
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  • 34
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (55 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Amjad, Beenish The Effects of Fiscal Policy on Inequality and Poverty in Iraq
    Schlagwort(e): Committment To Equity Model ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Incidence ; Fiscal Policy ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Social Expenditure ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Social Protections and Labor ; Taxes
    Kurzfassung: This study assesses the distributional impacts of public expenditures and taxes on poverty and inequality in the Republic of Iraq. The analysis uses the Commitment to Equity methodology and is based on the survey and government fiscal administrative data for fiscal year 2017. Results from the analysis show that Iraq's fiscal policy is modestly progressive. It reduces short-term inequality by 6.7 and 3.0 Gini points with and without including public spending on education and health services. Both results are less than the global and upper-middle-income country averages. However, driven by direct transfers from poverty targeted social safety net cash transfers and generous pension allowances, the fiscal system reduces short-term poverty by 5 percentage points when evaluated using the international poverty line of USD 5.5. This is one of the largest in the global and upper-middle-income country databases. These positive short-term results are achieved primarily because households pay almost no taxes. Iraq's tax revenues are far lower than even the lower-income countries' average. Unlike in most countries, Iraqi households in all quintiles, even the richest, are net beneficiaries of the fiscal policy. Given oil price volatility and the global movement away from fossil fuels, the high oil dependence and lack of a broader revenue base pose a significant fiscal sustainability challenge in Iraq
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  • 35
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Matekenya, Dunstan Malnourished but not Destitute: The Spatial Interplay between Nutrition and Poverty in Madagascar
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Development Patterns and Poverty ; Equity and Development ; Food Insecurity ; Food Security ; Hidden Hunger ; International Economics and Trade ; Malnutrition ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation ; Sustainable Development Goals
    Kurzfassung: Hidden hunger, or micronutrient deficiencies, is a serious public health issue affecting approximately 2 billion people worldwide. Identifying areas with high prevalence of hidden hunger is crucial for targeted interventions and effective resource allocation. However, conventional methods such as nutritional assessments and dietary surveys are expensive and time-consuming, rendering them unsustainable for developing countries. This study proposes an alternative approach to estimating the prevalence of hidden hunger at the commune level in Madagascar by combining data from the household budget survey and the Demographic and Health Survey. The study employs small area estimation techniques to borrow strength from the recent census and produce precise and accurate estimates at the lowest administrative level. The findings reveal that 17.9 percent of stunted children reside in non-poor households, highlighting the ineffectiveness of using poverty levels as a targeting tool for identifying stunted children. The findings also show that 21.3 percent of non-stunted children live in impoverished households, reinforcing Sen's argument that malnutrition is not solely a product of destitution. These findings emphasize the need for tailored food security interventions designed for specific geographical areas with clustered needs rather than employing uniform nutrition policies. The study concludes by outlining policies that are appropriate for addressing various categories of hidden hunger
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Wollburg, Philip The Climate Implications of Ending Global Poverty
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Co2 Emission Goals ; Environment and Poverty ; Greenhouse Gas Emissions ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty and Climate Ambitions
    Kurzfassung: Previous studies have explored potential conflicts between ending poverty and limiting global warming, by focusing on the carbon emissions of the world's poorest. This paper instead focuses on economic growth as the driver of poverty alleviation and estimates the emissions associated with the growth needed to eradicate poverty. With this framing, eradicating poverty requires not only increasing the consumption of poor people, but also the consumption of non-poor people in poor countries. Even in this more pessimistic framing, the global emissions increase associated with eradicating extreme poverty is small, at 2.37 gigatonnes of equivalent carbon dioxide in 2050, or 4.9 percent of 2019 global emissions. These additional emissions would not materially affect the global climate change challenge: global emissions would need to be reduced by 2.08 gigatonnes of equivalent carbon dioxide per year, instead of the 2.0 gigatonnes of equivalent carbon dioxide per year needed in the absence of any extreme poverty eradication. Lower inequality, higher energy efficiency, and decarbonization of energy can significantly ease this trade-off: assuming the best historical performance in all countries, the additional emissions for poverty eradication are reduced by 90 percent. Therefore, the need to eradicate extreme poverty cannot be used as a justification for reducing the world's climate ambitions. When trade-offs exist, the eradication of extreme poverty can be prioritized with negligible emissions implications. The estimated emissions of eradicating poverty are 15.3 percent of 2019 emissions with the lower-middle-income poverty line at USD 3.65 per day and or 45.7 percent of 2019 emissions with the USD 6.85 upper-middle-income poverty line. The challenge to align the world's development and climate objectives is not in reconciling extreme poverty alleviation with climate objectives but in providing middle-income standards of living in a sustainable manner
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  • 37
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Pfutze, Tobias Do Cash Transfer Programs Protect from Poverty in the Case of Aggregate Shocks? A Study on Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines
    Schlagwort(e): Aggregate Shock ; Cash Transfer Program ; Environment ; Extreme Poverty Prevention ; Natural Disasters ; Philippines Conditional Cash Transfer Program ; Poverty ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Typhoon Yolanda
    Kurzfassung: Cash transfer programs are regarded as providing effective protection against poverty and household-specific negative income shocks. Little research has been done on their performance in situations of aggregate negative shocks. This paper assesses the performance of the Philippines' Conditional Cash Transfer Program in the aftermath of typhoon Yolanda in 2013. Using triple difference techniques, it finds that the program effectively protected households affected by the storm from falling into extreme poverty. It had the largest effect on nonfood consumption
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Cash Transfers ; COVID-19 ; Labor Market ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Social Analysis ; Social Assessment ; Social Development ; Social Funds ; Social Protection System ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: A period of economic growth over the past decade led to a reduction in poverty and improvements in labor market outcomes in Montenegro. Substantial challenges remain, which have been aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing attention to the role that social protection plays in reducing poverty and promoting human capital. This note presents a situational analysis of the social protection system in Montenegro. It assesses the extent to which the social protection system in Montenegro fulfils its purpose and proposes areas for reform in the short, medium, and long term. To this end, this note seeks to assess each category of social protection, namely: social assistance, social services, social insurance (specifically pensions) and labor market programs, in terms of program coverage, equity, sustainability and effectiveness
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  • 39
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Amendola, Nicola Price Adjustments and Poverty Measurement
    Schlagwort(e): Cost-Of-Living Differences ; Household Income and Expenditure Survey ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Measurement ; Price Adjustment ; Price Indexes
    Kurzfassung: Measuring poverty entails making interpersonal welfare comparisons, that should account for differences in prices faced by households, both over time and across space. This paper investigates the impact of seemingly minor differences in the practical implementation of price adjustments, by developing an analytical framework that is consistent with standard consumer theory and mindful of the data limitations faced by practitioners. The main result is at odds with common sense: even when multiple price indexes are available, say a food and a nonfood Consumer Price Index, it turns out that using a single price index, the total Consumer Price Index, to adjust the consumption aggregate is recommended. The practice of adjusting the components of the consumption aggregate separately, using matching deflators-food expenditure with the food index and nonfood expenditure with the nonfood index-can lead to a systematic bias in the welfare measure, and consequently in poverty and inequality measures. The direction of the bias can be easily predicted based on the price level and household consumption patterns. On the interplay between spatial and temporal deflation, the findings show that temporal deflation should be carried out before implementing adjustments to spatial cost-of-living differences. The paper illustrates these findings using the Islamic Republic of Iran's 2019 Household Income and Expenditure survey: the bias in the headcount poverty rate due to incorrect deflation is substantive (5-10 percent for estimates at the national level, 15-20 percent in urban and rural areas, and more than 30 percent for district-level headcount rates). Higher-order Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measures are even more affected
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  • 40
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (122 pages)
    Serie: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Cost-Of-Living ; Economic Forecasts ; Growth ; Inflation ; Policy Recommendations ; Poverty ; Uncertainty ; Vulnerability
    Kurzfassung: Economic growth slowed sharply last year in Europe and Central Asia, as Russia's invasion of Ukraine, a surge in inflation, and the sharp tightening of monetary policy and financing conditions hit private consumption, investment, and trade. The marked increase in food and energy prices boosted inflation to a pace not seen in 20 years. The burden of inflation was spread unevenly across households. The poorest households faced inflation that was more than 2 percentage points higher than the inflation faced by the richest households, with this difference exceeding 5 percentage points in some countries. Poverty and inequality rates derived from household-specific inflation rates differ from those based on the standard consumer price index (CPI) approach. These differences have important policy implications, because many programs use CPI-based inflation adjustments, which do not accurately capture changes in the cost of living of targeted populations. Output growth in the region is projected to remain little changed in 2023 but better than projected in January 2023, largely reflecting upgrades to the pace of expansion in Poland, Russia, and Turkiye
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Robayo-Abril, Monica Fiscal Policy as a Tool for Gender Equity in El Salvador
    Schlagwort(e): Commitment To Equity Model ; Conditional Cash Transfers ; Equity and Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Incidence ; Fiscal Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Spending ; Taxes
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyzes fiscal incidence in El Salvador through a gender lens using the Commitment to Equity model. The study aims to identify fiscal policies that promote gender equality and facilitates evidence-based policy recommendations aimed at reducing gender disparities and promoting more inclusive fiscal policies. The analysis shows that fiscal policy is not pro-poor, as it can lead to a 3.1 percentage point increase in overall poverty using the USD 6.85 2017 purchasing power parity poverty line, disproportionately impacting particular groups. Households headed by single women with at least one child under six years old experience a poverty rate increase of 4.3 percentage points, reaching an alarming rate of 42.7 percent. An increasing gender gap in poverty rates is also observed among households where women are the sole providers. The results show that the net fiscal system can increase the incidence of poverty among this group by 4.3 percentage points. In comparison, it increases by only 2.3 percentage points among their male counterparts. A microsimulation exercise of potential fiscal reforms to improve the welfare position of these households reveals that a fiscal package eliminating indirect subsidies, social security exemptions for vulnerable groups, and conditional cash transfers to households that meet certain conditions could reverse these unfavorable outcomes
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  • 42
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 37151
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Climate-Resilient ; Economic Inclusion ; Environment ; Labor Markets ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Economics
    Kurzfassung: Climate change disproportionately impacts people living in poverty, threatening to plunge more than 130 million more people into extreme poverty by the end of this decade. In response, governments seek to align poverty alleviation efforts with climate adaptation and mitigation objectives, and are focusing on poor and vulnerable populations, particularly women. Economic inclusion (EI) approaches (a bundle of multidimensional interventions that support poor individuals, households, and communities to increase incomes and assets) can play an important role in addressing the challenges at the intersection of climate resilience and poverty reduction. This publication explores the links between climate change and economic inclusion and proposes pathways through which EI programs can more strategically support climate resilience. It presents a framework for Climate-Resilient Economic Inclusion that can help inform the design of both existing and new EI programs and provides practical examples of how EI programs align their design and operations with the framework
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  • 43
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2193
    Schlagwort(e): Adolescent Health ; Agriculture ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Fiscal Consolidation ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gender Gaps ; Greening Agriculture ; Inflation ; Labor Markets ; Low Labor Force ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Western Balkans
    Kurzfassung: In the context of weakening global demand, growth in the Western Balkans decelerated over the course of 2022 and into 2023. Against the background of the lasting effects of shocks from Russia's invasion of Ukraine, sticky inflation, and tighter financial conditions, global demand has been weakening, and this has a divergent impact across the Western Balkans (WB6). On the one hand, the slowdown in global demand contributed to weaker-than expected performance of industrial production in the whole European Union (EU) region and in the WB6. On the other hand, global demand has proved more resilient in services and, for travel, with twice as many people traveling globally during Q1 2023 as in the same period in 2022 (UNWTO). This has particularly benefited Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro, where services exports have reached new record highs. In contrast, weakening global demand for goods has weighed on Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), North Macedonia and Serbia. On the demand side, private consumption remained in general an important growth driver, despite rising price pressures. Reforms are needed to consolidate the recovery toward sustainable growth, while negotiations with the EU hold the potential to bolster prospects in the Western Balkans. As the WB6 agriculture sector is undergoing a major structural transformation, efforts to green agriculture are also important to ensure access to the EU market and for the competitiveness of agriculture, rural development, and food and nutrition security. Most WB6 countries have recently included agriculture greening in their development strategies. Historically, the environmental footprint of the WB6 agriculture sector has been relatively low. But this has been more an unintended outcome of still high rurality and low farming intensity rather than a result of public policy and expenditure choices. Agricultural public expenditures, while substantial in terms of amounts and adequate to influence agricultural production, have not yet prioritized financing of greening and climate-smart agriculture. It is important for the WB6 countries to accelerate greening of their agriculture by learning from the EU's green transition and better utilization of the existing public funds available for agricultural development
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  • 44
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Kochhar, Nishtha Droughts and Welfare in Afghanistan
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Climate Change and Health ; Drought ; Food Consumption ; Food Insecurity ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Natural Disaster ; Poverty ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty, Environment and Development ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development ; Social Protection and Climate Change
    Kurzfassung: This paper studies the effect of the 2018 drought on household consumption and poverty in Afghanistan, a semi-arid and conflict-affected country. The paper combines geolocated household data with remote-sensing weather data on precipitation, vegetation, and temperature. The findings show that drought-like conditions decreased monthly per capita consumption expenditures and hence increased poverty, with a highly nonlinear relationship between consumption and weather shocks. When forced to cut back, households reduced nonfood consumption to maintain their food consumption; only under severe stress did they reduce food consumption. Households that owned agricultural land were more resilient to the 2018 drought. Based on the historical distribution of weather shocks, estimates of vulnerability to poverty suggest that 62.5 percent of people have a one in four probability of falling into poverty due to weather shocks. Given that climate change will exacerbate the frequency and severity of future droughts, these findings highlight the importance of investments in resilience and shock-responsive social protection to supplement urgent humanitarian assistance
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  • 45
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (81 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Marguerie, Alicia Savings Facilitation or Capital Injection? Impacts and Spillovers of Livelihood Interventions in Post-Conflict Cate D'Ivoire
    Schlagwort(e): Cash Grant ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Inclusion ; Economic Investment and Savings ; Graduation Programs ; Livilihood Interventions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post-Conflict Intervention ; Poverty ; Savings ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Transfers
    Kurzfassung: Policy makers grapple with the optimal design of multidimensional strategies to improve poor households' livelihoods. To address financial constraints, are capital injections needed, or is savings mobilization sufficient This paper tests the direct effects and local spillovers of three instruments to relax financial constraints, each combined with micro-entrepreneurship training. "Cash grants" and "cash grants with repayment" directly inject capital, while "village savings and loan associations" (VSLAs) promote more efficient group saving. The randomized controlled trial took place in western regions of Cote d'Ivoire that were affected by a post-electoral crisis in 2011 and an earlier conflict. The interventions had differential effects on the dynamics of savings and productive asset accumulation. The cash grant modalities generated investments in startup capital, although nearly 30 percent of the grant was saved. In contrast, village savings and loan associations did not increase total savings but gradually induced investments, so that productive assets caught up with cash grant recipients after 15 months. Positive local spillovers on savings and independent activities were also observed. Yet, investments in independent activities were not sufficient to increase profits, possibly because they were limited due to high precautionary saving motives in the post-conflict study setting
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  • 46
    Buch
    Buch
    New York, NY : Oxford University Press
    ISBN: 9780190212636
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 212 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Rank, Mark Robert Poverty paradox
    DDC: 362.5/560973
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Armut ; Sozialpolitik ; USA ; Poverty ; United States Social policy
    Kurzfassung: "This book has been quite some time in the making. Across a number of years I have researched, taught, and written about poverty. In my opinion, there are few topics of greater importance. It is a dominant and disturbing feature of the American landscape. Yet despite the hundreds of books, articles, reports, and programs addressing the issue, the United States continues to have the highest rates of poverty among the wealthy countries."
    Anmerkung: Index
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  • 47
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Buenos Aires : CLACSO
    ISBN: 9789878132129
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (244 pages) , illustrations
    Serie: Colección Grupos de trabajo
    Serie: Serie Estados, políticas públicas y ciudadanía
    DDC: 339.46
    Schlagwort(e): Since 2020 ; Poverty ; Poor Medical care ; COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020- Social aspects ; Poor - Medical care ; Poverty ; Social aspects
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  • 48
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Old Saybrook, Connecticut] : Tantor Media, Inc.
    ISBN: 9798765071052
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 online resource (1 audio file (11 hr., 49 min.))
    Ausgabe: [First edition].
    DDC: 338.951
    Schlagwort(e): Economic development ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Audiobooks ; China Economic conditions 1976-2000 ; China Economic conditions 2000- ; China Economic policy 1976-2000 ; China Economic policy 2000- ; Developing countries Economic policy ; Developing countries Social policy
    Kurzfassung: How can poor and weak societies escape poverty traps? Political economists have traditionally offered three answers: "stimulate growth first," "build good institutions first," or "some fortunate nations inherited good institutions that led to growth." Yuen Yuen Ang rejects all three schools of thought and their underlying assumptions: linear causation, a mechanistic worldview, and historical determinism. Instead, she launches a new paradigm grounded in complex adaptive systems, which embraces the reality of interdependence and humanity's capacity to innovate. Her analysis reveals two broad lessons on development. First, transformative change requires an adaptive governing system that empowers ground-level actors to create new solutions for evolving problems. Second, the first step out of the poverty trap is to "use what you have"--Harnessing existing resources to kick-start new markets, even if that means defying first-world norms. Bold and meticulously researched, How China Escaped the Poverty Trap opens up a whole new avenue of thinking for scholars, practitioners, and anyone seeking to build adaptive systems
    Anmerkung: Online resource; title from title details screen (O'Reilly, viewed November 22, 2022)
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9781032201382
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: xxix, 173 Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Serie: Creative lives and works
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Macfarlane, Alan, 1941 - Of poverty and wealth
    DDC: 330.9
    Schlagwort(e): Hobsbawm, E. J Interviews ; Supple, Barry Interviews ; Stedman Jones, Gareth Interviews ; Armut ; Vermögensverteilung ; Vermögen ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Economic history ; Poverty ; Interview
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  • 50
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783030930608
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (X, 155 p. 65 illus., 63 illus. in color.)
    Serie: Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion and Well-Being
    Serie: Springer eBook Collection
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Development economics. ; International trade. ; International economic integration. ; Globalization. ; Gains from Trade ; Tariffs ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Agriculture ; Low income countries ; Cost of Living ; Income gains ; Globalization ; Welfare ; Trade integration
    Kurzfassung: Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: An Agricultural Household Model with Tariffs -- Chapter 3: Data and Estimation -- Chapter 4: Income Gains and Inequality Costs -- Chapter 5: The Trade-Off -- Chapter 6: Alternative Models -- Chapter 7: HIT: Household Impacts of Trade -- Chapter 8: Conclusions -- Bibliography.
    Kurzfassung: This volume examines the relationship between trade liberalization policies and income inequality in developing countries. Using survey data for 54 developing countries, the book explores the potential trade-off between the gains from trade and the distribution of those gains and provides a quantification of the inequality-adjusted welfare gains from trade. The book begins with an introduction to the model and its methodology. Chapter 2 sets up the model and derives the formulas for the welfare effects of trade policy. Chapter 3 uses the tariff data and the survey data to estimate those welfare effects in 54 countries. Chapter 4 discusses the gains from trade and their distribution. Chapter 5 evaluates and quantifies the trade-off between income gains and inequality costs of trade. Chapter 6 presents robustness tests and results from alternative models of the impacts of trade. The last chapter reviews the Household Impacts of Trade database and dashboard, which provides data for replication and a platform that allows researchers to simulate agricultural tariff policy shocks. Providing a comprehensive empirical analysis of the effects of trade policy on inequality in developing countries, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students of economic inequality, development, and international trade as well as policymakers interested in the inequality and poverty consequences of trade policy.
    URL: Cover
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  • 51
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789811913167
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XXV, 164 p. 1 illus.)
    Serie: Springer eBook Collection
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Finance. ; Microeconomics. ; Economic history. ; Asia—Economic conditions. ; Asia—History. ; Financial Inclusion ; India ; Financial Access ; Slum Dwellers ; Beggars and Exclusion ; Poverty ; Microeconomics ; Microfinance in India ; Microfinance ; Microlending ; Multivariate Analysis of Variance ; MANOVA ; Socio Economic Status ; Lucknow ; Kolkata ; Binary Logistic Regression Model
    Kurzfassung: Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Financial Theories and Their Relevance in Financial Inclusion -- Chapter 3: Impact of Recent Financial Inclusion Schemes on Status of Financial inclusion in India: Secondary Data Analysis -- Chapter 4 Socio-Economic Conditions and Pattern of Access and Non-Access in Recent Financial Inclusion Schemes of the Poorest of Poor -- Chapter 5: Financial Inclusion Schemes and Changing Socio Economic Status of Poorest of The Poor -- Chapter 6: Impact of Recent Financial Inclusion Schemes on Economic and Financial Behaviour of Poorest of the Poor -- Chapter 7 Conclusions, Findings and Recommendation -- Bibliography -- Appendixes.
    Kurzfassung: The exclusion of the destitute population from the formal financial system is a long-standing problem in India. This book examines the performance of financial inclusion policies in India to understand their impact on two urban vulnerable groups, Slum Dwellers and Beggars. This study includes analysis at the national level, the variables of the financial inclusion index like Penetration, Availability, and Usage from 2006 to 2020 from the world bank data set. Similarly, the authors examine five policies on financial inclusion by conducting a primary level survey on two urban capital cities of Lucknow and Kolkata, using a well-structured questionnaire for data collection. The authors uses two sampling techniques: simple random in the case of beggars, and stratified random in the case of slum dwellers. This book highlights the difference between financial access and non-access of household respondents in capturing the impacts of financial inclusion schemes on their socio-economic condition and financial behavior. The findings indicate that access to these schemes is extremely limited for the underprivileged population, such as beggars and slum dwellers. The analysis has shown that claims made by the government are not based on real-life occurrences. This book demonstrates that these programs have a negligible effect on life-deprived people. This book will be of interest to academia, policymakers, and society at large.
    URL: Cover
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789811901850
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XXI, 457 p. 48 illus., 45 illus. in color.)
    Serie: India Studies in Business and Economics
    Serie: Springer eBook Collection
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Development economics. ; Economic development. ; Social policy. ; Microeconomics. ; Finance, Public. ; Inclusive Development ; Growth ; Public Policy ; Fiscal and Monetary Reforms ; Institutions ; Governance ; Macroeconomic Policy ; Poverty ; Unemployment ; Agriculture ; Econometric Modelling ; Urbanisation ; Water Resources ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Festschrift
    Kurzfassung: Inter-State Inequalities - Scope and Limits of Public Policy -- Macroeconomic Foundation of Functioning of the IMF: An Evolutionary Journey -- Indian Official Statistical System -- A Note on Unemployment and its Measurement in India -- Addressing Visible Inequalities: The Minimum Policy Agenda -- Accelerating Farm Income Growth: Opportunities and Challenges.
    Kurzfassung: This book presents perspectives by eminent economists, social scientists and policy makers, exploring in depth the post-reform developments in India, including issues pertaining to growth and equity, issues which have been at the core of life-time work of Prof. R. Radhakrishna. The book brings out how some public policy instruments created to promote growth have turned out to be regressive, promoting inequalities and creating a highly asymmetric federalism in India. It examines the efficacy of fiscal and monetary reforms and also emphasises the need for strengthening the institutions of governance, particularly judiciary and police, in order to boost investors’ confidence. It presents exercises in econometric modelling for explaining factors in growth and vetting policies, and explores the issue of governance and institutions. The book provides insights into the working of an emerging economy and a large democracy which has to strive for public acceptability of the tensions of its negotiations between equity and growth. With its depth of academic excellence and breadth of topics covered, it is a ‘must read’ for researchers, policy makers, industry watchers, think tanks, and NGOs.
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789811920233
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XXI, 663 p. 46 illus., 29 illus. in color.)
    Serie: Springer eBook Collection
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Messung ; Produktivität ; Einkommensverteilung ; Preisindex ; Indexberechnung ; Theorie ; Microeconomics. ; Econometrics. ; Social structure. ; Equality. ; Purchasing Power Parities ; International Comparison ; Index Numbers ; Productivity measurement ; Income Distributions ; Income inequality ; Economic insecurity ; Poverty ; Festschrift ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Kurzfassung: Part I Productivity Measurement -- 1. Productivity Measurement – Past, Present and Future -- 2. Symmetric Decompositions of Aggregate Output and Labour Productivity Growth: On Levels, (Non-) Additivity, and Misallocation -- 3. Efficiency Analysis with Stochastic Frontier Models using Popular Statistical Softwares -- 4. Efficiency and Productivity Analysis from a System Perspective: Historical Overview -- Part II Income Distributions and Inequality and Insecurity -- 5. Modelling Income Distributions with Limited Data -- 6. Empirical Methods for Modelling Economic Insecurity -- 7. Measuring Inequality in Health -- 8. Inequality of Opportunity:Theoretical Considerations and Recent Empirical Evidence -- Part III Index Numbers and International Comparisons of Prices and Real Expenditures -- 9. Framing Measurement Beyond GDP -- 10. Hedonic Models and House Price Index Numbers -- 11. Scanner Data, Elementary Price Indexes and the Chain Drift Problem -- 12. The Stochastic Approach to International Price Comparisons -- 13. Inconsistencies in Cross-country Price Comparisons Over Time: Patterns and Facts.
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of this book is to honour D.S. Prasada Rao and his many outstanding contributions to economic measurement, including index number methods for international comparisons of prices, real incomes, output, and productivity; stochastic approaches to index numbers; purchasing power parities for the measurement of regional and global inequality and poverty; and measurement of income and economic insecurity. This book brings together contributions by well-known and influential researchers in the field of economic measurement with special focus on topics in productivity measurement (Part I); income and health inequality, inequality of opportunity, and measurement of insecurity (Part II); index number theory and applications to consumer price index numbers, international comparisons of prices and real expenditures, and housing price index numbers (Part III). The chapters are authored by eminent researchers including Conchita D’Ambrosio, Bert Balk, Erwin Diewert, Robert Hill, Robert Inklaar, Knox Lovell, Robin Sickles, Jacques Silber and Marcel Timmer. The contributed papers offer in-depth reviews of the state of the art in these areas with a focus on the existing methods and applications, making the volume an invaluable source for both experienced researchers and new researchers, including PhD and other postgraduate students. Duangkamon Chotikapanich is an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics at Monash University, Australia. Her research interests are in the measurement of income inequality and poverty, and the application of Bayesian econometrics, and have led to publications in journals such as Review of Economics and Statistics, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, the Review of Income and Wealth, Economics Letters, Economic Record, and Economic Modelling. She is editor of the 2008 Springer book Modelling Income Distributions and Lorenz Curves. The majority of her publications are in the income distribution area, where she has made contributions towards Lorenz curve specification and estimation, the measurement of global inequality, and Bayesian inference for inequality indices. Alicia N. Rambaldi is a Professor of Economics at the University of Queensland, Australia. Her research expertise is in the area of spatial time series models with applications to modelling housing prices, international comparisons and sectoral productivity. She has published in outlets that include the Journal of Econometrics, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Urban Studies, Review of Income and Wealth and Journal of Productivity Analysis. She has been on the editorial board of the Review of Income and Wealth since 2015 Nicholas Rohde is an Associate Professor in Economics at Griffith University, Australia. His research interests include: income distributions and inequality; inequality of opportunity; economic insecurity; health economics and applied econometrics. He has published work in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Health Economics, and Social Science and Medicine. He is currently on the Editorial Board of the Review of Income and Wealth.
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  • 54
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Growth ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: Driven by a rebound in tourism, Maldives' economy recovered sharply in 2021, and poverty is expected to return to pre-pandemic levels by 2023. In 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 hit international travel and tourism severely and, thus, caused a 33.5 percent contraction in Maldives' GDP. However,following a successful nationwide government vaccination campaign, tourism has begun to recover strongly in the second half of 2021, with arrivalsreaching 1.3 million in 2021 or about 78 percent of prepandemic levels. As a result, GDP growth is estimated to have bounced back by 31 percent in 2021. All sectors, except for construction which remains sluggish, showed a significant rebound, particularly in the second quarter of 2021 due to the low base effect. The poverty rate, which rose sharply to 11 percent in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, is estimated to have fallen to 4 percent in 2021. External imbalances improved along with the economic recovery and rebound in tourism. While vulnerabilities remain, the fiscal and debtposition has likely improved in 2021 due to strong revenue growth. Although the economy is expected to grow strongly in the medium-term, the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war could impact Maldives' tourism recovery and growth in the near term. The impact of the Russia-Ukraine war will depend on the period of interruption and whether tourists from other countries can compensate for the loss
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  • 55
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Poverty Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Development Patterns and Poverty ; Equity ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Market Economy ; Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Vietnam is a country on the move and in transition. Indicators are pointing in the right direction, with many positive economic and social developments. The amount of progress that Vietnam has achieved in less than half a century since emerging from a war has been nearly without parallel. At the same time, Vietnam is a lower-middle-income country facing a challenging and uncharted road ahead to reaching upper-middle and high-income country levels in a shifting global economic and climatic landscape. In less than half a century since the end of the Vietnam War and thirty-five years since the Doi Moi reforms, Vietnam has become a vibrant economy and a sought-after market to the outside world. At the same time, despite remarkable progress, poverty remains a key concern among the population. Concerns over poverty amid high economic growth are not inconsistent; together they illustrate an absolute and inclusive rise in living standards, but also a population that seeks economic security and aspires for more. This Vietnam poverty and equity assessment is organized into two parts motivated by addressing both Last Mile and Next Mile issues: Part I reviews poverty and inequality trends over the last decade, 2010-2020; and Part II assesses opportunities for and challenges to Vietnam's path to achieving its Next Mile aspirations and creating greater prosperity for households and workers
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  • 56
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Nunez-Chaim, Gonzalo Poverty and Violence: The Immediate Impact of Terrorist Attacks against Civilians in Somalia
    Schlagwort(e): Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Declining Food Consumption ; Economic Impact of Terrorism ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; National Security ; Police Competence ; Poverty ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Somali High Frequency Survey (SHFS) ; Violence Micro Data ; Vulnerability
    Kurzfassung: Somalia, one of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, still faces many challenges as it remains fragile. Terrorist groups and their attacks are threatening the government and limiting its capacity to implement effective development policies. Using difference-in-difference and instrumental variables approaches with micro-data from two waves of the Somali High Frequency Survey, this paper estimates the immediate (within a week) impact of terrorist attacks on households. The consumption of households exposed to terrorist incidents decreases by 33 percent, mainly on food items. As a result, poverty and the depth of poverty among the poor increases. The decline in consumption seems to be explained by a smaller share of household members working and earning income after an attack. In addition, the effect on consumption is restricted to a 4-kilometer radius from incidents and has a heterogeneous impact, not affecting households in the top 20 percent of the consumption distribution. The paper also finds a deterioration in people's perception of police competence. Achieving peace is a fundamental first step to increase welfare conditions that will also bring other wider long-term benefits in Somalia
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  • 57
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): COVID-19 ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty and Policy ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: In the past three decades, the Philippines has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty. Driven by high growth rates and structural transformation, the poverty rate fell by two-thirds, from 49.2 percent in 1985 to 16.7 percent in 2018. By 2018, the middle class had expanded to nearly 12 million people and the economically secure population had risen to 44 million. This report is intended to inform public debate and policymaking on inequality in the Philippines. It synthesizes core findings from background analyses of the patterns of inequality and poverty and provides policy pointers. The analysis uses a wealth of data from a variety of sources (detailed in Appendix A). In what follows, section two discusses the poverty and inequality impacts of COVID-19. Section three analyzes what has been driving poverty and inequality over the past three decades. Section four discusses the structural causes of current inequality; and section five examines how they affect recovery patterns. The last section discusses how policy can promote equality and inclusive recovery
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  • 58
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Gustavo, Canavire Bacarreza Understanding the Distributional Impacts of Increases in Fuel Prices on Poverty and Inequality in Paraguay
    Schlagwort(e): Commodities ; Crude Oil Import Dependence ; Economic Insecurity ; Energy ; Energy and Poverty Alleviation ; Energy Dependence ; Fuel Prices ; Fuels ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil and Gas ; Oil Price Volatility ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: The recent global increases in fuel prices threaten the gains in poverty reduction that countries like Paraguay have achieved over the past few decades. Therefore, policy makers must understand the potential distributional impacts of increases in fuel prices to evaluate the implementation of alternative measures that could mitigate these impacts. This paper analyzes the potential effects of fuel prices on poverty and inequality in Paraguay. Using microsimulation methods and based on the Commitment to Equity framework, it estimates the impact of higher fuel prices on welfare, poverty, and inequality based on three scenarios: (a) increases in gasoline prices, (b) increases in diesel prices, and (c) simultaneous increases in gasoline and diesel prices. The results obtained suggest that the total impact of increasing fuel prices tends to be more regressive in Paraguay. At the same time, the results of the simulations indicate small effects on income inequality
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  • 59
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Schlagwort(e): Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Access To Clean Water ; Access To Electricity ; Debt Crisis ; Diesel Shortage ; Economic Forecasting ; Education ; Education For All ; Fertilizer Shortage ; Hunger ; Learning Poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Kurzfassung: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the G20 Leaders' Summit in Bali Indonesia on November 15, 2022. He spoke about the developing world faces hunger, poverty, unsustainable debt, and learning poverty above 70 percent. Climate change makes all of these burdens worse. Farmers face droughts and floods. In poor countries, they face severe shortages of fertilizer and diesel. Underinvestment blocks access to electricity and clean water. Current global macro policies create a permanent drain on global capital, risking a long recession. The developing world needs much greater resources. The World Bank Group has achieved the largest increase in commitments in our history and greatly expanded trade finance. Regarding the debt crisis, it is urgent to create a more effective debt reduction process for low and middle-income countries that are in debt distress
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  • 60
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (118 pages)
    Serie: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Forecasts ; Economic Impact ; Food Insecurity ; Inequality ; Poverty ; War ; War Conflict
    Kurzfassung: In February 2022, the world was shocked by the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine. The war is having a devastating impact on human life and causing economic destruction in both countries, and will lead to significant economic losses in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region and the rest of the world. It comes at a particularly vulnerable time for ECA as its economic recovery was expected to be held back by scarring from the pandemic and lingering structural weaknesses. The economic impact of the conflict has reverberated through multiple channels, including commodity and financial markets, trade and migration links, and the damaging impact on confidence. Moreover, the war has added to mounting concerns about a sharp global slowdown, surging inflation and debt, and a spike in poverty levels. Neighboring ECA countries are likely to suffer considerable economic damage because of their strong trade, financial, and migration links with Russia and Ukraine. The war is also causing a destabilizing wave of refugees, financial stresses in vulnerable countries, runaway inflation expectations, and food insecurity. A protracted conflict could further heighten policy uncertainty and fragment critical trade and investment networks
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  • 61
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Foltz, Jeremy The Effects of Internally Displaced Peoples on Consumption and Inequality in Mali
    Schlagwort(e): Civil Conflict ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Conflict and Development ; Consumption ; Consumption Rate of Refugee Hosts ; Economic Mitigation of IDP ; Ethnic Inequality ; Host Country ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Inequality ; Internal Displacement ; Internally Displaced People Impact ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty ; Temporary Displacement
    Kurzfassung: A series of civil conflicts in Mali has generated more than 346,000 internally displaced people (UNHCR, 2020). This study estimates the effect of conflict-generated internal displacement on consumption, poverty, and inequality in host communities. Using comprehensive nationwide household survey data this study finds that wealth at the commune and household level is non-decreasing in IDP hosting communes relative to non-IDP host communes. This study also finds some partial evidence of increasing consumption at the household level although inequality and poverty at the commune level remain the same. The evidence suggests a fairly successful hosting and aid process in Mali for IDPs in terms of mitigating economic disruption for host communities
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  • 62
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Schlagwort(e): Econometrics ; Economic Forecasting ; GDP ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of the Middle East and North Africa region. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita - and where available - other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country in the region
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  • 63
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (72 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Newhouse, David Small Area Estimation of Monetary Poverty in Mexico using Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning
    Schlagwort(e): Inequality ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Machine Learning ; Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Eradication ; Poverty Mapping ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty, Environment and Development ; Satellite Data ; Small Area Estimation ; Sustainable Development Goals
    Kurzfassung: Estimates of poverty are an important input into policy formulation in developing countries. The accurate measurement of poverty rates is therefore a first-order problem for development policy. This paper shows that combining satellite imagery with household surveys can improve the precision and accuracy of estimated poverty rates in Mexican municipalities, a level at which the survey is not considered representative. It also shows that a household-level model outperforms other common small area estimation methods. However, poverty estimates in 2015 derived from geospatial data remain less accurate than 2010 estimates derived from household census data. These results indicate that the incorporation of household survey data and widely available satellite imagery can improve on existing poverty estimates in developing countries when census data are old or when patterns of poverty are changing rapidly, even for small subgroups
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  • 64
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Abay, Kibrom A Revisiting Poverty Trends and the Role of Social Protection Systems in Africa during the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Schlagwort(e): Access of Poor To Social Services ; COVID Impact on Fragile Populations ; COVID-19 ; COVID-Related Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Pandemic Impact Reassessment ; Phone Survey Data ; Poverty ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protection ; Social Protection Effectiveness ; Vulnerabilities in Social Protection Programming
    Kurzfassung: Quantifying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on poverty in Africa has been as difficult as predicting the path of the pandemic, mainly due to data limitations. The advent of new data sources, including national accounts and phone survey data, provides an opportunity for a thorough reassessment of the impact of the pandemic and the subsequent expansion of social protection systems on the evolution of poverty in Africa. This paper combines per capita gross domestic product growth from national accounts with data from High-Frequency Phone Surveys for several countries to estimate the net impact of the pandemic on poverty. It finds that the pandemic increased poverty in Africa by 1.5-1.7 percentage points in 2020, relatively smaller than early estimates and projections. The paper also finds that countries affected by fragility, conflict, and violence experienced the greatest increases in poverty, about 2.1 percentage points in 2020. Furthermore, the paper assesses and synthesizes empirical evidence on the role that social protection systems played in mitigating the adverse impact of the COVID-19 crisis in Africa. It reviews social protection responses in various African countries, mainly focusing on the impact of these programs and effectiveness of targeting systems. Although the evidence base on the protective role of social protection programs during the pandemic remains scarce, the paper highlights important findings on the impacts of these programs while also uncovering some vulnerabilities in social protection programming in Africa. Finally, the paper draws important lessons related to the delivery, targeting, and impact of various social protection programs launched in Africa in response to the pandemic
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  • 65
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Schlagwort(e): Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: The September 2022 update to the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) involves two changes to the data underlying the global poverty estimates. First, this update adopts the 2017 Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) as announced by the World Bank in May 2022. Second, this update includes five new rounds of survey data for India, making it possible to monitor poverty in the country between 2015 and 2019. This document explains these changes in detail and the reasoning behind them
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  • 66
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Schlagwort(e): Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Equity and Development ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: The Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNADC in Portuguese) is the main source of information for poverty monitoring in Brazil. The PNADC 2020 annual release was published in November 2021. The 2020 survey underwent methodological changes compared to earlier years. Most changes do not affect comparability with previous years. However, there is evidence of significant under-coverage of the "Auxilio Emergencial" (AE) program. While administrative records indicate over 68 million AE recipients, only about 20 million are observed in the survey. This paper describes an approach to impute AE beneficiary status as a way to complement the observed AE status as reported in the survey and to better capture the evolution of income and poverty in Brazil during COVID-19. Incorporating eligibility criteria from the AE (demographic, employment, and income), the method results in 42.2 million AE recipients in the survey - leading to a more reasonable undercoverage rate. Sensitivity analyses find similar results. The adjustments described in this paper are included in the World Bank's poverty and inequality estimates for Brazil 2020 (published in April 2022). The poverty estimates in 2020 are 13.1 percent at the USD 5.50 poverty line and 1.7 percent at the USD 1.90 line. The Gini coefficient is estimated at 0.488
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  • 67
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Schlagwort(e): Development Patterns and Poverty ; Equity and Development ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: The April 2022 update to the newly launched Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) involves several changes to the data underlying the global poverty estimates. Some welfare aggregates have been changed for improved harmonization, and the CPI, national accounts, and population input data have been updated. This document explains these changes in detail and the reasoning behind them. Moreover, a large number of new country-years have been added, bringing the total number of surveys to more than 2,000. These include new harmonized surveys for countries in West Africa, new imputed poverty estimates for Nigeria, and recent 2020 household survey data for several countries. Global poverty estimates are now reported up to 2018 and earlier years have been revised
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  • 68
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Poverty Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of this poverty assessment is to shine a new light on poverty, inequality, and its drivers in Costa Rica. The report provides a descriptive overview of poverty trends in the country and examines why the poorest do not reap the benefits of economic growth. It provides high-level policy directions, id est, areas that merit a high level of attention according to the results of the analysis and broad implications of the findings for policy makers. The report should be interpreted as a contribution to the debate within Costa Rica on how to improve the country's model of growth for the benefit of all. It is important to mention at the outset that the analysis presented in this report was completed at the time the conflict in Ukraine started. The conflict is expected to have substantial repercussions in Costa Rica and the rest of the Latin America region. The conflict is expected to hit the poorest hardest, as food and fuel - the prices of which are expected to increase due to the conflict - make up a large part of their consumption. However, these possible implications of the conflict are not reflected in the report
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  • 69
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Schlagwort(e): COVID-19 ; Economic Assistance ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Insecurity ; Foreign AID ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: The Country Program Evaluation (CPE) for Tanzania assesses the World Bank Group's effectiveness and relevance in its work to help Tanzania address its key development challenges. The CPE will encompass two Bank Group strategy periods covering fiscal years (FY)12-16 and FY18-22. The evaluation aims to inform the next Bank Group Country Partnership Framework for Tanzania
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  • 70
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Schlagwort(e): Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: The Poverty and Gender Assessment examines the structural challenges to securing a robust and inclusive recovery from the pandemic and sustained progress in poverty reduction and gender equality in The Gambia. It leverages a diverse set of data sources to understand the nature of poverty and household welfare, and highlights constraints to and opportunities for poverty reduction. The report discusses the recent increase in poverty in The Gambia due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the important progress registered prior to the pandemic in improving key non-monetary indicators of welfare such as school attendance, maternal and child health, and access to water and electricity. Finally, it presents evidence on the link between education and jobs for men and women, gender disparities in labor market outcomes, and the challenges faced by the agricultural sector during a period of increased climate volatility
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  • 71
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Bracco, Jessica The Impact of COVID-19 on Education in Latin America: Long-Run Implications for Poverty and Inequality
    Schlagwort(e): COVID-19 Pandemic ; Education ; Education Impact of Covid ; Human Capital Formation ; Human Capital Impact of Covid ; Income ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Pandemic Education Impact ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; School Closure Impact ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Youth
    Kurzfassung: The shock of the COVID-19 pandemic affected the human capital formation of children and youths. As a consequence of this disruption, the pandemic is likely to imply permanent lower levels of human capital. This paper provides new evidence on the impact of COVID-19 and school closures on education in Latin America by exploiting harmonized microdata from a large set of national household surveys carried out in 2020, during the pandemic. In addition, the paper uses microsimulations to assess the potential effect of changes in human capital due to the COVID-19 crisis on future income distributions. The findings show that the pandemic is likely to have significant long-run consequences in terms of incomes and poverty if strong compensatory measures are not taken soon
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  • 72
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Schlagwort(e): Educational Attainment ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Household Income ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: The district of Cox's Bazar, in southeastern Bangladesh, is an instructive context to understand how long-standing and newer growth opportunities and constraints manifest at the local level, remote from Bangladesh's major growth poles of Dhaka and Chittagong. Potentially exacerbating Cox's Bazar's pre-existing development challenges, the district is hosting a large influx of displaced Myanmar nationals (Rohingya). More than 884,000 people have crossed into Bangladesh from Myanmar, the vast majority since August 2017, more than doubling the population living in the Cox's Bazar upazilas of Teknaf and Ukhia, which had higher poverty rates than the rest of the district prior to the arrival of Rohingya
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  • 73
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Schlagwort(e): Equity and Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Development ; Taxes
    Kurzfassung: The overall objective of this study is to assess the impact of the fiscal system on poverty and inequality in The Gambia as of 2015. The study presents the first empirical evidence on the distributional impacts of taxes and social spending on households in The Gambia. Furthermore, it also evaluated the distributional effects of recent fiscal policy reforms in The Gambia. The assessment was based on the Commitment to Equity (CEQ) Methodology with data from the Integrated Household Survey of 2015 and fiscal administrative data from various government ministries, departments, and agencies. The analyses show that while the fiscal system in The Gambia reduces inequality by 1.2 Gini points, it increases the national poverty headcount by 5.3 percentage points as all households (including the poor) are net payers into the fiscal system. Most of the inequality reduction is due to primary education benefits, with a marginal contribution of 0.44 Gini points, and most of the poverty increase is due to custom duties and VAT with marginal contributions of -2.63 percentage points and -2.07 percentage points, respectively. Simulating the effect of changes in the structure of personal income tax (PIT) and the government's ongoing absorption of the School Feeding Program indicate that these changes reduce inequality but do not offset the impoverishing effect of the fiscal system. Hence, more cashable transfer programs targeted to the poor are needed to offset the impoverishing effect of indirect taxes and make the fiscal system more pro-poor
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  • 74
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (184 pages)
    Serie: International Development in Focus
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Agri-Business ; Agricultural Land ; Job Creation ; Land ; Land Management ; Poverty
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  • 75
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Erman, Alvina Putting a Price on Safety: A Hedonic Price Approach to Flood Risk in African Cities
    Schlagwort(e): Accra ; Access of Poor To Social Services ; Access To Jobs ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Disaster Risk Management ; Flood Risk Management ; Hazard Risk Management ; Hedonic Regression ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience ; Sustainable Cities ; Urban Development ; Urban Floods ; Urban Housing ; Urban Housing and Land Settlements ; Urbanization
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses a hedonic property price function to estimate the relationship between flood risk and rents in four Sub-Saharan Africa cities: Accra, Antananarivo, Dar es Salaam, and Addis Ababa. The analysis relies on household survey data collected after flood events in the cities. Flood risk is measured with self-reported data on past flood exposure and perception of future risk of flooding of households. The study finds that flood risk is associated with lower rents in Accra, Antananarivo, Dar es Salaam, and Addis Ababa, ranging from 14 to 56 percent lower. In contrast, risk is associated with higher rent in Dar es Salaam, which could be potentially attributed to a combination of lack of awareness of flood risk among renters, high transaction costs and omitted variable bias. For example, only 12 percent of households living in flood-prone areas were aware of the flood risk when they moved inches In Antananarivo, job density is associated with higher rents while in Accra and Addis Ababa, higher job density is associated with lower rents. Results are negative but not significant in Dar es Salaam. When interacting job density with flood risk for each city, the negative effect of job density on rents is higher (in absolute value) when flood risk is high in Accra and Addis Ababa, and the positive effect of job density on rents becomes negative when flood risk is high in Antananarivo. This relationship is not found in Dar es Salaam. The finding seems to suggest that access to jobs is an important factor driving people to settle in flood-prone areas
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  • 76
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (56 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Cust, James The Dog that Didn't Bark: The Missed Opportunity of Africa's Resource Boom
    Schlagwort(e): Commodities ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Energy and Natural Resources ; Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Resource Curse
    Kurzfassung: The commodity price boom from 2004-2014 was a huge economic opportunity for African countries abundant in oil, gas and minerals. During this period their government revenues from resources grew by an average of 1.1 billion USD per year, and economic growth in those same resource-rich countries surged. GDP growth in resource-rich countries accelerated from 4.6% to 5.4% as countries entered a decade long period of sustained high commodity prices. Nonetheless, the paper traces a significant missed opportunity for resource-rich countries in Africa, with little to show for it in the post-boom period, which saw growth collapse far below pre-boom levels, to 2.7% per annum. This paper considers the record of performance during the boom (2004-2014) and subsequent bust from 2015 onwards. The paper describes four main outcomes of the boom: 1) measures of resource dependency rose in Sub-Saharan Africa during the boom, 2) the growth record was strong during the boom but collapsed once commodity prices fell, 3) poverty and inequality rose during the boom despite strong GDP growth, 4) resource-rich countries failed to diversify both their exports and their asset base, leaving them poorly prepared for the end of the boom and a period of lower commodity prices and subsequent COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusions are stark. During this golden decade of sustained high commodity prices and booming revenues, there was limited re-investment of those revenues into building sustainable assets for the future. In other words, countries consumed the boom, rather than successfully transformed their economies. The conclusion is that many resource-rich countries in the region squandered their "once in a generation" opportunity for economic transformation, offering policy lessons that may prove valuable as we enter a new period of elevated commodity prices
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  • 77
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Climate Change Economics ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Insecurity ; Food Security ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: These remarks were delivered by the World Bank Group President David Malpass in conversation with Masood Ahmed, the President of the Center for Global Development on May 26, 2022. They both discussed on the following topis: (i) respond to the COVID crisis and now to the latest set of crises from Russia's invasion of Ukraine; (ii) the world moves away from the dependence on Russian energy, then new supplies will be vital; (iii) COVID Vaccination; (iv) fighting climate change; (v) global public goods; (vi) climate change action plan; (vii) climate financing; (viii) sustainable debt finance process; (ix) food security and infrastructure development; (x) possible global recession; (xi) education sector; (xii) human capital index; (xiii) the G7 communique; and (xiv) low-income households
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  • 78
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Ali, Haseeb Agricultural Productivity and Poverty in Rural Sudan
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Finance ; Agricultural Extension ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agriculture ; Crops ; Irrigation ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Livelihoods
    Kurzfassung: While agriculture remains the mainstay for a large share of the population in Sudan, and rural poverty has seen a dramatic decrease (between 2009 and 2014/15), poverty remains relatively high among those engaged in agriculture. Households engaged in agriculture?either crop farming or raising livestock?see among the highest rates of poverty among households classified by their main livelihoods in Sudan. As these households form a major bulk of the total population, understanding why these households remain poor and identifying strategies for lifting them out of poverty is a key concern for researchers and policy makers. This concern occupies the primary motivation for this study. Using data from the 2009 National Baseline Household Survey (NBHS) and 2014/15 National Household Budget and Poverty Survey (NHBPS), this study sheds light on the rural landscape in Sudan. Though rural Sudan has fared much better than urban Sudan between survey rounds, the number of poor remains higher in rural than in urban areas. Sudan severely lags other African countries in terms of agricultural productivity. Sorghum, Sudan?s most commonly produced crop?grown by close to half the agrarian households?has seen yields increase from below 500 kg per ha in 1995 to almost 700 kg per ha in 2017. A major constraint to improving crop productivity in Sudan is the low use of productivity-enhancing inputs, particularly fertilizers and pesticides and low-yield seed varieties. Increasing input use can be achieved by investing in rural markets. Market participation of agrarian households in Sudan is low, constraining farmers? ability to raise their income levels and escape poverty. Improving rural transportation and telecommunications networks, providing access to rural credit and financial services, and increasing the ease of doing business for input providers and output marketers can increase the geographic penetration of agrarian input and output markets. Though sorghum and millet remain the dominant crops grown in Sudan, the recent increase in the number of households growing sesame is a welcome development. Deteriorations in the irrigation infrastructure need to be reversed to ensure Sudan remains competitive in the export of commercial crops. Access to cell phones has significantly increased channels of communication for the rural poor
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  • 79
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Etang, Alvin Shocks and Household Welfare in Sudan
    Schlagwort(e): Coping Strategy ; Economic Shock ; Household Welfare ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rainfall ; Resilience ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability
    Kurzfassung: The Sudanese economy has faced several shocks over the years?sometimes resulting in devastating impacts on the economy and the welfare of Sudanese households. Poor households are often particularly vulnerable to shocks. The extent of the impacts of shocks on household welfare depends on the nature and severity of the shocks as well as households? capacity to manage its risk of exposure to shocks ex ante and/or mitigate the impact of shocks ex post. This paper applies this framework to examine the impact of shocks on the welfare of Sudanese households and explore coping strategies typically utilized by households to mitigate the negative effects of shocks. The paper uses the 2009 National Baseline Household Survey (NBHS) and the 2014/15 National Household Budget and Poverty Survey (NHBPS) to document the main types of shocks that Sudanese households are exposed to and describe the profile of Sudanese households likely to be vulnerable and/ or resilient to shocks. To complement this analysis, the paper uses the most recent round of the data collected in 2014/15 (containing information on idiosyncratic shocks) together with data on covariate shocks such as rainfall and conflict obtained from other sources to estimate the impact of shocks on household welfare. Since the impact of shocks on household welfare is likely to be multidimensional, various indicators of household welfare such as consumption, poverty status, assets, dietary quality, and diversity are considered in the paper. Results from the analysis are used to highlight the state of social protection in Sudan and discuss the need for an expansion of the existing system. The prevalence of shocks in Sudan is most common among poor, agricultural, and rural households. Floods/droughts have the largest negative effect on the welfare of Sudanese households. The large negative effects of shocks on the welfare of Sudanese households (particularly those with low capacity to cope with shocks) highlight significant limitations in households? ability to fully mitigate the impact of shocks
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  • 80
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Belotti, Federico Outlier Detection for Welfare Analysis
    Schlagwort(e): Extreme Values ; Household Budget Surveys ; Incremental Trimming Curve ; Inequality ; Inequality Measure ; Influence of Extreme Survey Data ; Outlier Detection ; Outliers ; Poverty ; Poverty Measure ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Survey Data Outlier Criterion
    Kurzfassung: Extreme values are common in survey data and represent a recurring threat to the reliability of both poverty and inequality estimates. The adoption of a consistent criterion for outlier detection is useful in many practical applications, particularly when international and intertemporal comparisons are involved. This paper discusses a simple, univariate detection procedure to flag outliers in the distribution of any variable of interest. It presents outdetect, a Stata command that implements the procedure and provides useful diagnostic tools. The output of outdetect compares statistics-with focus on inequality and poverty measures-obtained before and after the exclusion of outliers. Finally, the paper carries out an extensive sensitivity exercise, where the same outlier detection method is applied consistently to per capita expenditure across more than 30 household budget surveys. The results are clear-cut and provide a sense of the influence of extreme values on poverty and inequality estimates
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  • 81
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Camarena, Jose Andree Fooled by the Cycle: Permanent versus Cyclical Improvements in Social Indicators
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycle ; Cyclicality ; Human Development ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Social Indicator ; Unemployment
    Kurzfassung: This paper studies the time series behavior of a set of widely-used social indicators and uncovers two important stylized facts. First, not all social indicators are created equal in terms of the importance of cyclical fluctuations. While some social indicators such as the unemployment rate and monetary poverty show large cyclical fluctuations, other social measures such as the Human Development Index are, by construction, dominated by long-run trends. Second, interestingly, yet not surprisingly, a large part of the cyclical fluctuations in social indicators can be explained by cyclical changes in income (proxied by real GDP per capita). For this reason, countries with large cyclical income volatility exhibit, in turn, large cyclical changes in some of these social indicators (particularly in those indicators that are more prone to cyclical fluctuations). Since cyclical income volatility is much larger in the developing world, these two critical stylized facts raise fundamental issues regarding the duration of improvements in social indicators (like the ones observed in many developing countries during the last commodity super-cycle). After a detailed conceptual and methodological discussion of these issues, and relying on a global sample of industrial and developing countries, this paper digs deeper into the importance of cyclical versus permanent components by extending the seminal contribution of Datt and Ravallion (1992). In particular, it shows that more than 40 percent of the fall in monetary poverty observed in Latin America and the Caribbean during the so-called Golden Decade can be attributed to cyclical changes in income. While in principle universal, these concerns are particularly relevant in the developing world where, compared to developed countries, output volatility is larger and driven, to a large extent, by external factors (such as commodity prices)
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  • 82
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Food Security ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: In contrast with the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean, Brazil's poverty rate is estimated to have decreased between 2019 and 2020 to 13.1 percent. Auxilio Emergencial (AE), a large emergency cash transfer program launched in April 2020, is believed to be the main driver of that decrease, because it more than offset economic losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, food insecurity (FI) estimates showed an opposite trend: Severe and moderate FI went up in 2020. This apparent paradox can be mostly explained by the way in which poverty and FI are measured: Measurements of poverty are based on annualized income estimates, while those of FI are based on the occurrence of an event, whereby the sudden, uncompensated loss of a job or reduction of benefits (such as AE) can turn into the loss of a household's ability to feed itself in the short term. In 2021, both poverty and FI may have increased. Simulations suggest that poverty increased in 2021 to 18.7 percent. Meanwhile, about 18 percent of households reported running out of food in the past 30 days owing to a lack of resources, twice the pre-pandemic rate. Overall and food inflation, a sluggish labor market recovery with falling real wages, and the significant scaling down of the AE program are all factors in this trend. The war in Ukraine has pushed inflationary expectations upward. Given the projected 0.7 percent gross domestic product (GDP) growth for 2022, labor incomes are not expected to boost households' consumption levels significantly. Coupled with the complete elimination of AE, poverty and FI may further deteriorate in 2022
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  • 83
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Baland, Jean-Marie Poverty-Adjusted Life Expectancy: A Consistent Index of the Quantity and the Quality of Life
    Schlagwort(e): Country Comparison ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development Index ; Mortality ; Multidimensional Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty-Adjusted Life Expectancy Index ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Well-Being Index
    Kurzfassung: Poverty and mortality are arguably the two major sources of loss of well-being. Most mainstream measures of human development capturing these two dimensions aggregate them in an ad-hoc and controversial way. This paper develops a new index aggregating the poverty and the mortality observed in a given period in a consistent way. It is called the poverty-adjusted life expectancy index. This index is based on a single normative parameter that transparently captures the trade-off between well-being losses from being poor or from being dead. The paper first shows that the poverty-adjusted life expectancy index follows naturally from an expected life-cycle utility approach a la Harsanyi. The paper then proceeds to empirical comparisons between countries and across time and focuses on situations in which poverty and mortality provide conflicting evaluations. Once it is assumed that being poor is (at least weakly) preferable to being dead, the analysis finds that about a third of these conflicting comparisons can be unambiguously ranked by the poverty-adjusted life expectancy index. Finally, the paper shows that this index naturally defines a new and simple index of multidimensional poverty, the expected deprivation index
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  • 84
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Food Security ; Fragile States ; Inflation ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Safety Nets ; Usaid
    Kurzfassung: These remarks were delivered by the World Bank Group President David Malpass in conversation with Samantha Power, USAID Administrator on June 21, 2022. They discussed about the impact of overlapping global crises on the poorest and most vulnerable people. The world, as people know, is in a very complicated situation, especially for people in poorer countries and the poor worldwide. It has to do with inflation, with food, with conflict, fragility, issues that we work with every day at the World Bank and USAID does, too. As people know, the World Bank works on an array of development issues and including and especially right now food and fertilizer. We have announced 30 billion dollars of assistance in the food-related areas as part of our response to the current set of crises. And one of the challenges is, in specific country areas, to find the right program. And we work very, very closely with development assistance agencies around the world, including and especially USAID
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Covid-19 ; Environment ; Fiscal Sustainability ; Gender ; Gender and Governance ; Governance ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) assesses the World Bank Group's development effectiveness in Chad over the past decade within a context of high fragility and extreme poverty. The report covers the implementation of the Interim Strategy Note (2010-12) and the Country Partnership Framework (16-20). This CPE draws lessons to inform the design and implementation of the next partnership strategy with Chad. IEG finds that World Bank Group's support to Chad was aligned with government priorities and World Bank diagnostics. Bank Group support helped advance several human development objectives. It especially increased access to health services, primary and secondary education, and social protection in targeted areas as well as gender equality. Notwithstanding the challenges inherent in working in a fragile and conflict-affected situation, the performance of the Bank Group portfolio in Chad was weak. Timely budget support helped stave off an imminent fiscal crisis but did not achieve sustained reform. Few results were achieved in agriculture, infrastructure, and public resource management. Overall, performance was undermined by procurement delays, high turnover of government counterparts, and a lack of continuity in World Bank staff working on Chad. The following three lessons are offered for consideration. First, timely and targeted analytical work is necessary to inform priority setting, policy dialogue, and the design of reforms. Given the prevalence of capacity and absorptive constraints, it is essential to strategically prioritize analytical work to help identify and understand the most binding constraints to development gains and inform efforts to address them. Second, procurement challenges warrant greater attention to address the underlying political and bureaucratic obstacles, which will require a higher-level dialogue with the government. Lastly, although working in Chad is challenging, it is critical to strengthen incentives to attract and retain talent. This is needed to improve continuity of engagement with country authorities and compensate for weak client capacity, including the high turnover of government officials
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  • 86
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Ofori Adofo, Josephine The Local Economic Effects of Natural Resources: Evidence from Ghana
    Schlagwort(e): Consumption and Poverty ; Economic Impacts of Oil Discovery ; Energy and Natural Resources ; Environment ; Equity and Development ; Inequity ; Jobs ; Local Labor Markets ; Natural Resources ; Natural Resources Management ; Natural Resources Management and Rural Issues ; Offshore Oil ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Energy
    Kurzfassung: This paper estimates the welfare impacts of natural resources by analyzing Ghana's offshore oil discovery and subsequent production. It finds substantial increases in real income, but no effect on consumption and poverty. The income effects are stronger for skilled workers. Estimates of the effects of oil discovery on employment show that employment in general increased by 4 percentage points. The positive employment effects are largely concentrated in non-oil local sectors: manufacturing and construction. The findings do not show significant impacts on employment in the agriculture and service sectors where a large proportion of individuals below the poverty line are engaged. This largely explains why the oil discovery had no effect on poverty reduction, as it benefited the non-poor rather than the poor
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Farah-Yacoub, Juan P The Social Costs of Sovereign Default
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Crisis ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Insecurity ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Human Impact of Default ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Sovereign Debt ; Sovereign Default ; Synthetic Control Method ; Finance and Financial Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper estimates the costs of sovereign defaults to a broader extent than has been done in the literature. Applying the synthetic control method to a sample of 131 defaults since 1900, it finds that, on average, growth in the first two years falls 3.6 and 2.4 percentage points short of the counterfactual. Still, after a decade, defaulters' economic output per capita is nearly 17 percent below that of the counterfactual. Poverty headcounts-available since the 1980s-exceed their pre-crisis levels by roughly 30 percent shortly after default and remain elevated a decade later. Variables proxying access to nutrition, energy, and health outcomes-available since the 1960s-suggest that standards of living decline sharply after sovereign defaults. For instance, on average, by year 10 after default, defaulters have 13 percent more infant deaths every year than the synthetic control. And surviving infants are expected to have shorter lives: life expectancy drops to 1.5 percent below the counterfactual
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  • 88
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Schlagwort(e): Business Environment ; Conflict and Development ; Poverty ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics
    Kurzfassung: Economies that are suffering from fragility, conflict and violence (three distinct yet interconnected elements of FCS) confront intractable poverty, and faltering growth - missing out on development objectives by significant margins. As the poverty rate in FCS has increased, the number of poor people in those economies has increased from 180 million to nearly 300 million - almost at par with the number of poor in non-FCS economies (which constitute 90 percent of global population). It is estimated that by 2030, two-thirds of the global poor will be concentrated in fragile states. This means that ending extreme poverty requires accelerating gains where poverty has been most intractable: in FCS. By definition, the economies concerned are often characterized by weak institutions and political instability, and lower level of private sector development to promote business-led growth. FCS economies require significant reforms to policy and delivery mechanisms along multiple dimensions to achieve growth and poverty reduction
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  • 89
    Buch
    Buch
    Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 9781108832205 , 9781108940665
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: xxiv, 568 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Ausgabe: Second edition
    DDC: 305.5120973
    Schlagwort(e): Social stratification ; Equality ; Social classes ; Wealth ; Poverty ; USA ; Soziale Gerechtigkeit ; Ungleichheit ; Rasse ; Soziale Klasse
    Anmerkung: Literaturverzeichnis Seite 500-551
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783031151491
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XXII, 371 p. 49 illus., 36 illus. in color.)
    Serie: Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Applied Econometrics 53
    Serie: Springer eBook Collection
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Econometrics. ; Machine learning. ; Macroeconomics. ; Machine Learning and causality ; Linear models ; Non-linear models ; Econometric forecasting and prediction ; Policy evaluation ; Network data ; Poverty ; Inequality ; Machine learning in Finance ; Empirical applications ; Testing statistical hypotheses ; Big data ; Econometric techniques ; Modelling macroeconomic relations ; Discrete Choice models ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Ökonometrie ; Maschinelles Lernen
    Kurzfassung: Linear Econometric Models with Machine Learning -- Nonlinear Econometric Models with Machine Learning -- The Use of Machine Learning in Treatment Effect Estimation.-Forecasting with Machine Learning Methods.-Causal Estimation of Treatment Effects From Observational Health Care Data Using Machine Learning Methods -- Econometrics of Networks with Machine Learning -- Fairness in Machine Learning and Econometrics -- Graphical Models and their Interactions with Machine Learning in the Context of Economics and Finance -- Poverty, Inequality and Development Studies with Machine Learning -- Machine Learning for Asset Pricing.
    Kurzfassung: This book helps and promotes the use of machine learning tools and techniques in econometrics and explains how machine learning can enhance and expand the econometrics toolbox in theory and in practice. Throughout the volume, the authors raise and answer six questions: 1) What are the similarities between existing econometric and machine learning techniques? 2) To what extent can machine learning techniques assist econometric investigation? Specifically, how robust or stable is the prediction from machine learning algorithms given the ever-changing nature of human behavior? 3) Can machine learning techniques assist in testing statistical hypotheses and identifying causal relationships in ‘big data? 4) How can existing econometric techniques be extended by incorporating machine learning concepts? 5) How can new econometric tools and approaches be elaborated on based on machine learning techniques? 6) Is it possible to develop machine learning techniques further and make them even more readily applicable in econometrics? As the data structures in economic and financial data become more complex and models become more sophisticated, the book takes a multidisciplinary approach in developing both disciplines of machine learning and econometrics in conjunction, rather than in isolation. This volume is a must-read for scholars, researchers, students, policy-makers, and practitioners, who are using econometrics in theory or in practice. .
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  • 91
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Singapore : Springer Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789811696558
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 285 p. 33 illus., 3 illus. in color.)
    Serie: Springer eBook Collection
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Ländliche Armut ; Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Ländlicher Raum ; China ; Economic development. ; Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Inequality ; Multidimensional Poverty ; Targeted Poverty Alleviation ; Pro-poor ; Common Prosperity ; Rural China ; China ; Ländlicher Raum ; Armut ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Ungleichheit
    Kurzfassung: Preface -- Chapter 1 Poverty Alleviation Process in Rural China -- Chapter 2 Literature Review -- Chapter 3 Absolute and Relative Changes in Rural Poverty -- Chapter 4 Pro-poor Growth for Rural China -- Chapter 5 The Decomposition of Income Growth and Income Inequality on Rural Poverty -- Chapter 6 Types of Economic Activities and Rural Residents’ Poverty Dynamic Changes -- Chapter 7 Human Capital and Rural Residents’ Poverty Dynamic Changes -- Chapter 8 Dynamic Rural Poverty Changes by Regions: Current Status and Prospects -- Chapter 9 The Impacts of Unbalanced Development on Rural Multidimensional Poverty -- Chapter 10 Relieving Relative Poverty in Rural China -- Appendix.
    Kurzfassung: This book aims to empirically and theoretically study how the economic growth and inequality affected China’s rural poverty since China’s reform and opening-up. Apart from the trickle-down effect, some empirical researches show that rising inequality usually links with unfairly shared of the economic growth, which is not good for the poor, and this book particularly concerns with the impact of inequality on poverty reduction. In 11 chapters, it leads readers to review the dynamic changes of rural poverty in China, and estimates rural poverty by various methods, for instance, with analysis by monetary poverty (including income and expenditure poverty), multidimensional poverty, absolute poverty, and relative poverty. Especially attention is paid to apply the “growth-inequality-poverty triangle” model for long-term poverty dynamic changes evaluation. The book revisits poverty reduction strategies in different development periods for rural China and evaluates the poverty eradication achievements stage-by-stage under different analytical methods, in order to provide an objective assessment. Among the chapters, pro-poor growth, Shapley decomposition, poverty elasticity, density estimation, multidimensional poverty analysis, and policy simulation methods are applied for both national wide discussion and rural sub-group heterogeneity analysis. In addition to students, teachers, and researchers in the areas of development, economic growth, equity, and welfare, the book is also of great interest to policy makers, planners, and non‐government agencies who are concerned with understanding and addressing poverty-related issues in the developing countries.
    URL: Cover
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  • 92
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783030960360
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XXIV, 431 p. 1 illus.)
    Ausgabe: 2nd ed. 2022.
    Serie: Springer eBook Collection
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Globalisierung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Welt ; Economic development. ; Development economics. ; International economic relations. ; Social policy. ; Macroeconomics. ; Imports and exports ; Trade policy ; Commodity Trade Agreements ; Debt Relief ; The Washington Consensus ; World Trade System ; Central Planning ; Russia ; Eastern Europe and the Balkans ; Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) ; the Monterrey Conference ; The Doha Round ; Preferential Trade Agreements ; Millennium Development Goals ; Development Economics ; Poverty ; Aid and Development ; Globalization ; World Bank ; World Trade Organization (WTO) ; Bilateral aid agencies ; Global poverty
    Kurzfassung: Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Growth Constraints, Aid Targets and Basic Needs -- Chapter 3: Export Pessimism and the Neoclassical Revival -- Chapter 4: Debt and Adjustment: Muddling Through -- Chapter 5: The Collapse of Planning and the Troubled Transition -- Chapter 6: The Birth of the WTO -- Chapter 7: The Many Faces of Globalization -- Chapter 8: Millennium Aid, Trade and Development -- Chapter 9: The Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath -- Chapter 10. The SDGs -- Chapter 11. The Challenges Facing the Eurozone -- 12. The WTO Endangered -- Chapter 13. The Pandemic and Its Implications -- Chapter 14. The Future: The Challenge of Reviving Multilateralism. .
    Kurzfassung: "This is a very well written book. The new edition adds useful perspective on the implications of the new challenges facing developing countries as a result of the pandemic and increased unilateralism and protectionism in the North. " --K.Y. Amoako, President of the African Center for Economic Transformation, Ghana "In this new edition, Michalopoulos adds valuable new insights on critical current issues, making his panoramic overview of the global economy even more incisive." --Danny Leipziger, Professor of International Business & International Affairs, George Washington University, United States "The volume offers a vision of the policies required to reverse the troublesome changes of the last few years, while at the same time recognizing the imperative of greater inclusiveness of groups and countries left behind by the earlier globalization waves. " --Salvatore Schiavo-Campo, former Senior Adviser at the Asian Development Bank, Philippines "Michalopoulos’ new book tells the story of past progress and failures to support sustainable development over the last half century. If we are to do better, we must build on the lessons of the past and this volume will help enormously." --Clare Short, former Secretary of State for International Development, United Kingdom This volume presents a broad sweep of modern economic history underpinning aid, trade, development and globalization in the last half century and the salient challenges facing the global community today. The author draws on his long years as an academic and development practitioner to recommend what needs to be done to cope with the backsliding of the fight against global poverty, fractured geopolitics and the threats to the multilateral economic order. The new, revised edition analyses how unilateralism, rising protectionism and the Covid-19 pandemic seriously threaten global sustainable development. It concludes with recommendations on the policy changes needed to make globalization more equitable and development more sustainable. This book will be of interest to researchers and students of economic development and economic history, as well as all those concerned about global inequality and sustainability. Constantine Michalopoulos has worked on and written about economic development for more than half a century. He held senior positions at the World Bank, taught at several US universities, and served as Chief Economist of USAID and as advisor to governments and international organizations including the IMF, WTO, UNCTAD, GTZ and the UK DFID.
    Anmerkung: Titel der ersten Auflage von 2017: Aid, trade and development: 50 years of globalization
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789768286604
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: xlii, 381 Seiten , Illustrationen , 23 cm
    Originaltitel: Works Selections
    Schlagwort(e): Sutton, Constance R ; Sutton, Constance R Influence ; Women anthropologists ; Anthropologists ; Feminist anthropology ; Political anthropology ; Feminism ; Women in development ; Women's rights ; Women ; Transnationalism ; Anthropologists ; Feminism ; Feminist anthropology ; Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.) ; Political anthropology ; Transnationalism ; Women ; Women anthropologists ; Women in development ; Women's rights ; Barbados ; Caribbean Area
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Constance Sutton's anthropology: from social movements to transnationalism--a life in scholarship and activism / , Praisesongs for Constance Sutton: an introduction / , From area studies to localized transnationalism: notes on Connie Sutton's Caribbean journey / , The scene of the action: envisioning political futures / , Revisiting Caribbean labour: the challenges of Connie's legacy / , Field notes on a visit to Barbados: an approach to Constance Sutton's Afro-Caribbean family theory / , Continuing the fight for economic justice: the Barbados sugar workers' 1958 wildcat strike , Public monuments in post-colonial Barbados: sites of memory, sites of contestation , African-Caribbean family and kinship: changing themes and perspectives , Women's knowledge, and power: revisiting Connie Sutton's early feminist work / , Crab antics: challenging the reputation-respectability matrix in Caribbean anthropology / , From NYWAC to IWAC to Nairobi and beyond: a personal reflection on Connie Sutton and the international women's movement / , Changing continuities: reflections on the powers of motherhood and sonhood / , Women, knowledge, and power / , Social inequality and sexual status in Barbados / , Cultural duality in the Caribbean , The power to define: women, culture, and consciouness , From city-states to post-colonial nation-state: Yoruba women's changing military roles , Motherhood is powerful: embodied knowledge from evolving field-based experiences , Bi-directions and new-directions in migration research: theorizing dispossession and power from Connie Sutton's work on transnational migration / , Transforming migration: an Andean perspective on the work of Constance Sutton / , Centring connections: intra-Caribbean migration and beyond / , Migration and West Indian racial and ethnic conciouness / , The Caribbeanization of New York City and the emergence of a transnational sociocultural system , Some thoughts on gendering and internationalizing our thinking about transnational migrations , Circum-Caribbean migrations: spinning new webs of connections between Barbados and Cuba , Celebrating ourselves: the family reunion rituals of African-Caribbean transnational families
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  • 94
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Cash Transfers ; COVID-19 ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Market ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: North Macedonia has strengthened its social protection system through comprehensive reforms in social assistance, social services, and pensions. This note considers, based on existing evidence, the extent to which the social protection system in North Macedonia satisfies four basic principles: adequacy; balance and effectiveness; equity; and sustainability. The situational analysis note is structured as follows: section two reviews the main poverty and labor market outcomes in North Macedonia, comparing it with peers and relevant country groups. Section 3 introduces a framework to consider the performance of the social protection system and then outlines the broad characteristics of social protection in North Macedonia, by program type and expenditure. Section 4 looks at non-contributory cash transfers to support the poor, the vulnerable and persons with disabilities and assesses the recent social assistance reform. Section 5 discusses social services and assesses the changes in social services as a result of the social protection reform as well as the introduction of case management, which aims to help ensure the provision of integrated services to the poor and vulnerable. Section 6 discusses pensions. Section 7 explores employment and active labor market programs (ALMPs). Section 8 considers the recent social protection response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and section 9 concludes by offering an assessment of the main areas for reform
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  • 95
    Buch
    Buch
    Cambridge, UK :Polity,
    ISBN: 978-0-7456-4597-1 , 978-0-7456-4596-4
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: xiv, 313 Seiten : , Illustrationen.
    Ausgabe: 2nd edition
    Serie: Key concepts
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 362.5
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Armut. ; Armut
    Kurzfassung: "The essential introduction to a persistent social ill."
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 96
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Artuc, Erhan Protectionism and Gender Inequality in Developing Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Inequality ; Globalization ; Globalization and Financial Integration ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Poverty ; Tariffs ; Trade Policy
    Kurzfassung: How do tariffs impact gender inequality? Using harmonized household survey and tariff data from 54 low- and middle-income countries, this paper shows that protectionism has an anti-female bias. On average, tariffs repress the real incomes of female headed households by 0.6 percentage points relative to that of male headed ones. Female headed households bear the brunt of tariffs because they derive a smaller share of their income from and spend a larger share of their budget on agricultural products, which are usually subject to high tariffs in developing countries. Consistent with this explanation, the anti-female bias is stronger in countries where female-headed households are underrepresented in agricultural production, are more reliant on remittances, and spend a larger share of their budgets on food than male-headed ones
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Poverty Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Identifying opportunities to increase agricultural productivity and incomes is an important priority for rural development. Progress toward poverty reduction continued in recent years, but the contribution of the agriculture sector was weak, mainly because productivity improvements were relatively limited. Using detailed individual-level data on agricultural activities, this paper analyzes agricultural production patterns and associated productivity of farm households. Particular attention is paid to (i) diversification toward higher-value, export-oriented crops as a means to increase productivity and earnings; and (ii) gender differences in farming activities and outcomes. The role of structural factors such as access to land is also considered. There are three key findings in this paper. First, diversified farmers, especially those with a crop mix that is focused on export crops or other high-value crops have higher productivity and earnings. The productivity of paddy cultivation is significantly lower than that of other crops, leading to low earnings. Second, production patterns and productivity levels differ distinctively between men and women farmers. Female farmers have higher productivity, as measured by output value per acre, which is mainly explained by their smaller plot size and a crop mix that consists of higher-value crops. However, despite higher productivity, overall farm incomes are lower among female farmers, mainly due to lower access to land. Third, once land size and crop mix are accounted for, unequal access to resources eventually leads to a male productivity advantage, referred to as conditional advantage, after differential access to resources is controlled for via multivariate analysis. Policies to increase the crop mix toward higher-value, export-oriented crops and to equalize access to resources, including land and agricultural inputs, could help improve productivity and income, and reduce gender disparities
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  • 98
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted Chad's economic recovery, which started in 2018. GDP contracted by 0.9 percent in 2020. Agriculture and the oil sector remained the main drivers of growth, contributing 1.1 percentage points, while services contracted (contributing -2.0 percent). The impact of containment measures on domestic supply chains pushed up prices, and inflation rose from -1.0 percent in 2019 to 3.5 percent in 2020. Both the fiscal and current account balances deteriorated substantially, and difficulties in financing fiscal deficit may have led to further domestic arrears' buildup. Given the lack of fiscal space and large financing requirements, bold actions are needed. In this regard, the government could first strengthen economic diversification to enlarge the fiscal base, by removing bottlenecks to livestock exports, adopting business-friendly reform to support the private sector, and strengthening fiscal administration and policy for better revenue collection. Second, the government could improve its spending efficiency to deliver quality service under declining resources by enhancing the selection process, the planning and designing of investment projects, and improving public spending efficiency in health and education. Finally, the government should improve debt sustainability by strengthening its management and transparency
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  • 99
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Business Environment ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Diversification ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Sustainability ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: The objective of this report is to provide an update to the Government of Cabo Verde, think-tanks and researchers, and the public on the state of the Cabo Verde economy and its outlook, together with the structural reforms required to strengthen the foundations for private sector-led recovery from the COVID-19 crises. The report begins with a chapter on recent economic developments, the medium-term outlook, and risks. It includes sections on growth, fiscal policy, public debt, the external sector, monetary developments, and inflation. The second chapter stresses the importance of improving the investment climate to leverage the role of the private sector for an inclusive economic recovery. It provides an overview of key challenges and actionable policy priorities around foreign direct investment, the business environment, and competition
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  • 100
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Schlagwort(e): Cash Transfers ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Social Insurance ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Countries in the Middle E ...
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