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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (37)
  • 1990-1994  (37)
  • 1945-1949
  • Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston  (37)
  • Science (General)  (37)
Datasource
  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (37)
  • BSZ  (3)
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Language
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Year
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781468494273
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 665 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781461598404
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 297 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9781475713794
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 288 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Brain Dynamics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Introductory Remarks -- 0 What is a Generator Like? -- I. Overview -- 1 DC Potentials of the Brain -- 2 Activity of Single Neurons and Their Relationship to Normal EEG Waves and Interictal Epilepsy Potentials in Humans -- II. Psychophysiology -- 3 Determinants of CNV Amplitude -- 4 Changes of Slow Brain Potential Shifts Following Failure -- 5 Association Cortex Contributions to the Human P3 -- 6 Interactions between the DC Potential of the Brain and Slow Potential Shifts under Mental Load -- 7 The “Oddball CNV” as Indicator of Information Processing in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Panic Disorders -- 8 Lateralization of Slow Brain Potentials and Preparatory Processes -- III. Neurophysiology -- 9 The Genesis of Cortical Event-Related Potentials: Excitatory and Inhibitory Contributions -- 10 Prolonged Unstable Depression: A Modified Manifestation of Spreading Depression in Rat Hippocampus -- 11 Modulation of Glutamate Responses by Noradrenaline and GABA in Neo- and Archicortical Structures -- 12 Extracellular Changes of Aspartate, Glutamate, and Taurine in Relation to DC Changes during Complete Cerebral Ischemia and Cortical Spreading Depression -- 13 Evoked Field Potentials—Beyond Correlates of Behavior: An Approach to Determining the Neural Mechanism of Behavior -- IV. Glia and Microenvironment -- 14 Cortical Slow Potentials, Depolarization of Glial Cells, and Extracellular Potassium Concentration -- 15 Voltage- and Ligand-Gated Membrane Currents of Identified Glial Cells in the Hippocampal Slice -- 16 Contributions of Extracellular Potassium Increases to Transient Field Potentials (Review of Data) -- 17 Cornea-Negative and Cornea-Positive Slow Components of the ERG and Light-induced Extracellular Potassium Changes -- V. Biomagnetism -- 18 Magnetoencephalographic Signals and Their Registration -- 19 Neuromagnetism and Source Location -- 20 Measurement of Neuromagnetic Signals -- 21 Extracranial Slow Magnetic Field Changes during Epileptic Activity -- VI. Motor Control -- 22 DC Shifts and Event-related Potentials Associated with Workload in a Dual Task Situation -- 23 Frontomesial Activation during Spatial Bilateral Coordination: Tentative Conclusions on SMA Function -- 24 Phasic and Tonic Changes of the Mean Alpha Frequency (MAF) of the EEG during Motor Performance -- 25 Changes of CNS Activation Patterns during Motor Imagination.
    Abstract: DC-potential changes, comprising fast fluctuations and slow shifts, rep­ resent objective concomitants of neuronal processes in the brain. They can be recorded not only in animals, but also in humans under various conditions. As far as slow brain potentials are concerned, exciting results have been detected with respect to their correlation to psychophysiolog­ ical events. Although a large amount of data has been accumulated by psychophysiologists, neurophysiologists, and other scientists involved, the neurophysiological basis of these field potentials is still not clear, and remains controversial. Scientists from European countries participated in an interdisciplinary symposium in the summer of 1990, July 2 to 6, at the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena, which covered the field of slow brain potentials from the psychophysiological to the cellular level, including glial cells and microenvironment. From this conference the idea derived to present an up-to-date overview on important aspects of the field concerned. The Introductory Remarks are given to elucidate what is thought to be a "generator" of slow potentials of the brain. The large number of sources, implications of the "inverse problem" to analyze field potentials are taken into account.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9781468468083
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Nuclear Imaging in Drug Development—Introduction -- 2. Nuclear Medicine Physics, Instrumentation, and Data Processing in Pharmaceutical Research -- 3. Accelerators for Positron Emission Tomography -- 4. Chemistry of Tracers for Positron Emission Tomography -- 5. Single Photon, Gamma Emitting Radiotracers for Use in Imaging -- 6. The Design of Site-Directed Radiopharmaceuticals for Use in Drug Discovery -- 7. Applications of Autoradiography to Drug Discovery -- 8. Quantitative Whole Body Autoradiographic Microimaging for Pharmaceutical Research -- 9. Cerebral Metabolic Rates of 2-[18F]Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose in the Presence of Ofloxacin A GABAA Receptor Antagonist -- 10. Positron Emission Tomography, Enzymes and Drug Research and Development -- 11. The Role of Positron Emission Tomography in Assessing and Monitoring Dopamine Active Drugs -- 12. Iodinated Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor Imaging Agents for SPECT -- 13. Radiolabeled Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Somatostatin for In Vivo Imaging of Receptors -- 14. Use of Radionuclides in Experimental Vascular Thrombosis -- 15. Application of Nuclear Imaging to Drug Delivery Evaluation and Development: A Review of Radiolabeled, Injectable, Colloidal Systems of Delivery -- 16. The Gastrointestinal Transit and Systemic Absorption of Diltiazem HCL from a Modified Release Dosage Form -- 17. The Potential Uses of Radiopharmaceuticals in the Pharmaceutical Industry.
    Abstract: It is the purpose and business of the pharmaceutical industry to dis­ cover, develop, and make available drugs for the care of the sick. The purpose of universities and national laboratories is to provide people and scientific knowledge that can help in the process. This book presents the combined efforts of scientists from the drug in­ dustry, academic laboratories and national laboratories to describe advances in radiotracer technology in studies on experimental ani­ mals and living human beings. The authors believe that the technol­ ogy is now ready for widespread application in the pharmaceutical industry. The goal of this book is to help bring this about. The field of Nuclear Medicine is based on the concept that, if treatment of disease is chemical, the patient's diagnosis should be chemical. Anatomy and histopathology have been the principle ba­ sis for making a diagnosis. Histopathologic data suffer from being descriptive, subjective, not quantifiable, and based on the study of dead tissue. The era of histopathology as the dominant concept in medical practice is coming to an end. Histopathologic findings are often heterogeneous and a single biopsy will at times not reveal the true nature of the disease, such as the grading of malignancy. Far greater accuracy of staging of disease and in the planning of treat­ ment is possible through chemistry, as well as by making possible a more suitable selection of a histological biopsy site.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Nuclear Imaging in Drug Development-Introduction2. Nuclear Medicine Physics, Instrumentation, and Data Processing in Pharmaceutical Research -- 3. Accelerators for Positron Emission Tomography -- 4. Chemistry of Tracers for Positron Emission Tomography -- 5. Single Photon, Gamma Emitting Radiotracers for Use in Imaging -- 6. The Design of Site-Directed Radiopharmaceuticals for Use in Drug Discovery -- 7. Applications of Autoradiography to Drug Discovery -- 8. Quantitative Whole Body Autoradiographic Microimaging for Pharmaceutical Research -- 9. Cerebral Metabolic Rates of 2-[18F]Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose in the Presence of Ofloxacin A GABAA Receptor Antagonist -- 10. Positron Emission Tomography, Enzymes and Drug Research and Development -- 11. The Role of Positron Emission Tomography in Assessing and Monitoring Dopamine Active Drugs -- 12. Iodinated Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor Imaging Agents for SPECT -- 13. Radiolabeled Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Somatostatin for In Vivo Imaging of Receptors -- 14. Use of Radionuclides in Experimental Vascular Thrombosis -- 15. Application of Nuclear Imaging to Drug Delivery Evaluation and Development: A Review of Radiolabeled, Injectable, Colloidal Systems of Delivery -- 16. The Gastrointestinal Transit and Systemic Absorption of Diltiazem HCL from a Modified Release Dosage Form -- 17. The Potential Uses of Radiopharmaceuticals in the Pharmaceutical Industry.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967077
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 260 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9781489967046
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 639 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9781489967183
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 240 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781461203414
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 355 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Brain Dynamics
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9781468468144
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: Section I: Introduction and OverviewI Introductory Remarks -- 2 T-Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity: A Historical Note -- 3 Overview of CTL-Target Adhesion and Other Critical Events in the Cytotoxic Mechanism -- Section II: Target Cell Recognition -- 4 ?? T-Cell Receptor Repertoires Among Cytotoxic and Helper T Lymphocytes -- 5 Class I MHC/Peptide/?2-Microglobulin Interactions: The Basis of Cytotoxic T-Cell Recognition -- 6 The Role of CD8-Class I Interactions in CTL Function -- 7 Interactions Between CD2 and T-Cell Receptor Isoforms in CTL Function -- 8 Triggering Structures on NK Cells -- 9 Targeted Cellular Cytotoxicity -- Section III: Generation of Cytotoxic Cells -- 10 Immunobiology and Molecular Characteristics of Peritoneal Exudate Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (PEL), Their In Vivo IL-2 Dependent Blasts and IL-2 Independent Cytolytic Hybridomas -- 11 Regulatory Effects of Cytokines on the Generation of CTL and LAK Cells -- 12 IL-2-Independent Activation of LAK Cells by a Heterodimeric Cytokine, Interleukin-12 -- 13 Immunobiology of ?2-Microglobulin-Deficient Mice -- Section IV: Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Cytotoxicity -- 14 The Granule Exocytosis Model for Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity and Its Relevance to Target Cell DNA Breakdown -- 15 Subpopulations of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes with Different Cytotoxic Mechanisms -- 16 Multiple Lytic Pathways in Cytototoxic T Lymphocytes -- 17 Properties of Cytotoxicity Mediated by CD4+, Perforin-Negative T-Lymphocyte Clones -- 18 Direct Contact of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Receptors with Target Cell Membrane Determinants Induces a Prelytic Rise of [Ca2+]1 in the Target That Triggers Disintegration -- 19 Target Cell Events Initiated by T-Cell Attack -- 20 Apoptosis and Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes -- 21 Molecular Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity -- Section V: Granule Proteases -- 22 Subtractive and Differential Molecular Biology Approaches to Molecules Preferentially Expressed in Cytotoxic and Other T Cells -- 23 Structure and Possible Functions of Lymphocyte Granzymes -- 24 The Role of Granzyme A in Cytotoxic Lymphocyte-Mediated Lysis -- 25 The Granzyme A Gene: A Marker for Cytolytic Lymphocytes In Vivo -- 26 Molecular Analysis and Possible Pleiotropic Function(s) of the T Cell-Specific Serine Proteinase-1 (TSP-1) -- 27 Serine Protease Control of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis -- Section VI: Alternative Mechanisms of Cytolysis -- 28 Possible Role of Extracellular ATP in Cell-Cell Interactions Leading to CTL-Mediated Cytotoxicity -- 29 Cell-Permeabilizing Properties of Extracellular ATP in Relation to Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity -- 30 The Role of Free Fatty Acids in CTL-Target Cell Interactions -- Section VII: Biochemical and Immunopharmacological Manipulations of Cytotoxic Cells -- 31 Identification of Protein Kinases and Protein Phosphatases Involved in CTL Effector Functions. “ON” and “OFF” Signaling and Immunopharmacological Implications -- 32 Cytolytic Granules as Targets for Immunosuppressive Therapy: Selective Ablation of CTL by Leucyl-Leucine Methyl Ester -- Section VIII: Functions of Cytotoxic Cells in Vivo -- 33 Role of CD8+?? T Cells in Respiratory Infections Caused by Sendai Virus and Influenza Virus -- 34 CD4+ and CD8+ Cytolytic T Lymphocyte Recognition of Viral Antigens -- 35 Can CTL Control Virus Infections Without Cytolysis? The Prelytic Halt Hypothesis -- 36 Immunologic Control of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection by CD8+ Lymphocytes: A Model for Class I MHC- Restricted Recognition of Intracellular Parasites -- 37 Antigen-Specific Suppression of Antibody Responses by Class II MHC-Restricted CTL -- 38 The Immunosenescence of Cytolytic T Lymphocytes (CTL): Reduction of Pore-Forming Protein and Granzymc Levels -- 39 Bone Marrow Graft Rejection as a Function of TNK Cells -- 40 Class I MHC Antigens and the Control of Virus Infections by NK Cells -- 41 Clinical Trials of Immunotherapy of Cancer Utilizing Cytotoxic Cells -- Section IX: Macrophage-Mediated Cytotoxicity -- 42 Macrophage-Mediated Cytotoxicity -- Section X: Methods -- 43 The 51Cr-Release Assay for CTL-Mediated Target Cell Lysis -- 44 DNA Fragmentation and Cytolysis Assayed by 3H-Thymidine -- 45 The JAM Test: An Assay of Cell Death -- 46 Target Cell Detachment Assay -- 47 Protocol for Assaying CTL Activity Against Toxoplasma gondii -- 48 Granule Exocytosis Assay of CTL Activation -- 49 Measurement of Cytolysin Hemolytic Activity -- 50 SPDP Crosslinking of Antibodies to Form Heteroconjugates Mediating Redirected Cytotoxicity -- 51 Derivatization of Cells with Antibody -- 52 Mixed Lymphocyte Culture for the Generation of Allospecific CTL -- 53 Generation of CD4+ and CD8+ Antiinfluenza CTL and Assay of In Vitro Cytotoxicity -- 54 Generation of Antigen-Specific M urine CTL Under Weakly Immunogenic Conditions -- 55 Commercial Liposomes and Electroporation Can Deliver Soluble Antigen for Class I Presentation in CTL Generation -- 56 Stimulation of CTLs on Antibody-Coated Plates -- 57 CTL Recognition of Purified MHC Antigens and Other Cell Surface Ligands -- 58 Use of Protease Inhibitors as Probes for Biological Functions: Conditions, Controls, and Caveats -- 59 The Murine T Cell-Specific Serine Proteinase-1: Cleavage Activity on Synthetic and Natural Substrates -- 60 Detection of Specific mRNAs by In Situ Hybridization.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781461581864
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Tissue Engineering, An OverviewI Matrix Molecules and Their Ligands -- 2 Role of Non-Fibrillar Collagens in Matrix Assemblies -- 3 Elastic Fiber Organization -- II USE of Cultured Cells and the Potential of Stem Cells for Tissue Restoration -- 4 Myoblast Mediated Gene Therapy -- 5 Implantation of Cultured Schwann Cells to Foster Repair in Injured Mammalian Spinal Cord -- 6 Progenitor Cells in Embryonic and Post-Natal Rat Livers, Their Growth and Differentiation Potential -- III Co-Cultures and Other in Vitro Systems for Promoting Differentiation and Tissue Formation -- 7 Extracellular Matrix, Cellular Mechanics, and Tissue Engineering -- 8 Modulation of Cardiac Growth by Sympathetic Innervation: Differential Response Between Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats -- 9 Liver Support Through Hepatic Tissue Engineering -- IV Physical Forces as Requirements for Gene Expression, Growth, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation -- 10 Evidence for the Role of Physical Forces in Growth, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation -- 11 Physical Stress as a Factor in Tissue Growth and Remodeling -- 12 Mechanical Stress Effects on Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth -- 13 Deformation of Chondrocytes Within the Extracellular Matrix of Articular Cartilage -- 14 Mechanical Stretch Rapidly Activates Multiple Signaling Pathways in Cardiac Myocytes -- 15 Shear Stress-Induced Gene Expression in Human Endothelial Cells -- V Materials for Tissue Remodeling in Vivo and in Vitro -- 16 Tissue Engineering of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle for Correction of Congenital and Genetic Abnormalities and Reconstruction Following Physical Damage -- 17 Small Intestinal Submucosa (SIS): A Biomaterial Conducive to Smart Tissue Remodeling -- 18 Matrix Engineering: Remodeling of Dense Fibrillar Collagen Vascular Grafts In Vivo -- 19 Bioelastic Materials as Matrices for Tissue Reconstruction -- VI Approaches to Allografting Engineered Cells and Tissues -- 20 Induction of Immunological Unresponsiveness in the Adult Animal -- 21 “Neutral Allografts” Cultured Allogenic Cells as Building Blocks of Engineered Organs Transplanted Across MHC Barriers.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781468467727
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 326 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Applications of Molecular Genetics to Pharmacology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Rhodopsin -- 2. Structural, Functional, and Genetic Aspects of Receptors Coupled to G-Proteins -- 3. Genetic Analysis of the ?-Adrenergic Receptor -- 4. The ?-Adrenergic Receptors: New Subtypes, Pharmacology, and Coupling Mechanisms -- 5. The 5-HT1A Receptor: From Molecular Characteristics to Clinical Correlates -- 6. The Dopamine D1 Receptors -- 7. The Dopamine D2 Receptor -- 8. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors -- 9. Molecular Biology of Peptide and Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors -- 10. Signal Transducing G-Proteins: ? Subunits -- 11. Immunological Probes of the Structure, Function, and Expression of Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins.
    Abstract: LESLIE L. IVERSEN The present series of volumes is well timed, as the impact of molecular genetics on pharmacology has been profound, and a comprehensive review of the rapid advances of the past decade is much needed. Since the pioneering work of Dale, Ariens, and others in the early years of this century, much of pharmacology has been founded on the concept of receptors. To begin with, the receptor was conceived of as a "black box," which recognized and transduced the biological effects of neurotransmit­ ters, hormones, or other biological messengers-and which could also represent a target for man-made drugs. It is only in the last two decades that "molecular pharmacology" has blossomed, first with the advent of radioligand binding techniques and second messenger studies which greatly facilitated the biochemical study of drug-receptor interactions, and latterly with increasing knowledge of the molecular architecture of the receptor proteins themselves. This started with the traditional biochemical approach of isolating and purifying the receptor molecules. This proved to be a task of immense technical difficulty because of the low density of receptors in most biological source tissues, although there were some notable successes, e. g. , the purification of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from the electric organ of Torpedo. It was the ap­ plication of molecular genetics technology during the 1980s, however, which really accelerated progress in this field.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9781489967541
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 158 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Supplement Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967268
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 285 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967329
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 304 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Science.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781468467963
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 359 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Advances in Neuroprotection 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Preclinical Ischemia Model Systems -- 1. Primary Cultures for Testing Neuroprotective Drugs -- 2. Modeling Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection in Hippocampal Slices -- 3. Stroke Models for Preclinical Trials of Neuroprotective Agents -- 4. Animal Models of Ischemia -- 5. Head Trauma Model Systems -- 2. Neuroprotective Approaches in Stroke and Head Trauma -- 6. Excitotoxicity, Cerebral Ischemia, and Neuroprotection by Competitive NMDA Receptor Antagonists -- 7. Excitatory Amino Acids and Neuroprotection -- 8. Calcium Channel Blockers and Neuroprotection -- 9. Self-Defense of the Brain: Adenosinergic Strategies in Neurodegeneration -- 10. Gangliosides: New Generation of Neuroprotective Agents -- 11. Lazaroids: Novel Cerebroprotective Antioxidants -- 12. Membrane-Derived Lipid Second Messengers as Targets for Neuroprotection: Platelet-Activating Factor -- 13. Protection Against Oxidative Damage to CNS by ?-Phenyl-tert-butyl Nitrone and Other Spin-Trapping Agents: A Novel Series of Nonlipid Free Radical Scavengers -- 14. Insulin, Hypoglycemia, and Ischemic Neuroprotection -- 15. Temperature Modulation of Neuronal Injury -- 3. Clinical Endpoints for Neuroprotective Drugs -- 16. Clinical Trial Issues in Stroke Therapy -- 17. Excitotoxicity and Neurodegenerative Disorders.
    Abstract: SOLOMON H. SNYDER Receptor Research Reaches Neurology: Relevance to Neurodegenerative Diseases and Stroke President George Bush has heralded the 1990s as the decade of the brain, based largely on the rapid escalation of advances in the molecular neuro­ sciences and the likelihood that these will bear therapeutic fruit before the turn of the century. There is little doubt that the 1970s and 1980s have witnessed more remarkable advances in the molecular neurosciences than all of the preceding hundred years. Identification of receptor sites for drugs and neurotransmitters along with simple, sensitive, and specific means of monitoring them has made it possible to elucidate the mechanism of action for many known drugs and to identify new chemical entities as potential therapeutic agents. At the same time, the numbers of distinct neurotrans­ mitters have multiplied. Prior to 1970 only the biogenic amines were well accepted as transmitters. The early 1970s witnessed the gradual acceptance of amino acids as major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Identification of opiate receptors and the subsequent identification of the enkephalins as their endogenous ligands led to an appreciation of peptides as putative transmitters and the accumulation of as many as a hundred neuropeptides by the decade's end. In the 1980s the revolutions of molecular biology have been applied aggressively to the neurosciences with molecular cloning for neuropeptide precursors, many important neurochemical en­ zymes, and receptors for numerous transmitters.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9781475722109
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 280 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: J ÜRGEN AscHOFF "Very bad habit! Very bad habit!" Captain Giles to Joseph Conrad who had taken a siesta. -Conrad: The Shadow Line On the Multiplicity of Rest-Activity Cycles: Some Historical and Conceptual Notes According to its title this book tries to answer the profound question of why we nap-and why Captain Giles was wrong in blaming Conrad for having napped. However, in this volume the term nap is not used in the narrower sense of an afternoon siesta; instead, emphasis is placed on the recurrent alternation between states of alertness and drowsiness, i. e. , on rest-activity cycles of high er frequency throughout the 24 hr. In view of this focus, two authors (Stampi, in Chapter I, and Ball, in Chapter 3) rightly refer to the psychologist Szymanski who was among the first to describe "polyphasic" activity patterns. Hence, I consider it appropriate to open this foreword with a few historical remarks. At the time when Szymanski (1920) made the distinction between "monophasic" and "polyphasic" rest-activity patterns and sleep-wake cy­ cles, respectively, not much was known about the mechanisms of such temporal structures. Although the botanists quite some time ago had demonstrated the endogenous nature of the "monophasic" sleep movements in plants, the hypothesis of an (still unknown) external driving force was favored by those who studied rhythms in animals and humans (Aschoff, 1990).
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9781468468052
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I. Neurodevelopment -- Developmental Reorganization of the Human Association Cortex during Perinatal and Postnatal Life -- Prenatal Monoaminergic Innervation of the Cerebral Cortex: Differences between Rodents and Primates -- Ontogenetic Development and Decline of Memory Functions in Nonhuman Primates -- Anoxia and Memory Processes -- Brain before Cognition: EEG Maturation in Preterm Infants -- Mechanisms of Asymmetrical Development of the Human CNS -- Neuroanatomical Bases of Hemispheric Functional Specialization in the Human Brain: Developmental Factors -- II Neuroscience -- Development and Aging in Down’s Syndrome -- Alzheimer’s Disease and the Cerebral Amyloidoses -- Evolution of Cholinergic Cortical Innervation after nbM-Lesioning (An Experimental Alzheimer Model) -- Neurodegenerative Changes in Aging and Dementia: A Comparison of Alzheimer and Lewy Body Type Pathology -- Cortical Morphological Changes in Dementia -- Neuroendocrine Changes in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease -- III. Cognitive Science -- Developing a Memory “Thermometer”: A Theoretical Framework and Initial Results -- Biological Bases of Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Aphasia) -- Brain/Cognition Relationships: Interpreting the Effects of Focal Brain Damage -- A Spreading Activation Model of Age-related Deficits in Cognition -- Memory Changes in Aging -- IV. Clinical Applications -- CT, MRI, and PET Studies of Hippocampal Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease -- Is Alzheimer’s Dementia a Treatable Disease? -- Dementia of the Alzheimer Type Recapitulates Ontogeny Inversely on Specific Ordinal and Temporal Parameters -- Psychopharmacological Aspects of Antidementia Agents -- Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer’s Dementia: A Review.
    Abstract: It was Oscar Wilde who defined the tragedy of old age by saying that " . . . as soon as you are old enough to know better, you don't know anything at all. " As improvements in the quality of health care bring about longer life, our attention has turned from the prolonging of life to the maintenance of involvement in life. In developed nations, a full 100% increase in the ranks of the elderly has appeared and with the benefits of this prolongation have come new and greater needs of the elderly cohort. Our interest is in those processes that may lead to dementia among the elderly, for in dementia we see a thief that robs victims of their memories and their place in life. This text was conceived and developed from an international con­ ference on neurodevelopment, aging, and cognition; the purpose of this few days a group of experts in these conference was to bring together for a fields from around the world to generate a dialog on common themes and unresolved problems. Our hope was that by keeping the meeting small and informal, we could break through barriers of terminology unique to the areas of developmental neurobiology, neuroscience, cognitive sci­ ence, and clinical medicine, and have a meaningful discussion on pro­ cesses that affect the biological integrity and cognitive performance of the aging nervous system.
    Description / Table of Contents: I. NeurodevelopmentDevelopmental Reorganization of the Human Association Cortex during Perinatal and Postnatal Life -- Prenatal Monoaminergic Innervation of the Cerebral Cortex: Differences between Rodents and Primates -- Ontogenetic Development and Decline of Memory Functions in Nonhuman Primates -- Anoxia and Memory Processes -- Brain before Cognition: EEG Maturation in Preterm Infants -- Mechanisms of Asymmetrical Development of the Human CNS -- Neuroanatomical Bases of Hemispheric Functional Specialization in the Human Brain: Developmental Factors -- II Neuroscience -- Development and Aging in Down’s Syndrome -- Alzheimer’s Disease and the Cerebral Amyloidoses -- Evolution of Cholinergic Cortical Innervation after nbM-Lesioning (An Experimental Alzheimer Model) -- Neurodegenerative Changes in Aging and Dementia: A Comparison of Alzheimer and Lewy Body Type Pathology -- Cortical Morphological Changes in Dementia -- Neuroendocrine Changes in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease -- III. Cognitive Science -- Developing a Memory “Thermometer”: A Theoretical Framework and Initial Results -- Biological Bases of Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Aphasia) -- Brain/Cognition Relationships: Interpreting the Effects of Focal Brain Damage -- A Spreading Activation Model of Age-related Deficits in Cognition -- Memory Changes in Aging -- IV. Clinical Applications -- CT, MRI, and PET Studies of Hippocampal Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease -- Is Alzheimer’s Dementia a Treatable Disease? -- Dementia of the Alzheimer Type Recapitulates Ontogeny Inversely on Specific Ordinal and Temporal Parameters -- Psychopharmacological Aspects of Antidementia Agents -- Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer’s Dementia: A Review.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967299
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 201 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781475712810
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 483 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Brain Dynamics
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9781461203797
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 438 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Aerospace engineering. ; Astronautics. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Aerothermodynamic Phenomena and the Design of Atmospheric Hypersonic Airplanes -- Concepts of Hypersonic Aircraft -- Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Testing -- Wind-Tunnel Based Definition of the AFE Aerothermodynamic Environment -- High-Enthalpy Testing in Hypersonic Shock Tunnels -- Low Density Facilities -- Hypersonic Boundary-Layer Transition -- Some Viscous Interactions Affecting the Design of Hypersonic Intakes and Nozzles -- Permissions.
    Abstract: These three volumes entitled Advances in Hypersonics contain the Proceedings of the Second and Third Joint US/Europe Short Course in Hypersonics which took place in Colorado Springs and Aachen. The Second Course was organized at the US Air Force Academy, USA in January 1989 and the Third Course at Aachen, Germany in October 1990. The main idea of these Courses was to present to chemists, com­ puter scientists, engineers, experimentalists, mathematicians, and physicists state of the art lectures in scientific and technical dis­ ciplines including mathematical modeling, computational methods, and experimental measurements necessary to define the aerothermo­ dynamic environments for space vehicles such as the US Orbiter or the European Hermes flying at hypersonic speeds. The subjects can be grouped into the following areas: Phys­ ical environments, configuration requirements, propulsion systems (including airbreathing systems), experimental methods for external and internal flow, theoretical and numerical methods. Since hyper­ sonic flight requires highly integrated systems, the Short Courses not only aimed to give in-depth analysis of hypersonic research and technology but also tried to broaden the view of attendees to give them the ability to understand the complex problem of hypersonic flight. Most of the participants in the Short Courses prepared a docu­ ment based on their presentation for reproduction in the three vol­ umes. Some authors spent considerable time and energy going well beyond their oral presentation to provide a quality assessment of the state of the art in their area of expertise as of 1989 and 1991.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9781461203759
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 427 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Aerospace engineering. ; Astronautics. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Approximate Two Layer (Inviscid/Viscous) Methods to Model Aerothermodynamic Environments -- Second-Order Effects in Hypersonic Boundary Layers -- Unstructured-Grid Algorithms for High-Speed CFD Analysis -- Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Hypersonic Viscous Flows -- Numerical Simulation of Entry Flow over Blunt Swept-Wing Planes -- Viscous Nonequilibrium Flow Calculations -- The Finite Pointset Method for Hypersonic Flows in the Rarefied Gas Regime -- Computation of Flowfields for Hypersonic Flight at High Altitudes.
    Abstract: These three volumes entitled Advances in Hypersonics contain the Proceedings of the Second and Third Joint US/Europe Short Course in Hypersonics which took place in Colorado Springs and Aachen. The Second Course was organized at the US Air Force Academy, USA in January 1989 and the Third Course at Aachen, Germany in October 1990. The main idea of these Courses was to present to chemists, com­ puter scientists, engineers, experimentalists, mathematicians, and physicists state of the art lectures in scientific and technical dis­ ciplines including mathematical modeling, computational methods, and experimental measurements necessary to define the aerothermo­ dynamic environments for space vehicles such as the US Orbiter or the European Hermes flying at hypersonic speeds. The subjects can be grouped into the following areas: Phys­ ical environments, configuration requirements, propulsion systems (including airbreathing systems), experimental methods for external and internal flow, theoretical and numerical methods. Since hyper­ sonic flight requires highly integrated systems, the Short Courses not only aimed to give in-depth analysis of hypersonic research and technology but also tried to broaden the view of attendees to give them the ability to understand the complex problem of hypersonic flight. Most of the participants in the Short Courses prepared a docu­ ment based on their presentation for reproduction in the three vol­ umes. Some authors spent considerable time and energy going well beyond their oral presentation to provide a quality assessment of the state of the art in their area of expertise as of 1989 and 1991.
    Description / Table of Contents: Approximate Two Layer (Inviscid/Viscous) Methods to Model Aerothermodynamic EnvironmentsSecond-Order Effects in Hypersonic Boundary Layers -- Unstructured-Grid Algorithms for High-Speed CFD Analysis -- Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Hypersonic Viscous Flows -- Numerical Simulation of Entry Flow over Blunt Swept-Wing Planes -- Viscous Nonequilibrium Flow Calculations -- The Finite Pointset Method for Hypersonic Flows in the Rarefied Gas Regime -- Computation of Flowfields for Hypersonic Flight at High Altitudes.
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9781461598435
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Interactions among Neurotransmitters: Their Importance to the “Integrated Organism”2 The Cholinergic Basal Forebrain and its Telencephalic Targets: Interrelations and Implications for Cognitive Function -- 3 Synaptic Organization of Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Projection Neurons -- 4 Functional Pharmacology of Basal Forebrain Dopamine -- 5 Cholinergic/Noradrenergic Interactions and Memory -- 6 The Role of the Noradrenergic System in Higher Cerebral Functions-Experimental Studies About the Effects of Noradrenergic Modulation on Electrophysiology and Behavior -- 7 Septal Noradrenergic and Glutamatergic Influences on Hippocampal Cholinergic Activity in Relation to Spatial Learning and Memory in Mice -- 8 Neurotransmitter Interactions and Responsivity to Cholinomimetic Agents -- 9 The Importance of D1 and D2 Interactions with Nicotinic and Muscarinic Systems for Working Memory Function -- 10 Neurotransmitter Systems in Hippocampus and Prelimbic Cortex, Dopamine-Acetylcholine Interactions in Hippocampus, and Memory in the Rat -- 11 Nicotinic-Muscarinic Interactions in Cognitive Function -- 12 The Influence of Neurotensin upon Cholinergic Function -- 13 Serotonin Influences on Cholinergic Function: Possible Interactions in Learning and Memory -- 14 The Contribution of the Serotonergic Innervation of the Hippocampus to the Effects of Combined Cholinergic/Serotonergic Deficits -- 15 Overlapping Neural Substrates Underlying Defense Reactions, Aversive Memory, and Convulsive Behavior -- 16 Potentiation of the Effects of Antimuscarinic Drugs on Behavior by Serotonin Depletion: Specificity and Relation to Learning and Memory -- 17 Interactions of Neurotransmitters and Neuroanatomy: It’s Not What You Do, It’s the Place that You Do It -- 18 Intraseptal GABAergic Infusions Disrupt Memory in the Rat: Method and Mechanisms -- 19 Working Memory and Cholinergic Autoregulation in the Medial Septal Area -- 20 Modulation of Memory by Benzodiazepine-Acetylcholine Interactions -- 21 Cognition Enhancement Based on GABA-Cholinergic Interactions -- 22 Transmitter Interactions and Cognitive Function: Appreciation of the Concert.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9781468491845
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Role of Vasopressin in Central Cardiovascular Regulation2 Central Neural Mechanisms in the Cardiovascular Response to Exercise -- 3 Hypothalamic Mechanisms and the Cardiovascular Response to Stress -- 4 Circumventricular Organs and Cardiovascular Homeostasis -- 5 Centrally Mediated Cardiovascular Effects of Taurine -- 6 Central Catecholamines and the Control of Sympathetic Tone -- 7 Role of Excitatory Amino Acids and Their Receptors in Bulbospinal Control of Cardiovascular Function -- 8 Respiratory-Sympathetic Integration in the Medulla Oblongata -- 9 Tachykinins, Tachykinin Receptors, and the Central Control of the Cardiovascular System -- 10 Natriuretic Peptide System in the Brain and Its Implication in Central Cardiovascular Regulation -- 11 Central Neural Mechanisms in the Cardiovascular Effects of Ethanol -- 12 Interactions Between Cardiovascular and Pain Regulatory Systems -- 13 Brain Stem GABA Pathways and the Regulation of Baroreflex Activity -- 14 GABAB Receptors in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius in Cardiovascular Regulation -- 15 Baroreflexes in Hypertension.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9781461598374
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: Experimental Approaches to the Study of Charge and Energy Transfer in Biomolecular and Intact Cellular SystemsFresh Approaches and New Surprises with Iron-Sulfer Clusters -- Electrochemical Control of Protein Interactions with Solid Surfaces -- The Direct Electron Transfer Reactions of Cytochrome Oxidase Immobilized into a Membrane Modified Electrode -- Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Studies of the Electron Transfer Reactions of Hemoglobin -- The Effect of Adsorbed Iodine on the Electrical Conductivity of Phospholipid Films -- The Molecular Electrostatics of Glycosphingolipids in Oriented Interfaces -- Direct Energetic Interaction of Ion Transport Systems in Bacterial Membrane -- Ion and Electron Transport Properties of Biological and Artificial Membranes -- Electronic Behavior Differences in Muscle Membranes -- The Homeostatic Effect of Electronically Non-Compensated Hydroxyl (OH?), (Negative Hydroairions) on Phosphorylating Respiration in Highly Native Mitochondria -- Selection Rules of Helicity During Discrete Transitions of the Genome Conformational State in Intact and X-rayed Cells of E. Coli in Millimeter Range of Electromagnetic Field -- Visualization of Ionic Channels in a Lipid Membrane by Means of a Scanning Tunnelling Microscope and Future Possibilities for Application -- Study of the Influence of the Side Chain Dipoles of the Conductance of Ion Channels Formed by Gramacidin Analogues -- Idealized Model of Coupled Processes in Mitochondrial Proton Transfer -- Channel Gating by Divalent Cations and Protons -- Charge Transfer Effect on Coelomic Cells in Exalted Bioluminescence of Lampito Mauritii -- Emulsion Bioelectrochemistry: Bacteriorhodopsin Phototransfer of Protons Through the Interface Water/Lipid in Octane -- Effects of Electrochemical Processes and Electromagnetic Fields on Biological Systems -- Cellular Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF) -- Electropermeabilization of Human Cultured Cells Grown in Monolayers II. Control of Cell Proliferation and DNA-Replication -- Extremely Weak AC and DC Magnetic Fields Significantly Affect Myosin Phosphorylation -- The Sensitivity of Cells and Tissues to Weak Electromagnetic Fields -- Successful Gene Transfer in Plants using Electroporation and Electrofusion -- Effects of Ion Resonance Tuned Magnetic Fields on N-18 Murine Neuroblastoma Cells -- Exact Solutions of a Stochastic Model of Electroporation -- Time Course of Electropermeabilization -- Electronic Structure and Magnetic Circular Dichroism Studies of Proton Transfer by Histadine -- Photo-Induced Bioelectrochemical Processes -- Flavin Laser Flash Photolysis Studies of the Electron Transfer Mechanism in Redox Proteins -- Characterization of Charge Separation in Membrane Spinning Protein Reaction Centers of Bacterial Photosynthesis -- The Interaction of the Photoreceptor Cells with the Constant Electrical Field -- Resonance Raman Spectroscopy with Near Ultraviolet Excitation of Peroxidase Intermediates in High Oxidation States -- Photorespiration of the Monolayers of Hydrated Chlorophyll-A Oligomer -- Applications of Bioelectrochemical Technology -- The Coaxial-Pore Mechanism of Cell Membrane Electrofusion: Theory and Experiment -- Effect of Paramagnetic Lanthanide (III) Complexes of a Six-Nitrogen Macrocyclic Ligand on the Aqueous NMR Spectra of Amino Acids -- Model System for the Study of Gonorrhea Created by Cell-Tissue Electrofusion -- NMR Studies of the Interaction of Catechol and Ascorbic Acid with Poly(N-Vinylpyrrolidone) Polymer -- Frequency and Amplitude Dependence on the Effect of a Weak Oscillating Field on Biological Systems -- Large Volume Cell Electropermeabilization and Electrofusion by a Flow Cell Process -- Electric Field Induced Asymmetric Breakdown of Cell Membranes -- Membrane Electroconformational Changes: Progress in Theoretical Modelling of Electroporation and of Protein Protrusion Alteration -- Electrofusion Yield Modified by Membrane-Active Substances.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781461203919
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 355 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Knowledge of and by the Human Brain: Limits and Possibilities1. Neuroethological Perspectives on the Human Brain: From the Expression of Emotions to Intentional Signing and Speech -- 2. Truth in Dreaming -- 3. Cognitive Neuroscience and the Human Self -- 4. Obtaining Knowledge of the Subjective Brain (“Epistemics”) -- 5. Morality and the Limits of Knowledge: A Neuropsychological Meditation -- 2. Values and the Nature of the Neuroscientific Knowledge Game -- 6. What Is the Ethical Context of the Neurosciences? -- 7. The Gendered Brain: Some Historical Perspectives -- 8. Walker Percy: Language, Neuropsychology, and Moral Tradition -- 9. Walker Percy: Neuroscience and the Common Understanding -- 3. Neuroscientific Knowledge and Social Accountability -- 10. Reconstructing the Brain: Justifications and Dilemmas in Fetal Neural Transplant Research -- 11. Therapeutic Exuberance: A Double-Edged Sword -- 12. Brain Research, Animal Awareness, and Human Sensibility: Scientific and Social Dislocations -- 4. Sociohistorical Perspectives on Values and Knowledge in the Brain Sciences -- 13. Securing a Brain: The Contested Meanings of Kuru -- 14. The Skin, the Skull, and the Self: Toward a Sociology of the Brain -- 15. Other “Ways of Knowing”: The Politics of Knowledge in Interwar German Brain Science -- 5. Knowledge and Values across Disciplines: Reconstruction and Analysis of an Interdisciplinary Dialogue -- 16. At the Intersection of Knowledge and Values: Fragments of a Dialogue in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, August 1990 -- 17. “So Human a Brain”: Ethnographic Perspectives on an Interdisciplinary Conference.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781475722079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 210 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. The Corticocortical Relay System -- 2. The Role of Magnocellular Bands in Generalization or Categorization of Sense Data -- 3. The Hippocampus and Long-term Memory -- 4. Fundamental Mechanisms -- 5. Laminar Organization -- 6. Applications of the Model -- 7. Affect-mediated Retrieval and the Vertical Organization of Memory Functions. Vestibular Disorders. Memory in Old Age -- 8. Evolutionary Origins of Vertebrate Memory Organization -- Afterword -- Appendix I -- Appendix II -- Appendix III -- Appendix IV -- References and Notes.
    Abstract: This means that many neuroanatomists may balk at the functional interpretation I have given their sort of data, whereas many neuroscien­ tists in other fields may balk at references to neuroanatomy they cannot confirm from memory and begrudge the time to look up. Members of both groups may consequently decline to read the book on the ground that it is too risky or too difficult to follow, or both. Let me say, in my own defence, that although the argument presented here draws upon data from a number of different fields, they fit together in ways that are often quite striking; that the problem of memory is in itself an important one; and that theory in neuroscience, if it is to fulfill its function of unifying our understanding by way of testable propositions, has got, at some point, to become interdisciplinary. I submit that the present theory meets those requirements and may therefore justify the effort it asks of the reader. To the extent that it passes the critical test of experiment, it will also give research in the fields related to memory a clearer rationale, thereby, perhaps, saving time. Introduction What follows is an outline of the theory of memory functions developed in this monograph. It will not include the supporting data and references used throughout in the text, but will simply present the essentials of the argument.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781468467994
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Circadian Factors in Human Health and Performance
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967411
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 261 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781468467758
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Acknowledgments -- I. Early Papers -- 1. A Theory of Cerebellar Cortex [1969] -- 2. How the Cerebellum May be Used [1970] -- 3. Simple Memory: A Theory for Archicortex [1971] -- 4. A Theory for Cerebral Neocortex [1970] -- 5. The Computation of Lightness by the Primate Retina [1974] -- II. Binocular Depth Perception -- 6. A Note on the Computation of Binocular Disparity in a Symbolic, Low-Level Visual Processor [1974] -- 7. Cooperative Computation of Stereo Disparity [1976] -- 8. Analysis of a Cooperative Stereo Algorithm [1978] -- 9. A Computational Theory of Human Stereo Vision [1979]. -- III. David Marr: A Pioneer in Computational Neuroscience -- IV. Epilogue: Remembering David Marr.
    Description / Table of Contents: AcknowledgmentsI. Early Papers -- 1. A Theory of Cerebellar Cortex [1969] -- 2. How the Cerebellum May be Used [1970] -- 3. Simple Memory: A Theory for Archicortex [1971] -- 4. A Theory for Cerebral Neocortex [1970] -- 5. The Computation of Lightness by the Primate Retina [1974] -- II. Binocular Depth Perception -- 6. A Note on the Computation of Binocular Disparity in a Symbolic, Low-Level Visual Processor [1974] -- 7. Cooperative Computation of Stereo Disparity [1976] -- 8. Analysis of a Cooperative Stereo Algorithm [1978] -- 9. A Computational Theory of Human Stereo Vision [1979]. -- III. David Marr: A Pioneer in Computational Neuroscience -- IV. Epilogue: Remembering David Marr.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9781475713053
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781461598343
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: Section I Ventral Medullary Mechanisms1. Afferent Inputs to Ventrolateral Medulla -- 2. Widespread Autonomic Afferents to the Nucleus Paragigantocellularis of the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla -- 3. Regulation of Autonomic Cardiovascular Function by the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla -- 4. Flexibility of the Map of Brainstem Neurons with Sympathetic Nerve-Related Activity -- 5. Imidazole Receptors and their Endogenous Ligand in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla: Relationship to the Action of Clonidine on Arterial Pressure -- 6. The Role of the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla in the Synchronization of Respiratory and Sympathetic Functions -- Section II Central Neurotransmitter Systems -- 7. Interaction of Angiotensin II with Catecholamines in the Brain -- 8. Actions of Angiotensin II in the Ventrolateral Medulla Oblongata -- 9. Cardiovascular Actions of Angiotensin II in the Ventrolateral Medulla -- 10. Endorphinergic Neurons in the Brainstem: Role in Cardiovascular Regulation -- 11. Endogenous Opioid Peptides, Glucocorticoids, and Shock: Specificity, Site, and Mechanism of Action -- 12. Neuropeptides in Central Baroreceptor Reflex Pathways -- 13. Adenosine in Central Cardiovascular Control -- Section III Control of Sympathetic Tone, Hypertensive Mechanisms -- 14. Spinal Mechanisms in the Sympathetic Control of Cardiac Function -- 15. The Function of Catecholamines in the Control of Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons -- 16. Contribution of Forebrain Structures to the Development of Neurogenic Hypertension -- 17. Mechanisms of Differential Cardiovascular Responsiveness to 2-Deoxyglucose-Induced Central Glycopenia in Conscious Spontaneously Hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto Rats -- 18. High-Renin Renal Hypertension Depresses the Baroreflex Control of Heart Rate and Sympathetic Activity -- 19. Opioidergic-Dopaminergic Interaction in Hypertension.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9781468405569
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 392 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: Current Status of the Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System: A Preview and CommentaryThe Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System: An Evolving Concept in the Neurobiology of the Forebrain -- Behavioral Neuroanatomy of Cholinergic Innervation in the Primate Cerebral Cortex -- Input/Output Relations of the Magnocellular Nuclei of the Basal Forebrain -- Role of the Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System in Cortical Activation and Arousal -- Functional Implications of Tonic and Phasic Activity Changes in Nucleus Basalis Neurons -- Actions of Acetylcholine on Cortical Neurons: Pieces in the Puzzle About Mechanisms Underlying Learning -- Acetylcholine Modulation of Cellular Excitability Via Muscarinic Receptors: Functional Plasticity in Auditory Cortex -- Basal Forebrain, Memory and Attention -- An Analysis of the Basal Forebrain Contribution to Learning and Memory -- Ocular Dominance Plasticity in Kitten Visual Cortex: Integration of Noradrenergic and Cholinergic Regulation -- Cholinergic Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity in Sensory Neocortex -- The Cholinergic Basal Forebrain as a Cognitive Machine.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967435
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 420 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781468492187
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 312 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: The Clonogenic Cells of the Rat Mammary and Thyroid Glands: Their Biology, Frequency of Initiation, and Promotion/Progression to Cancer -- The Somatic Mutational Component of Human Carcinogenesis -- Two-Event Carcinogenesis: Roles of Oncogenes and Antioncogenes -- Genetic Alterations during Carcinogenesis in Rodents: Implications for Cancer Risk Assessment -- Multistage Hepatocarcinogenesis in the Rat as a Basis for Models of Risk Assessment of Carcinogenesis -- Cell Proliferation and Hepatocarcinogenesis -- Cell Growth Dynamics and DNA Alterations in Carcinogenesis -- Two Mutation Model for Carcinogenesis: Relative Roles of Somatic Mutations and Cell Proliferation in Determining Risk -- Cancer Dose-Response Models Incorporating Clonal Expansion -- Transformation and Growth of Lung Adenomas in Mice Exposed to Urethane -- Cancer Modeling with Intermittent Exposures -- Possible Role of Selective Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in Multistage Carcinogenesis -- Interindividual Variation in Human Chemical Carcinogenesis: Implications for Risk Assessment -- Utilizing Biologically Based Models to Estimate Carcinogenic Risk -- Variability of Unit Risk Estimates under Different Statistical Models and between Different Epidemiological Data Sets -- Carcinogenic Drugs: A Model Data-base for Human Risk Quantification -- Afterword: Some Thoughts on What Was Learned and Some Science Policy Issues.
    Abstract: In 1974, the Societal Institute of the Mathematical Sciences (SIMS) initiated.a series of five-day Research Application Conferences (RAC's) at Alta, Utah, for the purpose of probing in depth societal fields in light of their receptivity to mathematical and statistical analysis. The first 10 conferences addressed ecosys­ tems, epidemiology, energy, environmental health, time series and ecological processes, energy and health, energy conversion and fluid mechanics, environ­ mental epidemiology: risk assessment, atomic bomb survivor data: utilization and analysis, and modem statistical methods in chronic disease epidemiology. These Proceedings are a result of the eleventh conference of Scientific Issues in Quantitative Cancer Risk Assessment, which was held in 1989 at Snowbird, Utah. For five days, 45 speakers and observers contributed their expertise in the relevant biology and statistics. The presentations were timely and the discussion was both enlightening and at times spirited. This volume hopefully presents a record that will be useful both now and in the future. Suresh H. Moolgavkar of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (Seattle, WA) and the University of Washington (Seattle) chaired the Conference. The Conference was supported by the following organizations: The Dow Chemical Company Haskell Laboratory, E.1. duPont Health and Welfare Canada International Life Sciences Institute Monsanto Company National Cancer Institute Procter & Gamble Shell Oil Company U. S. Department of Energy U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Food and Drug Administration SIMS is grateful to the above organizations for their support of this Conference. D.L. Thomsen, Jr.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9781468467673
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Historical Introduction -- I Clinical Background -- 2 The Syndromes of Generalized Epilepsy -- 3 Unanswered Clinical Questions in Generalized Epilepsy -- 4 The Relationship Between Sleep Spindles and Spike-and-Wave Bursts in Human Epilepsy -- II Fundamental Cellular and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms -- 5 Membrane Properties of Cat Betz Cells Studied In Vitro -- 6 Changes in Extracellular Ions Associated with Epileptiform Discharges -- 7 Role of Neurotransmitters in the Genesis of Epileptiform Discharges -- 8 Excitant Amino Acids in Epilepsy -- 9 Possible Epileptogenic Consequences of Misused GABAergic Relationships -- 10 Anticonvulsant Effects of Intracortical Chronic Infusion of GABA in Generalized Epilepsy -- 11 In Vitro Electrophysiology of a Genetic Model of Generalized Epilepsy -- III Thalamic and Cortical Mechanisms in Absence Attacks -- 12 Spindling, Incremental Thalamocortical Responses, and Spike-Wave Epilepsy -- 13 Physiology of Thalamic Relay Neurons: Properties of Calcium Currents Involved in Burst-Firing -- 14 Thalamo-Cortical Relationships in Generalized Epilepsy with Bilaterally Synchronous Spike-and-Wave Discharge -- 15 Focal and Generalized Epileptiform Activity in the Cortex: In Search of Differences in Synaptic Mechanisms, Ionic Movements, and Long-Lasting Changes in Neuronal Excitability -- 16 Pharmacology of the Inhibitory Systems in Primary Generalized Epilepsy of “Petit Mal” Type -- 17 Spontaneous Spike-and-Wave Discharges in Wistar Rats: A Model of Genetic Generalized Conconvulsive Epilepsy -- 18 Behavioral and Electrophysiological Studies of Absence Epilepsy -- IV Photosensitivity -- 19 Focal Discharges in Photosensitive Generalized Epilepsy -- 20 Photosensitive Epilepsy of the Baboon: A Generalized Epilepsy with a Motor Cortical Origin -- 21 Role of Dopamine in Generalized Photosensitive Epilepsy: Electroencephalographic and Biochemical Aspects -- 22 Inferences Regarding the Visual Precipitation of Seizures, Eye Strain, and Headaches -- V Generalized Convulsive Seizures -- 23 Animal Models of Generalized Convulsive Seizures: Some Neuroanatomical Differentiation of Seizure Types -- 24 Mechanisms Underlying Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures in the Rat: Functional Significance of Calcium Ions -- 25 Substantia Nigra-Mediated Control of Generalized Seizures -- 26 Mesencephalic Structures and Tonic-Clonic Generalized Seizures -- VI Metabolic and Neurochemical Studies -- 27 Metabolic Studies of Generalized Epilepsy -- 28 PET Studies of Generalized Epilepsy Induced by Convulsant Drugs Acting at the GABA-Benzodiazepine Receptor Complex -- 29 Postictal Compensatory Changes in Cortical Alpha-1 Receptors and Adrenergic-Mediated Phosphoinositol Metabolism Following Repeated Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats -- VII Pharmacological Agents and Generalized Seizures -- 30 Cellular Actions of Petit Mal Anticonvulsants: Implication of Thalamic Low-Threshold Calcium Current in Generation of Spike-Wave Discharge -- 31 Mechanisms of Anticonvulsant Action of Valproate: An Overview and Perspective -- 32 Sedative Drug Withdrawal Seizures: Cellular Electrophysiological Mechanisms.
    Abstract: In recent years there has been intense interest in the basic mechanisms of epilepsy. Many symposia and monographs have been devoted to this topic. These reviews, however, have focused almost exclusively on studies performed in models of partial (or focal) epilepsy. It was natural that scientists interested in the fundamental mechanism of epileptogenesis at the cellular level were attracted to work on models in which the epileptogenic dysfunction could be confined to ever-smaller populations of neurons. Many of the most illuminating studies done in this field in the recent past have been carried out in vitro on brain slices or on dissociated neuronal cultures. Much valuable insight into the mechanisms of epileptogenesis has been obtained in this manner. One cannot, however, automatically assume that mechanisms elucidated in such exquisitely "focal" models are applicable to forms of epilepsy in which seizures from their very start involve the entire brain. One of the most difficult questions that arises in this context is how epileptogenic dysfunction, which can be understood in terms of mechanisms involving a few contiguous cells, can lead to what appears to be a simultaneous onset of seizure discharge in virtually all areas of the brain. Most of the workers who have made excellent contributions to the understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis have paid virtually no attention to this important problem.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Historical IntroductionI Clinical Background -- 2 The Syndromes of Generalized Epilepsy -- 3 Unanswered Clinical Questions in Generalized Epilepsy -- 4 The Relationship Between Sleep Spindles and Spike-and-Wave Bursts in Human Epilepsy -- II Fundamental Cellular and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms -- 5 Membrane Properties of Cat Betz Cells Studied In Vitro -- 6 Changes in Extracellular Ions Associated with Epileptiform Discharges -- 7 Role of Neurotransmitters in the Genesis of Epileptiform Discharges -- 8 Excitant Amino Acids in Epilepsy -- 9 Possible Epileptogenic Consequences of Misused GABAergic Relationships -- 10 Anticonvulsant Effects of Intracortical Chronic Infusion of GABA in Generalized Epilepsy -- 11 In Vitro Electrophysiology of a Genetic Model of Generalized Epilepsy -- III Thalamic and Cortical Mechanisms in Absence Attacks -- 12 Spindling, Incremental Thalamocortical Responses, and Spike-Wave Epilepsy -- 13 Physiology of Thalamic Relay Neurons: Properties of Calcium Currents Involved in Burst-Firing -- 14 Thalamo-Cortical Relationships in Generalized Epilepsy with Bilaterally Synchronous Spike-and-Wave Discharge -- 15 Focal and Generalized Epileptiform Activity in the Cortex: In Search of Differences in Synaptic Mechanisms, Ionic Movements, and Long-Lasting Changes in Neuronal Excitability -- 16 Pharmacology of the Inhibitory Systems in Primary Generalized Epilepsy of “Petit Mal” Type -- 17 Spontaneous Spike-and-Wave Discharges in Wistar Rats: A Model of Genetic Generalized Conconvulsive Epilepsy -- 18 Behavioral and Electrophysiological Studies of Absence Epilepsy -- IV Photosensitivity -- 19 Focal Discharges in Photosensitive Generalized Epilepsy -- 20 Photosensitive Epilepsy of the Baboon: A Generalized Epilepsy with a Motor Cortical Origin -- 21 Role of Dopamine in Generalized Photosensitive Epilepsy: Electroencephalographic and Biochemical Aspects -- 22 Inferences Regarding the Visual Precipitation of Seizures, Eye Strain, and Headaches -- V Generalized Convulsive Seizures -- 23 Animal Models of Generalized Convulsive Seizures: Some Neuroanatomical Differentiation of Seizure Types -- 24 Mechanisms Underlying Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures in the Rat: Functional Significance of Calcium Ions -- 25 Substantia Nigra-Mediated Control of Generalized Seizures -- 26 Mesencephalic Structures and Tonic-Clonic Generalized Seizures -- VI Metabolic and Neurochemical Studies -- 27 Metabolic Studies of Generalized Epilepsy -- 28 PET Studies of Generalized Epilepsy Induced by Convulsant Drugs Acting at the GABA-Benzodiazepine Receptor Complex -- 29 Postictal Compensatory Changes in Cortical Alpha-1 Receptors and Adrenergic-Mediated Phosphoinositol Metabolism Following Repeated Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats -- VII Pharmacological Agents and Generalized Seizures -- 30 Cellular Actions of Petit Mal Anticonvulsants: Implication of Thalamic Low-Threshold Calcium Current in Generation of Spike-Wave Discharge -- 31 Mechanisms of Anticonvulsant Action of Valproate: An Overview and Perspective -- 32 Sedative Drug Withdrawal Seizures: Cellular Electrophysiological Mechanisms.
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9781475710830
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXVI, 566 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781468467703
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Artificial intelligence. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The problem and the approach -- 1.2 Adaptive problem solving -- 1.3 Starting with simple models -- 1.4 Sequential vs. parallel processing -- 1.5 Learning -- 1.6 Overview of the model -- 2 Node Structure and Training -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Node structure -- 2.3 Node training -- 2.4 Input order -- 2.5 Alternative LTU models -- 2.6 Continuous or multivalued valued features -- 2.7 Representing multivalued features -- 2.8 Excitation, inhibition and facilitation -- 3 Improving on Perceptron Training -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Perceptron training time complexity -- 3.3 Output-specific feature associability -- 3.4 Origin placement -- 3.5 Short-term weight modification -- 4 Learning and Using Specific Instances -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Focusing -- 4.3 Generalization vs. specific instance learning -- 4.4 Use of specific instances -- 5 Operator and Network Structure -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Network interconnections and association types -- 5.3 Multilayer networks -- 5.4 Recurrent connections -- 5.5 Forms of category representation -- 5.6 Space requirements -- 5.7 Goals as undistinguished features -- 6 Operator Training -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Operator training (disjunctive representation) -- 6.3 OT extensions -- 6.4 OT results -- 6.5 Shared memory focusing -- 6.6 Behavioral results -- 6.7 Input-specific feature associability -- 7 Learned Evaluation and Sequential Credit Assignment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Single action -- 7.3 Sequential action -- 7.4 Biological evaluation -- 7.5 The S-R model -- 7.6 Variations on the theme -- 7.7 Instrumental and classical conditioning -- 7.8 Results -- 8 Stimulus-Stimulus Associations and Parallel Search -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The S-S model -- 8.3 Backward search -- 8.4 Eco-world: an example domain -- 8.5 Forward search -- 9 Stimulus-Stimulus Discussion -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Biological relevance -- 9.3 A simple experiment -- 9.4 Drive and reward -- 9.5 Automatization of behavior -- 9.6 Parallel vs. sequential search -- 10 Stimulus-Goal Associations -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The S-G model -- 10.3 S-G discussion -- 10.4 General goal setting -- 11 Summary and Conclusions -- 12 Further Reading and Notes -- 13 Bibliography -- 14 Symbols and Abbreviations -- 15 Name Index -- 16 Subject Index.
    Abstract: 1. 1 The problem and the approach The model developed here, which is actually more a collection of com­ ponents than a single monolithic structure, traces a path from relatively low-level neural/connectionistic structures and processes to relatively high-level animal/artificial intelligence behaviors. Incremental extension of this initial path permits increasingly sophisticated representation and processing strategies, and consequently increasingly sophisticated behavior. The initial chapters develop the basic components of the sys­ tem at the node and network level, with the general goal of efficient category learning and representation. The later chapters are more con­ cerned with the problems of assembling sequences of actions in order to achieve a given goal state. The model is referred to as connectionistic rather than neural, be­ cause, while the basic components are neuron-like, there is only limited commitment to physiological realism. Consequently the neuron-like ele­ ments are referred to as "nodes" rather than "neurons". The model is directed more at the behavioral level, and at that level, numerous con­ cepts from animal learning theory are directly applicable to connectionis­ tic modeling. An attempt to actually implement these behavioral theories in a computer simulation can be quite informative, as most are only partially specified, and the gaps may be apparent only when actual­ ly building a functioning system. In addition, a computer implementa­ tion provides an improved capability to explore the strengths and limita­ tions of the different approaches as well as their various interactions.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction1.1 The problem and the approach -- 1.2 Adaptive problem solving -- 1.3 Starting with simple models -- 1.4 Sequential vs. parallel processing -- 1.5 Learning -- 1.6 Overview of the model -- 2 Node Structure and Training -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Node structure -- 2.3 Node training -- 2.4 Input order -- 2.5 Alternative LTU models -- 2.6 Continuous or multivalued valued features -- 2.7 Representing multivalued features -- 2.8 Excitation, inhibition and facilitation -- 3 Improving on Perceptron Training -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Perceptron training time complexity -- 3.3 Output-specific feature associability -- 3.4 Origin placement -- 3.5 Short-term weight modification -- 4 Learning and Using Specific Instances -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Focusing -- 4.3 Generalization vs. specific instance learning -- 4.4 Use of specific instances -- 5 Operator and Network Structure -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Network interconnections and association types -- 5.3 Multilayer networks -- 5.4 Recurrent connections -- 5.5 Forms of category representation -- 5.6 Space requirements -- 5.7 Goals as undistinguished features -- 6 Operator Training -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Operator training (disjunctive representation) -- 6.3 OT extensions -- 6.4 OT results -- 6.5 Shared memory focusing -- 6.6 Behavioral results -- 6.7 Input-specific feature associability -- 7 Learned Evaluation and Sequential Credit Assignment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Single action -- 7.3 Sequential action -- 7.4 Biological evaluation -- 7.5 The S-R model -- 7.6 Variations on the theme -- 7.7 Instrumental and classical conditioning -- 7.8 Results -- 8 Stimulus-Stimulus Associations and Parallel Search -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The S-S model -- 8.3 Backward search -- 8.4 Eco-world: an example domain -- 8.5 Forward search -- 9 Stimulus-Stimulus Discussion -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Biological relevance -- 9.3 A simple experiment -- 9.4 Drive and reward -- 9.5 Automatization of behavior -- 9.6 Parallel vs. sequential search -- 10 Stimulus-Goal Associations -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The S-G model -- 10.3 S-G discussion -- 10.4 General goal setting -- 11 Summary and Conclusions -- 12 Further Reading and Notes -- 13 Bibliography -- 14 Symbols and Abbreviations -- 15 Name Index -- 16 Subject Index.
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