Abstract: Plenary Papers -- Business Systems -- Complex Systems -- Critical Systems -- Cybernetics -- Educational Systems -- Environmental Systems, Social Systems, and Health Systems -- Information Systems -- Manufacturing Systems -- Strategic is and Systems Methodologies -- Theory and Concepts -- Author Index.

Abstract: As we approach the end of the 20th century we can look back upon the achievements that have been made in a variety of human endeavours with pride. Enormous strides have been made to improve the quality of life of millions of people through the application of the scientific discoveries made during this and past centuries. The 20th century will be remembered as much for the mass exploitation of scientific discovery as for the discoveries themselves. The technological age has meant that the human being is able to contemplate activities which "defy" nature. For example, some of the work involved in the preparation of these proceedings has been done whilst travelling at over 500 miles per hour seven miles above the surface of the earth. It is not difficult to conjecture about the effect that this relatively recent technology has had upon a number of "systems". Air transportation has provided a number of benefits including such disparate examples such as enabling holidays, famine relief and the cross fertilisation of cultural practices from other lands. Equally, there have been undesirable effects such as enabling the means of mass destruction, interference in other cultures and the speedy transportation of disease. Moreover, the physical presence of the aeroplane itself represents the consumption of fossil fuels, a source of pollution and a change in the way think about life. The view expressed here is of course the view of an inhabitant of the "western world".

Abstract: One: The Issues -- 1 Air pollution -- 2 Ozone depletion -- 3 Climate change -- 4 Availability of fresh water -- 5 Coastal and marine degradation -- 6 Land degradation -- 7 Deforestation and habitat loss -- 8 Loss of biological diversity -- 9 Environmental hazards -- 10 Toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes -- Two: Causes and Consequences -- 11 Agriculture and fisheries -- 12 Industry -- 13 Energy -- 14 Transport -- 15 Tourism -- 16 Population and resources -- 17 Human settlements -- 18 Health -- 19 Peace and security -- Three: The Response -- 20 Understanding the environment -- 21 Perceptions and attitudes -- 22 National responses -- 23 International responses -- Four: Looking Ahead -- 24 Challenges and opportunities -- Appendix A Contributors to the report -- Appendix B Reviewers, participants and commentators in workshops.

Abstract: Our planet is under siege. Assaults on the atmosphere -the greenhouse effect, the depletion of the ozone layer and increasing air pollution - pose a still­ unquantified threat to human life. The dumping of hazardous wastes, and land­ based sources of pollution, present a similar threat to the oceans. On land we are destroying a tropical forest the size of Austria every year, and more than a hundred species of wild plants and animals are lost forever each day. When the General Assembly of the United Nations established UNEP it charged us with reporting on the changing state of the world's environment, tracking the underlying causes of change, and working with governments to develop responses to those changes. Every year since 1974, UNEP has produced a State of the Environment report, focusing on one or more emerging environmental issues and always stressing the human factor -the impact of environmental quality on people and society. Three times since its inception (1982, 198 7 and 1992) UNEP has undertaken a more wide-ranging study. The results of the present study are the most disturbing of the three. However, not all the signs are negative. Throughout the 19 70s and into the 1980s, UNEP was able to report progress in some important areas. Environmental monitoring capacity was being rapidly improved in many parts of the world, and Ministries of the Environment were being set up in an attempt to deal with environmental threats in a more coherent way.

Abstract: 1. Factors Shaping and Shaped by the Environment: 1990–2010 -- 2. Protecting the Environment: A Research Strategy for the 1990s—An Indicator of Change in EPA -- 3. Using Environmental Indicators for Policy and Regulatory Decisions -- 4. Ecological Indicators of Marine Condition (abstract only) -- 5. Ecological Forecasting: ‘What For?’ -- 6. Indicators of the Causes of Ecological Impacts or ‘What’s Causing the Global Environmental Crisis?’ -- 7. Earth Day Plus 20: Rediscovering Ecology -- 8. Global Indicators: What the People Expect -- 9. Evolution of Indicators of Ecosystem Health -- 10. Indicators in Regional Ecological Monitoring and Risk Assessment -- 11. Indicator Selection: A Key Element in Monitoring System Design -- 12. Thermodynamics and Measures of Ecological Integrity -- 13. Indicators of Ecosystem Integrity -- 14. Ecological Indicators and Ecological Modelling -- 15. Choosing Ecological Indicators: Effect of Taxonomic Aggression on Sensitivity to Stress and Natural Variability -- 16. Biomarkers of Environmental Exposure and Multivariate Approaches for Assessment and Monitoring -- 17. The Application of In-situ Bioassays as Ecological Indicators for Assessing River Quality -- 18. Ecological Monitoring of Fish Assemblages in Tennessee River Reservoirs -- 19. Contribution of Fish Community Metrics to the Index of Biotic Integrity in Two Ozark Rivers -- 20. Lake and Stream Indicators for the US EPAs Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program -- 21. Ecological Indicators of Temperate Forest Ecosystem Condition -- 22. The Visual Damage Survey: A Study to Evaluate the Eastern Forest Condition -- 23. Identification and Use of Plant Species as Ecological Indicators of Air Pollution Stress in National Park Units -- 24. Biological Diversity Assessment in Glacier National Park, Montana: I. Sampling Design -- 25. Toxic Effects Monitoring in Baltic Sea Coastal Areas -- 26. National Status and Trends Program: Chemical and Biological Monitoring of U.S. Coastal Waters -- 27. Benthic Communities as Indicators of Ecosystem Condition (abstract only) -- 28. Evaluation of Bioindicators of Contaminant Exposure and Effects in Coastal Ecosystems -- 29. Monitoring Nitrogen and Indicators of Nitrogen Loading to Support Management Action in Buzzards Bay -- 30. Ecological Indicators for Ecological Engineering in Wetlands -- 31. Coupling Wetlands Structure and Function: Developing a Condition Index for Wetlands Monitoring -- 32. Choices in Monitoring Wetlands -- 33. Indicators of Flooding Derived From Aerial Photography in Northern Prairie Wetlands -- 34. Indicators of Environmental Stress in Wetland Plants -- 35. Indicators of the Ecological Status of Agroecosystems -- 36. The Soil Conservation Services New Water Quality Indicators Guide (a summary) -- 37. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) as an Ecological Indicator for Agricultural and Forest Systems -- 38. Testing a Biological System for Indicating Ozone in Minnesota -- 39. Site-Specific and Regional Monitoring with Honey Bees: Case Study Comparisons -- 40. The Vulnerability of Agricultural Systems to Ecological and Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (a summary) -- 41. Ecological Indicator Strategy for Monitoring Arid Ecosystems -- 42. Ecological Indicators in a Desert/Grassland Transition -- 43. Monitoring the Condition of Australian Arid Lands: Linked Plant-Soil Indicators -- 44. Cryptogamic Crusts as Potential Indicators of Disturbance in Semi-Arid Landscapes -- 45. Spatial Modeling and Landscape Characterization of an African Pastoral Ecosystem: A Prototype Model and its Potential Use for Monitoring Drought.

Abstract: Today environmental problems of unprecedented magnitude confront planet earth. The sobering fact is that a whole range of human activities is affecting our global environment as profoundly as the billions of years of evolution that preceded our tenure on Earth. The pressure on vital natural resources in the developing world and elsewhere is intense, and the destruction of tropical forests, wildlife habitat, and other irreplaceable resources, is alarming. Climate change, ozone depletion, loss of genetic diversity, and marine pollution are critical global environmental concerns. Their cumulative impact threatens to destroy the planet's natural resources. The need to address this situation is urgent. More than at any previous moment in history, nature and ecological systems are in human hands, dependent on human efforts. The earth is an interconnected and interdependent global ecosystem, and change in one part of the system often causes unexpected change in other parts. Atmospheric, oceanic, wetland, terrestrial and other ecological systems have a finite capacity to absorb the environmental degradation caused by human behavior. The need for an environmentally sound, sustainable economy to ease this degradation is evident and urgent. Policies designed to stimulate economic development by foregoing pollution controls both destroy the long-term economy and ravage the environment. Over the years, we have sometimes drawn artificial distinctions between the health of individuals and the health of ecosystems. But in the real world, those distinctions do not exist.

Abstract: 1. Natural and man-made hazards: their increasing importance in the end-20th century world -- One Volcanic Hazards -- 2. Volcano risk mitigation through training -- 3. Volunteer Observers Program: a tool for monitoring volcanic and seismic events in the Philippines -- 4. Monitoring and warning of volcanic eruptions by remote sensing -- 5. Volcanic hazards in Colombia and Indonesia: lahars and related phenomena -- 6. The 1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruption: scientific, social and governmental response and interaction before the event -- 7. Lahars of Cotopaxi Volcano, Ecuador: hazard and risk evaluation -- 8. Seismic monitoring of Lake Nyos, Cameroon, following the gas release disaster of August, 1986 -- Two Earthquake Hazards -- 9. Long-term seismic hazard in the Eastern Mediterranean region -- 10. The ROA Earthquake Hazard Atlas project: recent work from the Middle East -- 11. Some implications of the 1985 Mexican earthquake for hazard assessment -- Three Landslide Hazards -- 12. Lanslide hazard assessment in the context of development -- 13. The identification and mitigation of glacier-related hazards: examples from the Cordillera Blanca, Peru -- Four The ‘Quiet’ Hazards -- 14. Sea-level changes in China — past and future: their impact and countermeasures -- 15. Rising groundwater: a problem of development in some urban areas of the Middle East -- 16. Factors affecting losses of soil and agricultural land in tropical countries -- 17. Reduction of biodiversity — the ultimate disaster? -- Five What Can Be Done? -- 18. Policy in response to geohazards: lessons from the developed world? -- 19. Some perspectives on geological hazards -- 20. The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction and the Geohazards Unit at Polytechnic South West, Plymouth, UK -- Place name index.

Abstract: Dorrik A. V. Stow Editor in Chief, Association of Geoscientists for International Development ( AGID) AGIO is particularly pleased to see published this latest hurricanes, floods-that are wreaking havoc, destroying report in its Geosciences in International Development livelihood and lives in some corner of the globe. Series, as a significant contribution to the onset of the UN As geoscientists there are perhaps three concerns that Decade of National Disaster Reduction, and as a mark of should be uppermost in our minds as we join an inter­ AGIO's growing concern over the potential and actual national effort to combat the adverse effects of natural effects of geohazards throughout the developing world. hazards. The first must be to improve our scientific The problem of geohazards is increasing, not because understanding of the nature and causes of such hazards and to work towards more reliable prediction of their the rate of earth processes is accelerating, nor because the voice of the media appears to be paying more and more occurrence and magnitude.

Abstract: One Systems, Processes and the Role of Process Control Hardware -- 1 Signals, systems and process control -- 2 The basic process unit -- 3 Stratification of control tasks and data communication -- Two The Role of Software in Process Control Systems -- 4 The relative roles of software and hardware -- 5 System software -- 6 Application programs and databases -- Three The Man-Machine Interface -- 7 Reduction and visualization of data and procedures -- 8 Process management and control -- 9 The role of the operator in process control systems -- Four System Design -- 10 The feasibility study -- 11 Computer control system design -- 12 Cost-effective system selection -- 13 The integrated approach -- Author index.

Abstract: This book reflects the considerable current industrial interest and investment in process control systems. The use of computer systems in process control can provide great benefits, and it is estimated that efficiency can be increased by up to 30%. It is not surprising, therefore, that there have been considerable efforts by system designers and users to introduce and use such systems. Process hardware is integrated into a complete production system through data processing. It is for this purpose that technical specialists (e. g. electrical, mechanical, electronics, communication and process engineers and program­ mers) are involved in data processing. The scope of this book is therefore to assist in the selection of computer hardware and software that match the functional specification of the data processing component of a particular system. The principal points covered in this book are set out below. Part One: Production process hardware for a standard process is outlined and the information processing hardware is described. Large mechanical process hardware and process information devices (e. g. sensors and control elements involved in the process) create a coherent production unit, or system, which can be the control unit (i. e. the basic process unit). The hardware processes are described and the mathematics explained. This enables the application of control laws in order to linearize the process about its working point, as well as a stratification of process control tasks.

Abstract: 1. The Mechanism of Antioxidant Action in vitro -- 2. Detection, Estimation and Evaluation of Antioxidants in Food Systems -- 3. Chemistry and Implications of Degradation of Phenolic Antioxidants -- 4. Natural Antioxidants Exploited Commercially -- 5. Natural Antioxidants not Exploited Commercially -- 6. Biological Effects of Food Antioxidants -- 7. Toxicological Aspects of Antioxidants Used as Food Additives.

Abstract: Antioxidants are present naturally in virtually all food commodities, providing them with a valuable degree of protection against oxidative attack. When food commodities are subjected to processing, such natural antioxidants are often depleted, whether physically, from the nature of the process itself, or by chemical degradation. In conse­ quence, processed food products usually keep less well than do the commodities from which they originated. Ideally, food producers would like them to keep better. This objective can often be achieved by blending natural products rich in antioxidants with processed foods, or by using well recognised antioxidants as food additives. In order to understand their action, and hence to apply antioxidants intelligently in food product formulation, some knowledge of the mechanisms by which they function is necessary. This is complex and of antioxidative may rely on one or more of several alternative forms intervention. Accordingly, the various mechanisms that may be relevant are discussed in Chapter 1, in each case including the 'intervention' mechanism. When present in, or added to, foods antioxidants are functional in very small quantities, typically, perhaps, at levels of 0·01 % or less.

Abstract: 1 Sampling of powders -- 2 Sampling of dusty gases in gas streams -- 3 Sampling and sizing from the atmosphere -- 4 Particle size, shape and distribution -- 5 Sieving -- 6 Microscopy -- 7 Interaction between particles and fluids in a gravitational field -- 8 Dispersion of powders -- 9 Incremental methods of particle size determination -- 10 Cumulative methods of sedimentation size analysis -- 11 Fluid classification -- 12 Centrifugal methods -- 13 The electrical sensing zone method of particle size distribution determination (the Coulter principle) -- 14 Radiation scattering methods of particle size determination -- 15 Permeametry and gas diffusion -- 16 Gas adsorption -- 17 Other methods for determining surface area -- 18 Determination of pore size distribution by gas adsorption -- 19 Mercury porosimetry -- 20 On-line particle size analysis -- Problems -- Appendix 1 Equipment and suppliers -- Appendix 2 Manufacturers’ and suppliers’ addresses -- Author index.

Abstract: Powder technology is a subject in its own right, and powder characterization is central to an understanding of this discipline. In the eight years since the printing of the third edition of Particle Size Measurement there have been two big changes in my life. After thirty years of academia I have returned to industry, and after a lifetime in Great Britain I have emigrated to the United States. In industry the initial demand is to relate powder properties to product performance and then to maintain powder consistency. This requires on-line or rapid off-line analysis which, in turn, has led to the demand for a whole range of new instruments whose primary function is process monitoring. Historically, chemical engineering courses have concentrated on the be­ haviour of fluids, and engineers enter industry relatively unschooled in the subject of powder behaviour . Yet, when my colleagues Reg Davies and John Boughton surveyed three thousand Dupont products, they discovered that 80% involved powder at some stage of their manufacture. The results of this survey illustrate the need for more training in this key subject. This edition reflects the changing image of powder characterization towards in-process size analysis. Hence the chapter covering on-line analysis has been largely re-written. Apart from this, I have expanded certain sections and describe the new instruments that have been introduced since the last edition.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 General Properties of Feedback Amplifiers -- 3 Amplifiers Without Feedback -- 4 Feedback Amplifier Circuits -- 5 More About Feedback Amplifiers -- 6 The Op. Amp. — Basic Ideas and Circuits -- 7 Op. Amp. Non-idealities -- 8 Selected Op. Amp. Applications -- 9 Further Op. Amp. Applications -- Appendix: Steady-State Network Analysis using Phasors and Complex Variables -- Answers to Numerical Problems.

Abstract: Feedback circuits in general, and op. amp. applications which embody feedback principles in particular, playa central role in modern electronic engineering. This importance is reflected in the undergraduate curriculum where it is common practice for first-year undergraduates to be taught the principles of these subjects. It is right therefore that one of the tutorial guides in electronic engineering be devoted to feedback circuits and op. amps. Often general feedback circuit principles are taught before passing on to op. amps., and the order of the chapters reflects this. It is equally valid to teach op. amps. first. A feature of the guide is that it has been written to allow this approach to be followed, by deferring the study of Chapters 2, 4 and 5 until the end. A second feature of the guide is the treatment of loading effects in feedback circuits contained in Chapter 5. Loading effects are significant in many feedback circuits and yet they are not dealt with fully in many texts. Prerequisite knowledge for a successful use of the guide has been kept to a minimum. A knowledge of elementary circuit theory is assumed, and an under­ standing of basic transistor circuits would be useful for some of the feedback circuit examples.

Abstract: 1 Principles of transduction -- Underlying physical principles of transducers -- Silicon technology -- Summary -- Review questions -- Further reading -- Problems -- 2 Sensors, actuators and displays -- Mechanical sensing -- The synchro -- Temperature sensing -- Radiation detection transducers -- Optical sensors -- Sonic transducers -- Nuclear radiation detectors -- Chemical activity -- Actuators, stepper motors and displays -- Summary -- Review questions -- Further reading -- Problems -- 3 Analogue processing of signals -- The ideal operational amplifier -- The practical operational amplifier -- Chopper stabilization -- Modulation -- The analogue multiplexer or scanner -- Summary -- Review questions -- Further reading -- Problems -- 4 Signal convertion -- The digital-to-analogue converter -- The analogue-to-digital converter -- Sample-and-hold circuits -- Voltage-to-frequency conversion -- Synchro-to-digital conversion -- The phase lock loop -- Summary -- Review questions -- Further reading -- Problems -- 5 Digital processing of signals -- Filtering in the digital domain -- Sampling -- Quantization -- Signal averaging -- Linerarization of sensor response -- Digital processing circuits -- The digital signal processor -- Summary -- Review questions -- Further reading -- 6 Interfacing -- Digital circuitry -- Specialized interfacing chips -- Transfers of data over greater distances -- Interfacing standards -- Summary -- Review questions -- Further reading -- Appendix A -- Solutions to problems.

Abstract: -~- ~_vane \::y;) \ c:=::J ] 0=0 ] Dc:=JD Fig. 2. 39 Seven-segment devices for large displays and good visibility at up to 300 m can readily be obtained. Summary The number of transducer types is almost unlimited, and in order to bring our area of study down to a more manageable size we have considered transduc­ ers under four main headings. Input transducers for detecting mechanical change allow us to sense force, pressure, position, proximity, displacement, velocity, acceleration, vibration and shock in all their multiple manifestations. The basis of many mechanical sensors is the strain gauge which is usually used in a bridge configuration. Other devices such as the L VDT and synchro are also widely used. Temperature transducers form another large group, and we have looked at the operating principles of the major types, with some of the techniques used in compensating for non-ideal characteristics. Radiation and chemical sensing transducers form the remaining groups. Actuators rely almost entirely on electromagnetic action and, in modern equipment, occur most commonly as solenoids and relays, including the reed relay, and stepper motors. Visual displays also come in a bewildering range of types and sizes, but, because of their ease of interfacing with electronic circuitry, the majority are based on the LED and LCD. Review questions 1. What is meant by gauge factor? 2. Define Young's modulus. 3.

Abstract: 1 An overview of pneumatic conveying systems and performance -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Why pneumatic conveying? -- 1.3 What can be conveyed? -- 1.4 What constitutes a pneumatic conveying system? -- 1.5 Modes of pneumatic conveying -- 1.6 Basic pneumatic conveying systems -- 1.7 Further classification techniques -- 1.8 Description and operation of a pneumatic conveying system -- 1.9 Putting it all together -- 1.10 An overview -- 1.11 Some useful conversion factors and tables -- References -- 2 Single phase flow in pneumatic conveying systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Definitions -- 2.3 Perfect gas laws -- 2.4 Drying of compressed air -- 2.5 The compression process -- 2.6 Gas flow through pipes -- 2.7 Illustrative examples -- References -- 3 Fluid and particle dynamics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Law of continuity -- 3.3 Drag on a particle -- 3.4 Equations for calculation of relevant properties -- 3.5 Fluidization characteristics of powders -- References -- 4 Fundamentals -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Forces acting on a single particle in an air stream -- 4.3 Particle size -- 4.4 Shape -- 4.5 Dynamic equations -- 4.6 Terminal velocity -- 4.7 Single particle acceleration -- 4.8 Centrifugal flow -- 4.9 Slip velocity in a gravitational field -- 4.10 Multiple particle systems -- 4.11 Voidage and slip velocity -- 4.12 Frictional representations -- 4.13 Acceleration and development regions -- 4.14 Particle distribution in pneumatic conveying -- 4.15 Compressibility effect not negligible -- 4.16 Speed of sound in gas—solid transport -- 4.17 Gas—solid flow with varying cross-sectional area -- 4.18 Branching arrangements -- 4.19 Bend analysis -- 4.20 Downward sloping particle flow -- 4.21 Dense phase transport -- 4.22 Estimation of pressure drop in slugging dense phase conveying -- 4.23 Estimation of pressure drop in non-slugging dense phase conveying -- 4.24 Plug flows -- 4.25 Worked examples -- References -- 5 Flow regimes in vertical and horizontal conveying -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Choking versus non-choking system in vertical flow -- 5.3 Choking system in vertical flow -- 5.4 Non-choking system in vertical flow -- 5.5 Particle segregation in vertical pneumatic transport -- 5.6 Saltation in horizontal conveying -- References -- 6 Principles of pneumatic conveying -- 6.1 Introduction—putting it all together -- 6.2 The state diagram revisited -- 6.3 Methods for scaling-up -- 6.4 Use of theoretical models and definitions -- 6.5 Additional pressure drop factoz (?z) -- 6.6 Pressure drop -- 6.7 Some important functional relationships -- 6.8 Sequence to be followed to obtain the system pressure loss (?p) -- References -- 7 Feeding of pneumatic conveying systems -- 7.1 Introduction and overall design philosophy -- 7.2 Classification of feeding systems -- 7.3 Feeder selection criteria -- 7.4 Low pressure feeding devices -- 7.5 Medium pressure feeding systems -- 7.6 High pressure feeding devices -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Flow in standpipes and gravity conveyors -- 8.1 Introduction—standpipes and gravity conveyors -- 8.2 Classification of standpipe systems -- 8.3 Classification of flow modes in a standpipe -- 8.4 Equations pertaining to each flow mode -- 8.5 Flow through a valve -- 8.6 Stability of standpipe flow -- 8.7 Analysis of industrial standpipes—case studies -- 8.8 Gravity conveyors -- References -- 9 An overview of high pressure systems including long distance and dense phase pneumatic conveying systems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 High pressure systems -- 9.3 Dense phase flow classification -- 9.4 A description of plug flow and the relationships between plug flow and material characteristics -- 9.5 System selection and product characteristics -- 9.6 Dense phase system design -- 9.7 Long distance pneumatic conveying and pressure loss minimization -- 9.8 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Gas—solids separation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Selection criteria -- 10.3 Cyclone separators—theory of the separation of particles in the centrifugal field -- 10.4 Fabric filters -- 10.5 Cleaning by sound -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Some comments on: the flow behaviour of solids from silos; wear in pneumatic conveying systems; ancillary equipment -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The flow of solids from bins -- 11.3 Flow aid devices for silos and hoppers -- 11.4 Wear in pneumatic conveying systems -- 11.5 Ancillary equipment -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Control of pneumatic transport -- 12.1 Basic material flow and control theory -- 12.2 Transport lags -- 12.3 Analysis of gas—solid flow by transfer functions -- 12.4 Stability of pneumatic transfer systems -- 12.5 Stability analysis with Taylor series linearization -- 12.6 Linear stability analysis—Jackson approach -- 12.7 Stability via the Liapunov analysis -- References -- 13 Instrumentation -- 13.1 Standard instrumentation -- 13.2 Transducers -- 13.3 Cross-correlation procedures -- 13.4 A Coriolis force meter -- 13.5 Dielectric meter -- 13.6 Load cells -- 13.7 Particle tagging -- 13.8 Electrostatic based meters -- 13.9 Acoustic measurements -- 13.10 Screw conveyors -- 13.11 Light measuring devices -- 13.12 Other techniques for particle velocities -- 13.13 Instrumentation for industrial applications -- References -- 14 System design and worked examples -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Moisture content in air -- 14.3 The design of industrial vacuum systems -- 14.4 Dilute phase pneumatic conveying system design (method 1) -- 14.5 Dilute phase pneumatic conveying system design (method 2) -- 14.6 Dilute phase pneumatic conveying system design (method 3) -- 14.7 Dense phase pneumatic conveying system design -- 14.8 Test yourself—dilute phase calculations -- 14.9 Gas—solid flow examples -- 14.10 Conclusions -- References.

Abstract: When the four of us decided to collaborate to write this book on pneumatic conveying, there were two aspects which were of some concern. Firstly, how could four people, who live on four different continents, write a book on a fairly complex subject with such wide lines of communications? Secondly, there was the problem that two of the authors are chemical engineers. It has been noted that the majority of chemical engineers who work in the field of pneumatic conveying research have spent most of their time considering flow in vertical pipes. As such, there was some concern that the book might be biased towards vertical pneumatic conveying and that the horizontal aspects (which are clearly the most difficult!) would be somewhat neglected. We hope that you, as the reader, are going to be satisfied with the fact that you have a truly international dissertation on pneumatic conveying and, also, that there is an even spread between the theoretical and practical aspects of pneumatic conveying technology.

Abstract: 1. Agar -- 2. Alginates -- 3. Carrageenans -- 4. Casein -- 5. Egg Protein Gels -- 6. Gellan Gum -- 7. Gelatine -- 8. Mixed Polymer Gels -- 9. Muscle Proteins -- 10. Pectin -- 11. Whey Proteins.

Abstract: The food technologist who wishes to produce a gelled product is faced with two basic options for achieving the desired effect; whether to use a protein or a polysaccharide. Although a gel can be formed by either a protein or a polysaccharide, the resultant gels have different characteristics: • Polysaccharide gels are characterised by their fine texture and transparency which is achieved at a low polymer concentration. They can be formed by heating and cooling, pH adjustment or specific ion addition . • Protein gels are characterised by a higher polymer concentration (5-10%) and are formed almost exclusively by heat denaturation. Before reaching a final decision, the technologist must take a number of factors into consideration. The purpose of this book is to help the technologist in his choice by providing fundamental practical information, in one book, on the properties of gels (and factors which influence them) for both types of biopolymer. To help the reader, each chapter is (wherever possible) organised in the same way so that, for example, information on structure will always be available in section 2. The examples in the Applications section of each chapter are not meant to be exhaustive, but to illustrate the various ways in which the particular polymer can be used to form a gelled product.