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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (503)
  • 1995-1999  (48)
  • 1980-1984  (259)
  • 1975-1979  (189)
  • 1955-1959  (7)
  • Science (General)  (488)
  • Social sciences.  (411)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9781137098047
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XLI, 268 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Wilkie Collins is the only leading Victorian novelist whose letters have not been published. This two-volume edition will thus fill a gaping hole in any assessment of one of the nineteenth century's most loved novelists. It is also extremely timely. Two recent biographies have re-assessed his private life and his literary achievements. His best known novels, The Woman in White and The Moonstone, continue to feature on television, and most of his thirty-odd novels are in print. This authorized edition covers more than 2,000 of Collins' letters
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London : Palgrave Macmillan UK
    ISBN: 9781137100115
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIX, 374 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Bedford Cultural Editions Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: This definitive, annotated edition of Maggie is based on Crane's original 1893 text and provides instructors with everything they need to teach the work in its historical and cultural context. Over 175 pages of documents are organized into thematic units on late-nineteenth and turn of the century American society to give the reader a context for Maggie. The various chapters in this edition cover topics such as tenement life; shops, saloons, concert-halls; working women from the perspectives of others; working women tell their own stories; prostitution; realism; and slum fiction
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London : Palgrave Macmillan UK
    ISBN: 9781349625604
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (200 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: SYB Factbook series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: A new series of easy-to-digest profiles on individual countries and regions, featuring everything you'll ever need to know about the places, people and practices of each country. The series will continue with eight further titles to launch in Spring/Autumn 2000, on Scandinavia, Southern Africa, and Central Europe
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9783034877039
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 224 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Science Networks · Historical Studies 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Mathematics ; Life sciences. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities. ; Science. ; Engineering.
    Abstract: The Solvay Councils, called since 1911 by the eminent Belgian industrialist Ernest Solvay, have had a major impact on the birth and development of modern physics, especially quantum and nuclear physics. The book tells this story through the lively presentation of the reports and warm debates taking place in what Einstein called a "witches Sabbath". The proceedings of the Councils presented here (1911-1933) being published in French, this book offers the English reader opportunity of a direct contact with science at work. The historical and sociological context is also discussed in several separate contributions by international specialists: E. Solvay and his Foundations (D. Devriese, G. Wallenborn); The Solvay Councils and the Nobel Foundation (E. Crawford); Rutherford, the Cavendish Laboratory and the Solvay Coucils (J. Hughes); Langevin and the French Scientists at the Solvay Councils (B. Bensande-Vincent). Most of these contributions were presented at an international Colloquium held in Brussels in 1995, which extends the content of a first edition of this book, published in French. The book is abundantly illustrated, including numerous original documents
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9783642520549
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Anthropology. ; Ethnology. ; Culture.
    Abstract: 1. Einleitung -- 1.1. Allgemeine Erklärungen zur Zielsetzung, Themen- und Fragestellung -- 1.2. Forschungsmethoden und theoretische Reflexionen -- 1.3. Zur Schreibweise und Aussprache des Fidschianischen -- 2. Historische Grundlagen — Entwicklung bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg -- 2.1. Vavalagi — Erste Kontakte bis 1874 -- 2.2. Fidschianische Einigungsbestrebungen -- 2.3. Missionarische Durchdringung -- 2.4. Wirtschaftliche Durchdringung und Verschiebung der ethnischen Zusammensetzung -- 2.5. Die Inder: Herkunft und sozio-kultureller Hintergrund -- 3. Hierarchische Strukturen als Ursache für politische Instabilität und Kulturwandel unter kolonialen Vorzeichen -- 3.1. Vorbemerkungen -- 3.2. Vanua — Entscheidungsträger und politische Dimension -- 3.3. Die vasu-Beziehung -- 3.4. Hierarchie und Egalität -- 3.5. Bedeutung der Titel in vorkolonialer und kolonialer Zeit -- 3.6. Konservierungsstrategien der kolonialen Verwaltung -- 3.7. Verwaltungsaufbau im kolonialen Fidschi -- 4. Der Weg zur Unabhängigkeit und bis 1987: Politische Entwicklung und wachsendes Konfliktpotential -- 4.1. Der Zweite Weltkrieg und seine Konsequenzen -- 4.2. Das Entstehen von Parteien -- 4.3. Partner und Kontrahenten: Die politische Landschaft bis 1970 -- 4.4. Unabhängigkeit und Entwicklung bis 1987 -- 4.5. Eskalation und Putsch -- 5. Reaktionen, Widerstand und Gemeinsamkeiten gegen äußere und innere Einflüsse -- 5.1. Das Verhältnis des Häuptlingstums zu demokratischen Institutionen -- 5.2. Religiöser und politischer Widerstand; Beispiele -- 5.3. Ein Fall von Besessenheit: Der „Qawa-Incident“ -- 5.4. Die Erfindung einer Nation: Das „Syria“-Denkmal und die Prophezeiungen Samalias -- 5.5. Indische Rituale als Selbstbestärkung -- 6. Rückbesinnung und Suche: „Neue Politik“ und „Fijian Way“ -- 6.1. Nach dem Kollaps: Die Entwicklung bis 1996 -- 6.2. Suche nach nationaler Identität? -- 6.3. Fidschis Position in der Welt -- 7. Glossar -- 7.1. Fidschianische und polynesische Ausdrücke -- 7.2. Indische Ausdrücke -- 8. Karten -- 9. Bibliographie -- 9.1. Abkürzungen -- 9.2. Literaturverzeichnis -- 9.3. Dokumente/Manuskripte -- 9.4. Zeitschriften und Zeitungen -- 9.5. Tagebücher, Felddaten und sonstige Quellen.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Einleitung1.1. Allgemeine Erklärungen zur Zielsetzung, Themen- und Fragestellung -- 1.2. Forschungsmethoden und theoretische Reflexionen -- 1.3. Zur Schreibweise und Aussprache des Fidschianischen -- 2. Historische Grundlagen - Entwicklung bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg -- 2.1. Vavalagi - Erste Kontakte bis 1874 -- 2.2. Fidschianische Einigungsbestrebungen -- 2.3. Missionarische Durchdringung -- 2.4. Wirtschaftliche Durchdringung und Verschiebung der ethnischen Zusammensetzung -- 2.5. Die Inder: Herkunft und sozio-kultureller Hintergrund -- 3. Hierarchische Strukturen als Ursache für politische Instabilität und Kulturwandel unter kolonialen Vorzeichen -- 3.1. Vorbemerkungen -- 3.2. Vanua - Entscheidungsträger und politische Dimension -- 3.3. Die vasu-Beziehung -- 3.4. Hierarchie und Egalität -- 3.5. Bedeutung der Titel in vorkolonialer und kolonialer Zeit -- 3.6. Konservierungsstrategien der kolonialen Verwaltung -- 3.7. Verwaltungsaufbau im kolonialen Fidschi -- 4. Der Weg zur Unabhängigkeit und bis 1987: Politische Entwicklung und wachsendes Konfliktpotential -- 4.1. Der Zweite Weltkrieg und seine Konsequenzen -- 4.2. Das Entstehen von Parteien -- 4.3. Partner und Kontrahenten: Die politische Landschaft bis 1970 -- 4.4. Unabhängigkeit und Entwicklung bis 1987 -- 4.5. Eskalation und Putsch -- 5. Reaktionen, Widerstand und Gemeinsamkeiten gegen äußere und innere Einflüsse -- 5.1. Das Verhältnis des Häuptlingstums zu demokratischen Institutionen -- 5.2. Religiöser und politischer Widerstand; Beispiele -- 5.3. Ein Fall von Besessenheit: Der „Qawa-Incident“ -- 5.4. Die Erfindung einer Nation: Das „Syria“-Denkmal und die Prophezeiungen Samalias -- 5.5. Indische Rituale als Selbstbestärkung -- 6. Rückbesinnung und Suche: „Neue Politik“ und „Fijian Way“ -- 6.1. Nach dem Kollaps: Die Entwicklung bis 1996 -- 6.2. Suche nach nationaler Identität? -- 6.3. Fidschis Position in der Welt -- 7. Glossar -- 7.1. Fidschianische und polynesische Ausdrücke -- 7.2. Indische Ausdrücke -- 8. Karten -- 9. Bibliographie -- 9.1. Abkürzungen -- 9.2. Literaturverzeichnis -- 9.3. Dokumente/Manuskripte -- 9.4. Zeitschriften und Zeitungen -- 9.5. Tagebücher, Felddaten und sonstige Quellen.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York, NY : Springer US | New York, NY : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9780585274454
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xi, 233 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Information Systems ; Economics ; Criminology ; Social sciences. ; Electronic data processing—Management. ; Operations research. ; Criminology. ; Business. ; Management science.
    Abstract: In a world where technology is continually advancing, and problems are becoming more and more complex, established practices for decision making and problem solving are no longer effective. In this new book, however, Enid Mumford draws on her wealth of experience in management, business schools, and working with the police and other professional problem solvers to show us how to tackle complex problems efficiently. With drugs and cyber-crime as her main examples Professor Mumford shows how these topical, yet apparently permanent problems, could be approached. She does this by looking at how the criminals themselves have overcome legal obstacles, and other problems to make the drug trafficking industry the second largest in the world today, and the relative newcomer, electronic fraud, a multi-billion dollar problem already. These crimes, which in themselves lead to more crime from petty theft to support a drug habit, to international money laundering, are incredibly complex, and yet the book shows us that there is not only a way forward with these issues, but a way to approach all complex problems with efficiency and competency, wherever they occur in our lives
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9783709194836
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Linzer Universitätsschriften, Festschriften Monographien Studientexte Beiträge zum Zivilprozeßrecht Schriften zum Zivil-, Handels- und Wirtschaftsrecht Schriften zum Genossenschaftsrecht 00
    Series Statement: Monographien 00
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: nur intern: darf nicht in RS, Preisverzeichnis und Kataloge aufgenommen werden
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London : Palgrave Macmillan UK
    ISBN: 9781349262908
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XII, 169 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Printed edition
    Keywords: Russia Politics and government ; Science ; Political science ; History, Modern ; Europe History ; Social sciences. ; Humanities. ; Europe
    Abstract: Roberg examines the relationship between the political leadership of the Soviet Union and Soviet science. Previously, this relationship was typically characterized as one of Communist Party dominance over the sciences. He argues that the relationship between scientists and the leadership is better viewed as bi-directional. The author concludes that scientists had an influence on policy-makers in the areas of nuclear policy and human rights although not to the same degree as the Party had on science and scientists
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401152426
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 124 p) , online resource
    Edition: Second edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York : Palgrave Macmillan US
    ISBN: 9781137050687
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIV, 274 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Bedford Series in History and Culture
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York : Palgrave Macmillan US
    ISBN: 9781137086259
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIV, 222 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Bedford Series in History and Culture
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: This volume introduces students to the most controversial incident of the Vietnam War - the My Lai massacre when almost 400 Vietnamese civilians were killed in four hours. The authors discuss the ramifications of the cover-up and the ensuing investigations for the American public, policymakers, the anti-War movement and the soldiers involved. They examine the causes of the massacre and the issues of culpability and human rights. The narrative is built around 70 primary documents drawn mainly from testimony and reports from the government enquiry into the outrage
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York : Palgrave Macmillan US
    ISBN: 9781137071262
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVII, 253 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Bedford Series in History and Culture
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789401151948
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 240 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: New ICMI Studies Series 4
    Series Statement: New ICMI Study Series 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Mathematics—Study and teaching . ; Mathematics.
    Abstract: I: The ICMI Study Conference -- Discussion Document -- Research, Effectiveness, and the Practitioners’World -- II: Mathematics Education as a Research Discipline -- A Glance Over the Evolution of Research in Mathematics Education -- Balancing Complex Human Worlds: Mathematics Education as an Emergent Discipline in its Own Right -- A Postmodern Perspective on Research in Mathematics Education -- Mathematics Education as a ‘Design Science’ -- What is Mathematics Education? A Survey of Mathematics Educators in Canada -- Programs for the Education of Researchers in Mathematics Education -- III: Goals, Orientations and Results of Research in Mathematics Education -- The Aims of Research -- Aiming Research Toward Understanding: Lessons We Can Learn From Children -- Transforming the International Mathematics Education Research Agenda -- Clarifying the Meaning of Mathematical Objects as a Priority Area for Research in Mathematics Education -- Research and Results in Mathematics Education: Some Contradictory Aspects -- Models in Mathematics Education Research: A Broader View of Research Results -- Towards a Cognitive Theory of Practice.
    Abstract: No one disputes how important it is, in today's world, to prepare students to un­ derstand mathematics as well as to use and communicate mathematics in their future lives. That task is very difficult, however. Refocusing curricula on funda­ mental concepts, producing new teaching materials, and designing teaching units based on 'mathematicians' common sense' (or on logic) have not resulted in a better understanding of mathematics by more students. The failure of such efforts has raised questions suggesting that what was missing at the outset of these proposals, designs, and productions was a more profound knowledge of the phenomena of learning and teaching mathematics in socially established and culturally, politically, and economically justified institutions - namely, schools. Such knowledge cannot be built by mere juxtaposition of theories in disci­ plines such as psychology, sociology, and mathematics. Psychological theories focus on the individual learner. Theories of sociology of education look at the general laws of curriculum development, the specifics of pedagogic discourse as opposed to scientific discourse in general, the different possible pedagogic rela­ tions between the teacher and the taught, and other general problems in the inter­ face between education and society. Mathematics, aside from its theoretical contents, can be looked at from historical and epistemological points of view, clarifying the genetic development of its concepts, methods, and theories. This view can shed some light on the meaning of mathematical concepts and on the difficulties students have in teaching approaches that disregard the genetic development of these concepts.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer
    ISBN: 9781461576464
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 773 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Electric power production. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Principles of Steady-State Converter Analysis -- 3. Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency -- 4. Switch Realization -- 5. The Discontinuous Conduction Mode -- 6. Converter Circuits -- 7. AC Equivalent Circuit Modeling -- 8. Converter Transfer Functions -- 9. Controller Design -- 10. Ac and dc Equivalent Circuit Modeling of the Discontinuous Conduction Mode -- 11. Current Programmed Control -- 12. Basic Magnetics Theory -- 13. Filter Inductor Design -- 14. Transformer Design -- 15. Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems -- 16. Line-Commutated Rectifiers -- 17. The Ideal Rectifier -- 18. Low Harmonic Rectifier Modeling and Control -- 19. Resonant Conversion -- 20. Quasi-Resonant Converters -- Appendices -- Appendix 1. RMS Values of Commonly-Observed Converter Waveforms -- A1.1. Some Common Waveforms -- A1.2. General Piecewise Waveform -- Appendix 2. Magnetics design tables -- A2.1. Pot core data -- A2.2. EE core data -- A2.3. EC core data -- A2.4. ETD core data -- A2.5. PQ core data -- A2.6. American wire gauge data -- References.
    Abstract: In many university curricula, the power electronics field has evolved beyond the status of comprising one or two special-topics courses. Often there are several courses dealing with the power electronics field, covering the topics of converters, motor drives, and power devices, with possibly additional advanced courses in these areas as well. There may also be more traditional power-area courses in energy conversion, machines, and power systems. In the breadth vs. depth tradeoff, it no longer makes sense for one textbook to attempt to cover all of these courses; indeed, each course should ideally employ a dedicated textbook. This text is intended for use in introductory power electronics courses on converters, taught at the senior or first-year graduate level. There is sufficient material for a one year course or, at a faster pace with some material omitted, for two quarters or one semester. The first class on converters has been called a way of enticing control and electronics students into the power area via the "back door". The power electronics field is quite broad, and includes fundamentals in the areas of • Converter circuits and electronics • Control systems • Magnetics • Power applications • Design-oriented analysis This wide variety of areas is one of the things which makes the field so interesting and appealing to newcomers. This breadth also makes teaching the field a challenging undertaking, because one cannot assume that all students enrolled in the class have solid prerequisite knowledge in so many areas.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401154000
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112p) , online resource
    Edition: 2
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: C4: Recombinant aequorin methods for measurement of intracellular calcium in plantsC5: GUS activity staining - a powerful tool in plant molecular biology -- F5: RNA differential display -- F6: Expression analysis of multigene families by RFLP-coupled domain-directed differential display (RC4D) -- G4: In-cell RT-PCR in a single, detached plant cell.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401096058
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction1.1 Ceramic Phases and Phase Equilibria -- 1.2 Oxides in the Environment -- 1.3 Phase Diagrams and Ceramic Processes -- 2. Products and Properties -- 2.1 Electromagnetic Properties and Applications -- 2.2 Refractory Applications -- 3. Mass Transport for Reaction -- 3.1 Defects in Oxides -- 3.2 Ideal Impurity Incorporation -- 3.3 Impurities and Defects in Real Oxides -- 4. From Equilibrium Thermodynamics to Phase Equilibria -- 4.1 Thermodynamic Functions and Relationships -- 4.2 The System Definition for Chemical Equilibria -- 4.3 State Function Measurement or Calculation -- 4.4 Solution Properties -- 4.5 Congruent Phase Transition -- 4.6 Nucleation Phenomena and Transformation Kinetics -- 5. The Phase Rule and Heterogeneous Equilibria -- 5.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule -- 5.2 The Phase Diagram -- 6. One- and Two-Component System Presentations -- 6.1 One-Component Systems -- 6.2 Two-Component or Binary Systems -- 6.3 Binary Phase Compatibility and Mass Balance -- 6.4 Heterogeneous Crystallization -- 6.5 Binary Metastability -- 6.6 Rules for Diagram Construction -- 7. Three or More Component Equilibria -- 7.1 The Ternary System -- 7.2 Ternary Phase Compatibility and Mass Balance -- 7.3 Special Ternary Diagram Presentations -- 7.4 Quaternary and Higher System Diagrams -- 8. Engineered Systems and Oxide Phase Equilibria -- 8.1 Conditions and Kinetics of Reaction -- 8.2 Reaction in Ceramic Processing -- 8.3 Consideration of Engineering Design -- References -- Suggested Exercises.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401752824
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 438 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York, NY : Springer US | New York, NY : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9780585256573
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (ix, 216 p) , ill
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences. ; Public health.
    Abstract: By assuming it is possible to understand regression analysis without fully comprehending all its underlying proofs and theories, this introduction to the widely used statistical technique is accessible to readers who may have only a rudimentary knowledge of mathematics. Chapters discuss: -descriptive statistics using vector notation and the components of a simple regression model;-the logic of sampling distributions and simple hypothesis testing; -the basic operations of matrix algebra and the properties of the multiple regression model; -testing compound hypotheses and the application of the regression model to the analyses of variance and covariance, and -structural equation models and influence statistics
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9781475757828
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 290 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis­ seminated by the Center for lnformation and Numerica/ Data Analysis and Synthesis (C/NDAS) * at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac­ tivity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficia! to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After fi ve years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of ali concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and App/ied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. Ali back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 21 (thesis year 1976) a total of 10,586 theses titles from 25 Canadian and 219 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer New York
    ISBN: 9781475706567
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I. The Context: The Highly Fragmented Midwest -- 1. Forest Communities of the Midwestern United States -- 2. Savanna and Open-Woodland Communities -- 3. The Tallgrass Prairie Mosaic -- 4. Wetlands in the Midwest with Special Reference to Illinois -- II. Problems and Case Studies -- 5. Conservation in the Context of Non-Indigenous Species -- 6. Native Pests: The Impact of Deer in Highly Fragmented Habitats -- 7. Mammals of Illinois and the Midwest: Ecological and Conservation Issues for Human-Dominated Landscapes -- 8. Effectiveness of Small Nature Preserves for Breeding Birds -- 9. Impacts of Fragmentation on Midwestern Aquatic Organisms -- 10. Midwestern Fire Management: Prescribing a National Process in an Unnatural Landscape -- 11. Community Succession, Diversity, and Disturbance in the Central Hardwood Forest -- 12. The Biogeography of and Habitat Loss on Hill Prairies -- 13. Fragmentation and the Role of Seed Banks in Promoting Persistence in Isolated Populations of Collinsia verra -- 14. Effects of Livestock Grazing on Forest Habitats -- III. Conservation Strategies in Action -- 15. Terrestrial Nature Reserve Design at the Urban/Rural Interface -- 16. The Value of Small Preserves in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes -- 17. Nature Preserves, Natural Areas, and the Conservation of Endangered and Threatened Species in Illinois -- 18. An Aid to Conservation Strategy in Illinois: The Critical Trends Assessment Project -- 19. The History of Natural Areas Programs in Wisconsin.
    Abstract: Mark W. Schwartz Soon after we came into extensive meadows: and I was assured that those meadows continue for a hundred and fifty miles. being in winter drowned lands and marshes. By the dryness of the season they were now beautiful pastures, and here presented itself one of the most delightful prospects I have ever beheld; all low grounds being meadow, and without wood, and all of the high grounds being covered with trees and appearing like islands: the whole scene seemed an elysium. Capt. Thomas Morris. 1791 I am sitting in a 60-mile-an-hour bus sailing over a highway originally laid out for horse and buggy. The ribbon of concrete has been widened and widened until the field fences threaten to topple into the road cuts. In the narrow thread of sod between the shaved banks and the toppling fences grow the relics of what once was Illinois: the prairie.
    Description / Table of Contents: I. The Context: The Highly Fragmented Midwest1. Forest Communities of the Midwestern United States -- 2. Savanna and Open-Woodland Communities -- 3. The Tallgrass Prairie Mosaic -- 4. Wetlands in the Midwest with Special Reference to Illinois -- II. Problems and Case Studies -- 5. Conservation in the Context of Non-Indigenous Species -- 6. Native Pests: The Impact of Deer in Highly Fragmented Habitats -- 7. Mammals of Illinois and the Midwest: Ecological and Conservation Issues for Human-Dominated Landscapes -- 8. Effectiveness of Small Nature Preserves for Breeding Birds -- 9. Impacts of Fragmentation on Midwestern Aquatic Organisms -- 10. Midwestern Fire Management: Prescribing a National Process in an Unnatural Landscape -- 11. Community Succession, Diversity, and Disturbance in the Central Hardwood Forest -- 12. The Biogeography of and Habitat Loss on Hill Prairies -- 13. Fragmentation and the Role of Seed Banks in Promoting Persistence in Isolated Populations of Collinsia verra -- 14. Effects of Livestock Grazing on Forest Habitats -- III. Conservation Strategies in Action -- 15. Terrestrial Nature Reserve Design at the Urban/Rural Interface -- 16. The Value of Small Preserves in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes -- 17. Nature Preserves, Natural Areas, and the Conservation of Endangered and Threatened Species in Illinois -- 18. An Aid to Conservation Strategy in Illinois: The Critical Trends Assessment Project -- 19. The History of Natural Areas Programs in Wisconsin.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789400902152
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 259 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468486018
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction: From Physiology to DNA and Back2. RNA Chain Initiation and Promoter Escape by RNA Polymerase -- 3. Transcription Termination and Its Control -- 4. Codon Context, Translational Step-Times and Attenuation -- 5. Control by Antisense RNA -- 6. Translational Control of Gene Expression in E. Coli and Bacteriophage -- 7. Effects of DNA Supercoiling on Gene Expression -- 8. The HU and IHF Proteins: Accessory Factors for Complex Protein-DNA Assemblies -- 9. The lac and gal Operons Today -- 10. The Maltose System -- 11. The Phosphoenolpyruvate-Dependent Carbohydrate: Phosphotransferase System (PTS) and Control of Carbon Source Utilization -- 12. The Cap Modulon -- 13. Regulation of Nitrogen Assimilation -- 14. History of the Pho System -- 15. Are the Multiple Signal Transduction Pathways of the Pho Regulon Due to Cross Talk or Cross Regulation? -- 16. The FNR Modulon and FNR-Regulated Gene Expression -- 17. The NAR Modulon Systems: Nitrate and Nitrite Regulation of Anaerobic Gene Expression -- 18. Regulation of Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism by the Arc System -- 19. The Porin Regulon: A Paradigm for the Two-Component Regulatory Systems -- 20. The Leucine\Lrp Regulon -- 21. Adaptive responses to Oxidative Stress: The soxRS and oxyR Regulons -- 22. The SOS Regulatory System -- 23. Heat Shock Regulation -- 24. Roles for Energy-Dependent Proteases in Regulatory Cascades -- 25. Control of rRNA and Ribosome Synthesis -- 26. Cell Division -- 27. Regulation of Gene Expression in Stationary Phase.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York : Palgrave Macmillan US
    ISBN: 9781349613113
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (X, 342 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Eric Roman is the first scholar to be granted access to the vast, heretofore closed, archive of documents relating to the communist era in Hungary. This archive included the files of the Hungarian Communist Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Hungarian Socialist Worker's Party, as well as minutes of political committee meetings, private correspondence, secret papers and confidential reports on special commissions within Hungary. Skilfully using all this material, Eric Roman weaves a fascinating portrait of Hungary in the post-war period. As the country began to reconstruct itself after the War, Roman shows the toll taken by poverty and racial discord. In what amounts to the only complete English-language account of Hungary's diplomatic policy, Hungary and the Victor Powers takes an in-depth look at Hungary's relationship with those countries nearest to it, especially the former Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Eric Roman's Hungary and the Victor Powers, 1945-1950 is a compelling work of history that is destined to be one of the most important books on the topic
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789400900899
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg | Berlin, Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783540928881
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (437 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: The second part of the history of Springer-Verlag covers the events from the new beginning following the Second World War until the change in company management at the end of 1992. It forms a unit with regard to both the work of the personalities who put their stamp on the company and their publishing policy. Two main periods are discernible: The first is the phase of reconstruction in Berlin, Heidelberg, Göttingen, Munich and Vienna. Here, the proven tradition of attention to quality of content and form was carried on. International expansion followed, beginning with the founding of a branch in New York in 1964. This was connected with the transition to the English language for a large portion of Springer's scientific books and journals. A further equally important step resulted from an early appreciation of the growing significance of East Asia. The acquisition of a distribution firm in 1978 was followed in 1983 by the commencement of the company's own publishing activity in Tokyo. Even earlier than this, activities had been developed in India with New Delhi as headquarters. In Hong Kong, which occupies a key position for contacts with China and South-East Asia, a branch was founded in 1986. The aim of all these undertakings was to establish a global presence for Springer-Verlag both in planning and selling scientific literature
    Description / Table of Contents: New Beginning and Reconstruction (1945-1950)Consolidation (1950-1965) -- Overseas Branches -- Branches in Europe -- Springer-Verlag (1965-1992).
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9784431684077
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIV, 417p. 311 illus) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: In Japanese culture the concept of katachi has special significance, connoting relationships and connectedness. Although katachi cannot be translated precisely, it corresponds most closely to "form," "shape," "pattern," or "Gestalt". The contemporary study of katachi is interdisciplinary and encompasses virtually all scientific and aesthetic endeavors. Katachi research seeks to bridge the gap between cultures - whether the "two cultures" of C.P. Snow or the contrasting cultures of East and West. To help achieve this aim and to foster international cooperation, the interdisciplinary symposium titled "Katachi "U" Symmetry" was convened in Tsukuba, Japan, November 21 - 25, 1994. With many participants from differing backgrounds and cultural perspectives, the symposium was the culmination of 15 years of work in the field. Like-minded researchers and philosophers came together from two movements in interdisciplinary studies of katachi and symmetry that arose in the 1980s, one in Japan, the other in Hungary. The proceedings of the symposium will stimulate and provoke the interest of scientists and mathematicians, engineers and architects, philosophers and semioticians - indeed, all those with a lively sense of curiosity and a wide-ranging intellect
    Description / Table of Contents: Plenary LecturesIntroduction: The Concept of the Symposium -- Katachi and Symmetry: Tbwards Interdisciplinary and Intercultural Cooperation -- The Western Symmetry and the Japanese Katachi Shake Hands: Interdisciplinary Study of Symmetry and Morphological Science (Formology) -- Growth and Form -- The Sun, the Moon, and the Eyeball - A Cosmic Correspondence -- Symmetry in Mon and Mon-yô: Artisans Preceded Mathematicians -- Development and Modification of the “Holy Symmetrical Design” - West and East of the “Silk Road”- Prince -- Dichotomies and Trichotomies in the Eastern and Western Cultures -- Katachi Versus Form - from the Viewpoint of Language -- Women’s Narratives and Anti-narratives: Re-reading Japanese Traditions -- Symmetry-Canon: Music and Mathematics, Painting and Graphicization “Perpetuun Mobile” -- A Search for Structure - in the Footsteps of Cyril Stanley Smith -- A Note on the Cocoon Curve -- How to Promote the Morphological Sciences -- I Science on Form -- 3D NMR Imaging of Foam Structures -- Automatic Frame Formation by Genetic Rules -- Origami-Model of Crystal Structure, I. Rutile, Marcasite and Cubic Close Packing Structures -- Periodic Hyperbolic Surfaces and Subdivision of 3-Space -- Helicoids and Their Projection -- II Geometrical Arts and Morphology -- Multi-Layered Cyclic Fence Graphs. Discovery of New Series of Graphs with Exceedingly High Symmetry -- Perfect Precise Colourings of Triangular Tilings -- Symmetry of Golf Balls -- Geometrical Beauty in Four-Dimensional Space -- The Fabulous Paraboloid Dual Transformation as a Design Method -- Two Topics on Plane Tiling -- Geometry and Crystallography of Self-Supporting Rod Structures -- III Invisible -Visible /Mewing Invisible Images by Comparing Them to Visible Forms -- Mathematical Functions Can Generate Interesting and Attractive Patterns -- A Method for Creating New Shapes on the Basis of Already-Established Shapes -- Urban Images and Spaces: Marcel Duchamp’s Large Glass and Environmental Arts in Japan -- Virtual-Real Imaging -- Version-up of Thinking Through Versions-up of the Database and Paradigms of Katachi -- From Formless to Form - A Methodology for Making Manifest the Unmanifest According to Hindu Iconography -- IV Sensing Order -- Report on Parallel Session 4 -- Reversible Perspective Through Two-Color Eyeglasses -- Symmetry and Process in Two Variation Works by Beethoven -- The Landscape Handscroll and the Parquet Deformation -- The Synchronizing Self A Search for Harmony As a Process of Symmetry Breaking -- Styles of Thinking -- V Symmetry, Dissymmetry, Broken Symmetry in Art and Science -- An Application of Penrose Tiling to Artistic Design - One Standing and Four Sprawling Dogs - -- Wasan, and Its Cultural Background -- Spectral Katachi of Music - Natural/Artificial and East/West -- From Perception to Thought A Nonequilibrium Dynamic Instability Implying Symmetry Breaking -- Creative Power of Dissymmetry in Science and Art and the Principle of Restoration of Broken Symmetry: Informational - Synergetic and Structural - Semiotic Aspects -- The Spiral Recognition in the East and the West -- A Symmetrical View of Japanese Cosmology and Architecture -- VI Performances -- Rokkasen (???) Concert -- Juro Zenchiku Kyägen One-Man Show Talk and Performance -- Five Sessions -- Program of the Symposium -- Coinciding Exhibition: The Catalogue of the Exhibits -- Katachiusymmetry Symposium Organization -- List of Participants -- Author Index -- Keyword Index.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg | Berlin, Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783540928874
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (462 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Printing. ; Publishers and publishing.
    Abstract: This book describes the fortunes and activities of one of the few specialist publishing houses still in the hands of the same family that established it over 150 years ago and with it gives a portrayal of those members who directed it. In doing so it covers a period of momentous historical events that directly and indirectly shaped the firm's actions and achievements. But this volume tells not only, in word and picture, the story of Springer-Verlag but also, interwoven with it, the story of publishing in Germany over the span of a hundred years. The text, densely packed with carefully researched facts and figures, is illuminated and supplemented by many illustrations whose captions, together with the author's notes, contain a wealth of important and interesting information. A second volume contains the history of the publishing house from 1945 to 1992
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781475724462
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVIII, 451 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Engineering. ; Life sciences. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities. ; Science. ; Mathematics.
    Abstract: I A short course -- 1 Typing your first article -- II Text and math -- 2 Typing text -- 3 Text environments -- 4 Typing math -- 5 Multiline math displays -- III Document structure -- 6 LATEX documents -- 7 Standard LATEX document classes -- 8 AMS-LATEX documents -- IV Customizing -- 9 Customizing LATEX -- V Long bibliographies and indexes -- 10 BIBTEX -- 11 Makelndex -- A Math symbol tables -- B Text symbol tables -- D Sample article with user-defined commands -- E Background -- E.1 A short history -- E.1.1 The first interim solution -- E.1.2 The second interim solution -- E.2 How does it work? -- E.2.1 The layers -- E.2.2 Typesetting -- E.2.3 Viewing and printing -- E.2.4 The files of LATEX -- F PostScript fonts -- F.1 The Times font and MathTime -- F.2 LucidaBright fonts -- G Getting it -- G.1 Getting TEX -- G.2 Where to get it? -- G.3 Getting ready -- G.4 Transferring files -- G.5 More advanced file transfer commands -- G.6 The sample files -- H Conversions -- H.1 From Plain TEX -- H.1.1 TEX code in LATEX -- H.2 From LATEX -- H.2.1 Version 2e -- H.2.2 Version 2.09 -- H.2.3 The LATEX symbols -- I Final word -- I.1 What was left out? -- 1.1.1 Omitted from LATEX -- 1.1.2 Omitted from TEX -- I.2 Further reading -- Afterword.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Basel : Birkhäuser Basel
    ISBN: 9783034877695
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 182 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Cooper Series in English Language and Literature
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Arts. ; Communication.
    Abstract: Critical tradition has established a certain way of reading Ezra Pound, one that places the meanings of the words on the page at the centre of interest and neglects poetic communication. The present study contributes to the recent challenge to this critical orthodoxy, which has led to his canonization as a "difficult" poet, by investigating the pragmatic dimension of Pound's work. In its effort to reconstruct the dynamic communicative interface between Pound and his audiences in the early period of his career (1908-1925), this study draws on relevance theory, a recent sharpening in pragmatic theory, not so much to produce a "new" reading of his poetry, but to suggest how Pound became difficult: it is argued that the relative success and failure of his poetry to enhance cognitive and civic renewal depended on the dialectic between his presumptions of audience and the interpretive expectations and skills of his actual historical readers
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468464627
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Major Histocompatibility Antigens: An Introduction -- 2. The Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes and Their Transcriptional Regulation -- The Murine Major Histocompatibility Complex -- The Major Histocompatibility Complex of Humans, the HLA -- Developmental and Tissue-Specific Expression of MHC Genes -- Role of Aberrant Expression of MHC Gene Products in Immunologic Disease -- Cis-Elements and Transcription Factors That Control MHC Class I Gene Expression -- Factors and Elements That Control MHC Class II Gene Expression -- Models of Activation and Repression -- Concluding Comments -- 3. TAP Peptide Transporters and Antigen Presentation -- Evidence for Peptide Translocation by TAP -- Tap Genes and Sequences -- TAP as Member of the ABC Transporter Family -- Structure and Assembly of the TAP Complex -- In Vitro Assays for Peptide Binding and Transport by TAP -- Sequence Specificity of Peptide Transport by Different TAP Molecules -- Relating Specificity to the Structure of Polymorphic TAP Molecules -- Length of Transported Peptides -- TAP-Dependent and Independent Presentation -- TAP and Disease -- Concluding Remarks -- 4. Molecular Chaperones in MHC Class I and Class II Biosynthesis and Assembly -- Introduction: ER Resident Molecular Chaperones -- Molecular Chaperones Implicated in Class I Biosynthesis and Assembly -- Molecular Chaperones Implicated in MHC Class II Biosynthesis and Assembly -- Quality Control of MHC Molecules Mediated by Molecular Chaperones -- 5. Polypeptide Release from Lysosomes -- Synthesis and Transport of Lysosomal Hydrolases -- Entry of Degradation Substrates -- Lysosomal Hydrolysis -- Polypeptide Release from Lysosomes -- Possible Immunological Relevance -- Conclusion -- 6. Intracellular Trafficking of MHC Class II Molecules -- Assembly of MHC Class II Molecules in the ER and Early Stages of Transport -- Processing Intermediates of Invariant Chain -- Post-Golgi Trafficking of MHC Class II Molecules and Sites of Invariant Chain Degradation -- Intracellular Sites of Assembly of Peptide:MHC Class II Complexes -- 7. The Role of HLA-DM in Class II Antigen Presentation -- DM Sequence and Structure -- Regulation of Expression -- Genomic Organization of DM Genes -- Evolutionary Considerations -- DM Polymorphism -- Analysis of DM Mutant Cells -- The Mechanism of DM Action -- The Biology of Antigen Processing -- The Biosynthesis and Maturation of Class II -- Conclusion -- 8. Crystallographic Analysis of Peptide Binding by Class I and Class II Major Histocompatibility Antigens -- Class I Major Histocompatibility Antigens -- Class II Major Histocompatibility Antigens -- Similarities and Differences Between Class I and Class II Major Histocompatibility Antigens -- 9. HLA and Disease: Molecular Basis -- Tissue Typing Techniques -- Epidemiological Analysis -- Paradigms of Diseases Associated with the MHC -- HLA-B27 and Ankylosing Spondylitis -- MHC II and Disease -- Concluding Remarks -- 10. Epitope Prediction Algorithms for Class I MHC Molecules -- Elucidation of Peptide-Binding Motifs -- Anchor Residues -- Peptide-Binding Assays -- Physical Basis for Peptide-Binding Motifs -- Prediction of Binding Peptides -- Exceptional Peptides -- Peptide Binding and Antigenicity -- Conclusions -- 11. Options for TCR Interactions: TCR Agonists, Antagonists and Partial Agonists -- Introduction: Smart and Dumb T Cell Receptors -- Full Agonists, Partial Agonists and Antagonists -- What Do TCR Partial Agonists and Antagonists Do? -- T Cell Development -- The Direction of Mature T Cell Responses -- The Two Edged Sword: Antagonists as Protectors and Perpetrators of Disease -- How Do Antagonist/Partial Agonists Work? -- Concluding Remarks -- 12. Role of Ligand Density in T Cell Reactions -- Background -- The Study of Peptides Recognized by CD8+ CTL -- What Determines the Efficacy of CTL-Mediated Target Cell Lysis? -- Role of Ligand Density -- Concluding Remarks -- 13. Cooperative Recognition of MHC Class II Molecules:Peptide Complexes by the T Cell Receptor and CD4 -- TCR Recognition of MHC Class II:Peptide Complexes -- CD4 Binding to MHC Class II Molecules -- CD4 Interaction With the TCR:CD3 Complex -- Conclusions -- 14. Receptors for MHC Class I Molecules in Human Natural Killer Cells -- MHC Class I Molecules Inhibit NK Cell Cytotoxicity -- Murine NK Inhibitory Receptors -- Human NK Inhibitory Receptors -- A New Family of Immunoglobulin-Superfamily (Ig-SF) Genes Selectively Expressed in Human NK Cells -- Evidence That NK-Specific Ig-SF Genes May Encode Human Receptors for Class I Molecules -- NK Recognition of MHC Class I Molecules Is Mediated by a Complex System -- 15. The MHC in Host-Pathogen Evolution -- Selection Acting on the Human Host -- Pathogen Avoidance of T Cell Recognition -- Mechanisms of Decreasing Antigen Presentation -- Mechanisms of Avoiding T Cell Recognition of Specific Epitopes -- Perspective -- 16. Peptide-Mediated Regulation of Allergic Diseases -- The Role of CD4+ T Cell Subsets -- The Immunological Objectives of Allergy Therapy -- Regulation of Specific T Cells by Peptides -- Deviation of Thl/Th2 Phenotype of the Responder Population -- 17. Genetic Modulation of Antigen Presentation -- Vaccines -- Genetic Immunization for Viral Diseases -- Treatment of Autoimmune Disease -- Conclusion.
    Abstract: 3 nant expression systems have been used to make MHC molecules con­ taining a single peptide of interest. To date, fifteen single peptide class I structures (incorporating three different HLA and two different H-2 allotypes/isotypes) and four additional class II structures (two single peptide complexes and two superantigen complexes) have been reported. These advances have enabled us to study the atomic detail of antigen presentation and the general mechanisms behind peptide binding, and begin to construct models of T cell recognition. Another area of research which has exploded over the past five years has been the identification of MHC-associated peptides. There are several methods one can use to determine the sequence identity of MHC restricted peptides. Historically, the most successful technique, albeit crude and encumbered with serious limitations, has been the use of overlapping synthetic peptides and T cell clones. Unfortunately, this method absolutely requires: (i) knowledge of the target antigen; (ii) availability of T cell clones; and (iii) a relatively short overall length for the target source protein, such that a set of overlapping pep tides can be affordably synthesized. Briefly, the entire sequence of the tar­ get protein is chemically synthesized using overlapping peptides which are then screened for biological activity using standard T cell presen­ tation assays. Despite its limitations, this method was used to identify the first immunodominant epitopes reported in the literature and con­ tinues to be used successfully today.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Major Histocompatibility Antigens: An Introduction2. The Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes and Their Transcriptional Regulation -- The Murine Major Histocompatibility Complex -- The Major Histocompatibility Complex of Humans, the HLA -- Developmental and Tissue-Specific Expression of MHC Genes -- Role of Aberrant Expression of MHC Gene Products in Immunologic Disease -- Cis-Elements and Transcription Factors That Control MHC Class I Gene Expression -- Factors and Elements That Control MHC Class II Gene Expression -- Models of Activation and Repression -- Concluding Comments -- 3. TAP Peptide Transporters and Antigen Presentation -- Evidence for Peptide Translocation by TAP -- Tap Genes and Sequences -- TAP as Member of the ABC Transporter Family -- Structure and Assembly of the TAP Complex -- In Vitro Assays for Peptide Binding and Transport by TAP -- Sequence Specificity of Peptide Transport by Different TAP Molecules -- Relating Specificity to the Structure of Polymorphic TAP Molecules -- Length of Transported Peptides -- TAP-Dependent and Independent Presentation -- TAP and Disease -- Concluding Remarks -- 4. Molecular Chaperones in MHC Class I and Class II Biosynthesis and Assembly -- Introduction: ER Resident Molecular Chaperones -- Molecular Chaperones Implicated in Class I Biosynthesis and Assembly -- Molecular Chaperones Implicated in MHC Class II Biosynthesis and Assembly -- Quality Control of MHC Molecules Mediated by Molecular Chaperones -- 5. Polypeptide Release from Lysosomes -- Synthesis and Transport of Lysosomal Hydrolases -- Entry of Degradation Substrates -- Lysosomal Hydrolysis -- Polypeptide Release from Lysosomes -- Possible Immunological Relevance -- Conclusion -- 6. Intracellular Trafficking of MHC Class II Molecules -- Assembly of MHC Class II Molecules in the ER and Early Stages of Transport -- Processing Intermediates of Invariant Chain -- Post-Golgi Trafficking of MHC Class II Molecules and Sites of Invariant Chain Degradation -- Intracellular Sites of Assembly of Peptide:MHC Class II Complexes -- 7. The Role of HLA-DM in Class II Antigen Presentation -- DM Sequence and Structure -- Regulation of Expression -- Genomic Organization of DM Genes -- Evolutionary Considerations -- DM Polymorphism -- Analysis of DM Mutant Cells -- The Mechanism of DM Action -- The Biology of Antigen Processing -- The Biosynthesis and Maturation of Class II -- Conclusion -- 8. Crystallographic Analysis of Peptide Binding by Class I and Class II Major Histocompatibility Antigens -- Class I Major Histocompatibility Antigens -- Class II Major Histocompatibility Antigens -- Similarities and Differences Between Class I and Class II Major Histocompatibility Antigens -- 9. HLA and Disease: Molecular Basis -- Tissue Typing Techniques -- Epidemiological Analysis -- Paradigms of Diseases Associated with the MHC -- HLA-B27 and Ankylosing Spondylitis -- MHC II and Disease -- Concluding Remarks -- 10. Epitope Prediction Algorithms for Class I MHC Molecules -- Elucidation of Peptide-Binding Motifs -- Anchor Residues -- Peptide-Binding Assays -- Physical Basis for Peptide-Binding Motifs -- Prediction of Binding Peptides -- Exceptional Peptides -- Peptide Binding and Antigenicity -- Conclusions -- 11. Options for TCR Interactions: TCR Agonists, Antagonists and Partial Agonists -- Introduction: Smart and Dumb T Cell Receptors -- Full Agonists, Partial Agonists and Antagonists -- What Do TCR Partial Agonists and Antagonists Do? -- T Cell Development -- The Direction of Mature T Cell Responses -- The Two Edged Sword: Antagonists as Protectors and Perpetrators of Disease -- How Do Antagonist/Partial Agonists Work? -- Concluding Remarks -- 12. Role of Ligand Density in T Cell Reactions -- Background -- The Study of Peptides Recognized by CD8+ CTL -- What Determines the Efficacy of CTL-Mediated Target Cell Lysis? -- Role of Ligand Density -- Concluding Remarks -- 13. Cooperative Recognition of MHC Class II Molecules:Peptide Complexes by the T Cell Receptor and CD4 -- TCR Recognition of MHC Class II:Peptide Complexes -- CD4 Binding to MHC Class II Molecules -- CD4 Interaction With the TCR:CD3 Complex -- Conclusions -- 14. Receptors for MHC Class I Molecules in Human Natural Killer Cells -- MHC Class I Molecules Inhibit NK Cell Cytotoxicity -- Murine NK Inhibitory Receptors -- Human NK Inhibitory Receptors -- A New Family of Immunoglobulin-Superfamily (Ig-SF) Genes Selectively Expressed in Human NK Cells -- Evidence That NK-Specific Ig-SF Genes May Encode Human Receptors for Class I Molecules -- NK Recognition of MHC Class I Molecules Is Mediated by a Complex System -- 15. The MHC in Host-Pathogen Evolution -- Selection Acting on the Human Host -- Pathogen Avoidance of T Cell Recognition -- Mechanisms of Decreasing Antigen Presentation -- Mechanisms of Avoiding T Cell Recognition of Specific Epitopes -- Perspective -- 16. Peptide-Mediated Regulation of Allergic Diseases -- The Role of CD4+ T Cell Subsets -- The Immunological Objectives of Allergy Therapy -- Regulation of Specific T Cells by Peptides -- Deviation of Thl/Th2 Phenotype of the Responder Population -- 17. Genetic Modulation of Antigen Presentation -- Vaccines -- Genetic Immunization for Viral Diseases -- Treatment of Autoimmune Disease -- Conclusion.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781461565918
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Telecommunication. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Electronic Cable in an Emi Environment -- 1.1 Introduction to System EMI and EMC -- 1.2 Cable EMI Controlling Factors -- 1.3 Defining and Modeling EMC Performance of Electronic Cable -- 2. Understanding Cable Shielding -- 2.1 Effects and Problems of Cable Shielding -- 2.2 Bare Necessities: A Theoretical Detour -- 2.3 Shielding—This Is Not Very Simple -- 3. Transfer Parameters of Cable Shields -- 3.1 Figure of Merit of Cable Shield Performance -- 3.2 The Electromagnetic Theory of Solid Homogeneous Shielding Tubes -- 3.3 Practical Tubular Shields -- 3.4 Spiral Shields -- 3.5 Braided Shield -- 3.6 Multilayer Shields -- 4. Electromagnetic Coupling and Shielding -- 4.1 Shielding to Decouple and Coupling to Shield -- 4.2 Coupling and Shielding in Static and Stationary Fields -- 4.3 Shielding for Crosstalk Protection -- 4.4 Shielding from Radiating Fields -- 4.5 Grounding and Termination of Cable Shields -- 4.6 Transient Response of Cable Shielding -- 5. Measurement Techniques and Apparatus: The Tools of the Trade -- 5.1 The Proof of the Shielding -- 5.2 System Shielding Effectiveness Measurements -- 5.3 Cable Assembly Measurements -- 5.4 Transfer Impedance and Capacitive Coupling Impedance Measurements -- 5.5 Testing in Time Domain -- 5.6 Test Result Correlation And Interpretation -- 6. Cable Shielding Engineering -- 6.1 System Approach to Shielding Engineering -- 6.2 Cable Shielding Design for EMC Performance -- 6.3 Performance Stability and Reliability of Cable Shielding -- 6.4 Shielding Unlimited.
    Abstract: The mathematical theory of wave propagation along a conductor with an external coaxial return is very old, going back to the work of Rayleigh, Heaviside, and J. J. Thomson. These words were written by S. A. Schelkunoff back in 1934. Indeed, those early works dealt with signal propagation along the line as well as electromagnetic shielding of the environment inside and/or outside the metallic enclosures. Max­ well himself developed pioneering studies of single-layer shielding shells, while a paper with such a "modern" title as "On the Magnetic Shielding of Concentric Spherical Shells" was presented by A. W Rucker as early as 1893! * Such "state of the art" shielding theory created in the last century is even more amazing if you think that at almost the same time (namely, in 1860s), a manuscript of Jules Verne's book, Paris in the. xx Century, was rejected by a publisher because it pre­ dicted such "outrageously incredible" electrotechnology as, for example, FAX service by wires and the electrocutioner's chair. (With regard to the last invention, I suspect many readers would rather Jules Verne has been wrong. ) However, although the beginning of electromagnetic shielding theory and its implementation to electronic cables date back more than a century, this dynamic field keeps constantly growing, driven by practical applications.
    Description / Table of Contents: PrefaceAcknowledgments -- 1. Electronic Cable in an Emi Environment -- 1.1 Introduction to System EMI and EMC -- 1.2 Cable EMI Controlling Factors -- 1.3 Defining and Modeling EMC Performance of Electronic Cable -- 2. Understanding Cable Shielding -- 2.1 Effects and Problems of Cable Shielding -- 2.2 Bare Necessities: A Theoretical Detour -- 2.3 Shielding-This Is Not Very Simple -- 3. Transfer Parameters of Cable Shields -- 3.1 Figure of Merit of Cable Shield Performance -- 3.2 The Electromagnetic Theory of Solid Homogeneous Shielding Tubes -- 3.3 Practical Tubular Shields -- 3.4 Spiral Shields -- 3.5 Braided Shield -- 3.6 Multilayer Shields -- 4. Electromagnetic Coupling and Shielding -- 4.1 Shielding to Decouple and Coupling to Shield -- 4.2 Coupling and Shielding in Static and Stationary Fields -- 4.3 Shielding for Crosstalk Protection -- 4.4 Shielding from Radiating Fields -- 4.5 Grounding and Termination of Cable Shields -- 4.6 Transient Response of Cable Shielding -- 5. Measurement Techniques and Apparatus: The Tools of the Trade -- 5.1 The Proof of the Shielding -- 5.2 System Shielding Effectiveness Measurements -- 5.3 Cable Assembly Measurements -- 5.4 Transfer Impedance and Capacitive Coupling Impedance Measurements -- 5.5 Testing in Time Domain -- 5.6 Test Result Correlation And Interpretation -- 6. Cable Shielding Engineering -- 6.1 System Approach to Shielding Engineering -- 6.2 Cable Shielding Design for EMC Performance -- 6.3 Performance Stability and Reliability of Cable Shielding -- 6.4 Shielding Unlimited.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401106931
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 549 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401112185
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Developments in molecular genetic techniques in fisheries2 Appraisal of molecular genetic techniques in fisheries -- 3 Molecular genetics and the stock concept in fisheries -- 4 The role of molecular genetic markers in the management of cultured fishes -- 5 Perspectives of molecular genetics and fisheries into the 21st century -- 6 Molecular genetics in fisheries: current and future perspectives -- 7 Microsatellites: genetic markers for the future -- 8 Molecular genetics applications in fisheries: snake oil or restorative? -- Glossary of terms.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London : Palgrave Macmillan UK
    ISBN: 9781349133024
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVI, 836 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Popular works ; Science ; Higher education ; Education ; Education, Higher. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: A comprehensive annually-updated guide to higher education offering practical advice on courses and places to study. The book deals with the mechanics of applying to college, and also information on matters from finance and accommodation to a glossary of unfamiliar terms
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401715942
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXV, 496 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- I—Mechanics and Mechanisms -- 2 Molecular Aspects -- 3 Fracture Mechanics -- 4 Shear Yielding -- 5 Crazing -- 6 Impact and Fatigue -- II—Materials -- 7 Glassy Polymers I—Thermoplastics -- 8 Glassy Polymers II—Thermosets -- 9 Crystalline Polymers -- 10 Rubbers -- 11 Toughened Multiphase Plastics -- Author Index.
    Abstract: Over recent years there has been a tremendous upsurge in interest in the fracture behaviour of polymers. One reason for this is the increas­ ing use of polymers in structural engineering applications, since in such circumstances it is essential to have as complete an understanding as possible of the polymer's fracture behaviour. This book is designed to meet the requirements of those who need to be informed of the latest developments in the field of polymer fracture. It is written particularly for research workers but it should also prove invaluable for advanced students taking final-year undergraduate or postgraduate courses. The main emphasis is upon the use of fracture mechanics in the study of polymer fracture but this approach is then developed to cover the micromechanisms of the fracture process. Particular prominence is given to the relationship between structure, mechanical properties and the mechanics and mechanisms of fracture. The first chapter is a brief introduction which has several aims. One is to introduce polymers to the reader who does not have a strong background in the subject and another is to provide background material that will be used at later stages. The book is then split into two main parts: the first deals with the mechanics and mechanisms whilst the second is concerned with materials. In Part I phenomena such as molecular fracture, fracture mechanics, shear yielding and crazing are covered from a general viewpoint.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781489960740
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 325 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401105835
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 118 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Disease risks of obesity -- The fallacy of ideal body weight standards -- Obesity and diabetes: many as yet unanswered questions -- Present public health issues on obesity -- References -- 2. Are all calories equal? -- Possible mechanisms by which calories from macronutrients might not be equal -- Are all calories equal for slimmers? -- ‘Are all calories equal?’ -- References -- 3. Metabolic risk factors for the development of obesity -- Determinants of energy expenditure -- Low metabolic rate as a risk factor -- The effect of dietary fat/carbohydrate on energy expenditure -- Oxidative autoregulation -- Diet composition and obesity -- Conclusion -- References -- 4. Metabolic response to slimming -- Short-term consequences of slimming -- Long-term consequences of slimming -- Conclusions -- References -- 5. Health effects of weight cycling -- The metabolic hypothesis -- Weight cycling and health -- Interpretation of epidemiological findings -- Psychological factors -- Conclusions and implications -- References -- 6. Food preferences and body weight control -- Food preferences and obesity -- Fat intake and fat preference in the genesis of obesity -- Genetic predisposition -- References -- 7. Psychological aspects of obesity -- Early psychological theories -- Emergence of the restrained eater -- Restrained eating and obesity -- Bulimia nervosa -- Strict control and the disturbance of eating behaviour -- Counter-regulation -- Individual variability -- Dietary macronutrient selection and body weight control -- Successful and unsuccessful weight control strategies -- References -- 8. Realistic expectations of obesity treatments -- No new treatment principles -- A pessimistic view -- Why so little success? -- Realistic strategies -- The definition of success -- An optimistic view -- References -- 9. Health professional approach to weight control -- Hypocaloric diet -- Exercise -- Pharmacotherapy -- Very low-calorie diets -- Surgery -- References.
    Abstract: The mechanisms controlling body weight or, to be more specific, that component of body mass that consists of adipose tissue is an active area of scientific research. Two stimuli can be discerned that give a sense of urgency to this research. The first is the data, from many sources, confirming an inexorable upward trend in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in developed countries. The picture in the emerging nations is unclear because of both a lack of appropriate survey data and the continued scourge of under­ nourishment among their poor. It is likely, however, that, throughout the world, wherever disposable income and food availability are high, obesity and overweight will be a continuing and increasing problem. The second driving force among researchers is the realization that, to date, there has been little success in either stemming the tide of individuals experiencing excessive adiposity or enabling them to recover a more desirable body weight and composition. Such are the problems. But significant progress in research into the origins and treatment of this condition is being made, and in recent years has been brisk. Technical advances (such as the ability to measure total energy expenditure in free-living individuals with good reliability), new and imaginative thinking and a determination not to be satisfied with hypotheses until they have been thoroughly challenged by experiment have yielded significant advances.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Disease risks of obesityThe fallacy of ideal body weight standards -- Obesity and diabetes: many as yet unanswered questions -- Present public health issues on obesity -- References -- 2. Are all calories equal? -- Possible mechanisms by which calories from macronutrients might not be equal -- Are all calories equal for slimmers? -- ‘Are all calories equal?’ -- References -- 3. Metabolic risk factors for the development of obesity -- Determinants of energy expenditure -- Low metabolic rate as a risk factor -- The effect of dietary fat/carbohydrate on energy expenditure -- Oxidative autoregulation -- Diet composition and obesity -- Conclusion -- References -- 4. Metabolic response to slimming -- Short-term consequences of slimming -- Long-term consequences of slimming -- Conclusions -- References -- 5. Health effects of weight cycling -- The metabolic hypothesis -- Weight cycling and health -- Interpretation of epidemiological findings -- Psychological factors -- Conclusions and implications -- References -- 6. Food preferences and body weight control -- Food preferences and obesity -- Fat intake and fat preference in the genesis of obesity -- Genetic predisposition -- References -- 7. Psychological aspects of obesity -- Early psychological theories -- Emergence of the restrained eater -- Restrained eating and obesity -- Bulimia nervosa -- Strict control and the disturbance of eating behaviour -- Counter-regulation -- Individual variability -- Dietary macronutrient selection and body weight control -- Successful and unsuccessful weight control strategies -- References -- 8. Realistic expectations of obesity treatments -- No new treatment principles -- A pessimistic view -- Why so little success? -- Realistic strategies -- The definition of success -- An optimistic view -- References -- 9. Health professional approach to weight control -- Hypocaloric diet -- Exercise -- Pharmacotherapy -- Very low-calorie diets -- Surgery -- References.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9781468487039
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: The Structure and Electronic Configuration of Crystalline Surfaces -- Present and Proposed Uses of Low-Energy Electron Diffraction in Studying Surfaces -- The Effects of Oxide and Organic Films on Sliding Friction -- The Deformational and Geometrical Aspect of Surfaces in Sliding Contact -- Effect of Surface Energy on Lubrication -- Problems of Producing a Clean Surface by Outgassing in Ultrahigh Vacuum -- Physical Adsorption by Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Solid Surfaces -- The Relation of the Attractive Forces at Interfaces to Wetting, Spreading, Adsorption, and Long-Range Attractive Forces -- Solid-to-Solid Adhesion -- Spreading, Penetration, and Capillary Flow in Metallic Systems -- Bibliography on Surface Phenomena (Selected References, 1963–1965).
    Description / Table of Contents: The Structure and Electronic Configuration of Crystalline SurfacesPresent and Proposed Uses of Low-Energy Electron Diffraction in Studying Surfaces -- The Effects of Oxide and Organic Films on Sliding Friction -- The Deformational and Geometrical Aspect of Surfaces in Sliding Contact -- Effect of Surface Energy on Lubrication -- Problems of Producing a Clean Surface by Outgassing in Ultrahigh Vacuum -- Physical Adsorption by Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Solid Surfaces -- The Relation of the Attractive Forces at Interfaces to Wetting, Spreading, Adsorption, and Long-Range Attractive Forces -- Solid-to-Solid Adhesion -- Spreading, Penetration, and Capillary Flow in Metallic Systems -- Bibliography on Surface Phenomena (Selected References, 1963-1965).
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9781468490336
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Approximate Methods of Solving Logical Problems -- Certain Questions in the Coding of Finite Automata -- Some Methods of Increasing the Reliability of Finite Automata -- Some Algorithms for Synthesizing Schemes of Minimal Depth -- Construction of Minimal Disjunctive Normal Forms -- One Method of Synthesizing Normal Forms -- Optimization of the Search for a Shortest Covering -- Minimizing the Number of Arguments of Boolean Functions -- Experimental Evaluation of One Method of Minimizing the Number of States of Discrete Automata -- Economizing of Memory Utilization -- Algorithm for Minimizing Operational Memory -- Synthesis of Optimal Algorithms for Recognizing Boolean Functions -- Economizing Program Memory of Special-Purpose Digital Computers -- Synthesizing a Stochastic Automaton -- Constructing Tests for Finite Automata by Means of the Language of Regular Expressions -- APPENDIX. Description of the LYaPAS Language -- A. D. Zakrevskii.
    Abstract: The present collection is devoted to algorithmic methods, and computer algorithms, for the synthesis of digital computers and controlling machines. The work reported in the papers collected here was performed at the Institute for Prob­ lems of Information Transmission of the Academy of Science of the USSR, in the section for computational techniques of the Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Division of the Academy of Science of the USSR, and in the Problem Laboratory of Computing Devices of the Siberian Physics -Engineering Ins titute. The paper by A. D. Zakrevskii is devoted to the discussion of ways of solving basic prob­ lems in the area of computer solution of logical problems, including the problem of automata synthesis. In the paper by E. I. Piil' a methodology is presented for coding internal states and input states of finite automata which is suitable for computer realization. The suggested coding al­ gorithms permit one to take account simultaneously of constraints on inadmissible critical races of memory elements, speed and simplicity of structure of the automaton's logical transformer. E. N. Turuta's paper investigates certain methods of synthesizing reliable automata, based on the introduction of redundancy into the automaton's memory block. The paper by Ya. I. Fet contains a solution to the problem of synthesizing schemes of minimal depth for one of the most widely used bases of elements in computer technology.
    Description / Table of Contents: Approximate Methods of Solving Logical ProblemsCertain Questions in the Coding of Finite Automata -- Some Methods of Increasing the Reliability of Finite Automata -- Some Algorithms for Synthesizing Schemes of Minimal Depth -- Construction of Minimal Disjunctive Normal Forms -- One Method of Synthesizing Normal Forms -- Optimization of the Search for a Shortest Covering -- Minimizing the Number of Arguments of Boolean Functions -- Experimental Evaluation of One Method of Minimizing the Number of States of Discrete Automata -- Economizing of Memory Utilization -- Algorithm for Minimizing Operational Memory -- Synthesis of Optimal Algorithms for Recognizing Boolean Functions -- Economizing Program Memory of Special-Purpose Digital Computers -- Synthesizing a Stochastic Automaton -- Constructing Tests for Finite Automata by Means of the Language of Regular Expressions -- APPENDIX. Description of the LYaPAS Language -- A. D. Zakrevskii.
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9781468490909
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Interaction of Evoked Cortical Potentials in the Rabbit -- Cortical Repetitive Responses Elicited by a Single Contralateral Stimulus -- Cortical Responses to Repetitive Contralateral Stimulation after Sectioning of the Corpus Callosum -- Cortical Excitability Changes Following Transcallosal Afferent Excitation -- The Interaction of Callosal Potentials and Potentials Evoked by Thalamic Stimulation. -- The Effect of Electric Stimulation of the Brain Stem on the Galvanic Skin Reflex -- Lambda Waves of Human Subjects of Different Age Levels -- Electroencephalographic and Galvanic-Skin Investigation of the Orienting Reflex in Man -- Electroencephalographic Study of Temporary Connections in Man -- Appendices -- A. Papers on Brain Research Published in the Acta Physiologica Sinica for the Period 1962–1966 -- B. Papers on Brain Research Published in English or in Russian in the Scientia Sinica for the Period 1952–1966 -- C. Some Linguistic Aspects of Scientific and Technical Chinese -- D. Dictionaries Used in the Preparation of These Translations -- E. Chinese-Language Titles and Foreign-Language Abstracts of Articles Appearing in this Work.
    Abstract: The great majority of papers on brain research that have been published in Mainland China in recent years have appeared in the Chinese language (only a small fraction of the work has appeared in English in the journal Scientia Sinica), and hence they have remained inacces­ sible to other workers, since there have been no translation programs of publications in this field in Chinese of the types that have existed, for example, for Russian-language materials. Accordingly, most investigators are not aware of the work of their Chinese colleagues in this field. Yet the field has been an active if small one in China, and has covered a variety of topics that include electrophysiology, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, neuropsychology, and in­ strumentation. Standard techniques and instruments, a number of Chinese manufacture, have been employed. Moreover, Chinese workers have been quite familiar with the publications of other investigators, as is readily apparent from the bibliographies of the papers (see Index).
    Description / Table of Contents: Interaction of Evoked Cortical Potentials in the RabbitCortical Repetitive Responses Elicited by a Single Contralateral Stimulus -- Cortical Responses to Repetitive Contralateral Stimulation after Sectioning of the Corpus Callosum -- Cortical Excitability Changes Following Transcallosal Afferent Excitation -- The Interaction of Callosal Potentials and Potentials Evoked by Thalamic Stimulation. -- The Effect of Electric Stimulation of the Brain Stem on the Galvanic Skin Reflex -- Lambda Waves of Human Subjects of Different Age Levels -- Electroencephalographic and Galvanic-Skin Investigation of the Orienting Reflex in Man -- Electroencephalographic Study of Temporary Connections in Man -- Appendices -- A. Papers on Brain Research Published in the Acta Physiologica Sinica for the Period 1962-1966 -- B. Papers on Brain Research Published in English or in Russian in the Scientia Sinica for the Period 1952-1966 -- C. Some Linguistic Aspects of Scientific and Technical Chinese -- D. Dictionaries Used in the Preparation of These Translations -- E. Chinese-Language Titles and Foreign-Language Abstracts of Articles Appearing in this Work.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer
    ISBN: 9781468417647
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 418 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. The Elementary Acts of Morphogenesis: Processes of Biosynthesis of Informational Macromolecules. The Biochemical Mechanisms of Transfer of Genetic Information -- Literature Cited -- 2. Molecular-Genetic Mechanisms of Reproduction and Morphogenesis of Viruses -- Conclusion -- Literature Cited -- 3. Molecular-Genetic Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Intracellular Biochemical Differentiation of Monochromosomal Bacterial Cells -- Literature Cited -- 4. Molecular-Gentic Systems Controlling Morphogenesis and Differentiation in Multicellular Organisms. Molecular Structure of Chromosomes of the Cell Nucleus and Structural and Biochemical Features of Genetic and Functional Differentiation of Chromosomes -- Literature Cited -- 5. Biochemical Realization of the Morphogenetic Program. Changes in Proteins and Nucleic Acids During Processes of Differentiation and Development -- Literature Cited -- 6. Chromosomal Proteins and Their Role in Regulation of Selective Gene Activity During Differentiation and in Specialized Cells -- Conclusion. Discussion of the Genetic Function of Histones -- Literature Cited -- 7. Induction of Differentiated Activity of the Genes by Cytoplasmic and Chromosomal Factors and its Role in the General Organization of Morphogenesis -- Literature Cited -- 8. Molecular Mechanisms Programming Morphogenesis and Differentiation. A Theoretical Analysis -- Literature Cited -- 9. Recent Advances in the Study of Molecular-Genetic Mechanisms of Development -- § 1. New Material on the Mechanism of Transfer of Genetic Information -- § 2. New Data Concerning Mechanisms of Morphogenesis of Viruses -- §3. New Data on the Molecular Mechanisms of Regulation of the Morphogenesis of Bacteria -- §4. Functional Activity of the Chromosomes in Morphogenesis and Differentiation -- § 5. New Facts Concerning Changes in Proteins and Nucleic Acids during Morphogenetic Processes -- § 6. Chromosomal Proteins as Genetic Regulators -- § 7. Induction and Repression of Genetic Loci During Differentiation -- Literature Cited.
    Abstract: Although as part of my general plan, this book is a continua­ tion of my earlier monograph "Protein Biosynthesis and Problems of Ontogenesis,"* published in 1963, in all other respects it is an independent work. The earlier monograph was devoted to the analysis of many of the aspects of the problem of protein biosynthesis, and problems of inheritance and development were discussed only insofar as they are derivatives of the problems of biosynthesis. The complex act of protein biosynthesis, comprising autore­ production of the genetic material (DNA), formation of the templates of protein synthesis (messenger RNA), synthesis of amino acid carriers (transfer RNA), formation of ribosomes and polysomes, activation of amino acids, and so on, was examined in the previous monograph not merely from the standpoint of interaction between the components of this system, but also from that of their mani­ festation in actual biological systems during morphogenesis and aging of the organism. However, both morphogenesis and aging were investigated very generally, Simply as models, without any detailed analysis of their specific features and complexity. The present book is therefore a logical continuation of its prede­ cessor. It rests largely on a comprehensive analysis of the molecular-genetic and biochemical aspects of development and differentiation of living organisms, and questions of protein biosyn­ thesis are discussed briefly and generally, and only so far as is necessary for fulfillment of the primary task. • Zh. A. Medvedev. 1966. Protein Biosynthesis and Problems of Heredity. Developement.
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9781461397830
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 463 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Biological Reactions of Dioxygen: An Introduction -- 2 Oxygen Activation by Flavins and Pterins -- 3 Reactions of Dioxygen and Its Reduced Forms with Heme Proteins and Model Porphyrin Complexes -- 4 Dioxygen Reactivity in Copper Proteins and Complexes -- 5 Oxygen Activation at Nonheme Iron Centers -- 6 The Mechanism of Lipoxygenases -- 7 The Biological Significance of Oxygen-Derived Species -- 8 Metal-Complex-Catalyzed Cleavage of Biopolymers -- 9 Exploration of Selected Pathways for Metabolic Oxidative Ring Opening of Benzene Based on Estimates of Molecular Energetics -- 10 The Role of Oxidized Lipids in Cardiovascular Disease.
    Abstract: The field of "Oxygen Activation" has attracted considerable interest recently, not only because it presents challenges in those fields of basic research that aim to understand the fundamental aspects of chemical and biological reactions that involve dioxygen, but also because of its wide range of practical implications in such diverse fields as medicine, synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds, materials science, and atmospheric science. This is the second of two volumes that focus on the subject of oxygen activation, the first slanted toward chemistry and the second toward biological chemistry. We planned these volumes to be more general than many monographs of this sort, not as detailed summaries of the authors' own research but rather as general overviews of the field. Our choice of topics was strongly influenced by our syllabus for a course entitled "Oxygen Chemistry," which two of us have twice taught jointly at UCLA. Definition of important issues, horizons, and future prospects was an important goal, and, although totally comprehensive coverage was not possible, we believe that we have chosen a representative selection of research topics current to the field. We have targeted this work to a diverse audience ranging from professionals in fields from physics to medicine to beginning graduate students who are interested in rapidly acquiring the basics of this field.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Biological Reactions of Dioxygen: An Introduction2 Oxygen Activation by Flavins and Pterins -- 3 Reactions of Dioxygen and Its Reduced Forms with Heme Proteins and Model Porphyrin Complexes -- 4 Dioxygen Reactivity in Copper Proteins and Complexes -- 5 Oxygen Activation at Nonheme Iron Centers -- 6 The Mechanism of Lipoxygenases -- 7 The Biological Significance of Oxygen-Derived Species -- 8 Metal-Complex-Catalyzed Cleavage of Biopolymers -- 9 Exploration of Selected Pathways for Metabolic Oxidative Ring Opening of Benzene Based on Estimates of Molecular Energetics -- 10 The Role of Oxidized Lipids in Cardiovascular Disease.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468489200
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction to the Reactions Between Oxidizing Gases and Metals and Alloys -- 2. Lattice Defect Phenomena and Diffusion Processes in Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Crystals -- 2.1. Lattice Defect Phenomena in Stoichiometric Ionic Crystals -- 2.2. Defect Phenomena in Nonstoichiometric Ionic Crystals -- 2.3. Lattice Defect Phenomena in Regions Near the Surface of Nonstoichiometric Ionic Crystals -- 2.4. Lattice Defect Phenomena and Diffusion Mechanisms in Metals -- 3. The Mechanism of Oxidation of Metals — Theory -- 3.1. Diffusion and Transport Processes in Scaling and Tarnishing Layers -- 3.2. The Wagner Theory of Oxidation -- 3.3. Diffusion and Scaling Coefficients -- 3.4. Calculation of the Absolute Oxidation Rate Constants of Metals for the Parabolic Rate Law -- 3.5. The Effect of Electric Fields on Metal Oxidation -- 4. Scaling Processes in Metals and Alloys with Formation of Thick Protective Layers -- 4.1. Scaling Systems with Ion-Conducting Protective Layers -- 4.2. Scaling Systems with Electron-Conducting Protective Layers -- 4.3. Catastrophic Oxidation -- 4.4. Scaling Systems with Rate-Determining Phase-Boundary Reactions -- 4.5. Scaling Systems with Protective Layers Containing Several Phases -- 4.6. Scaling of Iron Alloys -- 4.7. The Influence of Metal Diffusion in the Alloy Phase on the Scaling Rate -- 4.8. The Mechanism of Internal Oxidation of Alloys -- 5. The Mechanism of the Attack of Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds on Metals and Alloys -- 6. The Oxidation Mechanism of Metal-Carbon Alloys and Carbides -- 7. The Mechanism of Oxide Layer Formation in Aqueous Electrolytes -- 7.1. The Phenomenon of Passivity -- 7.2. The Mechanism of Passive Layer Formation on Metals and Alloys -- 7.3. The Solution Current of Metals with Passive Layers -- 8. A Few Approved Methods of Measurement of Coating Growth -- 8.1. Use of the Microbalance in Oxidation Apparatus -- 8.2. Gas Volumetric and Manometric Methods for Measurement of the Oxidation Rate -- 8.3. Further Methods for the Measurement of the Thickness of Tarnishing Layers -- Author Index.
    Abstract: During the translation, the author had the opportunity to re­ view several chapters, taking into consideration the more recent literature. As far as possible all new theoretical concepts and experi­ mental data published before 1963 have been quoted and discussed under the theoretical viewpoint of this book. A new chapter "Passivity and Inhibition During High-Tempera­ ture Oxidation" was introduced. Section 4.8 was enlarged by a dis­ cussion of the transition from internal to external oxidation. The author very much appreciates the cooperation of the trans­ lator and of Plenum Press. Gottingen, April 1.965 Karl Hauffe v Preface The number of publications concerned with oxidation and cor­ rosion processes has become so copious that many engineers and scientists find it practically impossible to obtain an overall view of the growing body of knowledge and to bring order to the confusing multiplicity of experimental data. As a result the need for a compre­ hensive survey of the present state of research in this field has be­ come more and more urgent.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction to the Reactions Between Oxidizing Gases and Metals and Alloys2. Lattice Defect Phenomena and Diffusion Processes in Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Crystals -- 2.1. Lattice Defect Phenomena in Stoichiometric Ionic Crystals -- 2.2. Defect Phenomena in Nonstoichiometric Ionic Crystals -- 2.3. Lattice Defect Phenomena in Regions Near the Surface of Nonstoichiometric Ionic Crystals -- 2.4. Lattice Defect Phenomena and Diffusion Mechanisms in Metals -- 3. The Mechanism of Oxidation of Metals - Theory -- 3.1. Diffusion and Transport Processes in Scaling and Tarnishing Layers -- 3.2. The Wagner Theory of Oxidation -- 3.3. Diffusion and Scaling Coefficients -- 3.4. Calculation of the Absolute Oxidation Rate Constants of Metals for the Parabolic Rate Law -- 3.5. The Effect of Electric Fields on Metal Oxidation -- 4. Scaling Processes in Metals and Alloys with Formation of Thick Protective Layers -- 4.1. Scaling Systems with Ion-Conducting Protective Layers -- 4.2. Scaling Systems with Electron-Conducting Protective Layers -- 4.3. Catastrophic Oxidation -- 4.4. Scaling Systems with Rate-Determining Phase-Boundary Reactions -- 4.5. Scaling Systems with Protective Layers Containing Several Phases -- 4.6. Scaling of Iron Alloys -- 4.7. The Influence of Metal Diffusion in the Alloy Phase on the Scaling Rate -- 4.8. The Mechanism of Internal Oxidation of Alloys -- 5. The Mechanism of the Attack of Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds on Metals and Alloys -- 6. The Oxidation Mechanism of Metal-Carbon Alloys and Carbides -- 7. The Mechanism of Oxide Layer Formation in Aqueous Electrolytes -- 7.1. The Phenomenon of Passivity -- 7.2. The Mechanism of Passive Layer Formation on Metals and Alloys -- 7.3. The Solution Current of Metals with Passive Layers -- 8. A Few Approved Methods of Measurement of Coating Growth -- 8.1. Use of the Microbalance in Oxidation Apparatus -- 8.2. Gas Volumetric and Manometric Methods for Measurement of the Oxidation Rate -- 8.3. Further Methods for the Measurement of the Thickness of Tarnishing Layers -- Author Index.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer
    ISBN: 9781468477849
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 236 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Corporate Excellence in Facilities: Why the Workplace is Important -- The Organization—Accommodation (O—A) Relationship -- Adding Value to the O—A Relationship -- The Unexamined O—A Relationship Is Not Worth Having -- Changing Building Design -- Economic and Social Pressures on the O—A Relationship -- Workspace: Asset or Liability? -- 2 Managing Environmental Quality: Current Trends in Office Occupancy -- What Does Facilities Management (FM) Mean Today? -- Integrating FM With Business Strategy -- The Impact on Space Use of Changing Trends in the Nature of Work -- Managing the Human Aspect -- Current Trends and the Human Aspect -- 3 Using Occupancy Feedback: A Strategy for Managing Workplace Improvements -- Health Risks in the Office -- The Productivity Debate -- Feedback from Building Occupants -- Total Quality and Customer Satisfaction -- Functional Comfort as a Strategic Planning Concept -- Managing Feedback from Building Occupants -- 4 Building-In-Use Assessment: An Occupancy Feedback System -- How Building-In-Use Assessment Works -- An Introduction to Building-In-Use Assessment -- Carrying Out Building-In-Use Assessment -- Applying BIU Results to Problem Solving -- Communication with Occupants -- Builidng-In-Use Assessment in Practice -- Using Feedback for Continuous Improvement -- 5 Building-In-Use Assessment of Building Systems: Air Quality, Thermal Comfort, and Building Noise Control -- Building Systems’ Dimensions of Functional Comfort -- The Air Quality Dilemma -- The Thermal Comfort Paradox -- The Quandary of Building Noise Control -- How Building Systems Can Increase Functional Comfort -- 6 Building-In-Use Assessment of Planning and Design of Interior Space: Spatial Comfort, Privacy, and Office Noise Control -- Factors Influencing the Design of Space for Work -- The Spatial Comfort Crisis -- Building-In-Use Assessment of Spatial Comfort -- The Privacy Conundrum -- The Challenge of Office Noise Control -- The Future of the Individual Workplace -- 7 Building-In-Use Assessment of Lighting Comfort -- The Lighting Comfort Opportunity -- Building-In-Use Assessment of Lighting Comfort -- Human Factors in Lighting -- Lighting and Morale -- Windows and Daylighting -- Improving Lighting Comfort -- 8 Building Convenience and Building Amenities -- What Is Building Convenience? -- Building-In-Use Assessment of Building Convenience -- Measuring Building Convenience -- Building Amenities and the Future of Building Convenience -- 9 Occupants’ Feedback as a Decision-Making Tool: Three Case Studies -- Organizational Learning Through the Acquisition of Feedback -- International Headquarters Offices: Conflicts Over Information Utilization -- National Telecommunications Company: Diagnostic Information as a Tool for Strategic Planning -- Commercial Real Estate Company: Using Feedback to Increase Competitive Advantage -- Devising Corporate Accommodation Strategy -- 10 The Politics of Occupants’ Feedback: Issues in Implementation -- Applying Occupant Feedback -- Legal and Political Issues -- Improving Communication -- Environmental Empowerment: Are We Ready? -- 11 Optimizing Occupancy: Strategic Planning of the Organization—Accommodation Relationship -- Accommodation Strategy and the O—A Relationship -- Planning the Future of the O—A Relationship -- Corporate Accommodation as a “Strategic Functional Unit” -- Using Accommodation to Add Value to Products and Services -- Reengineering the Office as a Tool for Work -- Implementation of an “Integrated Workplace Strategy” -- Final Words -- Appendix: The Buiding-In-Use Databases and How They are Used.
    Abstract: We live in era of transformation--of technology, of social values, and of the way work is done. This book represents a timely and innovative ad­ dition to current thinking and writing about transformation in organiza­ tions. In order to meet an increasingly global and competitive environment, organizations are undergoing reengineering, work process redesign, "right sizing," creating a "virtual office," and other forms of restructur­ ing and basic change of the way work is accomplished. Such transfor­ mation means analyzing and redesigning core processes in organizations around new kinds of principles such as "total quality" and customer service. The eventual effect of these changes is likely to be the networked or "boundary-Iess" organization, in which the tradi­ tional boundaries between functions and between producers and their suppliers-and sometimes even between organizations and their com­ petitors-are broken down. The goal of such transformation is to make the work of the organization more efficient and productive-to produce more with fewer resources and at a lower cost. In the conventional view of the transformation process, certain sec­ ondary concerns, such as the need to protect the environment or to help an increasingly heterogeneous work force deal with its personal issues, are seen as problematic for this core thrust. Some recent work, however, is beginning to show that if these so-called secondary concerns are con­ sidered central, far from being problematic, they actually present strat­ egy opportunities for productive innovation and change.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer
    ISBN: 9781461570479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 355 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Water Quality and Environmental Requirements -- 3. Site Selection for Aquaculture -- 4. Water Supply -- 5. Aquaculture in Open Systems -- 6. Fluid Mechanics -- 7. Pumps -- 8. Flow Estimation and Measurement -- 9. Aquaculture in Ponds, Raceways, and Tanks -- 10. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems -- 11. Oxygen and Aeration -- 12. Sterilization and Disinfection -- References.
    Abstract: Aquaculture is the science and technology of balanced support from the biological and engi­ producing aquatic plants and animals. It is not neering sciences. However, commercial aqua­ new, but has been practiced in certain Eastern culture has become so complex that, in order to cultures for over 2,000 years. However, the role be successful, one must also draw upon the ex­ of aquaculture in helping to meet the world's pertise of biologists, engineers, chemists, econ­ food shortages has become more recently ap­ omists, food technologists, marketing special­ parent. ists, lawyers, and others. The multidisciplinary The oceans of the world were once consid­ approach to aquaculture production became ap­ ered sources of an unlimited food supply. Bio­ parent during the early 1990s. It is believed that logical studies indicate that the maximum sus­ this trend will continue as aquaculture produc­ tainable yield of marine species through the tion becomes more and more intensive in order harvest of wild stock is 100 million MT (metric for the producer to squeeze as much product as tons) per year. Studies also indicate that we are possible out of a given parcel of land. Although many aquaculture books exist, few rapidly approaching the maximum sustainable yield of the world's oceans and major freshwa­ explore the engineering aspects of aquaculture ter bodies. Per capita consumption of fishery production.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781461578895
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXII, 928 p) , online resource
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Flavor is unquestionably one of the most extremely secretive one-reluctant to dis­ close anything that might be of value to a important attributes of the food we eat. competitor. Thus, little information about Man does not eat simply to live but even the activities of the flavor industry itself is more so lives to eat. Take away the pleasure offood and life becomes relatively mundane. available to the public. There now is a substantial body of liter­ The goal of the original Source Book of ature dealing with food flavor. The "golden Flavors, written by Henry Heath, was to years" of flavor research in the United States bring together in one volume as much of the were the 1960s and 70s. Numerous academic worldwide data and facts and as many flavor­ and government institutions had strong related subjects (e. g. , food colors) as was flavor programs and money was readily possible. Henry Heath added a wealth of available for flavor research. In the 1980s personal information on how the industry and 90s, research funding has become diffi­ accomplishes its various activities, which cult to obtain, particularly in an esthetic had never been published in any other liter­ area such as food flavor. The number of ature. It has been the intent of this author to research groups focusing on food flavor has update and build upon the original work of declined in the United States. Fortunately, Henry Heath.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468414189
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: One Housing Yesterday -- Two Housing Today -- Three Community Planning and Design -- Four Siting and Lot Patterns -- Five Floor Plans and Building Image -- Six Interior Details -- Seven Exterior Details -- Eight Multifamily Housing -- Nine Manufactured Housing -- Ten Conclusion: Housing Tomorrow -- Project Credits -- Notes -- Bibliograpy.
    Abstract: are often lined with garages in front of houses that are clearly more internalized in design, some even taking on a fortress-like appearance. Today's new homes are technically superior in construction; i.e., they are more energy efficient, weather resistant and maintenance free. However, they also seem to lack the warmth and charm of prewar homes, for which more construction dollars were spent on quality veneers, buUt-in features and other human-scale details. The postwar need for massive amounts of "affordable" housing for returning GIs helped to encourage buUding practices that could reduce on-site labor and material costs in houses. The accommodation of the automobile, cost-cutting movements and a variety of other trends caused a gradual decline in the human, social and emotional qualities of postwar residential architecture. This book will attempt to look at the issues and choices facing today's residential designers and home buUders and ask: How can we make our new houses and neighborhoods more responsive to humanistic needs, partlcularly in light of constant pressures to keep housing costs down? This question will generally be addressed by comparing historical designs to those of today, to see if we might be able to reconsider some "old-fashioned" ideas in new housing designs.
    Description / Table of Contents: One Housing YesterdayTwo Housing Today -- Three Community Planning and Design -- Four Siting and Lot Patterns -- Five Floor Plans and Building Image -- Six Interior Details -- Seven Exterior Details -- Eight Multifamily Housing -- Nine Manufactured Housing -- Ten Conclusion: Housing Tomorrow -- Project Credits -- Notes -- Bibliograpy.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468483529
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Magnets in Biological Research -- Effects of Near-Zero Magnetic Fields upon Biological Systems -- The Effects of a Magnetic Field on DNA Synthesis by Ascites Sarcoma 37 Cells -- The Effect of Strong Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields on Serum-Free Cell Cultures -- Effects of Magnetic Fields on Cellular Respiration -- Magnetic Field and in situ Acetylocholinesterase in the Vagal Heart System -- Effects of the Magnetic Field on Internal Organs and the Endocrine System of Mice -- Changes in Sodium and Potassium Content of Urine from Mice Subjected to Intense Magnetic Fields -- Changes in the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate of Rabbits Due to Exposure of the Central Nervous System to a Constant Magnetic Field -- Sensitivity of Some Plant Material to Magnetic Fields -- Biomagnetic Hypotheses -- The Effect of High-Gradient, High-Strength Magnetic Fields on the Early Embryonic Development of Frogs -- Mutagenic Effects of Magnetic Fields on Drosophila melanogaster -- The Effect of Magnetic Fields upon the Central Nervous System -- Investigations of the Reactions of Mammalian Brain to Static Magnetic Fields -- Effect of a Constant Magnetic Field on Invertebrate Neurons -- Preference of Mice to Consume Food and Water in an Environment of High Magnetic Field -- Vectorcardiogram and Aortic Blood Flow of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in a Strong Superconductive Electromagnet -- Magnetic Susceptibility of Biological Materials.
    Abstract: We define biomagnetism broadly as the science of processes and functions in living organisms induced by static magnetic fields. Biomagnetic research has greatly increased since the publication of the first volume of this series. While much of this work has been reported in various international journals, there exists a need for this work to be collected together in one place. This book covers a rather wide area of research, both with respect to the strength of the field, ranging from "zero" to 150,000 oersteds, and with respect to the various specimens and their biological functions. It is designed primarly to help clarify the action of magnetic fields on biological systems with the hope of achieving a better understanding of the fundamental physiological processes occurring in them. In some chapters it is suggested that magnetic fields could ultimately be used in the treatment of disease. I would like to take this occasion to thank the contributors for their generous interest and willing cooperation. M. F. B. June 1969 Chicago, Illinois v CONTRIBUTORS Robert A. Abler, Varian Associates, Palo Alto, California (page 1). M. M. Alexandrovskaya, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neuro­ physiology, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR (page 215). Jena M. Barnothy, Biomagnetic Research Foundation, Evanston, Illinois (page 61). Madeleine F. Barnothy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (pages xi, 103). Robert O. Becker, State University of New York, Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse; Veterans Administration Hospital, Syracuse, New York (page 207).
    Description / Table of Contents: Magnets in Biological ResearchEffects of Near-Zero Magnetic Fields upon Biological Systems -- The Effects of a Magnetic Field on DNA Synthesis by Ascites Sarcoma 37 Cells -- The Effect of Strong Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields on Serum-Free Cell Cultures -- Effects of Magnetic Fields on Cellular Respiration -- Magnetic Field and in situ Acetylocholinesterase in the Vagal Heart System -- Effects of the Magnetic Field on Internal Organs and the Endocrine System of Mice -- Changes in Sodium and Potassium Content of Urine from Mice Subjected to Intense Magnetic Fields -- Changes in the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate of Rabbits Due to Exposure of the Central Nervous System to a Constant Magnetic Field -- Sensitivity of Some Plant Material to Magnetic Fields -- Biomagnetic Hypotheses -- The Effect of High-Gradient, High-Strength Magnetic Fields on the Early Embryonic Development of Frogs -- Mutagenic Effects of Magnetic Fields on Drosophila melanogaster -- The Effect of Magnetic Fields upon the Central Nervous System -- Investigations of the Reactions of Mammalian Brain to Static Magnetic Fields -- Effect of a Constant Magnetic Field on Invertebrate Neurons -- Preference of Mice to Consume Food and Water in an Environment of High Magnetic Field -- Vectorcardiogram and Aortic Blood Flow of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in a Strong Superconductive Electromagnet -- Magnetic Susceptibility of Biological Materials.
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  • 49
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401537209
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 420 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Nuclear engineering. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: When we first contemplated a book on this subject we were faced with a number of options: (a) to write it all ourselves, which would have had the merit of internal consistency and continuity of style; (b) to produce a collection of existing papers. which would have given us expert views in the various sub-fields of the economics of nuclear energy and would have put us in the position of knowing from the start exactly what the authors' contribu­ tions would be: (c) to commission contributions from individual specialists, chapter by chapter; or (d) some combination of these options. We settled for the last - we have written some of the material ourselves, have obtained permission to use some existing papers that seem to us to be valuable contributions to the subject, and have been fortunate in persuading a number of eminent people in their fields to produce papers especially for the book. This has given us a great deal of work and taken up more time than we planned for but we believe the result justifies this time and effort. It enabled us to design a structure for the book from the outset, recognizing that there are several aspects to the economics of nuclear energy - especially if we take a broad view of what is embraced by the word 'economics'.
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  • 50
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    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468447309
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Cryptography. ; Data encryption (Computer science). ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Session I: Algorithms and Theory -- Knapsack Public Key Cryptosystems and Diophantine Approximation (Extended Abstract) -- Solving Low Density Knapsacks -- Evaluation of the Adleman Attack on Multiply Iterated Knapsack Cryptosystems (Abstract) -- On the Power of Cascade Ciphers (Extended Abstract) -- The Prisoners’ Problem and the Subliminal Channel -- Session II: Modes of Operation -- An Overview of Factoring -- New Ideas for Factoring Large Integers -- Factoring Numbers on the Massively Parallel Computer -- Factorization Using the Quadratic Sieve Algorithm -- Session III: Protocols and Transaction Security -- Signatures through Approximate Representations by Quadratic Forms (Extended Abstract) -- A Simple Protocol for Signing Contracts -- Reducibility among Protocols (Extended Abstract) -- How to Exchange Half a Bit -- Blind Signature System (Abstract) -- Session IV: Applications -- A Layered Broadcast Cryptographic System -- Analytical Characteristics of the DES -- Producing a One-Way Hash Function from DES -- On the Security of Compressed Encodings -- Field Encryption and Authentication -- Shift-Register Synthesis (Modulo m) (Abstract) -- Session V: Special Session on Cryptanalysis -- Probabilistic Analysis and Performance Modelling of the ‘Swedish’ Algorithm and Modifications -- A Subexponential-Time Algorithm for Computing Discrete Logarithms over GF(p2) -- Permutation Polynomials in RSA-Cryptosystems -- Some Results on the Information Theoretic Analysis of Cryptosystems -- Rump Session: Impromptu Talks -- Improving the Security of Exponential Key Exchange -- RSA Bits Are 732+? Secure (Preliminary Abstract) -- Use of the ‘Signature Token’ to Create a Negotiable Document -- Electronic Wallet -- Design Concepts for Tamper Responding Systems -- Author Index.
    Abstract: An international community of researchers is now flourishing in the area of cryptology-there was none half-a-dozen years ago. The intrinsic fascination of the field certainly is part of the explanation. Another factor may be that many sense the importance and potential consequences of this work, as we move into the information age. I believe that the various meetings devoted to cryptology over the past few years have contributed quite significantly to the formation of this community, by allowing those in the field to get to know each other and by providing for rapid exchange of ideas. CRYPTO 83 was once again truly the cryptologic event of the year. Many of the most active participants continue to attend each year, and attendance continues to grow at a healthy rate. The informal and collegial atmosphere and the beach side setting which contribute to the popularity of the event were again supported by flawless weather. The absence of parallel sessions seemed to provide a welcome opportunity to keep abreast of developments in the various areas of activity. Each session of the meeting organized by the program committee is repre­ sented by a section in the present volume. The papers were accepted by the program committee based on abstracts, and appear here without having been otherwise refereed. The last section contains papers presented at the informal rump session. A keyword index and an author index to the papers is provided at the end of the volume.
    Description / Table of Contents: Session I: Algorithms and TheoryKnapsack Public Key Cryptosystems and Diophantine Approximation (Extended Abstract) -- Solving Low Density Knapsacks -- Evaluation of the Adleman Attack on Multiply Iterated Knapsack Cryptosystems (Abstract) -- On the Power of Cascade Ciphers (Extended Abstract) -- The Prisoners’ Problem and the Subliminal Channel -- Session II: Modes of Operation -- An Overview of Factoring -- New Ideas for Factoring Large Integers -- Factoring Numbers on the Massively Parallel Computer -- Factorization Using the Quadratic Sieve Algorithm -- Session III: Protocols and Transaction Security -- Signatures through Approximate Representations by Quadratic Forms (Extended Abstract) -- A Simple Protocol for Signing Contracts -- Reducibility among Protocols (Extended Abstract) -- How to Exchange Half a Bit -- Blind Signature System (Abstract) -- Session IV: Applications -- A Layered Broadcast Cryptographic System -- Analytical Characteristics of the DES -- Producing a One-Way Hash Function from DES -- On the Security of Compressed Encodings -- Field Encryption and Authentication -- Shift-Register Synthesis (Modulo m) (Abstract) -- Session V: Special Session on Cryptanalysis -- Probabilistic Analysis and Performance Modelling of the ‘Swedish’ Algorithm and Modifications -- A Subexponential-Time Algorithm for Computing Discrete Logarithms over GF(p2) -- Permutation Polynomials in RSA-Cryptosystems -- Some Results on the Information Theoretic Analysis of Cryptosystems -- Rump Session: Impromptu Talks -- Improving the Security of Exponential Key Exchange -- RSA Bits Are 732+? Secure (Preliminary Abstract) -- Use of the ‘Signature Token’ to Create a Negotiable Document -- Electronic Wallet -- Design Concepts for Tamper Responding Systems -- Author Index.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York, NY : Springer New York
    ISBN: 9781461252047
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 158p. 48 illus) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Symbolic Computation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Artificial intelligence. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 The General Statement -- Definition of an Inexact Task -- Inexact Tasks and Control Systems -- Two Methods for Solving Inexact Problems -- The Goal of the Game and the Scoring Function -- Goal and Prognosis (The Optimal Variation) -- Multi-level Control Systems -- Types of Multi-level Systems -- Advantages of the General Goal -- The Method for Connecting the Optimal Variations of the Components for Types C and E Regimes -- Computer Programs and Humans -- The Expansion of Artifical Intelligence -- 2 Methods for Limiting the Search Tree -- Truncation -- The Goal of an Inexact Game -- The Scoring Function -- Breaking Off a Variation -- The Pruning of Branches -- The Horizon -- Two Trees: The Mathematical Model (MM) -- The Stratification of the System -- Three General Limitation Principles -- Improving the Results of a Search -- 3 The Search for a Solution and Historical Experience -- The Search for a Solution by Association -- The Handbook Method of Searching -- 4 An Example of the Solution of an Inexact Problem (Chess) -- A. The Search for a Move in an Original Situation -- B. The Use of Historical Experience -- 5 Three Endgame Studies (An Experiment) -- 6 The Second World Championship -- KAISSA-CHESS 4.6 -- Conclusions -- Appendix 1 -- Fields of Play (by B. M. Stilman) -- 1. The Formation of Fields and the Search Within Them -- 1.1. The Concept of a Field -- 1.2. The Search Procedure in the Initial Position -- 1.3. The Formation of Fields During the Search—An Example -- 1.4. Formation of a Field -- 1.5. Storage of Information about Sheaves of Trajectories in Computer Memory. Linked Lists -- 1.6. Information on the Trajectories of a Field -- 1.8. Computing the Length of a Denial Trajectory -- 1.9. Correction of the Sighting Method -- 1.10. The Pseudosearch -- 1.11. The Extent of the Climb Up a Branch in the Pseudosearch -- 1.14. Freezing a Trajectory for Lack of a Connection to an Active One -- 1.15. Criteria for Freezing -- 1.16. The Algorithm for Freezing -- 1.18. Trajectory and Field -- 2. The Choice of Moves in an Ensemble of Fields (The Mathematical Model) -- 2.1. The Goal of the Game and the Ending of a Variation -- 2.2. The Criteria for Breaking Off a Variation in the Search -- 2.3. Testing the Criteria for Ending a Variation -- 2.4. Pruning Branches by the Minimax Principle. On the Branch-and-Bound Method -- 2.5. Pruning Branches by the Worst Case Method -- 2.6. Priority of Moves in a Search -- 2.7. Analysis of the Trajectories of a Sheaf for Inclusion in the Search -- 2.8. Analysis of Trajectories for Forking -- 2.9. Retreat and Deblockade -- 2.10. Pruning in the Presence of Branching in a Sheaf of Trajectories -- 2.11. The Structure of the Search Tree -- 2.12. A New Content of Known Procedures -- Appendix 2 The Positional Estimate and Assignment of Priorities (by M. A. Tsfasman and B. M. Stilman) -- Appendix 3 The Endgame Library in PIONEER (Using Historical Experience by the Handbook Method and the Outreach Method) (by A. D. YUDIN) -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Formulation of the Problem -- 3.3. Configurations -- 3.4. The Boundary Effect. Decomposition Formulae -- 3.5. Symmetries -- 3.6. The Structure of the Library. Classes. Coding of the Information -- 3.7. Organization of the Information in the Form of Two-Dimensional Tables with Subordination of Entries -- 3.8. The Algorithm for Using the Endgame Library (The Search for Exact Coincidence) -- 3.9. Examples of the Operation of the Subroutine for Using the Endgame Library -- 3.10. Outreach for a Library Position -- 3.11. The Search for Nearby Positions -- 3.12. Filter with Respect to the Pawn Structure -- 3.13. The “One Color-Different Color” Filter -- 3.14. Filters Within a Set of Positions -- 3.15. Finding a Group of Neighboring Positions -- 3.16. Implementation of the Outreach Method. Anti-outreach -- 3.17. Entry from the Move-Search Routine -- 3.18. Outreach and Exact Coincidence -- 3.19. The Potential for Wide Use of Library Rules in PIONEER -- 3.20. The Breakoff Criterion Based on the Rule of the Square -- 3.21. Conclusion -- Appendix An Associative Library of Fragments (by A. I. Reznitsky and A. D. Yudin) -- References -- Glossary of Terms -- Index of Notation.
    Abstract: Much water has flowed over the dam since this book went to press in Moscow. One might expect that PIONEER would have made substantial advances-unfortunately it has not. There are reasons: the difficulty of the problem, the disenchantment of the mathematicians (because of the delays and drawing out of the work), and principally the insufficiency and some­ times complete lack of machine time. The general method used by PIONEER to solve complex multidimen­ sional search problems had already been formulated at that time. It was supposed that the successful completion of the chess program PIONEER-l would provide a sufficient validation for the method. We did not succeed in completing it. But, unexpectedly, PIONEER's method obtained a different kind of validation. Since our group of mathematicians works at the Institute for Electroen­ ergy, we were invited to solve some energy-related problems and were assigned the task of constructing a program that would plan the recondi­ tioning of the equipment in power stations-initially for one month. Until then, the technicians had been preparing such plans without the aid of computers. Although the chess program was not complete even after ten years, the program PIONEER-2 for computing the monthly repair schedule for the Interconnected Power System of Russian Central was completed in a few months. In mid-October of 1980 a medium-speed computer constructed the plan in 40 seconds. When, at the end of the month, the mathematician A.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 The General StatementDefinition of an Inexact Task -- Inexact Tasks and Control Systems -- Two Methods for Solving Inexact Problems -- The Goal of the Game and the Scoring Function -- Goal and Prognosis (The Optimal Variation) -- Multi-level Control Systems -- Types of Multi-level Systems -- Advantages of the General Goal -- The Method for Connecting the Optimal Variations of the Components for Types C and E Regimes -- Computer Programs and Humans -- The Expansion of Artifical Intelligence -- 2 Methods for Limiting the Search Tree -- Truncation -- The Goal of an Inexact Game -- The Scoring Function -- Breaking Off a Variation -- The Pruning of Branches -- The Horizon -- Two Trees: The Mathematical Model (MM) -- The Stratification of the System -- Three General Limitation Principles -- Improving the Results of a Search -- 3 The Search for a Solution and Historical Experience -- The Search for a Solution by Association -- The Handbook Method of Searching -- 4 An Example of the Solution of an Inexact Problem (Chess) -- A. The Search for a Move in an Original Situation -- B. The Use of Historical Experience -- 5 Three Endgame Studies (An Experiment) -- 6 The Second World Championship -- KAISSA-CHESS 4.6 -- Conclusions -- Appendix 1 -- Fields of Play (by B. M. Stilman) -- 1. The Formation of Fields and the Search Within Them -- 1.1. The Concept of a Field -- 1.2. The Search Procedure in the Initial Position -- 1.3. The Formation of Fields During the Search-An Example -- 1.4. Formation of a Field -- 1.5. Storage of Information about Sheaves of Trajectories in Computer Memory. Linked Lists -- 1.6. Information on the Trajectories of a Field -- 1.8. Computing the Length of a Denial Trajectory -- 1.9. Correction of the Sighting Method -- 1.10. The Pseudosearch -- 1.11. The Extent of the Climb Up a Branch in the Pseudosearch -- 1.14. Freezing a Trajectory for Lack of a Connection to an Active One -- 1.15. Criteria for Freezing -- 1.16. The Algorithm for Freezing -- 1.18. Trajectory and Field -- 2. The Choice of Moves in an Ensemble of Fields (The Mathematical Model) -- 2.1. The Goal of the Game and the Ending of a Variation -- 2.2. The Criteria for Breaking Off a Variation in the Search -- 2.3. Testing the Criteria for Ending a Variation -- 2.4. Pruning Branches by the Minimax Principle. On the Branch-and-Bound Method -- 2.5. Pruning Branches by the Worst Case Method -- 2.6. Priority of Moves in a Search -- 2.7. Analysis of the Trajectories of a Sheaf for Inclusion in the Search -- 2.8. Analysis of Trajectories for Forking -- 2.9. Retreat and Deblockade -- 2.10. Pruning in the Presence of Branching in a Sheaf of Trajectories -- 2.11. The Structure of the Search Tree -- 2.12. A New Content of Known Procedures -- Appendix 2 The Positional Estimate and Assignment of Priorities (by M. A. Tsfasman and B. M. Stilman) -- Appendix 3 The Endgame Library in PIONEER (Using Historical Experience by the Handbook Method and the Outreach Method) (by A. D. YUDIN) -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Formulation of the Problem -- 3.3. Configurations -- 3.4. The Boundary Effect. Decomposition Formulae -- 3.5. Symmetries -- 3.6. The Structure of the Library. Classes. Coding of the Information -- 3.7. Organization of the Information in the Form of Two-Dimensional Tables with Subordination of Entries -- 3.8. The Algorithm for Using the Endgame Library (The Search for Exact Coincidence) -- 3.9. Examples of the Operation of the Subroutine for Using the Endgame Library -- 3.10. Outreach for a Library Position -- 3.11. The Search for Nearby Positions -- 3.12. Filter with Respect to the Pawn Structure -- 3.13. The “One Color-Different Color” Filter -- 3.14. Filters Within a Set of Positions -- 3.15. Finding a Group of Neighboring Positions -- 3.16. Implementation of the Outreach Method. Anti-outreach -- 3.17. Entry from the Move-Search Routine -- 3.18. Outreach and Exact Coincidence -- 3.19. The Potential for Wide Use of Library Rules in PIONEER -- 3.20. The Breakoff Criterion Based on the Rule of the Square -- 3.21. Conclusion -- Appendix An Associative Library of Fragments (by A. I. Reznitsky and A. D. Yudin) -- References -- Glossary of Terms -- Index of Notation.
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    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781461598855
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Control engineering. ; Robotics. ; Automation. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: One Introduction to Robotics -- Two What is a Robot? -- Background -- Definitions -- Types of Automation -- Classification of Robots -- Cost Limitations -- Social Implications -- Three The Mechanical Arm -- Overview -- Types of Joints -- Classification of Robots by Type of Joint -- Comparison of Robot Work Envelopes -- Suitability for Particular Tasks -- Link Construction -- Robot Arm Drive Units -- Four The Robot Controller -- Robot Control Levels -- Off-Line Programming Control and Real-Time Control -- Controller Programming -- Five Robot Teaching Methods -- Preview -- Teaching Methods -- Programming Methods -- Comparison of Teaching and Programming Methods -- Six The End Effector -- Two-Finger Grippers -- Three-Finger Grippers -- Cylindrical Object Grippers -- Fragile Object Grippers -- Jointed Grippers -- Vacuum and Electromagnetic Grippers -- Automatic Gripper Changers -- Seven Integration and Operation of Robot Subsystems -- A Robot Task -- Eight Industrial Applications of Robots -- Industrial Applications -- Adapting Robots to Work Stations -- Stages in Selecting Robots for Industrial Application -- Nine Sensors and Sensing -- Artificial Intelligence -- Human Versus Artificial Senses -- Sensor Types -- Ten Future Developments -- Preview -- Unmanned Factories -- Personal Robots -- Man-Machine Communications -- Artificial Bodies -- Conclusion.
    Description / Table of Contents: One Introduction to RoboticsTwo What is a Robot? -- Background -- Definitions -- Types of Automation -- Classification of Robots -- Cost Limitations -- Social Implications -- Three The Mechanical Arm -- Overview -- Types of Joints -- Classification of Robots by Type of Joint -- Comparison of Robot Work Envelopes -- Suitability for Particular Tasks -- Link Construction -- Robot Arm Drive Units -- Four The Robot Controller -- Robot Control Levels -- Off-Line Programming Control and Real-Time Control -- Controller Programming -- Five Robot Teaching Methods -- Preview -- Teaching Methods -- Programming Methods -- Comparison of Teaching and Programming Methods -- Six The End Effector -- Two-Finger Grippers -- Three-Finger Grippers -- Cylindrical Object Grippers -- Fragile Object Grippers -- Jointed Grippers -- Vacuum and Electromagnetic Grippers -- Automatic Gripper Changers -- Seven Integration and Operation of Robot Subsystems -- A Robot Task -- Eight Industrial Applications of Robots -- Industrial Applications -- Adapting Robots to Work Stations -- Stages in Selecting Robots for Industrial Application -- Nine Sensors and Sensing -- Artificial Intelligence -- Human Versus Artificial Senses -- Sensor Types -- Ten Future Developments -- Preview -- Unmanned Factories -- Personal Robots -- Man-Machine Communications -- Artificial Bodies -- Conclusion.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781461598886
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 262 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Control engineering. ; Robotics. ; Automation. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: ONE Components of Robotic Systems -- General -- Mechanical Arm -- End Effector -- Robot Motors -- Computer (Controller) -- Sensors -- Two The Mechanical Arm -- Mechanical Arm Structure -- Classifying Robots -- Structural Characteristics of Robots -- Three Fundamental Concepts of Control -- Control Systems -- Open-Loop Control -- Closed-Loop Control -- Negative and Positive Feedback -- Control System Errors and Stability -- Controller Types -- Four Electrical Drive Components -- DC Servo Motors -- Stepping Motors -- Considerations in the Use of Stepping Versus DC Servo Motors -- Five Hydraulic Drive Systems -- Properties of Hydraulic Fluids -- Cylinders -- Power Sources -- Valves -- Electrohydraulic Servo Valves -- Six Feedback Devices -- Potentiometers -- Optical Encoders -- DC Tachometers (Tachogenerators) -- Seven Drive and Control Systems: An Appraisal -- Automatic Drilling Process: Computerized Control System for One Axis -- Automatic Command for Filling Containers with a Constant Powder Volume -- Computer-Controlled System for Hydraulic Cylinder Position and Velocity Control -- Hydraulic Cartesian Robot with Three Degrees of Freedom -- Eight Robot Path Control -- What is Path Control? -- Point-to-Point Control -- Continuous Path Control -- Nine A Case Study -- Defining the Task -- Can this Robot Perform this Task? -- Operation of the Robot Components during Execution of the Assigned Task.
    Description / Table of Contents: ONE Components of Robotic SystemsGeneral -- Mechanical Arm -- End Effector -- Robot Motors -- Computer (Controller) -- Sensors -- Two The Mechanical Arm -- Mechanical Arm Structure -- Classifying Robots -- Structural Characteristics of Robots -- Three Fundamental Concepts of Control -- Control Systems -- Open-Loop Control -- Closed-Loop Control -- Negative and Positive Feedback -- Control System Errors and Stability -- Controller Types -- Four Electrical Drive Components -- DC Servo Motors -- Stepping Motors -- Considerations in the Use of Stepping Versus DC Servo Motors -- Five Hydraulic Drive Systems -- Properties of Hydraulic Fluids -- Cylinders -- Power Sources -- Valves -- Electrohydraulic Servo Valves -- Six Feedback Devices -- Potentiometers -- Optical Encoders -- DC Tachometers (Tachogenerators) -- Seven Drive and Control Systems: An Appraisal -- Automatic Drilling Process: Computerized Control System for One Axis -- Automatic Command for Filling Containers with a Constant Powder Volume -- Computer-Controlled System for Hydraulic Cylinder Position and Velocity Control -- Hydraulic Cartesian Robot with Three Degrees of Freedom -- Eight Robot Path Control -- What is Path Control? -- Point-to-Point Control -- Continuous Path Control -- Nine A Case Study -- Defining the Task -- Can this Robot Perform this Task? -- Operation of the Robot Components during Execution of the Assigned Task.
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  • 54
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400955585
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction and definitions1.1 The community -- 1.2 Community structure -- 1.3 Species diversity -- 1.4 Trends in species richness -- 1.5 The problem restated -- 2 Niche theory -- 2.1 Development of the niche concept -- 2.2 Niche width -- 2.3 Niche overlap -- 2.4 Diffuse competition -- 2.5 Niche dynamics -- 2.6 The niche - a property of the species or the community? -- 2.7 Summary -- 3 Competition and the niche; the effect on niche width -- 3.1 Theoretical effects of competition on the species niche -- 3.2 Criteria for the identification of competition in the field -- 3.3 The natural effects of intraspecific competition -- 3.4 The natural effects of interspecific competition -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 4 Competition and the niche; limiting similarity and differential niche overlap -- 4.1 Limiting similarity - the theoretical approach -- 4.2 The degree of limiting similarity -- 4.3 Niche dimensionality and differential overlap -- 4.4 Conclusion -- 5 Predation and species diversity -- 5.1 Theoretical studies -- 5.2 Plant-herbivore interactions -- 5.3 Predator-prey interactions -- 5.4 Reduced community diversity through predation -- 5.5 Conclusion -- 6 Competition and predation; complementarity of the hypotheses -- 6.1 The controversy -- 6.2 Interactions between competition and predation -- 6.3 Classification scheme -- 6.4 Conclusion -- 7 Saturation of communities -- 7.1 True islands -- 7.2 Habitat islands -- 7.3 Host plant islands -- 7.4 Continental saturation -- 7.5 Conclusion -- 8 Species diversity trends - theories and hypotheses -- 8.1 Time -- 8.2 Environmental conditions -- 8.3 Biotic factors -- 8.4 Explanations of species diversity patterns in two specific examples -- 8.5 Conclusion -- 9 The relative abundance of species -- 9.1 Fisher’s series -- 9.2 Lognormal distribution -- 9.3 ‘Broken stick’ or random niche boundary hypothesis -- 9.4 Niche pre-emption or geometric series hypothesis -- 9.5 Conclusion -- 10 Community structure: the patterns and rules -- 10.1 Community patterns -- 10.2 Communities: random or structured species associations -- 10.3 Community rules -- 10.4 Expressions of community structure -- 10.5 Stability/diversity relationships -- 10.6 Concluding remarks -- References.
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  • 55
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401718721
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 325 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
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  • 56
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400941151
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction2 Ecology and Planning -- 2.1 The planning component -- 2.2 The ecological component -- 3 Ecological Methodology -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Ecological surveys for metalliferous mining proposals -- 3.3 Predicting the environmental impact of a major reservoir development -- 3.4 Ecological modelling in impact analysis -- 4 Planning Procedures for Environmental Impact Analysis -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Experience with environmental impact assessment procedures in the USA -- 4.3 Ontario Hydro and Canadian environmental impact assessment procedures -- 4.4 Environmental impact assessment procedures within the European Economic Community -- 4.5 Proposals for environmental impact assessment procedures in the UK -- 4.6 The role of environmental impact assessment in development control and policy decision-making -- 5 Ecological Considerations in Rural Planning -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 The impacts of agriculture and forestry on wildlife, landscape and access in the countryside -- 5.3 Landscape evaluation and the impact of changing land-use on the rural environment: the problem and an approach -- 5.4 Conservation and value judgements -- 5.5 Planning a new countryside -- 6 Policy Planning -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Ecological requirements for decision-making regarding medium-scale developments in the urban environment -- 6.3 A prospectus for nature conservation within the Moray Firth: in retrospect -- 6.4 Environmental impact assessment procedures used in a strategic study of water resource development options -- 6.5 Assessing the impacts on plants of major highway developments -- 7 Project Planning -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.2 Ecological information and methodologies required for environmental assessment of Canadian power generation installations -- 7.3 Role of research in meeting environmental assessment needs for power station siting -- 7.4 Assessing the impact of major on-shore oil installations: the example of Sullom Voe -- 7.5 The ecology of oil development in Scapa Flow, Orkney -- 7.6 Assessing the impact of major developments on water resources -- 7.7 Assessing the impact of industrial emissions to the atmosphere -- 7.8 Ecological assessments of the effects of atmospheric emissions -- 8. Environmental Audits and Research Needs -- 8.1 Overview -- 8.2 Experience of environmental impact assessment procedures in Ireland -- 8.3 A retrospective view of the environmental impact on Upper Teesdale of the Cow Green Reservoir -- 8.4 Predicting the impact of oil terminal development on the in-shore marine environment: retrospective analysis -- 8.5 The need for research on environmental impact assessment -- 9. Conclusions.
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  • 57
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401169486
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1: The Organism and its Environment1.1 The organism and its abiotic environment: limits to tolerance -- 1.2 Interactions between environmental variables -- 1.3 Macro-environment and micro-environment -- 1.4 Adjustment of tolerance limits -- 1.5 Homeostasis: avoidance of the problem -- 1.6 Behavioural mechanisms for homeostasis -- 1.7 Adaptive suites -- 1.8 Organism and abiota: a two-way interaction -- 2: The Ecological Community -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Communities and ecosystems -- 2.3 Biotic relationships -- 2.4 The organism in the community -- 2.5 The community level of organisation -- 2.6 Tropho-dynamic analyses -- 2.7 Community structure -- 2.8 Analyses of food web design -- 2.9 Subcompartments in community structure -- 2.10 Common denominators of community design -- 2.11 Species-abundance relationships -- 2.12 Species associations -- 2.13 Niche relationships and design rules -- 2.14 The structure of particular communities -- 2.15 Community flux -- 3: Community Dynamics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The community as a system of energy transformations -- 3.3 Energy relationships of individuals -- 3.4 Energy relationships in the community -- 3.5 Energy flow within the community: the tropho-dynamic approach -- 3.6 Limitations of energy analysis -- 3.7 The flow of nutrients within communities -- 3.8 The importance of the decomposers -- 4: Temporal Change in Community Structure and Function -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Short-term cycles in community structure -- 4.3 Shifts in community structure: colonisation and extinction -- 4.4 Succession -- 4.5 Characteristics of succession -- 4.6 The mechanics of succession -- 4.7 What stops the successional process? -- 4.8 Climax communities -- 4.9 Succession as a necessary mathematical consequence -- 5: The Concept of the Niche -- 5.1 Introduction and definition of niche -- 5.2 Parameters of the niche -- 5.3 Factors affecting the niche and its parameters -- 5.4 Niche separation -- 5.5 Niche overlap -- 5.6 Measures of niche width, separation and overlap -- 5.7 Niche relationships and community structure -- 5.8 Parallel niches -- 6: Interspecific Competition and Community Structure -- 6.1 Introduction and definitions of competition -- 6.2 Interspecific competition -- 6.3 The mechanics of competition -- 6.4 Niche overlap and competition -- 6.5 The effects of interspecific competition within the community: exclusion and coexistence -- 6.6 Diffuse competition and indirect competitive effects -- 6.7 Competition as a selection pressure promoting change -- 6.8 Niche shifts and evolutionary change due to competition -- 6.9 Interspecific competition in natural systems -- 7: Population Structure and Analysis -- 7.1 What is population ecology? -- 7.2 Theoretical population growth -- 7.3 The analytic (life table) approach -- 7.4 Simulation of population events -- 7.5 Towards a general population theory -- 8: Competition and Population Stability -- 8.1 Introduction: inter and intra-specific competition and population stability -- 8.2 Regulation in vertebrate populations -- 8.3 Population cycles in vertebrates -- 8.4 Population cycles in invertebrates -- 9: Predators, Parasitoids and Population Stability -- 9.1 Why study predators and parasitoids? -- 9.2 Analytical models and the components of prédation -- 9.3 Predator development and accumulation -- 9.4 A theoretical basis for biological control -- 9.5 Polyphagous predators and analytical models -- 9.6 Field studies of the role of polyphagous predators -- 9.7 The effects of prédation on prey productivity and community structure -- 10: Evolution and Adaptation -- 10.1 Evolution and ecology -- 10.2 Adaptation -- 10.3 Bionomic strategies -- 10.4 Implications of r- and K-selection -- 10.5 Adaptiveness of foraging strategy -- 10.6 Optimal foraging -- 10.7 Reproductive strategy -- 10.8 Adaptiveness of social group -- 10.9 Optimality and evolutionarily stable strategies -- 10.10 The evolution of stable strategies -- 11: Coevolution -- 11.1 Insect-plant interactions -- 11.2 Larger herbivores -- 11.3 Interaction of plant-herbivore populations -- 11.4 Coevolution to mutualism -- 11.5 Coadapted systems -- 12: Species Diversity -- 12.1 Diversity as a descriptor of ecological communities -- 12.2 Measures of diversity -- 12.3 Resolution of chaos in diversity indices -- 12.4 The S component of diversity: why are there so many kinds of organisms? -- 12.5 Colonisation, extinction and island biogeography -- 12.6 Saturation point -- 12.7 Equitability -- 12.8 Factors promoting species diversity -- 12.9 Theories of diversity -- 13: Stability -- 13.1 Definitions -- 13.2 Stability of single species populations -- 13.3 Stability of two or three species systems -- 13.4 Community stability -- 13.5 Diversity and stability -- 13.6 May’s Paradox -- 13.7 Stability and food web design -- 13.8 The energetics of stable systems -- 13.9 Causes for stability -- References -- Acknowledgements.
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  • 58
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400955387
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: of the bookPrimates as an order -- 1 Social Ecology -- Functional questions -- Evolutionary social ecology -- Proximate social ecology -- Interspecies correlations -- Food -- Primates as prey -- Primates as predators -- Intraspecies social behaviour and ecology -- Ecological variables and social development -- Behaviour in captivity -- 2 Behavioural Responses to Change-Natural Events I -- Behaviour associated with birth -- When and where birth takes place -- The social context in which birth occurs -- Responses to new infants - caregiving activities -- Allomaternal behaviour -- Male interactions with infants -- Orphans -- Responses to dead infants -- Infants and the reproductive success of their mothers -- Kidnapping -- Infant use in intermale encounters -- Infanticide -- 3 Behavioural Responses to Change-Natural Events II -- Peripheralization -- Isolation -- Intertroop movement -- The formation of new social units -- Troop fission -- The formation of new social units in captivity -- Experiments in social discrimination -- Introducing strange individuals into established social units -- Reintroduction of individuals into their social units -- The removal of individuals from established social units -- Responses to dead individuals -- Social differentiation of kin -- 4 Behavioural Responsiveness - Experimental Studies -- Responsiveness to new situations -- Responsiveness and life strategies -- Feeding strategies -- Responses to danger -- The influence of social context -- 5 Assessments of Cognitive Capacity -- Neurological correlates -- Behavioural correlates -- Self-awareness -- Language -- Piagetian techniques -- The use of tools -- Evolutionary hypotheses -- 6 Socially Mediated Learning -- Evidence for social traditions -- The question of culture -- Mediating influences -- References -- Author Index.
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  • 59
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    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468475449
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Principles of Drug Action and DispositionChemical Identity of Drugs -- Bonding Mechanisms -- Absorption of Drugs -- Distribution of Drugs -- The Biotransformation of Drugs -- The Excretion of Drugs -- 2. Elementary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Pharmacodynamics -- 3. The Pharmacology of the Fetus and Placenta -- The Placenta -- The Fetus -- The Effects of Drugs Upon the Fetus -- Fetal Pharmacokinetics -- Teratology -- 4. The Pharmacology of the Perinatal Period -- Intrapartum Phase -- Postpartum Phase -- The Pharmacology of Specific Drugs used in the Newborn -- Drugs and Breast Feeding -- 5. The Pharmacology of the Older Child -- Influence of Physiological Factors on Drug Absorption and Bioavailability -- The Effect of Disease on Drug Absorption and Bioavailability -- Conditions Affecting the Binding, Metabolism and Excretion of Drugs -- Drug Metabolism -- Drug Excretion -- 6. The Central Nervous System -- Anatomy and Organisation -- The Psychotropic Agents -- Sedatives and Hypnotics -- Analgesics -- The Anti-convulsant Drugs -- Drugs Affecting the Central Control of Muscle Function -- Anaesthesia -- Clinical Appendix -- 7. The Peripheral Nervous System -- The Autonomic System -- The Physiology of Smooth Muscle -- Drugs Affecting Neuro-muscular Transmission -- 8. The Cardiovascular System -- The Physiology of Cardiac Contraction -- Cardiotonic Drugs -- Cardiotoxic Drugs -- The Physiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm -- Disturbance of Cardiac Rate and Rhythm -- Drugs Used to Treat Arrhythmias -- Drug Induced Arrthymias -- The Physiology of Blood-pressure Control -- Antihypertensive Drugs -- Drugs Causing Systemic Hypertension -- Pulmonary Hypertension -- Clinical Appendix -- 9. The Alimentary System -- The Physiology of the Mouth, Salivary Glands and Oesophagus -- The Physiology of the Stomach -- The Physiology of the Lower Bowel -- Drugs which Act Upon the Gastrointestinal System -- The Pancreas -- The Liver and Bile Ducts -- Clinical Appendix -- 10. The Respiratory System -- The Physiology of the Respiratory System -- Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System -- Clinical Appendix -- 11. The Urinary System -- The Physiology of the Kidney -- Drugs Affecting the Kidney -- The Physiology of the Bladder -- Drugs Affecting Bladder Function -- Clinical Appendix -- 12. The Haemopoietic System -- The Physiology of the Red Cell -- Physiology of the Leucocytes -- Haemostasis -- The Fibrinolytic System and Thrombolysis -- 13. The Endocrine System -- The Hypothalamic/Pituitary Complex -- The Pituitary -- The Adrenal Gland -- Inhibitors of Adrenal Steroid Synthesis -- The Thyroid -- The Pancreas -- Androgens and Anabolic Steroids -- Progestogens and Oestrogens -- Agents Affecting Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism -- Clinical Appendix -- 14. The Pharmacology of the Skin -- Anatomy and Function -- Variations and Diseases -- Treatment with Drugs -- Skin Disinfectants and Antiseptics -- Drugs Which Cause Skin Disease -- 15. The Pharmacology of the Eye -- Structure and Function -- Drug Treatments -- Mydriatics -- Drug Treatment of Glaucoma -- Drug Effects Upon Ocular Function -- 16. General and Specific Chemotherapy -- Antimicrobial Agents -- Drugs Used to Treat Protozoal Infection and Infestation by Multicellular Organisms -- Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Disorders -- 17. Immunity and its Modification by Drugs -- Normal Mechanisms of Immunity -- Active Immunisation -- Passive Immunisation -- Adjuvants of the Immune Response -- Immunosuppressants -- Immune Tolerance -- Hypersensitivity Responses -- Drug Therapy of Hypersensitivity -- Drugs Used in Inflammation -- 18. Ethics and Problems of Clinical Trials in Children -- Some Types of Clinical Trials -- Suggestions for Further Reading.
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789400936997
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXI, 585 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9781468414677
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. IntroductionReasons for Tillage -- Present Philosophy in No-Tillage -- 2. Effects of Climate on Performance of No-Tillage -- Precipitation and Evapotranspiration -- Soil Temperature -- Corn Seedling Growth as Related to Soil Temperature -- Time of Planting -- 3. Soil Adaptability for No-Tillage -- Some Factors Affecting Adoption of No-Tillage 42 Soil Drainage -- Suitability for Sloping Land -- Soil Water Erosion -- Erosion Control by No-Tillage -- Controlling Soil Wind Erosion by No-Tillage -- Steeplands -- 4. Soil Moisture -- Effect of Mulch on Evaporation of Soil Water -- Effect of Soil Texture, Pans and Drainage Class on Soil Water Evaporation -- Soil Water in Field Studies -- Effect of No-Tillage on Root Growth -- 5. Fertilization and Liming -- The Soil Environment Under No-Tillage Versus Conventional Tillage -- 6. Energy Requirement in No-Tillage -- Energy Use in Agriculture -- Need for Energy Conservation in Agriculture -- Energy Use and Efficiency in Tillage Systems -- Energy Efficiency in Fertilizer Management -- Energy Efficiency in Forage Production -- 7. Response of Weeds and Herbicides Under No-Tillage Conditions -- Some Factors Affecting Weed Control in No-Tillage -- Effect of Surface Plant Residue on Herbicide Persistence -- 8. Other Pests in No-Tillage and Their Control -- Insects -- Diseases -- Corn -- Sorghum -- Soybeans -- Wheat -- Summary -- 9. Changes in Soil Properties Under No-Tillage -- The Microbial Environment -- Soil Physical Properties -- Chemical Properties -- 10. Multicropping -- Multicropping With No-Tillage Techniques -- Beginnings of Multiple Cropping in the United States -- Requirements for Successful Multiple Cropping -- The Future of Multiple Cropping -- 11. Equipment -- Planters and Planting No-Tillage -- Tractor Requirements for No-Tillage -- Pesticide Applicators -- Hand Planting -- 12. No-Tillage in the Tropics -- Soil Resources -- Water Resources -- Human Resources -- Prospects for Success of No-Tillage in the Tropics.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468484687
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction to the magnetism of rocks1.1 Rocks as magnetic information stores -- 1.2 The recorded information -- 1.3 Rock and mineral magnetism -- 1.4 Magnetism-some preliminaries -- 2 Magnetic minerals in rocks -- 2.1 The magnetic mineral systems -- 2.2 The magnetic mineralogy of igneous rocks -- 2.3 The magnetic mineralogy of sediments -- 2.4 The magnetic mineralogy of extra-terrestrial materials -- 2.5 Summary -- Selected bibliography -- 3 The atomic basis of magnetism -- 3.1 The electron spin; the transition elements -- 3.2 Exchange -- 3.3 Curie temperatures of spinel oxides -- 3.4 Magnetocrystalline anisotropy -- 3.5 Induced anisotropy -- 3.6 Categories of magnetic behaviour -- 3.7 Summary -- Selected bibliography -- 4 The magnetization process -- 4.1 The demagnetizing field-shape anisotropy -- 4.2 Domains and domain walls -- 4.3 The magnetization process -- 4.4 The time-dependence of magnetization-equilibrium and thermal agitation -- 4.5 Summary -- Selected bibliography -- 5 Thermoremanent magnetization -- 5.1 The mechanism-definitions of blocking temperature -- 5.2 TRM models -- 5.3 Thermal demagnetization-partial TRM -- 5.4 Self-reversed TRM -- 5.5 Summary -- Selected bibliography -- 6 Other remanence-inducing mechanisms -- 6.1 Mechanisms in nature -- 6.2 Mechanisms in the laboratory -- 6.3 Summary -- Selected bibliography -- 7 Magnetic properties of titanomagnetites and titanomaghemites -- 7.1 The titanomagnetites -- 7.2 The titanomaghemites -- 7.3 Multiphase products of the oxidation of titanomagnetite -- 7.4 Summary -- 8 Magnetic properties of other mineral systems -- 8.1 Haematite -- 8.2 The haematite-ilmenite solid solution -- 8.3 The pyrrhotites -- 8.4 Goethite -- 8.5 Iron -- 8.6 Alteration products of non-magnetic minerals -- 8.7 Summary -- 9 Applications of rock and mineral magnetism -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Physical models-the acquisition and removal of weak field remanences -- 9.3 Determination of the composition, concentration and microstructure of the magnetic mineral fraction in a rock (or other material) -- 9.4 Connections in planetary physics-the magnetization of planetary crusts -- 9.5 Summary.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789400932852
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 3 - PsychoNeuroImmunoLoGy and Breakdown in Adaptation: Interactions Within The Central Nervous System, The Immune and Endocrine SystemsImmunology for nonimmunologists: some guidelines for incipient psychoneuroimmunologists -- Neuroendocrine interactions with brain and behaviour: a model for psychoneuroimmunology ? -- Psychoneuroimmunology -- Emotions, immunity and disease: an historical and philosophical perspective -- Immunoglobulins as stress markers ? -- Problems of clinical interdisciplinary research - investigation into bronchial asthma as a paradigm -- Factors involved in the classical conditioning of antibody responses in mice -- The bone marrow, our autonomous morphostatic “brain” -- Immune regulation of the hypothalamic - hypophysial - adrenal axis: a role for thymosins and lymphokines -- Stress and immune response: parameters and markers -- 4 - Breakdown in Human Adaptation and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction: Clinical, Biochemical and Psychobiolo- Gical Aspects -- The brain and the gut -- The role of psychiatric assessment in the management of functional bowel disease -- Application of psychological measures in epidemiological studies of gastrointestinal disease: a critical opinion -- Stress-related nicotine abuse and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract -- Use of quantitative methods for the study of psychological factors in ulcer patients -- Stress, the immune system and GI function -- Clinical recognition of stress related gastrointestinal disorders in adults -- Stress and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) -- Upper GI bleeding lesions related to- or associated with- stress -- 5 - Acute Effect of Psychological Stress on Cardiovascular System: Models and Clinical Assessment -- I. Systems Interplay in Stress Response -- Need for clinical models: physiopathological versus epidemiological study -- Psychosocial stress: endocrine and brain interactions and their relevance for cardiovascular processes -- Hormonal response to acute stress: focus on opioid peptides -- II. Myocardial Infarction Clinical Studies -- Emotional stress and heart disease: clinical recognition and assessment -- Possibilities and limitations of longterm studies on the effect of psychological stress on cardiovascular function -- Interaction between short- and long-term stress in cardiovascular disease -- Clinical clues of neuro-humoral interpretation of the genesis of coronary spasm -- Provocative testing for coronary spasm -- Hemodynamic characterization of different mental stress tests -- Experimental studies -- Thoracic autonomic nerves regulating the canine heart -- Nervous coronary constriction via ? -adrenoreceptors: counteracted by metabolic regulation, by coronary ? -adrenoreceptor stimulation or by flow dependent, endothelium-mediated dilation -- III. Cardiac Arrhythmias Clinical studies -- Clinical clues to psychological and neuro-humoral mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis -- Clinical clues and experimental evidence of the neuro-humoral interpretation of cardiac arrhythmias -- IV. Arterial Hypertension Clinical Studies -- Blood pressure control during mental stress -- Somatic responses to acute stress and the relevance for the study of their mechanisms -- Neurohumoral factors involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension -- Experimental studies -- Results of experimental studies favouring the hypothesis of the influence of stress on the genesis of hypertension -- Animal models for the assesment of stress on arterial blood pressure -- V. Methods -- Validation and quantification of mental stress tests, and their application to acute cardiovascular patients -- Methods and limits for the detection of the response of coronary circulation to acute stress.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401165556
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction2. Environments and Ecosystems: Freshwater and Marine -- 3. Environments and Ecosystems: Soils, Biological Purification Systems and Other Animals -- 4. Autotrophie Nutrition -- 5. Heterotrophic Feeding -- 6. Endocytotic Vacuoles in Digestion -- 7 Metabolic Pathways -- 8. Feeding in the Ciliophora -- 9. Variety in the Mastigophora -- 10. Sarcodina -- 11. Apicomplexa -- 12. Myxozoa, Microspora and Ascetospora -- 13. Inter-relationships in Protozoan Communities.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9781475717730
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 355 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I. Regression of Atherosclerosis in Animals -- The Pathobiology of the Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Mid-1980s -- Interaction of Therapeutic Diets and Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs in Regression Studies in Animals -- Progression and Regression of Nonhuman Primate Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Considerations of Experimental Design -- The Comparative Pathology of Nonhuman Primate Atherosclerosis -- Plant Glycosides. Effects on Atherosclerosis Regression in Macaca fascicularis -- Plasma Lipoprotein Changes Induced by Diets. Effect on Progression and Regression of Arterial Lesions in Nonhuman Primates -- Regression of Arterial Lesions in Animal Models: Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic Aspects -- Use of Cholesteryl Ester Analogs to Study Transport of Lipoproteins in Intact Animals -- Interaction Between Lipids and the Intercellular Matrix of the Arterial Wall: Its Role in the Evolution of the Atherosclerotic Lesion -- II. Studies on Human Atherosclerosis -- The Evolution of Human Atherosclerotic Lesions -- Possible Recognition of Atherosclerosis Regression in Humans -- High-Density Lipoproteins and Their Role in Preventing or Retarding Atherosclerosis -- Studies on Arterial Interstitial Fluid -- Comparison of the Morphology of Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Coronary Arteries of Man with Morphology of Lesions Produced and Regressed in Experimental Primates -- Control or Reversal of Atherosclerosis Through Therapy of Lipid Disorders -- Planning and Evaluation of Studies on Atherosclerosis in Controlled Clinical Trials -- Status of Controlled Clinical Trials in Peripheral Vessel Atherosclerosis -- Regression of Atherosclerosis in Man: Current Data and Their Methodological Limitations -- Regression of Femoral Atherosclerosis in Humans: Methodological and Clinical Problems Associated with Studies of Femoral Atherosclerosis Development as Assessed by Angiograms -- Regression of Atherosclerosis in Humans: Anatomical Evidence from Postmortem Studies.
    Abstract: The Advanced Study Institute on Regression of Atherosclerotic Lesions, sponsored by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was held in Maratea, Italy, September 11-13, 1983. The institute was designed to foster discussion of experimental data on the regression of atherosclerosis in animals and evidence of a similar phenomenon in humans. The participating scientists showed with anatomical and biochemical data, that atherosclerosis regresses in cholesterol fed animals after withdrawal of atherogenic stimuli. The existence of regression in humans was inferred from sequential angiographic visualization of arteries, but anatomical and biochemical characteristics of the process have not been defined. Two mechanisms are probably involved in such an angiographic regression. The first, which may occur when hyperlipidemia is partly or fully corrected or during undernutrition or other metabolic abnormalities, may be related to atherosclerosis changes noted in animals undergoing regression. The second type seems independent of changes in plasma lipid levels and may involve resolution of thrombi or other underlying arterial wall factors. The relative frequencies of the two mechanisms are unknown; whether they can occur simultaneously also warrants consideration. It is likely that an exciting milestone will be forthcoming when regression of atherosclerosis is unequivocally demonstrated in humans. Publication of these institute proceedings constitutes a valuable background for future developments.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400955707
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 288 p) , online resource
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Methods of Plant Analysis -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methods of extraction and isolation -- 1.3 Methods of separation -- 1.4 Methods of identification -- 1.5 Analysis of results -- 1.6 Applications -- 2 Phenolic Compounds -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Phenols and phenolic acids -- 2.3 Phenylpropanoids -- 2.4 Flavonoid pigments -- 2.5 Anthocyanins -- 2.6 Flavonols and flavones -- 2.7 Minor flavonoids, xanthones and stilbenes -- 2.8 Tannins -- 2.9 Quinone pigments -- 3 The Terpenoids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Essential oils -- 3.3 Diterpenoids and gibberellins -- 3.4 Triterpenoids and steroids -- 3.5 Carotenoids -- 4 Organic Acids, Lipids and Related Compounds -- 4.1 Plant acids -- 4.2 Fatty acids and lipids -- 4.3 Alkanes and related hydrocarbons -- 4.4 Polyacetylenes -- 4.5 Sulphur compounds -- 5 Nitrogen Compounds -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Amino acids -- 5.3 Amines -- 5.4 Alkaloids -- 5.5 Cyanogenic glycosides -- 5.6 Indoles -- 5.7 Purines, pyrimidines and cytokinins -- 5.8 Chlorophylls -- 6 Sugars and their Derivatives -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Monosaccharides -- 6.3 Oligosaccharides -- 6.4 Sugar alcohols and cyclitols -- 7 Macromolecules -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Nucleic acids -- 7.3 Proteins -- 7.4 Polysaccharides.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Methods of Plant Analysis1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methods of extraction and isolation -- 1.3 Methods of separation -- 1.4 Methods of identification -- 1.5 Analysis of results -- 1.6 Applications -- 2 Phenolic Compounds -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Phenols and phenolic acids -- 2.3 Phenylpropanoids -- 2.4 Flavonoid pigments -- 2.5 Anthocyanins -- 2.6 Flavonols and flavones -- 2.7 Minor flavonoids, xanthones and stilbenes -- 2.8 Tannins -- 2.9 Quinone pigments -- 3 The Terpenoids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Essential oils -- 3.3 Diterpenoids and gibberellins -- 3.4 Triterpenoids and steroids -- 3.5 Carotenoids -- 4 Organic Acids, Lipids and Related Compounds -- 4.1 Plant acids -- 4.2 Fatty acids and lipids -- 4.3 Alkanes and related hydrocarbons -- 4.4 Polyacetylenes -- 4.5 Sulphur compounds -- 5 Nitrogen Compounds -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Amino acids -- 5.3 Amines -- 5.4 Alkaloids -- 5.5 Cyanogenic glycosides -- 5.6 Indoles -- 5.7 Purines, pyrimidines and cytokinins -- 5.8 Chlorophylls -- 6 Sugars and their Derivatives -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Monosaccharides -- 6.3 Oligosaccharides -- 6.4 Sugar alcohols and cyclitols -- 7 Macromolecules -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Nucleic acids -- 7.3 Proteins -- 7.4 Polysaccharides.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400955486
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 218 p) , online resource
    Edition: Third Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is meant by ‘ionization constants’? -- 1.2 Why do we determine ionization constants? -- 1.3 Brief summary of the chemistry of ionization -- 1.4 The nature of pKa values -- 1.5 The shape of a titration curve -- 1.6 Methods commonly used for determining ionization constants -- 1.7 What degree of precision is required? -- 1.8 The effect of temperature on ionization constants -- 1.9 Molality and molarity -- 2 Determination of Ionization Constants by Potentiometrie Titration using a Glass Electrode -- 2.1 Apparatus for general use -- 2.2 Preparation of solutions -- 2.3 Choice of concentration for the titration -- 2.4 Details of the titration method -- 2.5 Derivation and choice of equations for calculating pKa -- 2.6 Some typical titrations (worked examples) -- 2.7 Precision and accuracy. Checking the precision obtained -- 2.8 Common sources of error, and their elimination -- 2.9False constants -- 2.10 Partly aqueous solvents -- 3 Refinements of Potentiometrie Titration: Apparatus and Calculations -- A Apparatus -- 3.1 Semi-micro titrations -- 3.2 Micro titrations -- 3.3 The rapid-flow method -- 3.4 The hydrogen electrode -- B Calculations -- 3.5 Monofunctional acids and bases -- 3.6 Method of calculation -- 3.7 Diacidic bases, dibasic acids and ampholytes -- 3.8 Overlapping ionization processes -- 3.9 Polyelectrolytes -- 3.10 Accuracy of the potentiometric method -- 3.11 Non-aqueous solvents -- 4 Determination of Ionization Constants by Spectrophotometry -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Apparatus -- 4.3 Buffers -- 4.4 Acidity functions -- 4.5 Preparation of the stock solution of the unknown -- 4.6 The search for the spectra of two pure ionic species -- 4.7 The choice of an analytical wavelength -- 4.8 Preliminary search for an approximate value of pKa -- 4.9 Exact determination of pKa -- 4.10 Worked examples -- 4.11 Activity corrections -- 4.12 Extensions of the spectrometric method -- (a)The pKa of a very weak acid (graphical treatment) -- (b)Overlapping pKa values -- (c)Computer program for overlapping values -- 4.13 Errors, precision and accuracy -- 4.14 Common sources of error -- 4.15 Spectrophotometric determination of the pKa of a substance that lacks an absorption spectrum -- 4.16 A rapid method for the approximate measurement of pKa -- 5 Relations between Ionization and Solubility. Determination of Ionization Constants by Phase Equilibria -- 5.1 Ionization constants in preparative work -- 5.2 Prediction of solubility from ionization constants -- 5.3 Determination of ionization constants from solubilities -- 5.4 Determination of ionization constants from vapour pressure, by partitioning between a pair of solvents, or by other phase equilibria -- 6 Determination of Ionization Constants by Conductimetry -- 6.1 Scope of the method -- 6.2 Apparatus -- 6.3 Procedure -- 6.4 Refinements of calculation -- 7 Some Other Methods for the Determination of Ionization Constants -- 7.1 Raman spectrometry -- 7.2 Proton nuclear magnetic resonance -- 7.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance using other atoms -- 7.4 Thermometric methods -- 8 Zwitterions (Dipolar Ions) -- 8.1 Zwitterions compared to ordinary amphoteric substances -- 8.2 How to distinguish zwitterions from ordinary ampholytes -- 8.3 Zwitterionic equilibria: macroscopic and microscopic constants -- 9 The Ionization Constants of Typical Acids and Bases -- A Organic Section -- 9.1 The oxygen acids (monobasic) -- (a) Aliphatic carboxylic acids -- (b) Aromatic carboxylic acids -- (c) Aliphatic hydroxylie acids -- (d) Aromatic hydroxylie acids (phenols) -- (e) Other oxygen acids -- 9.2 The oxygen acids (dibasic) -- 9.3 Sulphur acids, nitrogen acids and carbon acids -- (a) Mercaptans -- (b) Nitrogen acids -- (c) Carbon acids -- 9.4 The nitrogen bases (monoacidic) -- (a) Aliphatic bases -- (b) Aromatic and heteroaromatic bases -- 9.5 The nitrogen bases (diacidic) -- 9.6 Carbinolamine bases -- 9.7 Oxygen bases and carbon bases -- 9.8 Amphoteric substances -- B Inorganic Section -- 9.9 Inorganic acids -- 9.10 Inorganic bases 164 -- C Biologically-Active Substances -- 10 Chelation and the Stability Constants of Metal Complexes -- 10.1 The nature of chelation -- 10.2 Methods of calculation -- 10.3 Choice of ionic medium and the preparation of standard solutions -- 10.4 Measurement of pH and the calculation of pCH -- 10.5 Common difficulties and how they can be overcome -- 11 Appendices -- I An outline of the Brønsted-Lowry Theory -- II Comparison of classical and thermodynamic quantities -- III Calculations of hydrogen ion activity and concentration: also of hydroxyl ion activity and concentration -- IV Some effects of temperature on ionization constants -- V How percentage ionized may be calculated, given pKa and pH -- VI An outline of the theory of pH -- References.
    Abstract: This practical manual is devised for organic chemists and biochemists who, in the course of their researches and without previous experience, need to determine an ionization constant. We are gratified that earlier editions were much used for this purpose and that they also proved adequate for the in­ service training of technicians and technical officers to provide a Department with a pK service. The features of previous editions that gave this wide appeal have been retained, but the subject matter has been revised, extended, and brought up to date. We present two new chapters, one of which describes the determination of the stability constants of the complexes which organic ligands form with metal cations. The other describes the use of more recently introduced techniques for the determination of ionization constants, such as Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermometric titrations, and paper electro­ phoresis. Chapter 1 gives enhanced help in choosing between alternative methods for determining ionization constants. The two chapters on potentiometric methods have been extensively revised in the light of newer understanding of electrode processes and of the present state of the art in instrumen tation.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction1.1 What is meant by ‘ionization constants’? -- 1.2 Why do we determine ionization constants? -- 1.3 Brief summary of the chemistry of ionization -- 1.4 The nature of pKa values -- 1.5 The shape of a titration curve -- 1.6 Methods commonly used for determining ionization constants -- 1.7 What degree of precision is required? -- 1.8 The effect of temperature on ionization constants -- 1.9 Molality and molarity -- 2 Determination of Ionization Constants by Potentiometrie Titration using a Glass Electrode -- 2.1 Apparatus for general use -- 2.2 Preparation of solutions -- 2.3 Choice of concentration for the titration -- 2.4 Details of the titration method -- 2.5 Derivation and choice of equations for calculating pKa -- 2.6 Some typical titrations (worked examples) -- 2.7 Precision and accuracy. Checking the precision obtained -- 2.8 Common sources of error, and their elimination -- 2.9False constants -- 2.10 Partly aqueous solvents -- 3 Refinements of Potentiometrie Titration: Apparatus and Calculations -- A Apparatus -- 3.1 Semi-micro titrations -- 3.2 Micro titrations -- 3.3 The rapid-flow method -- 3.4 The hydrogen electrode -- B Calculations -- 3.5 Monofunctional acids and bases -- 3.6 Method of calculation -- 3.7 Diacidic bases, dibasic acids and ampholytes -- 3.8 Overlapping ionization processes -- 3.9 Polyelectrolytes -- 3.10 Accuracy of the potentiometric method -- 3.11 Non-aqueous solvents -- 4 Determination of Ionization Constants by Spectrophotometry -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Apparatus -- 4.3 Buffers -- 4.4 Acidity functions -- 4.5 Preparation of the stock solution of the unknown -- 4.6 The search for the spectra of two pure ionic species -- 4.7 The choice of an analytical wavelength -- 4.8 Preliminary search for an approximate value of pKa -- 4.9 Exact determination of pKa -- 4.10 Worked examples -- 4.11 Activity corrections -- 4.12 Extensions of the spectrometric method -- (a)The pKa of a very weak acid (graphical treatment) -- (b)Overlapping pKa values -- (c)Computer program for overlapping values -- 4.13 Errors, precision and accuracy -- 4.14 Common sources of error -- 4.15 Spectrophotometric determination of the pKa of a substance that lacks an absorption spectrum -- 4.16 A rapid method for the approximate measurement of pKa -- 5 Relations between Ionization and Solubility. Determination of Ionization Constants by Phase Equilibria -- 5.1 Ionization constants in preparative work -- 5.2 Prediction of solubility from ionization constants -- 5.3 Determination of ionization constants from solubilities -- 5.4 Determination of ionization constants from vapour pressure, by partitioning between a pair of solvents, or by other phase equilibria -- 6 Determination of Ionization Constants by Conductimetry -- 6.1 Scope of the method -- 6.2 Apparatus -- 6.3 Procedure -- 6.4 Refinements of calculation -- 7 Some Other Methods for the Determination of Ionization Constants -- 7.1 Raman spectrometry -- 7.2 Proton nuclear magnetic resonance -- 7.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance using other atoms -- 7.4 Thermometric methods -- 8 Zwitterions (Dipolar Ions) -- 8.1 Zwitterions compared to ordinary amphoteric substances -- 8.2 How to distinguish zwitterions from ordinary ampholytes -- 8.3 Zwitterionic equilibria: macroscopic and microscopic constants -- 9 The Ionization Constants of Typical Acids and Bases -- A Organic Section -- 9.1 The oxygen acids (monobasic) -- (a) Aliphatic carboxylic acids -- (b) Aromatic carboxylic acids -- (c) Aliphatic hydroxylie acids -- (d) Aromatic hydroxylie acids (phenols) -- (e) Other oxygen acids -- 9.2 The oxygen acids (dibasic) -- 9.3 Sulphur acids, nitrogen acids and carbon acids -- (a) Mercaptans -- (b) Nitrogen acids -- (c) Carbon acids -- 9.4 The nitrogen bases (monoacidic) -- (a) Aliphatic bases -- (b) Aromatic and heteroaromatic bases -- 9.5 The nitrogen bases (diacidic) -- 9.6 Carbinolamine bases -- 9.7 Oxygen bases and carbon bases -- 9.8 Amphoteric substances -- B Inorganic Section -- 9.9 Inorganic acids -- 9.10 Inorganic bases 164 -- C Biologically-Active Substances -- 10 Chelation and the Stability Constants of Metal Complexes -- 10.1 The nature of chelation -- 10.2 Methods of calculation -- 10.3 Choice of ionic medium and the preparation of standard solutions -- 10.4 Measurement of pH and the calculation of pCH -- 10.5 Common difficulties and how they can be overcome -- 11 Appendices -- I An outline of the Brønsted-Lowry Theory -- II Comparison of classical and thermodynamic quantities -- III Calculations of hydrogen ion activity and concentration: also of hydroxyl ion activity and concentration -- IV Some effects of temperature on ionization constants -- V How percentage ionized may be calculated, given pKa and pH -- VI An outline of the theory of pH -- References.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781461598138
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Microcomputers in Brief -- Of Bits and Bytes -- Storing Information -- Elementary Computer Architecture -- Computer Languages -- 2 Cassette Deck Notes -- Cassette Decks -- Cassette Interface Cable -- Loading and Saving Programs -- 3 Keyboard Guide -- Enter Key -- Shift and Alpha Lock -- Special Symbols -- Mathematical Operators -- Control Keys -- Function Keys -- Automatic Repetition -- Using the Screen Editor -- 4 Introducing TI BASIC -- Commands, Functions, and Statements -- Immediate Mode -- Using the PRINT Command -- CALL Commands -- Command Mode Calculator -- Variables -- Functions -- Math Functions -- TAB Function -- Statement and Program Lines -- GOTO -- 5 Tools for Building Programs -- Line Numbering -- RESEQUENCE -- Editing Programs -- LIST -- Edit Mode -- Starting and Stopping Programs -- Diamond Track -- RUN -- CONtinue -- BREAK and UNBREAK -- END and STOP -- REMark Statements -- 6 Working with Numbers -- Order of Arithmetic Operations -- Relational Expressions -- 7 Variables -- Numeric Variables -- Naming Numeric Variables -- String Variables -- The Role of Variables in Programming -- 8 Using PRINT -- The PRINT System -- Quotation Marks -- Print Separators -- The TAB Function -- The Sick Rose -- 9 Branching Statements -- The Unconditional Branchers -- GOTO -- GOSUBroutine -- Conditional Branching Statements -- ON-GOTO -- ON-GOSUB -- IF-THEN-ELSE -- 10 Data Anyone? -- INPUT -- The READ/DATA Statements -- Setting Up a Data Bank -- Checking Variable Status -- Multiple-Variable READ/DATA Statements -- RESTORE -- Using Counters To Manipulate Data -- Using Data Flags -- 11 The FOR-NEXT Loop -- Entering Data with FOR-NEXT Loops -- Defining Loops With STEP -- Nested Loops -- 12 Debugging Programs -- Error Messages -- TRACE and UNTRACE -- PRINT Debug -- 13 Numeric Functions -- INTeger -- RANDOMIZE and the Random Number Function — (RND(X)) -- Other Numeric Functions -- ABS(X) -- ATN(X) -- COS(X) -- SIN(X) -- TAN(X) -- EXP(X) -- LOG(X) -- SQR(X) -- SGN(X) -- User-Defined Functions -- 14 Computer Sound and Music -- The Sound Chip -- CALLing Sound -- Noise Settings -- Negative Duration Values -- Programming a Song for One Voice -- RESTORE for Repeats -- A Song for Three Voices -- Sound Effects -- 15 BASIC Graphics -- The Screen -- BASIC Graphics Statements -- CALL CHAR -- CALL CLEAR -- CALL HCHAR and CALL VCHAR -- CALL COLOR -- CALL SCREEN -- The RANDOM Character Generator -- Combining Characters in Space: White Knight -- Combining Characters in Time: Running Man -- 16 Interacting with Your Computer: Keyboard and Joystick -- CALL KEYboard -- Key-Unit -- Return Variable -- Status Variable -- Mazemaker -- CALL JOYSTick -- Joystick Mazemaker -- 17 Arrays -- Subscripted Variables and Simple Arrays -- Using READ/DATA To Load Arrays -- OPTION BASE 1 and the DIM Statements -- Two-Dimensional Arrays -- 18 String Functions -- ASCII Value—ASC -- Character—CHR$ -- Value—VAL -- String Number—STR$ -- Length—LEN -- Position—POS -- String Segment—SEG$ -- 19 More Graphics -- FOR-NEXT Looping -- CALLing COLOR -- Strings and String Functions -- Using PRINT -- Using SEGment and LENgth String Functions -- Printing Text with HCHAR -- Using Arrays in Graphics -- 20 Live Time on the Keyboard -- Links in a Chain -- 21 Your Home Computer as a Terminal -- 22 System Options -- Extended BASIC -- Speech Synthesizer -- Peripheral Expansion Box -- RS232 Card -- Disk Drive Controller Card -- 32K Memory Expansion Card -- P-CodeCard -- Disk Drives -- Printers -- Telephone Modems -- The Fully Configured System -- Alternatives to the Peripheral Expansion Box System -- Word Processing -- Microsoft Multiplan™ -- UCSD p-System™ -- LOGO -- Machine Language -- FORTH -- Voice Recognition -- Winchester Hard Disk -- 23 Resource List.
    Abstract: Welcome to the world of computer programming. Your Texas Instruments TI-99/4A is a real 16-bit microcomputer, complete with sound and color graphics. Making these features do what you want may seem impossible at fIrst, but don't worry; there's nothing mysterious about computer programming. Learning to program computers simply means learning a new language-in this case, TI BASIC (for Beginner's All­ purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), a version of the most popular language used on today's microcomputers. This book will teach you, step by step, how to tell your machine what you wish it to do-in other words, how to program it. But that's not all. You'll also find chapters on general microcomputer principles, cassette deck use, the TI-99/4A as a terminal for much larger systems, options for expansion, and a list of resources for getting the most out of your home computer. With the 99/4A you have access to a large library of programs, or software, already written by someone else. Without knowing anything about programming, you can use this software to play games, learn math, or store addresses. But at some point you'll want to make your personal computer really personal. You might want to create your own video game or compose a tune. And that's when you'll want to learn programming.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Microcomputers in BriefOf Bits and Bytes -- Storing Information -- Elementary Computer Architecture -- Computer Languages -- 2 Cassette Deck Notes -- Cassette Decks -- Cassette Interface Cable -- Loading and Saving Programs -- 3 Keyboard Guide -- Enter Key -- Shift and Alpha Lock -- Special Symbols -- Mathematical Operators -- Control Keys -- Function Keys -- Automatic Repetition -- Using the Screen Editor -- 4 Introducing TI BASIC -- Commands, Functions, and Statements -- Immediate Mode -- Using the PRINT Command -- CALL Commands -- Command Mode Calculator -- Variables -- Functions -- Math Functions -- TAB Function -- Statement and Program Lines -- GOTO -- 5 Tools for Building Programs -- Line Numbering -- RESEQUENCE -- Editing Programs -- LIST -- Edit Mode -- Starting and Stopping Programs -- Diamond Track -- RUN -- CONtinue -- BREAK and UNBREAK -- END and STOP -- REMark Statements -- 6 Working with Numbers -- Order of Arithmetic Operations -- Relational Expressions -- 7 Variables -- Numeric Variables -- Naming Numeric Variables -- String Variables -- The Role of Variables in Programming -- 8 Using PRINT -- The PRINT System -- Quotation Marks -- Print Separators -- The TAB Function -- The Sick Rose -- 9 Branching Statements -- The Unconditional Branchers -- GOTO -- GOSUBroutine -- Conditional Branching Statements -- ON-GOTO -- ON-GOSUB -- IF-THEN-ELSE -- 10 Data Anyone? -- INPUT -- The READ/DATA Statements -- Setting Up a Data Bank -- Checking Variable Status -- Multiple-Variable READ/DATA Statements -- RESTORE -- Using Counters To Manipulate Data -- Using Data Flags -- 11 The FOR-NEXT Loop -- Entering Data with FOR-NEXT Loops -- Defining Loops With STEP -- Nested Loops -- 12 Debugging Programs -- Error Messages -- TRACE and UNTRACE -- PRINT Debug -- 13 Numeric Functions -- INTeger -- RANDOMIZE and the Random Number Function - (RND(X)) -- Other Numeric Functions -- ABS(X) -- ATN(X) -- COS(X) -- SIN(X) -- TAN(X) -- EXP(X) -- LOG(X) -- SQR(X) -- SGN(X) -- User-Defined Functions -- 14 Computer Sound and Music -- The Sound Chip -- CALLing Sound -- Noise Settings -- Negative Duration Values -- Programming a Song for One Voice -- RESTORE for Repeats -- A Song for Three Voices -- Sound Effects -- 15 BASIC Graphics -- The Screen -- BASIC Graphics Statements -- CALL CHAR -- CALL CLEAR -- CALL HCHAR and CALL VCHAR -- CALL COLOR -- CALL SCREEN -- The RANDOM Character Generator -- Combining Characters in Space: White Knight -- Combining Characters in Time: Running Man -- 16 Interacting with Your Computer: Keyboard and Joystick -- CALL KEYboard -- Key-Unit -- Return Variable -- Status Variable -- Mazemaker -- CALL JOYSTick -- Joystick Mazemaker -- 17 Arrays -- Subscripted Variables and Simple Arrays -- Using READ/DATA To Load Arrays -- OPTION BASE 1 and the DIM Statements -- Two-Dimensional Arrays -- 18 String Functions -- ASCII Value-ASC -- Character-CHR$ -- Value-VAL -- String Number-STR$ -- Length-LEN -- Position-POS -- String Segment-SEG$ -- 19 More Graphics -- FOR-NEXT Looping -- CALLing COLOR -- Strings and String Functions -- Using PRINT -- Using SEGment and LENgth String Functions -- Printing Text with HCHAR -- Using Arrays in Graphics -- 20 Live Time on the Keyboard -- Links in a Chain -- 21 Your Home Computer as a Terminal -- 22 System Options -- Extended BASIC -- Speech Synthesizer -- Peripheral Expansion Box -- RS232 Card -- Disk Drive Controller Card -- 32K Memory Expansion Card -- P-CodeCard -- Disk Drives -- Printers -- Telephone Modems -- The Fully Configured System -- Alternatives to the Peripheral Expansion Box System -- Word Processing -- Microsoft Multiplan™ -- UCSD p-System™ -- LOGO -- Machine Language -- FORTH -- Voice Recognition -- Winchester Hard Disk -- 23 Resource List.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468482584
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. The Overall Picture -- 1.1 General papers and books -- 1.2 Conferences, seminars and colloquia -- 1.3 Literature reviews and bibliographies -- 2. National and International Initiatives, Policies and Political Manifestos -- 3. Social Impacts -- 3.1 Education and Training -- 3.2 Employment and Unemployment -- 3.3 Data protection and security -- 3.4 Working environment -- 3.5 Work and leisure -- 4. Economic Structure and Policy -- 4.1 National economy -- 4.2 Regional economy -- 4.3 Urban economy -- 4.4 Rural economy -- 4.5 Science parks -- 5. Impact of New Technology on Business, Industry and Communications -- 5.1 Office automation -- 5.2 Industry and technology -- 5.3 Retailing -- 5.4 Viewdata systems and cable television -- 5.5 Public sector and business -- 6. Administrative Impact and Industrial Relations: Impact of New Technology -- 6.1 Management and new technology -- 6.2 Trade union reactions.
    Abstract: Silicon chip technology; microprocessor technology; information technology; or quite simply new technology. These are some of the names representing the microelectronics revolution depending upon the audience being addressed by speaker or writer. No previous new industrial development has caused such widespread publicity and discussion amongst users and researchers as the new technology. Concern is being expressed about the effects of new technology on employment, job satisfaction, social life, leisure activities and the economics of commerce and industry. The late 70s saw many doom-laden predictions of those effects but by 1983 both management and trade unions were taking a more objective view of the social and economic impacts, and many correspondents now see the new technology as a means of opening up new industries and overcoming the effects of world recessions. The "chip" has involved the factory floor, the office, the supermarket and the home. Electronic funds transfer, electronic shopping, microelectronic domestic appliances, word processors and microprocessor-controlled machinery mean that the new technology has pervaded all aspects of social and economic life, and the developed countries are now coming to accept it as part of society as a whole. Inevitably the flood of literature on the social and economic impacts of new technology has been overwhelming. Unfortunately the quality of information and arguments propagated at conferences, in journal papers and research reports has indicated that there has been little quantifiable evidence available on the effects of these impacts.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. The Overall Picture1.1 General papers and books -- 1.2 Conferences, seminars and colloquia -- 1.3 Literature reviews and bibliographies -- 2. National and International Initiatives, Policies and Political Manifestos -- 3. Social Impacts -- 3.1 Education and Training -- 3.2 Employment and Unemployment -- 3.3 Data protection and security -- 3.4 Working environment -- 3.5 Work and leisure -- 4. Economic Structure and Policy -- 4.1 National economy -- 4.2 Regional economy -- 4.3 Urban economy -- 4.4 Rural economy -- 4.5 Science parks -- 5. Impact of New Technology on Business, Industry and Communications -- 5.1 Office automation -- 5.2 Industry and technology -- 5.3 Retailing -- 5.4 Viewdata systems and cable television -- 5.5 Public sector and business -- 6. Administrative Impact and Industrial Relations: Impact of New Technology -- 6.1 Management and new technology -- 6.2 Trade union reactions.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400955745
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Infant enzyme chemistry -- 2. The mechanistic basis of enzyme catalysis -- 3. Chemical models of coenzyme catalyses -- 4. Selectivity in synthesis — chemicals or enzymes -- 5. Enzymes as targets for drug design -- 6. Metal ions in biological systems -- 7. Enzyme-level studies of the biosynthesis of natural products -- 8. The impact of enzymology in biochemistry and beyond.
    Abstract: In the molecular sciences, enzyme chemistry occupies a special niche as one of the major contact points between chemical and biological disciplines. The special properties of enzymes as selective and efficient catalysts are so central to current challenges to chemists that the development of enzyme chemistry in the past thirty years has been a major stimulus to chemical research in general. On the one hand studies of the intrinsic properties of enzymes and, on the other hand, their applications to synthesis, drug design, and biosynthesis have had an immense impact. This book brings together in one volume essays describing several such fields with emphasis on the applications. It would be unnecessarily repetitious to outline the approach and contents of the book in a Preface; the first short chapter is more eloquent than a formal Preface can be. I shall therefore encourage you to begin with the Introduction in Chapter 1 and here I wish to extend my warm thanks to those who have contributed to the production of this book: the authors for their acceptance of the overall concept of the book and for the thoughtfulness of their writing; Dr Charles Suckling, FRS and Professor Hamish Wood for their constructive criticism of the whole book; and Dr John Buckingham and his colleagues at Chapman and Hall for their efficiency and enthusiasm in transforming the typescripts into the book that you now hold. Colin J. Suckling University of Strathclyde Contributors Donald H.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Infant enzyme chemistry2. The mechanistic basis of enzyme catalysis -- 3. Chemical models of coenzyme catalyses -- 4. Selectivity in synthesis - chemicals or enzymes -- 5. Enzymes as targets for drug design -- 6. Metal ions in biological systems -- 7. Enzyme-level studies of the biosynthesis of natural products -- 8. The impact of enzymology in biochemistry and beyond.
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9781468446166
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Basics Of Brain Edema -- Brain Edema Mediator Compounds and Biochemistry -- Diagnosis and Assessment of Brain Edema -- Brain Edema, Blood Flow and Metabolism -- Ischemic Brain Edema -- Pharmacology and Therapy of Brain Edema -- Contributors.
    Abstract: This issue contains the proceedings of the most recent Inter­ national Symposium on Brain Edema, the 5th in a series of confer­ ences starting 1965 in Vienna. The ever since increasing interest in this field may not only result from the fact that - in clinical terms - the problem is not solved yet, but also from the many fascinating physiological and biochemical questions remaining. Moreover, the rapid progress of technical, physiological and bio­ chemical developments provides a permanent challenge to probe the subject with better and better resolution. The current proceedings provide many examples. It is safe to assume, that the history of brain edema research is familiar to most of its participants. Therefore, suffice it to remark that since the first histopathological recognition of brain edema as a separate entity among the multitude of intracranial space occupying lesions, progress in the understanding of its pathogenesis has not been straightforward. On the contrary, it has been complicated by confusing notions and concepts, some of which may have resulted from the elusiveness of the edematous changes in early histological studies, due to the inadequacy of the light microscope. Although brain edema occurs concomitantly in many pgtho10gica1 conditions of the brain, it has been suggested that its role is collateral only. Nevertheless, the potential of brain edema as a space occupying lesion is not trivial, since it raises intracranial pressure and eventually may result in lethal cerebral herniation.
    Description / Table of Contents: Basics Of Brain EdemaBrain Edema Mediator Compounds and Biochemistry -- Diagnosis and Assessment of Brain Edema -- Brain Edema, Blood Flow and Metabolism -- Ischemic Brain Edema -- Pharmacology and Therapy of Brain Edema -- Contributors.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401577014
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 182 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 The nature of viruses -- 2 Exposure to viruses and some consequences -- 3 Viruses associated with invertebrates -- 4 Viruses and the terrestrial environment -- 5 Viruses in aquatic environments -- 6 Strategies of virus maintenance in communities -- Conclusion -- References -- Author Index.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 The nature of viruses2 Exposure to viruses and some consequences -- 3 Viruses associated with invertebrates -- 4 Viruses and the terrestrial environment -- 5 Viruses in aquatic environments -- 6 Strategies of virus maintenance in communities -- Conclusion -- References -- Author Index.
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer
    ISBN: 9781461579724
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Electrochemistry of Oil-Water Interfaces -- 1. Potential Difference at Oil-Water Interfaces -- 2. Electrocapillarity -- 3. Binding at Oil-Water Interfaces -- 4. Electrocapillary Emulsification -- 5. Coalescence of Droplets -- 6. Potential Distribution of Membrane Systems -- Abbreviations -- Notation -- References -- 2. Kinetic Theory of Flotation of Small Particles -- 1. Specific Features of the Mechanism Involving Fixation of Small Particles on the Surface of a Bubble -- 2. Specific Features of the Mechanism of Transfer of Small Particles to the Bubble Surface -- 3. Quantitative Theory of Flotation of Small and Medium-Sized Spherical Particles -- 4. Quantitative Experimental Research into Flotation of Small Particles -- 5. Detachment of Small Particles in Contactless Flotation and the Dynamic Adsorption Layer of a Bubble -- 6. Nonequilibrium Surface Forces in Flotation -- 7. Collision Efficiency and Flotation Kinetics -- 8. Influence of Aggregation of the Particles on the Elementary Act of Inertia-free Flotation -- 9. Flotation of Submicron Particles -- 10. Conclusions -- Notation -- References -- 3. Specifically Impermeable Precipitate Membranes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Hirsch Effect -- 3. Precipitate Formation by Double Diffusion in Gels -- 4. Place of First Formation of Precipitate Lines in Double Diffusion in Gels -- 5. Evolution of Precipitate Lines in Double Diffusion as a Function of Reagent Concentration and Time -- 6. Nondiffusion Methods for Generating Precipitate Lines -- 7. Single-Diffusion Precipitation -- 8. Liesegang Phenomenon -- 9. Biological Precipitate Membranes -- References -- 4. Dynamic Surface Tension and Capillary Waves -- 1. Introduction: Surface Constitutive Equations -- 2. General Theoretical Discussion -- 3. General Remarks on Ripple Methods for the Study of Dynamic Surface Tension -- 4. Interfacial Wave Methods -- 5. The Spectroscopy of Ripples -- 6. Appendix: Reduction of the Determinant Given by Hansen et al. -- References -- 5. Digital-Computer-Oriented Numerical Analysis in Surface Chemistry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nonlinear Least-Squares Analysis -- 3. Analysis of Model Stability to Small Errors: Prediction Analysis -- 4. Methods -- 5. Appendix -- References -- 6. Advances in Experimental Techniques for Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mercury Intrusion Instruments -- 3. Sample Selection and Preparation -- 4. Low-Pressure Intrusion Measurements -- 5. High-Pressure Intrusion Measurements -- 6. Rate of Pressurization -- 7. Presentation of Intrusion Results -- 8. Microcomputers and Porosimeters -- 9. Testing Particulate Materials -- 10. Other Useful Information Available from an Intrusion Experiment -- 11. Closing Statement -- References -- 7. The Contact Angle of Mercury on the Internal Surfaces of Porous Bodies: A Footnote to D. N. Winslow’s Review of Porosimetry -- 1. Introduction -- References -- Author Index.
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  • 74
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401169431
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Resource Management Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I -- Soil Profile Descriptions -- Soil Maps -- Laboratory Analyses -- Soil Taxonomy -- Computerized Groupings of Soils -- Projects -- Photographs -- First Exam -- II -- Engineering Applications -- Waste Disposal -- Agricultural Land Classification -- Erosion Control -- Yield Correlations -- Farm Planning -- Community Planning -- III -- Soil Potentials -- Soil Variability -- Sequential Testing -- Land Uses and Soils -- Tragedy of the Commons -- Strategic Implications -- Military Campaigns -- Research -- Predictions -- Soils Tours -- Slide Sets -- Final Exam -- Evaluation.
    Abstract: The success of the book Soils and the Environment imagination in the applications of soil surveys, illustrates the need for further, more detailed toward the end of improving productivity and information about soil survey interpretations (uses efficiency in the use of soils and the environment. of soil surveys), especially for laypersons, teachers, Although laypersons, teachers, and students are the and students. Much information about soils and primary groups addressed by this Field Guide, the environment is secluded in offices of various other people involved with using soil surveys are agencies and institutions and thus is not readily (or will be) agriculturalists, agronomists, assessors, available to the people who need it. Techniques for botanists, conservationists, contractors, ecologists, finding and using the information are also not well economists, engineers, extension workers, fores­ known, so there is great need for this Field Guide ters, geologists, groundwater experts, planners, to Soils and the Environment to provide teachers politicians, public health officials, range managers, and learners with exercises that will give them recreationists, soil scientists, wildlife specialists, and many others. This Field Guide complements practice leading to confidence in the manipulation and enhances the book Soils and the Environment and utilization of soil survey data. In a sense, all published in 1981. of us are (or should be) learners and teachers in the use of soil survey information. This Field Guide DONALD R.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer
    ISBN: 9781475760859
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 130 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 The mechanical construction of the microscope -- 2 Image formation in the microscope -- 3 Objectives and eyepieces -- 4 Illumination of the object -- 5 Polarized light microscopy -- 6 Opaque stop and phase contrast microscopy -- 7 Interference microscopy -- 8 Quantitative microscopy -- 9 Specimen preparation -- 10 Photomicrography -- References and further reading -- Appendix: The care of the microscope.
    Abstract: Since Sorby published his observations on the structures of steels in 1863, the optical microscope has become one of the most widely used and versatile instruments for examining the structures of engineering materials. Moreover, to examine the diverse range of materials encountered, it must be used in both the reflected-light and transmitted-light forms, and with polarized light. It is complementary to, but not superseded by, the wide range of electron-optical instruments that are now used. Despite its extensive use, it has been described as the most misused, abused, and misunderstood of scientific instruments, for it will produce an image of a sort no matter how badly it is used. To use it effectively, even in its simplest applications, a knowledge of the simple theory of the microscope is necessary, for the theory shows and explains how it should be used. Thus my aim has been to give a simple and, where possible, quantitative account of both the theory and the use of the microscope, including the various special techniques for which it can be used. But, no matter how effectively the microscope is used, if the specimen is inadequately prepared the results of examination will be of doubtful value.
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468446791
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 192 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nonprofit Management and Finance
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; School management and organization. ; School administration. ; Business. ; Management science. ; Personnel management.
    Abstract: 1. Voluntarism -- 2. A Distinctive Management Approach -- 3. Management Measurability and the Immeasurable -- 4. Distinctive Purposes -- 5. The Volunteer Tool -- 6. Dual Internal Systems -- 7. A Constituency -- 8. Money Matters -- 9. Special Legal Status -- 10. Profit and Loss -- 11. Politics and Diplomacy -- 12. Multiple Purposes -- 13. Distinctive Social Character -- 14. Boundless Resources -- 15. Staggering Consumption -- 16. The Complexity of Voluntary Enterprises -- 17. Where Do You Go from Here? -- References.
    Abstract: My values, attitudes, and behaviors, like those of most Americans, have been profoundly influenced by not-for-profit enterprises. My parents were students in one when they met. I was born in one. I learned about God in one, my ABCs in another, how to make a fire and tie knots in another, how to play ball and be part of a team in another, and I met my first girlfriend in another. I prepared for my career at a not-for-profit university, met my wife at a not-for-profit church, went on to several not-for-profit graduate schools, joined numerous not-for-profit profes­ sional and special interest groups, brought two newly born sons horne from not-for-profit hospitals. I read magazines published by several of them, sail Cj. nd hunt with their members, and when I vote I consider a variety of their admonitions. Voluntary not-for-profit enterprises have been molding and shaping me as long as I have been alive, and they will even be represented at my funeral. Therefore, it seems only fair that I should help to shape some of them. I have been at that task for some time now-Ieading seminars, consulting, writing, and serving on boards and committees. This book is an outgrowth of what I have learned through formal study, observation and analysis, and personal experience in more than half the states of the union and many foreign nations.
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967954
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 176 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781461325314
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Polymer Structure and Physical Properties -- 2 Stress-Strain Behavior of Plastics Materials -- 3 Effects of Fillers on Properties and Performance -- 4 Stress Analysis for Plastics -- 5 Structural Design of Beams, Plates and Other Structural Members -- 6 Dynamic Load Response of Plastics Members and Effects of Cyclical Loading -- 7 Other Forms of Stress Applied to Plastics Parts -- 8 Design for Stiffness -- 9 Processing Limitations on Plastics Product Design -- 10 CAD/CAM and Plastics Product Design -- 11 Material and Process Interaction and the Effects on the Performance of Plastics Parts and the Resulting Design Limitations -- 12 Performance in Service and Environmental Exposure -- 13 Design Procedure for Plastics Parts: Function, Material, Geometry, Test -- 14 Design of Plastics Structural Parts for Static Loads -- 15 Design of Dynamically Loaded Plastics Parts and Evaluation Procedures -- 16 The Design of Plastics Parts for Electrical Applications -- 17 Design of Plastics Parts for Optical Applications -- 18 Other Design Applications for Plastics -- Index/.
    Abstract: Plastics have become increasingly important in the products used in our society, ranging from housing to packaging, transportation, business machines and especially in medicine and health products. Designing plastic parts for this wide range of uses has become a major activity for designers, architects, engineers, and others who are concerned with product development. Because plastics are unique materials with a broad range of proper­ ties they are adaptable to a variety of uses. The uniqueness of plastics stems from their physical characteristics which are as different from metals, glasses, and ceramics as these materials are different from each other. One major concern is the design of structures to take loads. Metals as well as the other materials are assumed to respond elastically and to recover completely their original shape after the load is removed. Based on this simple fact, extensive litera­ ture on applied mechanics of materials has been developed to enable designers to predict accurately the performance of structures under load. Many engineers depend on such texts as Timoshenko's Strength of Materials as a guide to the performance of structures. Using this as a guide, generations of engineers have designed economical and safe structural parts. Unfortunately, these design principles must be modified when designing with plastics since they do not respond elastically to stress and undergo permanent deformation with sus­ tained loading.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Polymer Structure and Physical Properties2 Stress-Strain Behavior of Plastics Materials -- 3 Effects of Fillers on Properties and Performance -- 4 Stress Analysis for Plastics -- 5 Structural Design of Beams, Plates and Other Structural Members -- 6 Dynamic Load Response of Plastics Members and Effects of Cyclical Loading -- 7 Other Forms of Stress Applied to Plastics Parts -- 8 Design for Stiffness -- 9 Processing Limitations on Plastics Product Design -- 10 CAD/CAM and Plastics Product Design -- 11 Material and Process Interaction and the Effects on the Performance of Plastics Parts and the Resulting Design Limitations -- 12 Performance in Service and Environmental Exposure -- 13 Design Procedure for Plastics Parts: Function, Material, Geometry, Test -- 14 Design of Plastics Structural Parts for Static Loads -- 15 Design of Dynamically Loaded Plastics Parts and Evaluation Procedures -- 16 The Design of Plastics Parts for Electrical Applications -- 17 Design of Plastics Parts for Optical Applications -- 18 Other Design Applications for Plastics -- Index/.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789400932838
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 - Psychological and Sociological Parameters for Studies of Breakdown in Human Adaptation -- I. General Overviews -- Towards a taxonomy of methods: a general overview of psychological approaches in the study of breakdown of human adaptation -- Psychological field study techniques: overview and needs -- Psychological field study techniques: a critical evaluation -- Sociological parameters in studies of breakdown: a selective overview -- Use of psychological indices in epidemiological studies: overview and needs -- Stressful life events and illness: a review with special reference to a criticism of the life-event method -- II. Conceptual Approaches -- A lifetime prospective study of human adaptation and health -- Psychosocial and psychophysiological factors in the design and the evaluation of working conditions within health care systems -- The relation of social to pathophysiological processes: evidence from epidemiological studies -- Unemployment and health: a review of methodology -- Ontogenetic development and breakdown in adaptation: a review on psychosocial factors contributing to the development of myocardial infarction, and a description of a research program -- Physiological issues in establishing links between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular illness -- White collar occupation and coronary prone behaviour -- III. Methods -- Psychological methods: an overview of clinical applications -- Psychological factors in the breakdown of human adaptation: some methodological issues -- Monitoring signs of decrease in human adaptation: use of quantitative measures available in official statistics -- Inventory of stressful life-events (ILE) -- The Norwegian female climacteric project (VOS) -- Questionnaire for organisational stress (VOS) -- A scale for measuring the marital relationship among males -- 2 - Human Performance and Breakdown in Adaptation -- Human performance in transport operations: introductory remarks -- I. Air Transport -- Air crew workload -- Safety, individual performance and mental workload in air transport: Oedipus as Icarus -- Stress management in air transport operations: beyond alcohol and drugs -- Reasons for eliminating the “age 60” regulation for airline pilots -- Human factors education in European air transport operations -- II. Road Transport -- Behaviour research in road traffic -- Some theoretical considerations on accident research -- Accident of bus drivers — practical and methodological problems -- Effects of alcohol on driving performance: a critical look on the epidemiological, experimental and psychosocial approaches -- Investigations on the influence of continuous driving on the motion activity of vehicle drivers -- III. Sea Transport -- Human performance in seafaring -- Stress factors and countermeasures in navigation -- Ship of the future: human problems and performance -- Accidents on board merchant ships -- Sleep data sampled from the crew of a merchant marine ship -- IV; Special Reviews -- Transport operators as responsible persons in stressful situations -- Stress response as a function of age and sex -- Drugs and transport operations -- Mechanical vibration in transport operations -- V. Methods -- Continuous electrophysiological recording -- Dimensions of flight crew performance decrements: methodological implications for field research -- Methodology in workstress studies.
    Abstract: The widespread interest in "stressful" aspects of contemporary society which contribute to its burden of illness and diseases (e.g. gastro intestinal, cardiovascular) has led to a large number of state­ ments and reports which relate the manifestations to a maladaptation of the individual. Furthermore, recent research suggests that under some condi tions stress may have a more generalized effect of decreasing the body's ability to combat destructive forces and expose it to a variety of diseases. Breakdown in adaptation occurs when an individual cannot cope with demands inherent in his environment. These may be due to an excessive mental or physical load, including factors of a social or psychological nature and task performance requirements ranging from those which are monotonous, simple and repetitive to complex, fast, decision-taking ones. Experience shows however that not all people placed under the same condi tions suffer similarly, and it follows that to the social and psychological environment should be added a genetic factor influencing, through the brain, the responses of individuals. It is clear that, besides human suffering, this "breakdown in adaptation" causes massive losses of revenue to industry and national health authorities. Thus a reduction in "stress", before "breakdown" occurs, or an improvement in coping with it would be very valuable.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 - Psychological and Sociological Parameters for Studies of Breakdown in Human AdaptationI. General Overviews -- Towards a taxonomy of methods: a general overview of psychological approaches in the study of breakdown of human adaptation -- Psychological field study techniques: overview and needs -- Psychological field study techniques: a critical evaluation -- Sociological parameters in studies of breakdown: a selective overview -- Use of psychological indices in epidemiological studies: overview and needs -- Stressful life events and illness: a review with special reference to a criticism of the life-event method -- II. Conceptual Approaches -- A lifetime prospective study of human adaptation and health -- Psychosocial and psychophysiological factors in the design and the evaluation of working conditions within health care systems -- The relation of social to pathophysiological processes: evidence from epidemiological studies -- Unemployment and health: a review of methodology -- Ontogenetic development and breakdown in adaptation: a review on psychosocial factors contributing to the development of myocardial infarction, and a description of a research program -- Physiological issues in establishing links between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular illness -- White collar occupation and coronary prone behaviour -- III. Methods -- Psychological methods: an overview of clinical applications -- Psychological factors in the breakdown of human adaptation: some methodological issues -- Monitoring signs of decrease in human adaptation: use of quantitative measures available in official statistics -- Inventory of stressful life-events (ILE) -- The Norwegian female climacteric project (VOS) -- Questionnaire for organisational stress (VOS) -- A scale for measuring the marital relationship among males -- 2 - Human Performance and Breakdown in Adaptation -- Human performance in transport operations: introductory remarks -- I. Air Transport -- Air crew workload -- Safety, individual performance and mental workload in air transport: Oedipus as Icarus -- Stress management in air transport operations: beyond alcohol and drugs -- Reasons for eliminating the “age 60” regulation for airline pilots -- Human factors education in European air transport operations -- II. Road Transport -- Behaviour research in road traffic -- Some theoretical considerations on accident research -- Accident of bus drivers - practical and methodological problems -- Effects of alcohol on driving performance: a critical look on the epidemiological, experimental and psychosocial approaches -- Investigations on the influence of continuous driving on the motion activity of vehicle drivers -- III. Sea Transport -- Human performance in seafaring -- Stress factors and countermeasures in navigation -- Ship of the future: human problems and performance -- Accidents on board merchant ships -- Sleep data sampled from the crew of a merchant marine ship -- IV; Special Reviews -- Transport operators as responsible persons in stressful situations -- Stress response as a function of age and sex -- Drugs and transport operations -- Mechanical vibration in transport operations -- V. Methods -- Continuous electrophysiological recording -- Dimensions of flight crew performance decrements: methodological implications for field research -- Methodology in workstress studies.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400955622
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I Theoretical -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gas adsorption -- 3 Adsorption isotherms -- 4 Langmuir and BET theories -- 5 The single point BET method -- 6 Adsorbate cross-sectional areas -- 7 Other surface area methods -- 8 Pore analysis by adsorption -- 9 Microporosity -- 10 Theory of wetting and capillarity for mercury porosimetry -- 11 Interpretation of mercury porosimetry data -- 12 Hysteresis, entrapment, and contact angle -- II Experimental -- 13 Adsorption measurements-Preliminaries -- 14 Vacuum volumetric measurements -- 15 Dynamic methods -- 16 Other flow methods -- 17 Gravimetric method -- 18 Comparison of experimental adsorption methods -- 19 Chemisorption -- 20 Mercury porosimetry -- 21 Density measurement -- References.
    Abstract: The rapid growth of interest in powders and their surface properties in many diverse industries prompted the writing of this book for those who have the need to make meaningful measurements without the benefit of years of experience. It is intended as an introduction to some of the elementary theory and experimental methods used to study the surface area, porosity and density of powders. It may be found useful by those with little or no training in solid surfaces who have the need to quickly learn the rudiments of surface area, density and pore-size measurements. Syosset, New York S. Lowell May, 1983 J. E. Shields Xl List of symbols Use of symbols for purposes other than those indicated in the following list are so defined in the text. Some symbols not shown in this list are defined in the text. d adsorbate cross-sectional area A area; condensation coefficient; collision frequency C BET constant c concentration D diameter; coefficient of thermal diffusion E adsorption potential f permeability aspect factor F flow rate; force; feed rate 9 gravitational constant G Gibbs free energy GS free surface energy h heat of immersion per unit area; height H enthalpy Hi heat of immersion Hsv heat of adsorption BET intercept; filament current k thermal conductivity; specific reaction rate K Harkins-Jura constant I length L heat of liquefaction M mass M molecular weight n number of moles N number of molecules; number of particles N Avagadro's number .
    Description / Table of Contents: I Theoretical1 Introduction -- 2 Gas adsorption -- 3 Adsorption isotherms -- 4 Langmuir and BET theories -- 5 The single point BET method -- 6 Adsorbate cross-sectional areas -- 7 Other surface area methods -- 8 Pore analysis by adsorption -- 9 Microporosity -- 10 Theory of wetting and capillarity for mercury porosimetry -- 11 Interpretation of mercury porosimetry data -- 12 Hysteresis, entrapment, and contact angle -- II Experimental -- 13 Adsorption measurements-Preliminaries -- 14 Vacuum volumetric measurements -- 15 Dynamic methods -- 16 Other flow methods -- 17 Gravimetric method -- 18 Comparison of experimental adsorption methods -- 19 Chemisorption -- 20 Mercury porosimetry -- 21 Density measurement -- References.
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400955769
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Signals, systems and communications -- Communication signals -- Communication channels -- Communication Networks -- Telecommunications Worldwide -- 2 Signal representation and analysis -- The time domain -- The frequency domain -- Fourier series analysis -- Frequency domain representation of aperiodic signals -- Fourier transforms -- Frequency domain representation for signals of arbitrary waveshape -- Amplitude distribution of signals -- 3 Sinusoidal carrier modulation -- Amplitude modulation -- Angle modulation -- Frequency division multiplexing -- 4 Radio receiver principles -- Tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver -- Superheterodyne (superhet) receivers -- 5 Pulse modulation systems -- Pulse amplitude modulation -- Other pulse modulation schemes -- Time division multiplexing -- 6 Pulse code modulation -- Quantization -- Sampling and pulse encoding -- Non-uniform quantization -- Differential pulse code modulation -- PCM-TDM telephony -- 7 Digital communications -- Digital transmission -- The eye diagram -- Signal design -- Error probability -- Coding for digital transmission -- Digital modulation -- 8 Systems case studies -- Broadcast FM radio -- Television systems -- Videotex systems -- Appendix: Decibels -- Answers to Numerical Problems.
    Abstract: This book provides a first introduction to the subject of telecommunications suit­ able for first and second year undergraduates following degree or similar courses in electronic engineering. There are very few specific prerequisites other than a general background in electric circuit principles and a level of mathematical maturity consistent with entry to engineering courses in British universities. The intention is to provide a broad perspective of modern telecommunication principles and applications. Following a general overview of telecommunications, a thorough, albeit introductory, treatment is provided of underlying principles such as signal representation and analysis, sampling, analogue and digital trans­ of several mission, modulation and coding. The book concludes with a description important systems applications which serve as case studies to illustrate further the principles introduced and demonstrate their application in a practical context. Many people have contributed, directly and indirectly, to this book. I am espe­ cially grateful to Professor Kel Fidler of the Open University for suggesting that I write the book and for the support and guidance he has provided throughout the endeavour. The Telecommunications Research Group of the Department of Elec­ trical Engineering Science at the University of Essex has provided a stimulating environment in which to develop my appreciation of telecommunication systems and in particular Professor Ken Cattermole has influenced my thinking greatly.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Signals, systems and communicationsCommunication signals -- Communication channels -- Communication Networks -- Telecommunications Worldwide -- 2 Signal representation and analysis -- The time domain -- The frequency domain -- Fourier series analysis -- Frequency domain representation of aperiodic signals -- Fourier transforms -- Frequency domain representation for signals of arbitrary waveshape -- Amplitude distribution of signals -- 3 Sinusoidal carrier modulation -- Amplitude modulation -- Angle modulation -- Frequency division multiplexing -- 4 Radio receiver principles -- Tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver -- Superheterodyne (superhet) receivers -- 5 Pulse modulation systems -- Pulse amplitude modulation -- Other pulse modulation schemes -- Time division multiplexing -- 6 Pulse code modulation -- Quantization -- Sampling and pulse encoding -- Non-uniform quantization -- Differential pulse code modulation -- PCM-TDM telephony -- 7 Digital communications -- Digital transmission -- The eye diagram -- Signal design -- Error probability -- Coding for digital transmission -- Digital modulation -- 8 Systems case studies -- Broadcast FM radio -- Television systems -- Videotex systems -- Appendix: Decibels -- Answers to Numerical Problems.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400956162
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- Joint Configurations: Lap-shear Joints, Butt Joints, Fillets. Metals and Other Constructional Materials. The Decision to Use Adhesive Bonding. The Balance of Advantages and Disadvantages -- 2. The Nature And Magnitude of Stresses In Adhesive Joints -- Introduction: Reality, Methods of Mathematical Analysis. The Single Lap Joint: Linear Elastic Analysis, Volkersen’s Analysis, The Analysis of Goland and Reissner, Effect of Bending in a Double-lap Joint, Volkersen’s Second Theory, Later Work. The Single-lap Joint — End Effects: Reduction of Stress Concentrations. The Single-lap Joint — Elasto-plastic Analysis. The Effect of Adherend Shape — Scarfed, Bevelled and Stepped Adherends. Composite Materials. Tubular Joints. Butt Joints. The Use of Joints in Design: Lap Joints, Tubular Joints, T-joints, Corner Joints, Butt Joints, Stiffeners, Doublers, Assembly -- 3. Standard Mechanical Test Procedures -- Destructive Testing: Tests with Thin Sheet Adherends, Tests for Properties of Adhesives. Nondestructive Testing: Nature of Defects, Tests Carried Out Before Bonding, Post-bonding and In-service Testing -- 4. The General Properties of Polymeric Adhesives -- Polymer Structures: Unsaturation. Mixed Adhesives. Properties and Temperature: The Glass Transition Temperature, Decomposition Temperature, Melting Temperature, The Deformation of Adhesive Polymers by Stress, Viscoelasticity, The Modulus of an Adhesive, Poisson’s Ratio, Strength Properties of Adhesive Polymers, Yielding Stresses of Polymers, Failure Modes After Yielding, Creep, Failure without Yielding — Brittle Fracture, Crazing, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Resistance to Deterioration -- 5. Factors Influencing The Choice of Adhesive -- Interaction with Substrate. Structural Adhesives for Metals: Check-list for Structural Metal Adhesives Used at Temperatures up to 70°C, The Advantage of Supported Filmic Adhesives (Tapes’), Unsupported Films, Liquids and Pastes, Influence of Metal of Adherend, High Temperature Metal-Metal Adhesion. Structural Adhesives for Wood: Check-list for the Use of Structural Wood Adhesives. Structural Adhesives for Mixed Constructions: Metal-Wood Structures, Metal-reinforced Plastics Structures. Choice of Adhesives for Semi-structural Use: Checklist for Adhesives for Semi-structural Use -- 6. Surface Preparation -- Metals. Wood. Concrete. Glass or Carbon-fibre Reinforced Plastics. Shot, Sand or Grit Blasting. Solvent Degreasing or Wiping. Chemical Etching: Aluminium, Ferrous Metals, Titanium, Other Metals. Priming Layers: Primers as Coupling Agents -- 7. Service Life -- The Creep of Adhesive Joints. Time-to-failure (Under Static Loading). Cycles-to-failure: Influence of Temperature, Influence of Test Frequency, Influence of Amplitude, Influence of Moisture. Effects of Temperature Change on Joint Strength. Service Life as Indicated by Climatic Exposure Trials -- 8. Applications -- Aircraft, Anchorages. Bridges. Carriages. Cars. Decking. Furniture. Glass Reinforced Plastics. Helicopters. Helicopter Blades. Hovercraft. Lamp Posts. Magnets. PABST. Rollers. Segmental Construction. Ski Constructions. Telephone Kiosks. Yachts -- References -- Appendix: Standard American and UK Specifications for -- Adhesion Tests -- Author Index.
    Abstract: The intention of this book is that it should contain everything an engineer needs to know to be able to design and produce adhesively bonded joints which are required to carry significant loads. The advan­ tages and disadvantages of bonding are given, together with a sufficient understanding of the necessary mechanics and chemistry to enable the designer to make a sound engineering judgement in any particular case. The stresses in joints are discussed extensively so that the engineer can get sufficient philosophy or feel for them, or can delve more deeply into the mathematics to obtain quantitative solutions even with elasto­ plastic behaviour. A critical description is given of standard methods of testing adhesives, both destructively and non-destructively. The essen­ tial chemistry of adhesives and the importance of surface preparation are described and guidance is given for adhesive selection by me ans of check lists. For many applications, there will not be a unique adhesive which alone is suitable, and factors such as cost, convenience, produc­ tion considerations or familiarity may be decisive. A list of applications is given as examples. The authors wish to increase the confidence of engineers using adhesive bonding in load-bearing applications by the information and experience presented. With increasing experience of adhesives en­ gineering, design will become more elegant as weH as more fitted to its products.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. IntroductionJoint Configurations: Lap-shear Joints, Butt Joints, Fillets. Metals and Other Constructional Materials. The Decision to Use Adhesive Bonding. The Balance of Advantages and Disadvantages -- 2. The Nature And Magnitude of Stresses In Adhesive Joints -- Introduction: Reality, Methods of Mathematical Analysis. The Single Lap Joint: Linear Elastic Analysis, Volkersen’s Analysis, The Analysis of Goland and Reissner, Effect of Bending in a Double-lap Joint, Volkersen’s Second Theory, Later Work. The Single-lap Joint - End Effects: Reduction of Stress Concentrations. The Single-lap Joint - Elasto-plastic Analysis. The Effect of Adherend Shape - Scarfed, Bevelled and Stepped Adherends. Composite Materials. Tubular Joints. Butt Joints. The Use of Joints in Design: Lap Joints, Tubular Joints, T-joints, Corner Joints, Butt Joints, Stiffeners, Doublers, Assembly -- 3. Standard Mechanical Test Procedures -- Destructive Testing: Tests with Thin Sheet Adherends, Tests for Properties of Adhesives. Nondestructive Testing: Nature of Defects, Tests Carried Out Before Bonding, Post-bonding and In-service Testing -- 4. The General Properties of Polymeric Adhesives -- Polymer Structures: Unsaturation. Mixed Adhesives. Properties and Temperature: The Glass Transition Temperature, Decomposition Temperature, Melting Temperature, The Deformation of Adhesive Polymers by Stress, Viscoelasticity, The Modulus of an Adhesive, Poisson’s Ratio, Strength Properties of Adhesive Polymers, Yielding Stresses of Polymers, Failure Modes After Yielding, Creep, Failure without Yielding - Brittle Fracture, Crazing, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Resistance to Deterioration -- 5. Factors Influencing The Choice of Adhesive -- Interaction with Substrate. Structural Adhesives for Metals: Check-list for Structural Metal Adhesives Used at Temperatures up to 70°C, The Advantage of Supported Filmic Adhesives (Tapes’), Unsupported Films, Liquids and Pastes, Influence of Metal of Adherend, High Temperature Metal-Metal Adhesion. Structural Adhesives for Wood: Check-list for the Use of Structural Wood Adhesives. Structural Adhesives for Mixed Constructions: Metal-Wood Structures, Metal-reinforced Plastics Structures. Choice of Adhesives for Semi-structural Use: Checklist for Adhesives for Semi-structural Use -- 6. Surface Preparation -- Metals. Wood. Concrete. Glass or Carbon-fibre Reinforced Plastics. Shot, Sand or Grit Blasting. Solvent Degreasing or Wiping. Chemical Etching: Aluminium, Ferrous Metals, Titanium, Other Metals. Priming Layers: Primers as Coupling Agents -- 7. Service Life -- The Creep of Adhesive Joints. Time-to-failure (Under Static Loading). Cycles-to-failure: Influence of Temperature, Influence of Test Frequency, Influence of Amplitude, Influence of Moisture. Effects of Temperature Change on Joint Strength. Service Life as Indicated by Climatic Exposure Trials -- 8. Applications -- Aircraft, Anchorages. Bridges. Carriages. Cars. Decking. Furniture. Glass Reinforced Plastics. Helicopters. Helicopter Blades. Hovercraft. Lamp Posts. Magnets. PABST. Rollers. Segmental Construction. Ski Constructions. Telephone Kiosks. Yachts -- References -- Appendix: Standard American and UK Specifications for -- Adhesion Tests -- Author Index.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400955363
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The ethological approach to the study of behaviour -- 1.2 A brief outline of classical ethological theory -- 1.3 The modern study of animal behaviour -- 1.4 An outline of the book -- 2 The description and measurement of behaviour -- 2.1 Describing behaviour by its function -- 2.2 Describing behaviour by its form -- 2.3 Describing and measuring the relationship between an animal and its environment -- 2.4 What is the point of all this sophisticated analysis? -- 3 The study of the causes of behavioural change -- 3.1 What constitutes a causal explanation of behaviour? -- 3.2 The different kinds of causal explanation -- 3.3 Motivational models -- 3.4 Studying external influences on behaviour -- 3.5 Studying internal influences on behaviour -- 3.6 What is the nature of the mechanisms which cause behavioural change? -- 3.7 Studying the physiological bases of behavioural change -- 4 The development of behaviour -- 4.1 Problems with the instinct-learning dichotomy -- 4.2 Why is the term innate still used? -- 4.3 Describing the ontogeny of behaviour -- 4.4 Characterizing the factors which influence the development of behaviour -- 4.5 Classifying the factors which influence the development of behaviour -- 4.6 Some general features of behavioural development -- 5 The adaptive significance of behaviour -- 5.1 Sources of evidence about the adaptive significance of behaviour -- 5.2 Difficulties in studying the adaptive significance of behaviour -- 5.3 The state of the art -- 5.4 The adaptive significance of the way animals pattern their behavior in time -- 5.5 The adaptive significance of the way animals use space -- 5.6 The adaptive significance of an animal’s aggressive responses -- 5.7 The adaptive significance of an animal’s breeding habits; mating systems -- 5.8 Adaptive significance of behaviour accompanying mating -- 5.9 The adaptive significance of parental care -- 5.10 The adaptive significance of living in groups -- 5.11 Behaviour which cannot be explained by classic natural selection theory -- 5.12 Overview; sociobiology and behavioural ecology -- 6 The phylogeny of behaviour -- 6.1 Sources of evidence about the phylogeny of behaviour -- 6.2 Some representative behavioural phylogenies -- 6.3 Deriving general principles of behavioural evolution -- 7 The role of behaviour in the evolutionary process -- 7.1 The behaviour of other animals as a major selective force -- 7.2 Behaviour dictates the selection pressures to which an animal is exposed -- 7.3 The impact of behaviour on population structure -- 8 Behavioural genetics -- 8.1 The objectives of research into the inheritance of behaviour -- 8.2 Potential contributions of genetics to the study of animal behaviour -- 8.3 Quantitative genetics -- 8.5 Screening known genetic variants for behavioural differences -- 8.6 Characterizing the precise behavioural effects of genetic differences -- 8.7 The mechanisms whereby genes influence behaviour -- 8.8 Genetic mosaics -- 8.9 Animal behaviour and behavioural genetics -- 9 Applied ethology -- 9.1 Clarification of terms; what is applied ethology? -- 9.2 Ways in which etiological research can be applied to practical problems -- 9.3 Pest control -- 9.4 Increasing the productivity of commercially important species -- 9.5 Animal welfare -- 9.6 Conservation -- 9.7 Human behaviour -- References -- Author index -- Species index.
    Abstract: The aim of this book is to identify the main areas of active discussion about, and research into, the biology of animal behaviour, to describe and assess ways in which these can be studied and using selected examples, to illus­ trate the kinds of results which are emerging. It is not intended to provide an exhaustive review of all we know about animal behaviour, although the examples have been chosen to cover as many as possible of the things that animals do. XlV Preface Acknowledgements I would like to thank C. Swann, M.L.N. Murthy and the Superbrain for typing the manuscript; Linda Partridge, Pat Monaghan, Douglas Fraser and Richard Wilson for constructive criticism of earlier drafts; Alan Crowden for help in planning and producing the book and, particularly, Tim Huntingford for help and encouragement at all stages of its pro­ duction. Acknowledgements are gratefully made to Jim Tulley fot producing plates 1, 2, 3, 7 and 12 and to Michael Hansell for the remainder.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction1.1 The ethological approach to the study of behaviour -- 1.2 A brief outline of classical ethological theory -- 1.3 The modern study of animal behaviour -- 1.4 An outline of the book -- 2 The description and measurement of behaviour -- 2.1 Describing behaviour by its function -- 2.2 Describing behaviour by its form -- 2.3 Describing and measuring the relationship between an animal and its environment -- 2.4 What is the point of all this sophisticated analysis? -- 3 The study of the causes of behavioural change -- 3.1 What constitutes a causal explanation of behaviour? -- 3.2 The different kinds of causal explanation -- 3.3 Motivational models -- 3.4 Studying external influences on behaviour -- 3.5 Studying internal influences on behaviour -- 3.6 What is the nature of the mechanisms which cause behavioural change? -- 3.7 Studying the physiological bases of behavioural change -- 4 The development of behaviour -- 4.1 Problems with the instinct-learning dichotomy -- 4.2 Why is the term innate still used? -- 4.3 Describing the ontogeny of behaviour -- 4.4 Characterizing the factors which influence the development of behaviour -- 4.5 Classifying the factors which influence the development of behaviour -- 4.6 Some general features of behavioural development -- 5 The adaptive significance of behaviour -- 5.1 Sources of evidence about the adaptive significance of behaviour -- 5.2 Difficulties in studying the adaptive significance of behaviour -- 5.3 The state of the art -- 5.4 The adaptive significance of the way animals pattern their behavior in time -- 5.5 The adaptive significance of the way animals use space -- 5.6 The adaptive significance of an animal’s aggressive responses -- 5.7 The adaptive significance of an animal’s breeding habits; mating systems -- 5.8 Adaptive significance of behaviour accompanying mating -- 5.9 The adaptive significance of parental care -- 5.10 The adaptive significance of living in groups -- 5.11 Behaviour which cannot be explained by classic natural selection theory -- 5.12 Overview; sociobiology and behavioural ecology -- 6 The phylogeny of behaviour -- 6.1 Sources of evidence about the phylogeny of behaviour -- 6.2 Some representative behavioural phylogenies -- 6.3 Deriving general principles of behavioural evolution -- 7 The role of behaviour in the evolutionary process -- 7.1 The behaviour of other animals as a major selective force -- 7.2 Behaviour dictates the selection pressures to which an animal is exposed -- 7.3 The impact of behaviour on population structure -- 8 Behavioural genetics -- 8.1 The objectives of research into the inheritance of behaviour -- 8.2 Potential contributions of genetics to the study of animal behaviour -- 8.3 Quantitative genetics -- 8.5 Screening known genetic variants for behavioural differences -- 8.6 Characterizing the precise behavioural effects of genetic differences -- 8.7 The mechanisms whereby genes influence behaviour -- 8.8 Genetic mosaics -- 8.9 Animal behaviour and behavioural genetics -- 9 Applied ethology -- 9.1 Clarification of terms; what is applied ethology? -- 9.2 Ways in which etiological research can be applied to practical problems -- 9.3 Pest control -- 9.4 Increasing the productivity of commercially important species -- 9.5 Animal welfare -- 9.6 Conservation -- 9.7 Human behaviour -- References -- Author index -- Species index.
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400955448
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Principles of thin section preparation -- 1.1 Choosing the size of the thin section -- 1.2 Collecting the sample -- 1.3 Removing water from the sample -- 1.4 Impregnating the sample -- 1.5 Lapping the impregnated sample -- 1.6 Polishing the impregnated sample -- 1.7 Grinding, lapping and polishing the slide -- 2. Preparation of polished blocks and thin sections of soils -- 2.1 Collection of samples of soft coherent non-stony material -- 2.2 Collection of samples of hard material -- 2.3 Collecting loose friable surface samples -- 2.4 Removal or replacement of water and impregnation with Crystic resin -- 2.5 Transferring the specimen to the impregnation mould -- 2.6 Removal of water -- 2.7 Impregnation -- 2.8 Sawing the impregnated block -- 2.9 Surface impregnation with Crystic resin -- 2.10 Lapping the block -- 2.11 Polishing the block -- 2.12 Cleaning the polished block -- 2.13 Mounting the polished block -- 2.14 Labelling the slide -- 2.15 Cutting off the excess specimen -- 2.16 Machine grinding the specimen -- 2.17 Final lapping stages for the specimen -- 2.18 Polishing the specimen -- 2.19 Mounting the cover glass -- 2.20 Logitech machine systems for thin section production -- 3. Examination of thin sections and polished blocks -- 3.1 Examination of thin sections and polished blocks with the stereo-microscope -- 3.2 Examination of thin sections with the petrological microscope -- 3.3 The construction and use of the petrological microscope -- 3.4 Properties of minerals determined with the petrological microscope -- 4 Properties of minerals in thin sections -- 4.1 Allophane -- 4.2 Amphiboles -- 4.3 Anatase -- 4.4 Antigorite-chrysotile -- 4.5 Apatite -- 4.6 Augite -- 4.7 Biotite -- 4.8 Calcite -- 4.9 Chalcedony -- 4.10 Chlorite -- 4.11 Clinozoisite -- 4.12 Diopside -- 4.13 Enstatite -- 4.14 Epidote -- 4.15 Feldspars -- 4.16 Ferric hydroxide -- 4.17 Garnet -- 4.18 Gibbsite -- 4.19 Goethite -- 4.20 Gypsum -- 4.21 Halite -- 4.22 Halloysite and metahalloysite -- 4.23 Hematite -- 4.24 Hornblende -- 4.25 Hypersthene -- 4.26 Ice -- 4.27 Iddingsite -- 4.28 Ilmenite -- 4.29 Jarosite -- 4.30 Kaolinite -- 4.31 Lepidocrocite -- 4.32 Magnetite -- 4.33 Manganese dioxide -- 4.34 Microcline -- 4.35 Montmorillonite -- 4.36 Muscovite -- 4.37 Olivine -- 4.38 Opal -- 4.39 Orthoclase -- 4.40 Plagioclases -- 4.41 Pyrite -- 4.42 Quartz -- 4.43 Rutile -- 4.44 Serpentine -- 4.45 Siderite -- 4.46 Titanite -- 4.47 Tourmaline -- 4.48 Tremolite - actinolite -- 4.49 Vermiculite -- 4.50 Volcanic glass -- 4.51 Zircon -- 5 Properties applicable to most features seen in thin sections -- 5.1 Colour -- 5.2 Frequency -- 5.3 Prominence -- 5.4 Size -- 5.5 Shape -- 5.6 Roundness and sphericity -- 5.7 Surface characteristics -- 5.8 Boundaries -- 5.9 Distribution pattern -- 5.10 Relationships with other features -- 5.11 Orientation -- 6 Fabric, structure and matrix -- 6.1 Fabric and structure -- 6.2 Matrix -- 6.3 Conclusions -- 7 Features present in thin sections -- 7.1 Fabric -- 7.2 Structure and pores -- 7.3 Passages-faunal and root -- 7.4 Faecal material -- 7.5 Organic materials -- 7.6 Rock fragments -- 7.7 Detrital grains -- 7.8 Particle size distribution -- 7.9 Fine material -- 7.10 Coatings -- 7.11 Clay plugs -- 7.12 Surface residues -- 7.13 Impregnated surfaces -- 7.14 Anisotropic surfaces - false coatings -- 7.15 Subsurface organizations and accumulations -- 7.16 Secondary mineral material -- 7.17 Amorphous and microcrystalline material -- 7.18 Segregations and concretions -- 7.19 Weathering features and products -- 7.20 Microorganisms -- 7.21 Soil erratics -- 7.22 Infillings and intergrowths -- 7.23 Other features -- 7.24 Features observed in polished blocks -- 8 Description of thin sections and polished blocks -- 8.1 Homogeneity and heterogeneity -- 8.2 Recognition of individuals -- 8.3 Recognition of patterns -- 8.4 Description of individuals and patterns -- 8.5 Quantification -- 8.6 Interpretation -- 8.7 Description of thin sections -- 8.8 Description of polished blocks -- 8.9 Reminder data of properties -- 8.10 Reminder data of features -- 9 Teaching micromorphology -- 9.1 Introductory course in thin section morphology -- 9.2 Advanced course in thin section morphology -- 9.3 Exercises -- 10 Photography -- 10.1 Photographing the whole specimen using transmitted light -- 10.2 Photographing the whole specimen using ultraviolet light -- 10.3 Photomicrography -- 10.4 Photography for pore identification -- 11 Ancillary techniques -- 11.1 Electron analyses -- 11.2 X-ray analysis of thin sections -- 11.3 Ion thinning -- 11.4 Low temperature ashing -- 11.5 Image analysis -- 11.6 Three-dimensional analysis -- 11.7 Polarization-interference contrast examinations -- 11.8 Phase contrast -- 11.9 Fluorescence -- 11.10 Staining feldspars -- 11.11 Staining carbonates -- 11.12 Staining clay minerals -- 11.13 Staining microorganisms -- 11.14 Preparation of acetate peels -- 11.15 Removal of iron oxides from thin sections -- 11.16 Autoradiographs of impregnated blocks and thin sections -- 12 Applications -- 12.1 Agriculture -- 12.2 Archeology -- 12.3 Engineering -- 12.4 Geomorphology -- 12.5 Paleoclimatology -- 12.6 Pedology and paleopedology -- 12.7 Soil microbiology -- 12.8 Soil zoology -- 13 The micromorphology of soils -- References.
    Abstract: One of the first major studies of weathering and soil formation was made by Harrison (1933) who used thin sections in association with other procedures to study the transformation of minerals in different kinds of rock under the tropical conditions of Guyana. However, Kubiena (1938) is regarded as pioneering thin section studies of soils and during the last two decades there has been a rapid increase in the number of publications devoted almost exclusively to the study of soils in thin sections. In addition to the rather straightforward examinations with the polarizing microscope, thin section techniques are being linked with X-ray diffraction, X-ray microprobe, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, microbiological and other procedures to obtain a fuller insight into the composition and genesis of soils. Thus the study of thin sections of soils is now a major pedological technique for investigating small details in the nature, type and degree of organization of the soil fabric and structure. Thin sections reveal that particles of various sizes and composition react differently to pedological processes and become weathered or organized to form many specific patterns. This book is an attempt to give a comprehensive treatment of thin section studies of soils. Although primarily about the study of thin sections with optical microscopes a few transmission and scanning electron photomicro­ graphs are included to confirm the inferences based upon the studies made with the optical microscope.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Principles of thin section preparation1.1 Choosing the size of the thin section -- 1.2 Collecting the sample -- 1.3 Removing water from the sample -- 1.4 Impregnating the sample -- 1.5 Lapping the impregnated sample -- 1.6 Polishing the impregnated sample -- 1.7 Grinding, lapping and polishing the slide -- 2. Preparation of polished blocks and thin sections of soils -- 2.1 Collection of samples of soft coherent non-stony material -- 2.2 Collection of samples of hard material -- 2.3 Collecting loose friable surface samples -- 2.4 Removal or replacement of water and impregnation with Crystic resin -- 2.5 Transferring the specimen to the impregnation mould -- 2.6 Removal of water -- 2.7 Impregnation -- 2.8 Sawing the impregnated block -- 2.9 Surface impregnation with Crystic resin -- 2.10 Lapping the block -- 2.11 Polishing the block -- 2.12 Cleaning the polished block -- 2.13 Mounting the polished block -- 2.14 Labelling the slide -- 2.15 Cutting off the excess specimen -- 2.16 Machine grinding the specimen -- 2.17 Final lapping stages for the specimen -- 2.18 Polishing the specimen -- 2.19 Mounting the cover glass -- 2.20 Logitech machine systems for thin section production -- 3. Examination of thin sections and polished blocks -- 3.1 Examination of thin sections and polished blocks with the stereo-microscope -- 3.2 Examination of thin sections with the petrological microscope -- 3.3 The construction and use of the petrological microscope -- 3.4 Properties of minerals determined with the petrological microscope -- 4 Properties of minerals in thin sections -- 4.1 Allophane -- 4.2 Amphiboles -- 4.3 Anatase -- 4.4 Antigorite-chrysotile -- 4.5 Apatite -- 4.6 Augite -- 4.7 Biotite -- 4.8 Calcite -- 4.9 Chalcedony -- 4.10 Chlorite -- 4.11 Clinozoisite -- 4.12 Diopside -- 4.13 Enstatite -- 4.14 Epidote -- 4.15 Feldspars -- 4.16 Ferric hydroxide -- 4.17 Garnet -- 4.18 Gibbsite -- 4.19 Goethite -- 4.20 Gypsum -- 4.21 Halite -- 4.22 Halloysite and metahalloysite -- 4.23 Hematite -- 4.24 Hornblende -- 4.25 Hypersthene -- 4.26 Ice -- 4.27 Iddingsite -- 4.28 Ilmenite -- 4.29 Jarosite -- 4.30 Kaolinite -- 4.31 Lepidocrocite -- 4.32 Magnetite -- 4.33 Manganese dioxide -- 4.34 Microcline -- 4.35 Montmorillonite -- 4.36 Muscovite -- 4.37 Olivine -- 4.38 Opal -- 4.39 Orthoclase -- 4.40 Plagioclases -- 4.41 Pyrite -- 4.42 Quartz -- 4.43 Rutile -- 4.44 Serpentine -- 4.45 Siderite -- 4.46 Titanite -- 4.47 Tourmaline -- 4.48 Tremolite - actinolite -- 4.49 Vermiculite -- 4.50 Volcanic glass -- 4.51 Zircon -- 5 Properties applicable to most features seen in thin sections -- 5.1 Colour -- 5.2 Frequency -- 5.3 Prominence -- 5.4 Size -- 5.5 Shape -- 5.6 Roundness and sphericity -- 5.7 Surface characteristics -- 5.8 Boundaries -- 5.9 Distribution pattern -- 5.10 Relationships with other features -- 5.11 Orientation -- 6 Fabric, structure and matrix -- 6.1 Fabric and structure -- 6.2 Matrix -- 6.3 Conclusions -- 7 Features present in thin sections -- 7.1 Fabric -- 7.2 Structure and pores -- 7.3 Passages-faunal and root -- 7.4 Faecal material -- 7.5 Organic materials -- 7.6 Rock fragments -- 7.7 Detrital grains -- 7.8 Particle size distribution -- 7.9 Fine material -- 7.10 Coatings -- 7.11 Clay plugs -- 7.12 Surface residues -- 7.13 Impregnated surfaces -- 7.14 Anisotropic surfaces - false coatings -- 7.15 Subsurface organizations and accumulations -- 7.16 Secondary mineral material -- 7.17 Amorphous and microcrystalline material -- 7.18 Segregations and concretions -- 7.19 Weathering features and products -- 7.20 Microorganisms -- 7.21 Soil erratics -- 7.22 Infillings and intergrowths -- 7.23 Other features -- 7.24 Features observed in polished blocks -- 8 Description of thin sections and polished blocks -- 8.1 Homogeneity and heterogeneity -- 8.2 Recognition of individuals -- 8.3 Recognition of patterns -- 8.4 Description of individuals and patterns -- 8.5 Quantification -- 8.6 Interpretation -- 8.7 Description of thin sections -- 8.8 Description of polished blocks -- 8.9 Reminder data of properties -- 8.10 Reminder data of features -- 9 Teaching micromorphology -- 9.1 Introductory course in thin section morphology -- 9.2 Advanced course in thin section morphology -- 9.3 Exercises -- 10 Photography -- 10.1 Photographing the whole specimen using transmitted light -- 10.2 Photographing the whole specimen using ultraviolet light -- 10.3 Photomicrography -- 10.4 Photography for pore identification -- 11 Ancillary techniques -- 11.1 Electron analyses -- 11.2 X-ray analysis of thin sections -- 11.3 Ion thinning -- 11.4 Low temperature ashing -- 11.5 Image analysis -- 11.6 Three-dimensional analysis -- 11.7 Polarization-interference contrast examinations -- 11.8 Phase contrast -- 11.9 Fluorescence -- 11.10 Staining feldspars -- 11.11 Staining carbonates -- 11.12 Staining clay minerals -- 11.13 Staining microorganisms -- 11.14 Preparation of acetate peels -- 11.15 Removal of iron oxides from thin sections -- 11.16 Autoradiographs of impregnated blocks and thin sections -- 12 Applications -- 12.1 Agriculture -- 12.2 Archeology -- 12.3 Engineering -- 12.4 Geomorphology -- 12.5 Paleoclimatology -- 12.6 Pedology and paleopedology -- 12.7 Soil microbiology -- 12.8 Soil zoology -- 13 The micromorphology of soils -- References.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789401091633
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: C. D. Darlington — In Memoriam -- Molecular Cytogenetics -- Sorting, Cloning and Analysis of Specific Human Chromosomes -- High Resolution Linkage Map of Human Chromosome llp -- Molecular Organisation of the Chromosome -- Z-DNA and Chromosome Structure -- Centromeric DNA in Yeast -- Telomeres and Artificial Chromosomes in Yeast -- Meiosis -- Genic Control of Meiosis -- Application of the Spreading Techniques to Structural Heterozygotes -- Synapsis, Synaptic Adjustment and DNA Synthesis in Mouse Oocytes -- The Synaptonemal Complex in Chromosome Pairing and Disjunction -- X-Inactivation and Its Role in Male Sterility -- Age-Related Aneuploidy and Its Aetiology — Testing Some of the Hypotheses -- Chromosomes and Cancer -- Chromosomes and Cancer: Chromatin’s Re-Awakening -- Structure and Function of Chromosomes -- Balbiani Ring Genes and Their Induction -- Active Genes and Puffs -- Mapping of Genetic Activity on Mammalian Chromosomes -- Spatial Order of Chromosomes -- Ordered Arrangement of Chromosomes in Wheat -- Towards a General Model for Spatial Law and Order in Nuclear and Karyotypic Architecture -- Correlation Between Interphase and Metaphase Chromosome Arrangements as Studied by Laser-Uv-Microbeam Experiments -- Chromosomes and Evolution -- Chromosomal Evolution, Speciation and Morphological Change in Vertebrates: The Role of Social Behaviour -- DNA Family Turnover and the Coevolution of Chromosomes -- The Evolution of Sex Chromosomes and Their Consequences for the Evolutionary Process -- The Evolutionary Consequence of Major Genomic Changes in Amphibia -- Linkage Group Conservation and the Notion of 24 Primordial Vertebrate Linkage Groups -- Explosive Chromosomal Speciation in Seismic Active Regions -- Abstracts of Selected Posters -- Author Index.
    Description / Table of Contents: C. D. Darlington - In MemoriamMolecular Cytogenetics -- Sorting, Cloning and Analysis of Specific Human Chromosomes -- High Resolution Linkage Map of Human Chromosome llp -- Molecular Organisation of the Chromosome -- Z-DNA and Chromosome Structure -- Centromeric DNA in Yeast -- Telomeres and Artificial Chromosomes in Yeast -- Meiosis -- Genic Control of Meiosis -- Application of the Spreading Techniques to Structural Heterozygotes -- Synapsis, Synaptic Adjustment and DNA Synthesis in Mouse Oocytes -- The Synaptonemal Complex in Chromosome Pairing and Disjunction -- X-Inactivation and Its Role in Male Sterility -- Age-Related Aneuploidy and Its Aetiology - Testing Some of the Hypotheses -- Chromosomes and Cancer -- Chromosomes and Cancer: Chromatin’s Re-Awakening -- Structure and Function of Chromosomes -- Balbiani Ring Genes and Their Induction -- Active Genes and Puffs -- Mapping of Genetic Activity on Mammalian Chromosomes -- Spatial Order of Chromosomes -- Ordered Arrangement of Chromosomes in Wheat -- Towards a General Model for Spatial Law and Order in Nuclear and Karyotypic Architecture -- Correlation Between Interphase and Metaphase Chromosome Arrangements as Studied by Laser-Uv-Microbeam Experiments -- Chromosomes and Evolution -- Chromosomal Evolution, Speciation and Morphological Change in Vertebrates: The Role of Social Behaviour -- DNA Family Turnover and the Coevolution of Chromosomes -- The Evolution of Sex Chromosomes and Their Consequences for the Evolutionary Process -- The Evolutionary Consequence of Major Genomic Changes in Amphibia -- Linkage Group Conservation and the Notion of 24 Primordial Vertebrate Linkage Groups -- Explosive Chromosomal Speciation in Seismic Active Regions -- Abstracts of Selected Posters -- Author Index.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401160537
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. The Medium and the Market — An Overview -- 1.1 A Telecommunications Overview -- 1.2 Understanding the Basics -- 1.3 A Bright Future with Fiber Optics -- 1.4 A View from the Business Side -- 2. Modems and Multiplexers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Role of Modems -- 2.3 Modem Applications -- 2.4 Industry Standards -- 2.5 Modem Features -- 2.6 Multiplexing Reduces Communications Cost -- 2.7 Multiplexer Technology -- 2.8 Statistical Multiplexer -- 3. Protocols and Codes -- 3.1 What is a Protocol? -- 3.2 Protocol Hierarchy -- 3.3 Physical Electrical Interface -- 3.4 Link Control Structure -- 3.5 Bisync Protocol -- 3.6 HDLC Protocol -- 3.7 SDLC Overview -- 3.8 System Network Architecture (SNA) -- 3.9 Polling Explained -- 3.10 Transmission Codes -- 3.11 Code and Speed Converters -- 3.12 Treatment of Errors -- 3.13 Front-End Processors -- 4. Terminal Technology -- 4.1 CRT Display Terminals -- 4.2 Printing Technologies -- 4.3 Graphic Terminals -- 4.4 Facsimile Technology -- 4.5 Integrated Workstations -- 5. Network Management -- 5.1 Network Control Design Considerations -- 5.2 Elementary Monitoring -- 5.3 Redundancy and Compatability -- 5.4 Network Testing -- 5.5 Centralized Troubleshooting -- 5.6 Network Control Center -- 5.7 Specialized Test Equipment -- 5.8 Network Security -- 6. Network Structures -- 6.1 Topology Tradeoffs -- 6.2 Local Area Networks -- 6.3 Distributed Communications -- 6.4 Message Switching Networks -- 6.5 Integrated Voice and Data -- 6.6 Shared Resources -- 6.7 Packet Switching Networks -- 6.8 Network Design Considerations -- 7. Satellite and Carrier Services -- 7.1 Satellite Overview -- 7.2 Selecting a Transmission Method -- 7.3 Facsimile Services -- Glossary of Terms.
    Abstract: Modern technology began in the 1950's and 1960's, with the devel­ opment of transistor technology. At first it was useful in improving the performance of voice communications. But then it made possible extraordinary computer capability in manageable size-and at man­ ageable cost. First came large mainframe computers for only the largest companies; and later the microcomputer as we know it today. The increasing use of computers, in the 1960's with their ability to manipulate and store vast quantities of information, stimulated the need for computers to communicate with one another and so tele­ phone circuits had to be segregated and conditioned specifically for computer traffic, using the modem. Computers ushered in a new era of business communications in which data could be developed, ma­ nipulated, stored or transmitted with remarkable ease. The recent pace of technological advancement has been breath­ taking and, today, the distinction between communications and computers is no longer even necessary. Computers, at the very core of communications networks, route and control communications on major common carriers. The decade of the 1980's is bearing the fruits of the marriage of computers and communications. For the first time networks are en­ abling organizations to utilize the combined processing power of computers and communications equipment.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. The Medium and the Market - An Overview1.1 A Telecommunications Overview -- 1.2 Understanding the Basics -- 1.3 A Bright Future with Fiber Optics -- 1.4 A View from the Business Side -- 2. Modems and Multiplexers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Role of Modems -- 2.3 Modem Applications -- 2.4 Industry Standards -- 2.5 Modem Features -- 2.6 Multiplexing Reduces Communications Cost -- 2.7 Multiplexer Technology -- 2.8 Statistical Multiplexer -- 3. Protocols and Codes -- 3.1 What is a Protocol? -- 3.2 Protocol Hierarchy -- 3.3 Physical Electrical Interface -- 3.4 Link Control Structure -- 3.5 Bisync Protocol -- 3.6 HDLC Protocol -- 3.7 SDLC Overview -- 3.8 System Network Architecture (SNA) -- 3.9 Polling Explained -- 3.10 Transmission Codes -- 3.11 Code and Speed Converters -- 3.12 Treatment of Errors -- 3.13 Front-End Processors -- 4. Terminal Technology -- 4.1 CRT Display Terminals -- 4.2 Printing Technologies -- 4.3 Graphic Terminals -- 4.4 Facsimile Technology -- 4.5 Integrated Workstations -- 5. Network Management -- 5.1 Network Control Design Considerations -- 5.2 Elementary Monitoring -- 5.3 Redundancy and Compatability -- 5.4 Network Testing -- 5.5 Centralized Troubleshooting -- 5.6 Network Control Center -- 5.7 Specialized Test Equipment -- 5.8 Network Security -- 6. Network Structures -- 6.1 Topology Tradeoffs -- 6.2 Local Area Networks -- 6.3 Distributed Communications -- 6.4 Message Switching Networks -- 6.5 Integrated Voice and Data -- 6.6 Shared Resources -- 6.7 Packet Switching Networks -- 6.8 Network Design Considerations -- 7. Satellite and Carrier Services -- 7.1 Satellite Overview -- 7.2 Selecting a Transmission Method -- 7.3 Facsimile Services -- Glossary of Terms.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9781468447248
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 465 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I: Energy Resources -- Scenarios of Energy Requirement in Seven Regions of the World -- Energy Supply in Seven Regions of the World and International Oil Trade -- Nature of Energy Demand -- Nuclear Energy Strategies -- The Second Fossil and Nuclear Age -- Modelling and Assessment of Energy Demand -- Energy Supply Model Message and Its Application to IIASA’s World Region V -- Macro — A General Equilibrium Model -- The IIASA-ENP Energy Picture of Latin America: An Overview -- Biomass Energy -- A Twenty Year Perspective on Energy Demand and Supply Situation of Pakistan -- II: Physics and Technology -- Computer Simulation -- Development of Application Software for Minicomputer Systems -- Initiation Mechanics: The Prediction of Metal Fatigue Damage -- III: Biophysics -- Restriction Endonucleases, DNA Sequencing and Computers -- Biophysics of Radiation Action -- Medical Uses of Accelerators -- Self-Copying DNA Programs -- IV: Frontiers of Physics -- Stellar Structure and Stellar Evolution — Another View -- Cosmological Consequences of Massive Neutrinos -- Interfaces Between Particle Physics and Cosmology -- Participants.
    Abstract: This volume consists of lectures delivered at the Sixth Inter­ national Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held at Islamabad from June 15 to July 2, 1981. The College used to be held at one of the scenic hill resorts of Pakistan, Nathiagali, hence the name of the College. The College was organized by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), under the patronage of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, with a view to providing an opportunity for local physicists and physicists from developing countries for learning of the latest developments in various branches of physics. The University Grants Commission provided a financial grant for the participation of physicists from the universities of Pakistan. The College had 18 lecturers from 7 countries. The total participation in the College was by over 200 people from 18 different countries. There were 15 days of concentrated lecturing during the day followed by seminars and discussion sessions in the evenings. From its inception the College has had a broad-based, multi­ disciplinary emphasis. The purpose of the College has been to provide­ physicists in the developing countries with enough information in various branches of physics so that they can shift, or broaden, their field of research. In the poor countries, like Pakistan, physicists cannot always get facilities and opportunities to continue research in their original field of specialisation at a reasonable level.
    Description / Table of Contents: I: Energy ResourcesScenarios of Energy Requirement in Seven Regions of the World -- Energy Supply in Seven Regions of the World and International Oil Trade -- Nature of Energy Demand -- Nuclear Energy Strategies -- The Second Fossil and Nuclear Age -- Modelling and Assessment of Energy Demand -- Energy Supply Model Message and Its Application to IIASA’s World Region V -- Macro - A General Equilibrium Model -- The IIASA-ENP Energy Picture of Latin America: An Overview -- Biomass Energy -- A Twenty Year Perspective on Energy Demand and Supply Situation of Pakistan -- II: Physics and Technology -- Computer Simulation -- Development of Application Software for Minicomputer Systems -- Initiation Mechanics: The Prediction of Metal Fatigue Damage -- III: Biophysics -- Restriction Endonucleases, DNA Sequencing and Computers -- Biophysics of Radiation Action -- Medical Uses of Accelerators -- Self-Copying DNA Programs -- IV: Frontiers of Physics -- Stellar Structure and Stellar Evolution - Another View -- Cosmological Consequences of Massive Neutrinos -- Interfaces Between Particle Physics and Cosmology -- Participants.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468478174
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 The Ancestors of the Mammals -- 2 The Therapsids -- 3 Specialised Cynodont Derivatives -- 4 The First Mammals -- 5 Dentitions, Tooth-replacement and Jaw Articulation -- 6 The Evolution of Mammalian Sight and Hearing -- 7 The Completion of the First Stage of Mammalian Evolution in the Middle Jurassic -- 8 The Mammals of the Upper Jurassic -- 9 The Mammals of the Lower Cretaceous -- 10 Epilogue.
    Abstract: This book is not intended to give a full and comprehensive account of the Mesozoic mammals, and nor is it intended as a handbook for research workers studying pre-Tertiary mammals. Our intention is to give an account of the origin and evolution of certain of the characters of the Mammalia. We have tried to portray the fossils we describe as the living animals they once were, not as dead bones. Our account ends with the end of the Lower Cretaceous, since by that time the major characters of the mammals had become established. There exist a number of characters which, at the present day, are confined to the Mammalia. These include: (1) a jaw articulation formed by the squamosal and the dentary; (2) a chain of three bones, malleus, incus and stapes connecting the tympanic membrane to the inner ear; (3) the presence of hair or fur; (4) the presence of milk-glands in the female; (5) the left aortic arch is the systemic arch; (6) the phalangeal formula in both manus and pes is 2.3.3.3.3; (7) some of the teeth have more than one root. Of these characters (1) or (2) are sufficient by themselves to define a mammal; characters (6) and (7) are known to have been already in existence in some of the mammal-like reptiles - the ancestors of the mammals.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 The Ancestors of the Mammals2 The Therapsids -- 3 Specialised Cynodont Derivatives -- 4 The First Mammals -- 5 Dentitions, Tooth-replacement and Jaw Articulation -- 6 The Evolution of Mammalian Sight and Hearing -- 7 The Completion of the First Stage of Mammalian Evolution in the Middle Jurassic -- 8 The Mammals of the Upper Jurassic -- 9 The Mammals of the Lower Cretaceous -- 10 Epilogue.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468485066
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 -- 1. Welcoming address -- 2. Integration and implementation of computer-aided engineering (CAE) — the strategy for innovative product design in the 1980s -- 3. Getting the CADCAM tool working -- 4. Encouraging new technology links between industrial and teaching institutions: Aston Science Park -- 2: Ergonomics -- 5. Education for human-centred systems -- 6. CAD and the human operator -- 3: Training — general -- 7. The training needs of CADCAM -- 8. New directions in training -- 9. Skills and knowledge requirements for CADCAM -- 10. The teaching of CAD — a review of the proceedings of a conference held at Newcastle upon Tyne Polytechnic, April 1982 -- 11. The integration of a commercial CAD package in the teaching of CAE on an undergraduate course -- 4: Training — curriculum and training equipment -- 12. The development of micro-based procedure for the teaching of three-dimensional geometric design -- 13. A comprehensive approach for CAD ED curriculum elaboration -- 14. New technology-based training and its role in CADCAM -- 15. A review of computer graphics equipment for engineering applications -- 16. Educational software for CAD teaching -- 17. Implementing graphics in design, process and manufacturing industries -- 18. PELICAM: An interactive educational software for training students to the finite element method -- 19. Computer-aided design for design and craft students -- 5: Training — the introduction of CADCAM into particular disciplines -- 20. Training requirements for architects: a view from an experienced user -- 21. Education and training in computer-aided building design -- 22. Introducing CAD into the design office -- 23. Training and learning during the introduction of an interactive computer-aided building design system into government design offices -- 24. Implications of CADCAM for training in the engineering industry -- 25. A practical approach to the training of engineers -- 26. Educating engineering designers: the introduction of desktop computers and software to the design environment -- 27. Computer-aided design for chemical engineers -- 28. A practical approach to training in the use of an integrated plant modelling system -- 29. Computer-aided design and development planning -- 30. A case history of introducing CAD into a large aerospace company -- 6: Training course experience -- 31. Teaching CAD for electronics at the Norwegian Institute of Technology — present status and future trends -- 32. Post-professional education in computers in architecture at the University of Sydney -- 33. CAD in the Cambridge Engineering Tripos 1977–82 -- 34. CAD in structural engineering at UMIST -- 35. CAD — the first year -- 36. Six years of teaching computer-aided design at the University of Stellenbosch -- 37. CADCAM education at Cranfield Institute of Technology -- 38. Teaching computer graphics to mechanical engineers in Britain and the United States -- 39. The teaching of CAE in a polytechnic engineering department — Huddersfield experience -- 40. Teaching CAD and CAM -- 41. A practical approach to CADCAM training -- 42. Promoting industrial awareness of CADCAM -- 7: International experience -- 43. International implementation of a CAAD project in schools of architecture -- 44. A cost-effective two-way computer-aided tertiary education network for industrially developing countries -- 45. Education and training for CAD — a comparative study of requirements for developing and developed nations -- 46. Chairman’s concluding remarks.
    Description / Table of Contents: 11. Welcoming address -- 2. Integration and implementation of computer-aided engineering (CAE) - the strategy for innovative product design in the 1980s -- 3. Getting the CADCAM tool working -- 4. Encouraging new technology links between industrial and teaching institutions: Aston Science Park -- 2: Ergonomics -- 5. Education for human-centred systems -- 6. CAD and the human operator -- 3: Training - general -- 7. The training needs of CADCAM -- 8. New directions in training -- 9. Skills and knowledge requirements for CADCAM -- 10. The teaching of CAD - a review of the proceedings of a conference held at Newcastle upon Tyne Polytechnic, April 1982 -- 11. The integration of a commercial CAD package in the teaching of CAE on an undergraduate course -- 4: Training - curriculum and training equipment -- 12. The development of micro-based procedure for the teaching of three-dimensional geometric design -- 13. A comprehensive approach for CAD ED curriculum elaboration -- 14. New technology-based training and its role in CADCAM -- 15. A review of computer graphics equipment for engineering applications -- 16. Educational software for CAD teaching -- 17. Implementing graphics in design, process and manufacturing industries -- 18. PELICAM: An interactive educational software for training students to the finite element method -- 19. Computer-aided design for design and craft students -- 5: Training - the introduction of CADCAM into particular disciplines -- 20. Training requirements for architects: a view from an experienced user -- 21. Education and training in computer-aided building design -- 22. Introducing CAD into the design office -- 23. Training and learning during the introduction of an interactive computer-aided building design system into government design offices -- 24. Implications of CADCAM for training in the engineering industry -- 25. A practical approach to the training of engineers -- 26. Educating engineering designers: the introduction of desktop computers and software to the design environment -- 27. Computer-aided design for chemical engineers -- 28. A practical approach to training in the use of an integrated plant modelling system -- 29. Computer-aided design and development planning -- 30. A case history of introducing CAD into a large aerospace company -- 6: Training course experience -- 31. Teaching CAD for electronics at the Norwegian Institute of Technology - present status and future trends -- 32. Post-professional education in computers in architecture at the University of Sydney -- 33. CAD in the Cambridge Engineering Tripos 1977-82 -- 34. CAD in structural engineering at UMIST -- 35. CAD - the first year -- 36. Six years of teaching computer-aided design at the University of Stellenbosch -- 37. CADCAM education at Cranfield Institute of Technology -- 38. Teaching computer graphics to mechanical engineers in Britain and the United States -- 39. The teaching of CAE in a polytechnic engineering department - Huddersfield experience -- 40. Teaching CAD and CAM -- 41. A practical approach to CADCAM training -- 42. Promoting industrial awareness of CADCAM -- 7: International experience -- 43. International implementation of a CAAD project in schools of architecture -- 44. A cost-effective two-way computer-aided tertiary education network for industrially developing countries -- 45. Education and training for CAD - a comparative study of requirements for developing and developed nations -- 46. Chairman’s concluding remarks.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468446289
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: The Yellow Crescent of Ascidian Eggs: Molecular Organization, Localization and Role in Early Development -- Expression of Maternal and Embroyonic Genes During Sea Urchin Development -- Translational Regulation of Gene Expression in Early Development -- mRNA Distributions in Sea Urchin Embryos -- Subcellular Localization of Maternal Histone mRNAs and The Control of Histone Synthesis in The Sea Urchin Embryo -- A Family of mRNAs Expressed in The Dorsal Ectoderm of Sea Urchin Embryos -- Segregation of Germ-Line-Specific Antigens During Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis Elegans -- Genetic and Developmental Approaches to Understanding Determination in Early Development -- Homoeotic Genes and The Specification of Segmental Identity in The Embryo and Adult Thorax of Drosophila Melanogaster -- Isolation and Characterization of Genes Differentially Expressed in Early Drosophila Embryogenesis -- Accumulation and Behavior of mRNA During Oogenesis and Early Embryogenesis of Xenopus Laevis -- Protein Synthesis Patterns During Early Amphibian Embryogenesis -- Changes in Synthesis of RNA and Protein During Reactivation of Delayed Implanting Mouse Blastocysts -- Contributors -- Photos of Participants.
    Abstract: The early embryo has emerged as the focal point for analysis of the regulation of gene expression for several reasons. First, the fact that embryogenesis is under genetic control has been appreciated from the earliest days of classical embryology. When experimental techniques became available it was therefore logical that they should be applied to the embryo. With each new advance in methodology, interest in embryonic gene expression studies has increased. Second, many embryos offer unique opportunities for the investigation of specific aspects of the regulation of gene expression. Several phenomena--eg. , control of translation--can be very conveniently studied in a variety of marine invertebrate embryos. Those embryos contain large stores of maternally inherited mRNA which are translated in a highly ordered fashion during specific stages of post fertilization development. Marine invertebrate eggs can be conveniently artifically inseminated and labeled with radioactive precursors. Their analysis is leading to important insights into the mechanisms which regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional levels. Third, recent advances in both transmission and recombinant DNA genetics, especially in organisms such as Drosophila, are providing special opportunities for the analysis of regulatory mechanisms which operate at the level of the genome. Specific genes have been identified, isolated, and--in some instances--sequenced. The opportunity is now available to study the regulation of the expression of single genes in a vertical fashion--from the primary sequence of the gene to the tissues and organs which are the products of morphogenesis.
    Description / Table of Contents: The Yellow Crescent of Ascidian Eggs: Molecular Organization, Localization and Role in Early DevelopmentExpression of Maternal and Embroyonic Genes During Sea Urchin Development -- Translational Regulation of Gene Expression in Early Development -- mRNA Distributions in Sea Urchin Embryos -- Subcellular Localization of Maternal Histone mRNAs and The Control of Histone Synthesis in The Sea Urchin Embryo -- A Family of mRNAs Expressed in The Dorsal Ectoderm of Sea Urchin Embryos -- Segregation of Germ-Line-Specific Antigens During Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis Elegans -- Genetic and Developmental Approaches to Understanding Determination in Early Development -- Homoeotic Genes and The Specification of Segmental Identity in The Embryo and Adult Thorax of Drosophila Melanogaster -- Isolation and Characterization of Genes Differentially Expressed in Early Drosophila Embryogenesis -- Accumulation and Behavior of mRNA During Oogenesis and Early Embryogenesis of Xenopus Laevis -- Protein Synthesis Patterns During Early Amphibian Embryogenesis -- Changes in Synthesis of RNA and Protein During Reactivation of Delayed Implanting Mouse Blastocysts -- Contributors -- Photos of Participants.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9781468464863
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 The UK tractor population -- Types of tractor. Tractor-mounted loaders. Diversification. Conventional tractors. Technical variations -- 2 The farming scene: The statistics of how tractors fit in -- The land. Cropping. Labour. Tractor numbers. The EEC. The individual farm -- 3 Matching the tractor to the individual farm -- Size up the farm. The individual farm—the individual circumstances. Ground work. What really happens on the farm. Your production — your enterprise. The crops on the land. Livestock. Machinery. Work in the field. Work on the roads. Farm layout. Work in the buildings. Gather the facts. Your costs. Detailed conclusions. Labour. Weather. Night light. Individual enterprises. Arable work. Grassland work. Transport. Building up a specification. Type of tractor. Size -- 4 The choice: What makes a good tractor? -- The engine. Transmission. Overlap of gears. Competitive price for a full specification. A comfortable and functional cab. Comprehensive hydraulics. Single-lever hydraulics. Lower link sensing. Good brakes. Versatile PTO. Steering. Rigid frame design. Selective steering -- 5 Tractor numbers and sizes -- Purchase of a new tractor. Production. Profit motive. Tractor size. Weather. Available work days for cultivation. Power required. Tractor power. Financial considerations. Financial performance. Acres per hour per £1 invested. Work output per horse power -- 6 Ownership, replacement policy and contractors -- Securing ownership. Sources of finance. Outright purchase. Bank loan. Leasing. Other finance. Replacement policy. Contractor services -- 7 Operation -- Knowledge of the machine. Practical details of tractor operation. The controls. Seat belts. Starting and stopping procedures. Use of throttles. Brakes. Independent PTO clutch. Clutch. Two-speed PTO. Differential lock. Transmissions. Synchromesh transmission. Gear selection. Four-wheel drive. Power-shift transmission. Four-speed mechanical gear selection. Hydraulics. The Selectamatic system. Trailed implements. Operating with draft control. Operating with position control. Lower link sensing. Operating the linkage. Operating draft implements. Operating non-draft implements. External services. Check list — hydraulics operation -- 8 Maintenance and care -- Routine maintenance. Consumables — Fuel. Cold weather. Flash point. Grease. Oil. Additives. Key component — the PTO shaft. Check lists — Periodic inspections. Adjustments and replacements. Service. Special conditions. Replacement Before Failure. Repairs after failure. Service facilities. Layout and choice of equipment -- 9 Professionalism -- Hidden costs. Knowledge. The Health and Safety Regulations. List of Agricultural safety leaflets. Further advice. Further information. Ability. The Agricultural Training Board (ATB). Training. Staff management skills training. Adult worker training. Apprenticeship and craft training scheme. Useful addresses. Insurance. The tractor policy.
    Abstract: Despite the fact that the farmer spends more on machinery than anything else except the land and despite the fact that he spends more on tractors than on any other machine, there are few books on the choice and operation of tractors to fit modern farming conditions. Most of this book is about farming and how to fit tractors to the individual situation. Those sections are completely unbiased and Case are happy to sponsor such a book in the wider interests of sensible, more productive and safer use of tractors and machinery. Where the Company's views are expressed it is clearly stated as such. This is mainly in the area of design detail and then only for the sake of being concise and brief. The first part of the book is concerned with relating the needs of the individual farm to specific details of tractor performance. Later chapters deal with policy on size, numbers and replacement. This section is a major development specifically about tractors. It is developed from the author's work Farm Mechanisationfor Prl!fitwhich deals with machinery in the wider sense. Later chapters of this book are related to profes­ sionalism in operation, maintenance and care.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 The UK tractor populationTypes of tractor. Tractor-mounted loaders. Diversification. Conventional tractors. Technical variations -- 2 The farming scene: The statistics of how tractors fit in -- The land. Cropping. Labour. Tractor numbers. The EEC. The individual farm -- 3 Matching the tractor to the individual farm -- Size up the farm. The individual farm-the individual circumstances. Ground work. What really happens on the farm. Your production - your enterprise. The crops on the land. Livestock. Machinery. Work in the field. Work on the roads. Farm layout. Work in the buildings. Gather the facts. Your costs. Detailed conclusions. Labour. Weather. Night light. Individual enterprises. Arable work. Grassland work. Transport. Building up a specification. Type of tractor. Size -- 4 The choice: What makes a good tractor? -- The engine. Transmission. Overlap of gears. Competitive price for a full specification. A comfortable and functional cab. Comprehensive hydraulics. Single-lever hydraulics. Lower link sensing. Good brakes. Versatile PTO. Steering. Rigid frame design. Selective steering -- 5 Tractor numbers and sizes -- Purchase of a new tractor. Production. Profit motive. Tractor size. Weather. Available work days for cultivation. Power required. Tractor power. Financial considerations. Financial performance. Acres per hour per £1 invested. Work output per horse power -- 6 Ownership, replacement policy and contractors -- Securing ownership. Sources of finance. Outright purchase. Bank loan. Leasing. Other finance. Replacement policy. Contractor services -- 7 Operation -- Knowledge of the machine. Practical details of tractor operation. The controls. Seat belts. Starting and stopping procedures. Use of throttles. Brakes. Independent PTO clutch. Clutch. Two-speed PTO. Differential lock. Transmissions. Synchromesh transmission. Gear selection. Four-wheel drive. Power-shift transmission. Four-speed mechanical gear selection. Hydraulics. The Selectamatic system. Trailed implements. Operating with draft control. Operating with position control. Lower link sensing. Operating the linkage. Operating draft implements. Operating non-draft implements. External services. Check list - hydraulics operation -- 8 Maintenance and care -- Routine maintenance. Consumables - Fuel. Cold weather. Flash point. Grease. Oil. Additives. Key component - the PTO shaft. Check lists - Periodic inspections. Adjustments and replacements. Service. Special conditions. Replacement Before Failure. Repairs after failure. Service facilities. Layout and choice of equipment -- 9 Professionalism -- Hidden costs. Knowledge. The Health and Safety Regulations. List of Agricultural safety leaflets. Further advice. Further information. Ability. The Agricultural Training Board (ATB). Training. Staff management skills training. Adult worker training. Apprenticeship and craft training scheme. Useful addresses. Insurance. The tractor policy.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400955523
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 196 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: This text is concerned with those aspects of mathematics that are necessary for first-degree students of chemistry. It is written from the point of view that an element of mathematical rigour is essential for a proper appreciation of the scope and limitations of mathematical methods, and that the connection between physical principles and their mathematical formulation requires at least as much study as the mathematical principles themselves. It is written with chemistry students particularly in mind because that subject provides a point of view that differs in some respects from that of students of other scientific disciplines. Chemists in particular need insight into three­ dimensional geometry and an appreciation of problems involving many variables. It is also a subject that draws particular benefit from having available two rigorous disciplines, those of mathematics and of thermodynamics. The benefit of rigour is that it provides a degree of certainty which is valuable in a subject of such complexity as is provided by the behaviour of real chemical systems. As an experimen­ tal science, we attempt in chemistry to understand and to predict behaviour by combining precise experimental measurement with such rigorous theory as may be at the time available; these seldom provide a complete picture but do enable areas of uncertainty to be identified
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Algebraic and geometrical methods1.1 Natural numbers -- 1.2 Units and dimensional analysis -- 1.3 Functional notation -- 1.4 Quadratic and higher-order equations -- 1.5 Dependent and independent variables -- 1.6 Graphical methods -- 1.7 Some geometrical methods -- 1.8 Factorials and gamma functions -- 1.9 Probability -- 1.10 Complex numbers -- 2 Differential calculus -- 2.1 Significance and notation -- 2.2 The calculus limit -- 2.3 Differentiation of simple functions -- 2.4 The use of differentials; implicit differentiation -- 2.5 Logarithms and exponentials -- 2.6 The chain rule and differentiation by substitution -- 2.7 Turning points: maxima, minima and points of inflection -- 2.8 Maxima and minima subject to constraint; Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers -- 2.9 Series -- 2.10 The evaluation of limits by L’Hôpital’s rule -- 2.11 The principles of Newtonian mechanics -- 3 Differential calculus in three or more dimensions; partial differentiation -- 3.1 Significance and notation -- 3.2 An alternative approach to calculus -- 3.3 The total differential -- 3.4 General expression for a total differential -- 3.5 Exact differentials -- 3.6 Relations between partial derivatives -- 3.7 Extensive and intensive variables; Euler’s theorem -- 3.8 Taylor’s theorem in partial derivatives -- 3.9 Vectors -- 4 Integration -- 4.1 Significance and notation -- 4.2 Standard methods of integration -- 4.3 Standard forms of integral and numerical methods -- 4.4 Multiple integration -- 4.5 Differentiation of integrals; Leibnitz’s theorem -- 4.6 The Euler-Maclaurin Theorem -- 5 Applications of integration -- 5.1 Plane area -- 5.2 Plane elements of area -- 5.3 Elements of volume; polar coordinates in three dimensions -- 5.4 Line integrals -- 5.5 Curve length by integration -- 5.6 Applications of multiple integration -- 5.7 The calculus of variations -- 5.8 Generalized dynamics -- 6 Differential equations -- 6.1 Significance and notation -- 6.2 Equations of first order, first degree -- 6.3 Linear differential equations -- 6.4 Integral transforms -- 7 Experimental error and the method of least squares -- 7.1 Significance -- 7.2 Root-mean-square error -- 7.3 Distribution of error -- 7.4 The statistical analysis of experimental data -- 7.5 Propagation of error -- 7.6 Small-sample errors -- 7.7 The normal distribution of error -- 7.8 The method of least squares -- Appendix SI units, physical constants and conversion factors; the Greek alphabet and a summary of useful relations -- Index.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York, NY : Springer New York
    ISBN: 9781461251941
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 340p. 106 illus) , online resource
    Edition: 2
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 0. Introduction -- 1. Problem Examples -- 2. Algorithms, Data, and Programs -- 3. The Choice of Pascal as our Programming Language -- 4. Equipment — Micro, Mini, and Maxi Computers -- 5. Graphic Display Devices -- 6. Organization of the Book -- 7. Computer Jargon -- 8. The Goal Statements -- 9. Study Habits -- 1. Getting Started -- 1. Goals -- 2. Commands to the Computer. -- 3. Drawing Simple Pictures with Commands -- 4. A Pascal Program Using the Turtle -- 5. Modifying a Program with the Editor -- 6. Running the Modified Program -- 7. Disk Library and Workfile -- 8. Syntax Diagrams -- 9. Syntax for and -- 10. Sample Program Using ’s -- 2. Procedures and Variables -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Procedures -- 4. Calling One Procedure from Another -- 5. Parameters -- 6. Syntax for Procedures -- 7. Variables -- 8. Syntax for Variables -- 9. Preliminaries on Arithmetic Expressions -- 10. Working with STRING variables -- 11. Built-in Procedures and Functions for Strings -- 12. Sample Programs Using Strings -- 3. Control Structures 1 -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 1. The WHILE Statement -- 2. The IF Statement -- 3. Two-way IF Statement, Syntax for IF Statements -- 4. Syntax of Boolean Expressions -- 5. Sample Program — PLOTNAME -- 4. Control Structures II -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. The FOR Statement -- 4. The REPEAT Statement -- 5. The CASE Statement -- 6. Boolean Variables -- 7. Hints on Boolean Expressions and IF Statements -- 8. Note on Indentation -- 5. More on Procedures — Scope -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Scope of Variable Identifiers -- 4. Nested Procedures -- 5. Case Study — Using Nested Procedures -- 6. Declaring Your Own Functions -- 7. Variable Parameters -- 8. Recursive Procedures -- 9. Misuses of Recursion in Pascal -- 10. Applications of Recursion -- 6. Handling Complex Program Structure -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. What is an Algorithm? -- 4. Level of Detail -- 5. Structure Diagrams -- 6. Progressive Development of Algorithms -- 7. Structure Diagrams of some Sample Programs -- 8. Solving a Problem based on Conceptual Description -- 9. Three Challenging Problems -- 7. Data Representation -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Character Encoding -- 4. Arithmetic Expressions Assignment of Value -- 5. Integer Representations -- 6. Sample Program — Decimal to Binary Conversion -- 7. Real Number Representation -- 8. Rounding Error -- 9. Sample Program Converge -- 10. Random Numbers -- 8. Input and Output -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Differences Among Input/Output Systems -- 4. READ and READLN Statements -- 5. EOF and EOLN -- 6. File Identifiers: INPUT, OUTPUR and KEYBOARD -- 7. Sample Program AVERAGE -- 8. Sample Program MAKECHANGE -- 9. Sample Program DENOISE -- 10. Sample Program DEVOWEL -- 11. Sample Program DATECHECK -- 12. TEXT files -- 9. Basic Data Structures — I. Arrays -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Subscripted Variables -- 4. Declaration of ARRAY Variables -- 5. Using Arrays of One Dimention -- 6. Packed Character Arrays — Two Dimensions -- 7. Row and Column Sums — Crossfooting -- 8. Three or More Dimensions -- 9. More on Indexing. -- 10. Basic Data Structures — II. Sets — Types -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Enumerated Types -- 4. Declaring Your Own Types -- 5. Subrange Types -- 6. Sets -- 7. Sample Program FOODSETS -- 8. Sample Program SETDEMO -- 9. Using Sets with Characters -- 11. Basic Data Structures — III.. Records -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Sample Program CLASSDATA -- 4. The WITH Statement -- 5. Sample Program STURECORD -- 12. Pointers -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Static and Dynamic Variables -- 4. Declaring pointers -- 5. Creating a dynamic variable -- 6. Records with pointers -- 7. Linked lists -- 8. Comparison of ponters -- 9. Summary of pointer operations -- 10. SPORTSCORE2 solved with pointers -- 13. Searching -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Review of Problem Solving Approach -- 4. Linear Search -- 5. Binary Search -- 6. Recursive Binary Search Algorithm -- 14. Sorting — I. Simple Algorithms -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Insertion Sort -- 4. Bubble Sort -- 5. Merging -- 15. Sorting — II. QUICKSORT -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Description of Quicksort -- 4. Improving on Bad Median Guesses -- 5. Recursive Structure Diagram -- Appendix A — Differences of UCSD’s Pascal -- Appendix B — Glossary of Computer Jargon -- Appendix C — Built-in Procedures and Functions -- Appendix D — The UCSD Pascal System -- Appendix E — Syntax Diagrams -- Appendix F — ASCII.
    Abstract: To the Second Edition This book is designed both for introductory courses in computer problem solving, at the freshman and sophomore college level, and for individual self study. The first edition of this book has been used for teaching introductory classes at University of California San Diego (UCSD), University of California Irvine (UCI), and many other schools. This second edition is based on our experience using the text over the past six years with a broad range of students. We have taught the course using variations on Keller's Personalized System of Instruction (PSI). The organization of this book is conducive to this approach but does not require it. PSI methods allow slightly more material to be absorbed by the students than is the case with the traditional lecture/recitation presentation. PSI allows grading according to the number of chapter units completed. In a 10 week quarter, virtually all students who pass the course at UCSDand UCI complete the material covered in the first eleven chapters and the exercises associated with them. A substantial portion complete the entire fifteen chapters. For a conventional presentation under the semester system, the 15 chapters should present an appropriate amount of material for the average student.
    Description / Table of Contents: 0. Introduction1. Problem Examples -- 2. Algorithms, Data, and Programs -- 3. The Choice of Pascal as our Programming Language -- 4. Equipment - Micro, Mini, and Maxi Computers -- 5. Graphic Display Devices -- 6. Organization of the Book -- 7. Computer Jargon -- 8. The Goal Statements -- 9. Study Habits -- 1. Getting Started -- 1. Goals -- 2. Commands to the Computer. -- 3. Drawing Simple Pictures with Commands -- 4. A Pascal Program Using the Turtle -- 5. Modifying a Program with the Editor -- 6. Running the Modified Program -- 7. Disk Library and Workfile -- 8. Syntax Diagrams -- 9. Syntax for and -- 10. Sample Program Using ’s -- 2. Procedures and Variables -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Procedures -- 4. Calling One Procedure from Another -- 5. Parameters -- 6. Syntax for Procedures -- 7. Variables -- 8. Syntax for Variables -- 9. Preliminaries on Arithmetic Expressions -- 10. Working with STRING variables -- 11. Built-in Procedures and Functions for Strings -- 12. Sample Programs Using Strings -- 3. Control Structures 1 -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 1. The WHILE Statement -- 2. The IF Statement -- 3. Two-way IF Statement, Syntax for IF Statements -- 4. Syntax of Boolean Expressions -- 5. Sample Program - PLOTNAME -- 4. Control Structures II -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. The FOR Statement -- 4. The REPEAT Statement -- 5. The CASE Statement -- 6. Boolean Variables -- 7. Hints on Boolean Expressions and IF Statements -- 8. Note on Indentation -- 5. More on Procedures - Scope -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Scope of Variable Identifiers -- 4. Nested Procedures -- 5. Case Study - Using Nested Procedures -- 6. Declaring Your Own Functions -- 7. Variable Parameters -- 8. Recursive Procedures -- 9. Misuses of Recursion in Pascal -- 10. Applications of Recursion -- 6. Handling Complex Program Structure -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. What is an Algorithm? -- 4. Level of Detail -- 5. Structure Diagrams -- 6. Progressive Development of Algorithms -- 7. Structure Diagrams of some Sample Programs -- 8. Solving a Problem based on Conceptual Description -- 9. Three Challenging Problems -- 7. Data Representation -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Character Encoding -- 4. Arithmetic Expressions Assignment of Value -- 5. Integer Representations -- 6. Sample Program - Decimal to Binary Conversion -- 7. Real Number Representation -- 8. Rounding Error -- 9. Sample Program Converge -- 10. Random Numbers -- 8. Input and Output -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Differences Among Input/Output Systems -- 4. READ and READLN Statements -- 5. EOF and EOLN -- 6. File Identifiers: INPUT, OUTPUR and KEYBOARD -- 7. Sample Program AVERAGE -- 8. Sample Program MAKECHANGE -- 9. Sample Program DENOISE -- 10. Sample Program DEVOWEL -- 11. Sample Program DATECHECK -- 12. TEXT files -- 9. Basic Data Structures - I. Arrays -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Subscripted Variables -- 4. Declaration of ARRAY Variables -- 5. Using Arrays of One Dimention -- 6. Packed Character Arrays - Two Dimensions -- 7. Row and Column Sums - Crossfooting -- 8. Three or More Dimensions -- 9. More on Indexing. -- 10. Basic Data Structures - II. Sets - Types -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Enumerated Types -- 4. Declaring Your Own Types -- 5. Subrange Types -- 6. Sets -- 7. Sample Program FOODSETS -- 8. Sample Program SETDEMO -- 9. Using Sets with Characters -- 11. Basic Data Structures - III. Records -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Sample Program CLASSDATA -- 4. The WITH Statement -- 5. Sample Program STURECORD -- 12. Pointers -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Static and Dynamic Variables -- 4. Declaring pointers -- 5. Creating a dynamic variable -- 6. Records with pointers -- 7. Linked lists -- 8. Comparison of ponters -- 9. Summary of pointer operations -- 10. SPORTSCORE2 solved with pointers -- 13. Searching -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Review of Problem Solving Approach -- 4. Linear Search -- 5. Binary Search -- 6. Recursive Binary Search Algorithm -- 14. Sorting - I. Simple Algorithms -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Insertion Sort -- 4. Bubble Sort -- 5. Merging -- 15. Sorting - II. QUICKSORT -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Description of Quicksort -- 4. Improving on Bad Median Guesses -- 5. Recursive Structure Diagram -- Appendix A - Differences of UCSD’s Pascal -- Appendix B - Glossary of Computer Jargon -- Appendix C - Built-in Procedures and Functions -- Appendix D - The UCSD Pascal System -- Appendix E - Syntax Diagrams -- Appendix F - ASCII.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    ISBN: 9783642694998
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Pathophysiology and Classification of Soft Tissue Injuries Associated with Fractures -- The Management of Open Fractures -- Results of the Treatment of Open Fractures, Aspects of Antibiotic Therapy -- The Treatment of Closed Fractures with Soft Tissue Injuries -- The Operative Treatment of Tibial Shaft Fractures with Soft Tissue Injuries -- Compartment Syndrome: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Anatomy, Localization, Diagnosis and Treatment -- External Articular Transfixation for Joint Injuries with Severe Soft Tissue Damage -- Guidelines for the Postoperative Management of Fractures with Severe Soft Tissue Injuries -- Early Complications of Fractures with Soft Tissue Injuries -- The Plastic Repair of Large Soft Tissue Defects -- Replantation Surgery: Indications and Limitations.
    Abstract: Progress in medical science, and the deeping of physician experience in general, make continuing education a fundamental obligation on the part of the practicing physician. Besides academies of advanced medical training, we feel that medical schools and uni­ versities offer a particularly good setting for continuing medical education. When the Hannover Medical School established West Germany's fIrst Department of Trauma Surgery in 1970, we committed ourselves to this goal and instituted the Hannover Trauma Seminars as a regional forum for continuing physician education. Made up almost entirely of our colleagues at the Trauma Surgery Clinic, the basic goal of the seminars is to review new discoveries and techniques in the fIeld of traumatology and assess their practical relevance to the physician who treats trauma victims. In addition to research, the experience ofthe Hannover School of Trauma Surgery form an important basis for seminar activities. The fIrst Trauma Seminar was held on February 2, 1972. Initially, copies ofthe proceed­ ings were simply distributed to all interested participants. But as attendance grew and demand for the proceedings increased, it became necessary to seek a broader form of publication. Henceforth, the Hannover Trauma Seminars will be published as part of the Topics in Traumatology series. For this we are grateful to Springer Verlag and to series editors Jorg Re~ and Leonhard Schweiberer.
    Description / Table of Contents: Pathophysiology and Classification of Soft Tissue Injuries Associated with FracturesThe Management of Open Fractures -- Results of the Treatment of Open Fractures, Aspects of Antibiotic Therapy -- The Treatment of Closed Fractures with Soft Tissue Injuries -- The Operative Treatment of Tibial Shaft Fractures with Soft Tissue Injuries -- Compartment Syndrome: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Anatomy, Localization, Diagnosis and Treatment -- External Articular Transfixation for Joint Injuries with Severe Soft Tissue Damage -- Guidelines for the Postoperative Management of Fractures with Severe Soft Tissue Injuries -- Early Complications of Fractures with Soft Tissue Injuries -- The Plastic Repair of Large Soft Tissue Defects -- Replantation Surgery: Indications and Limitations.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401096898
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Fundamental principles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Euler equation -- 1.3 Reaction -- 1.4 Application to a centrifugal machine -- 1.5 Application to axial pumps and turbines -- 1.6 Alternative operating modes -- 1.7 Compressible flow theory -- 1.8 Shock wave effects -- 1.9 Cavitation -- 1.10 Illustrative examples -- 2 Principles and practice of scaling laws -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Performance laws -- 2.3 Concept of specific speed -- 2.4 Cavitation parameters -- 2.5 Scale effects in incompressible units -- 2.6 Scale effects in compressible machines -- 2.7 Illustrative examples -- 3 Principles of axial flow machines -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Wing theory -- 3.3 Isolated aerofoil data -- 3.4 Cascade data -- 3.5 Radial equilibrium theories -- 3.6 Actuator disc approach -- 3.7 Stall and surge effects -- 4 Principles of radial and mixed flow machines -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 One-dimensional approach -- 4.3 Two-dimensional approach -- 4.4 Three-dimensional problem -- 4.5 Discussion of theoretical approaches to analysis and design -- 5 Centrifugal machines -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Inlet or intake systems -- 5.3 Impeller -- 5.4 Outlet systems -- 5.5 Thrust loads due to hydrodynamic effects -- 6 Axial machines for incompressible flow -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Axial flow pumps and fans -- 6.3 Axial water turbines -- 6.4 Forces on blades and their implications for design -- 6.5 Concluding remarks -- 7 Axial turbines and compressors for compressible flow -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Approach to axial compressor principles -- 7.3 Axial turbine principles -- 7.4 Other problems -- 8 Radial flow turbines -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Water turbines -- 8.3 Radial inflow gas turbine -- 8.4 Ljungström or radial outflow turbine -- 9 Cavitation and other matters -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Effects of cavitation on machines -- 9.3 Problems involved in special pumping applications -- 9.4 Pumped storage systems -- 9.5 Some comments on output control of rotating machines -- References -- Additional bibliography.
    Abstract: This text outlines the fluid and thermodynamic principles that apply to all classes of turbomachines, and the material has been presented in a unified way. The approach has been used with successive groups of final year mechanical engineering students, who have helped with the development of the ideas outlined. As with these students, the reader is assumed to have a basic understanding of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. However, the early chapters combine the relevant material with some new concepts, and provide basic reading references. Two related objectives have defined the scope of the treatment. The first is to provide a general treatment of the common forms of turbo machine, covering basic fluid dynamics and thermodynamics of flow through passages and over surfaces, with a brief derivation of the fundamental governing equations. The second objective is to apply this material to the various machines in enough detail to allow the major design and performance factors to be appreciated. Both objectives have been met by grouping the machines by flow path rather than by application, thus allowing an appreciation of points of similarity or difference in approach. No attempt has been made to cover detailed points of design or stressing, though the cited references and the body of information from which they have been taken give this sort of information. The first four chapters introduce the fundamental relations, and the suc­ ceeding chapters deal with applications to the various flow paths.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Fundamental principles1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Euler equation -- 1.3 Reaction -- 1.4 Application to a centrifugal machine -- 1.5 Application to axial pumps and turbines -- 1.6 Alternative operating modes -- 1.7 Compressible flow theory -- 1.8 Shock wave effects -- 1.9 Cavitation -- 1.10 Illustrative examples -- 2 Principles and practice of scaling laws -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Performance laws -- 2.3 Concept of specific speed -- 2.4 Cavitation parameters -- 2.5 Scale effects in incompressible units -- 2.6 Scale effects in compressible machines -- 2.7 Illustrative examples -- 3 Principles of axial flow machines -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Wing theory -- 3.3 Isolated aerofoil data -- 3.4 Cascade data -- 3.5 Radial equilibrium theories -- 3.6 Actuator disc approach -- 3.7 Stall and surge effects -- 4 Principles of radial and mixed flow machines -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 One-dimensional approach -- 4.3 Two-dimensional approach -- 4.4 Three-dimensional problem -- 4.5 Discussion of theoretical approaches to analysis and design -- 5 Centrifugal machines -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Inlet or intake systems -- 5.3 Impeller -- 5.4 Outlet systems -- 5.5 Thrust loads due to hydrodynamic effects -- 6 Axial machines for incompressible flow -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Axial flow pumps and fans -- 6.3 Axial water turbines -- 6.4 Forces on blades and their implications for design -- 6.5 Concluding remarks -- 7 Axial turbines and compressors for compressible flow -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Approach to axial compressor principles -- 7.3 Axial turbine principles -- 7.4 Other problems -- 8 Radial flow turbines -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Water turbines -- 8.3 Radial inflow gas turbine -- 8.4 Ljungström or radial outflow turbine -- 9 Cavitation and other matters -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Effects of cavitation on machines -- 9.3 Problems involved in special pumping applications -- 9.4 Pumped storage systems -- 9.5 Some comments on output control of rotating machines -- References -- Additional bibliography.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781461597056
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Lead in the atmosphere -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sources of lead in air -- 2.3 Concentrations of lead in ambient air -- 2.4 Particle size distributions -- 2.5 Chemical properties of atmospheric lead -- References -- 3 Lead in water -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of lead in surface waters -- 3.3 Concentrations of lead in water -- 3.4 Chemistry of lead in water -- References -- 4 Lead in soils -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of lead in soil -- 4.3 Concentrations of lead in soil -- 4.4 Uptake of soil lead by living organisms -- 4.5 Chemistry of lead in soils -- 4.6 Lead in street dusts -- References -- 5 Control of lead in air -- 5.1 Industrial sources of lead -- 5.2 Control of industrial emissions of lead -- 5.3 Legislative regulations affecting industrial lead emissions -- 5.4 Control of lead emissions from motor vehicles -- 5.5 Ambient air quality standard for lead -- 5.6 Control of lead within the workplace -- References -- 6 Control of lead discharges to water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Water quality criteria and standards -- 6.3 Uniform emission standards versus water quality objectives -- 6.4 Control practices for lead discharges -- References -- 7 Human exposure to lead and its effects -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources and intake of lead -- 7.3 Uptake of lead -- 7.4 Metabolism of lead -- 7.5 Blood leads -- 7.6 Biological and adverse health effects of exposure to lead -- References -- 8 Chemical analysis of lead in the environment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Chemical analysis of lead: available techniques -- 8.3 Sampling and analysis of environmental media -- 8.4 Contamination during lead analysis -- References.
    Abstract: At the time of writing, the topic of lead pollution is the subject of an intense and sometimes heated debate. The argument centres upon possible adverse health effects arising from exposure of children to current environmental levels of lead. Such arguments now appear little closer to resolution than they did five years ago, although the development of ever more sophisticated biochemical and epidemiological techniques may eventually provide an answer. Over the past five to ten years, as the general public has become aware of the lead issue, pressure has been put upon governments to limit emissions of lead, and hence limit or reduce the exposure of the population to the metal. Govern­ ments and governmental agencies have responded in several ways, varying between those who prefer to take little or no action on the basis that they see no cause for concern, and those who have taken firm action after concluding that the scientific and medical evidence warrants this approach. Any effective control strategy for lead requires knowledge of the sources of environmental exposure and an understanding of the pathways of this metal in the environment. This book aims to provide such information and to explain the methods available for limiting emissions of lead from the most important sources. To put this information in context a chapter on the routes of human exposure to lead and the health effects is included.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 IntroductionReferences -- 2 Lead in the atmosphere -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sources of lead in air -- 2.3 Concentrations of lead in ambient air -- 2.4 Particle size distributions -- 2.5 Chemical properties of atmospheric lead -- References -- 3 Lead in water -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of lead in surface waters -- 3.3 Concentrations of lead in water -- 3.4 Chemistry of lead in water -- References -- 4 Lead in soils -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of lead in soil -- 4.3 Concentrations of lead in soil -- 4.4 Uptake of soil lead by living organisms -- 4.5 Chemistry of lead in soils -- 4.6 Lead in street dusts -- References -- 5 Control of lead in air -- 5.1 Industrial sources of lead -- 5.2 Control of industrial emissions of lead -- 5.3 Legislative regulations affecting industrial lead emissions -- 5.4 Control of lead emissions from motor vehicles -- 5.5 Ambient air quality standard for lead -- 5.6 Control of lead within the workplace -- References -- 6 Control of lead discharges to water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Water quality criteria and standards -- 6.3 Uniform emission standards versus water quality objectives -- 6.4 Control practices for lead discharges -- References -- 7 Human exposure to lead and its effects -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources and intake of lead -- 7.3 Uptake of lead -- 7.4 Metabolism of lead -- 7.5 Blood leads -- 7.6 Biological and adverse health effects of exposure to lead -- References -- 8 Chemical analysis of lead in the environment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Chemical analysis of lead: available techniques -- 8.3 Sampling and analysis of environmental media -- 8.4 Contamination during lead analysis -- References.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468447217
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I: Physics and Chemistry of Porphyrins and Related Compounds -- Excited State Properties of Haematoporphyrin -- Fluorescence Properties of HpD and its Components -- The Structure of the Active Component of Hematoporphyrin Derivative -- Photophysical and Photosensitizing Properties of Photofrin II -- On the Purification of Hematoporphyrin IX and its Acetylated Derivatives -- Photosensitizing Properties of Porphyrin in Model Cell Systems -- Photosensitizing Properties of Free and Bound Uroporphyrin I -- Chemical and Biological Studies on Haematoporphyrin Derivative: An Unexpected Photosensitization in Brain -- A Chromatographic Study of Hematoporphyrin Derivatives -- Protection by Carotenoids from Singlet Oxygen Photoproduced by Porphyrins -- Effect of He-Ne Laser on Human Erythrocytes Incubated with Hematoporphyrin Derivative and Bonellin: Comparative Study -- Survey of Potential PRT Dyes and their Spectroscopic Properties -- II: Interactions of Porphyrins with Model Systems and Cells -- Fluorescence of Porphyrins in Cells -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative: Fluorometric Studies in Solution and Cells -- Time-Resolved Laser Fluorescence and Photobleaching of Single Cells after Photosensitization with Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD) -- Effects of Hpd and Laser on Transformed and Corresponding Normal Cultured Cells: Differential Cytotoxicity as an in Vitro Model for Tumor Photochemotherapy -- Interaction of Free and Liposome-Bound Porphyrins with Normal and Malignant Cells: Biochemical and Photosensitization Studies in Vitro and in Vivo -- Photodynamic Inactivation of L929 Cells after Treatment with Hematoporphyrin Derivative -- Bacterial and Yeast Cells as Models for Studying Hematoporphyrin Photosensitization -- Cholesterol Impregnation into Erythroleukemia Cell Membrane Induces Resistance to Hematoporphyrin Photodynamic Effect -- Photodynamic Effect of the He-Ne Laser with HpD on the Ultrastructure of Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell -- III: Studies on Experimental and Spontaneous Animal Tumors -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative Phototherapy in Experimental Oncology -- Photoradiation Therapy (PRT) of Lewis Lung Carcinoma in B6D2 Mice, Dosimetry Considerations -- Study of Irradiation Parameters in HpD Phototherapy of MS-2 Tumor Model -- Experimental ENU Induced Brain Tumors with HpD and Dye Laser Light -- Studies with Hematoporphyrin Derivative in Transplantable Urothelial Tumors -- Time Dependence of 3 H Hematoporphyrin Derivative Distribution in the Digestive Tract of the Rat -- Nd YAG Destruction of Tumor Sensitized or Non Sensitized by HpD -- HpD Phototherapy on Spontaneous Tumors in Dog and Cat -- IV: Light Dosimetry and Instrumentation for Tumor Diagnosis and Phototherapy -- Thermal and Optical Dosimetry for Photoradiation Therapy of Malignant Tumors -- Photophysics and Dosimetry of Photoradiation Therapy -- An Optimised Laser System for the Evaluation of HpD Therapy -- A Multi-Led Source for Photoradiation Therapy -- Side Radiation Optical Fibers for Medical Applications -- Fluorescence of Hematoporphyrin-Derivative for Detection and Characterization of Tumors -- In Vivo Fluorescence Excitation Spectra of Hematoporphyrin-Derivative (HpD) -- In Vivo Observation of Porphyrin and of the Light Action -- Monitoring of Hematoporphyrin Injected in Humans and Clinical Prospects of its Use in Gynecologic Oncology -- V: Clinical Applications of HpD Phototherapy -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative Photoradiation Therapy, in Theory and in Practice -- Evaluation of Photoradiation Therapy (PRT) in 20 Cases of Cancers -- Hematoporphyrin Phototherapy of Malignant Tumors -- Hematoporphyrin-Derivative and Phototherapy in Extensive Basal-Cell Carcinoma of the Dorsal Skin -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative Photoradiation Therapy of Endobronchial Lung Cancer -- Photoradiation Therapy in Early Stage Cancer Cases of the Lung, Esophagus and Stomach -- Experimental and Clinical Studies on HpD-Photoradiation Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer -- Endoscopic HpD-Laser Photoradiation Therapy (PRT) of Cancer -- Dye-Laser Photoradiation-Therapy of Bladder Cancer after Photosensitization with Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD)-Basis for an Integral Irradiation -- Photoradiation Therapy with Hematoporphyrin Derivative and an Argon Dye Laser of Bladder Carcinoma -- Preclinical Examination of Ocular Photoradiation Therapy -- Photoradiation for Choroidal Malignant Melanoma.
    Abstract: This book contains the contributions of the participants to the International Symposium on Porphyrins in Tumor Phototherapy held in Bruzzano (Milano), Italy on May 26-28, 1983. The contributions are written as extended papers to provide a broad and representative coverage of the use of porphyrins in tumor phototherapy and diagnosis. In the last few years, this technique has received increasing interest for its potential applications in clinical oncology. In fact, 1,500 patients have been already treated by this therapy which has been tested in more than 100 clinical centres. Among the reported cases, a significant therapeutic effectiveness was found in some early stage cancers of lung, esophagus and stomach. The development of ·this therapy requires interdisciplinary studies from such diverse fields as physics, chemistry, biology, pharmacology, and experimental and clinical oncology. The contents of the book reflect the character of this research and deal with all the problems, from fundamental to clinical, that still require to be analysed and understood for a better evaluation 'of the potential of this therapy. The first chapter of the book deals with photophysics ?;nd.
    Description / Table of Contents: I: Physics and Chemistry of Porphyrins and Related CompoundsExcited State Properties of Haematoporphyrin -- Fluorescence Properties of HpD and its Components -- The Structure of the Active Component of Hematoporphyrin Derivative -- Photophysical and Photosensitizing Properties of Photofrin II -- On the Purification of Hematoporphyrin IX and its Acetylated Derivatives -- Photosensitizing Properties of Porphyrin in Model Cell Systems -- Photosensitizing Properties of Free and Bound Uroporphyrin I -- Chemical and Biological Studies on Haematoporphyrin Derivative: An Unexpected Photosensitization in Brain -- A Chromatographic Study of Hematoporphyrin Derivatives -- Protection by Carotenoids from Singlet Oxygen Photoproduced by Porphyrins -- Effect of He-Ne Laser on Human Erythrocytes Incubated with Hematoporphyrin Derivative and Bonellin: Comparative Study -- Survey of Potential PRT Dyes and their Spectroscopic Properties -- II: Interactions of Porphyrins with Model Systems and Cells -- Fluorescence of Porphyrins in Cells -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative: Fluorometric Studies in Solution and Cells -- Time-Resolved Laser Fluorescence and Photobleaching of Single Cells after Photosensitization with Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD) -- Effects of Hpd and Laser on Transformed and Corresponding Normal Cultured Cells: Differential Cytotoxicity as an in Vitro Model for Tumor Photochemotherapy -- Interaction of Free and Liposome-Bound Porphyrins with Normal and Malignant Cells: Biochemical and Photosensitization Studies in Vitro and in Vivo -- Photodynamic Inactivation of L929 Cells after Treatment with Hematoporphyrin Derivative -- Bacterial and Yeast Cells as Models for Studying Hematoporphyrin Photosensitization -- Cholesterol Impregnation into Erythroleukemia Cell Membrane Induces Resistance to Hematoporphyrin Photodynamic Effect -- Photodynamic Effect of the He-Ne Laser with HpD on the Ultrastructure of Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell -- III: Studies on Experimental and Spontaneous Animal Tumors -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative Phototherapy in Experimental Oncology -- Photoradiation Therapy (PRT) of Lewis Lung Carcinoma in B6D2 Mice, Dosimetry Considerations -- Study of Irradiation Parameters in HpD Phototherapy of MS-2 Tumor Model -- Experimental ENU Induced Brain Tumors with HpD and Dye Laser Light -- Studies with Hematoporphyrin Derivative in Transplantable Urothelial Tumors -- Time Dependence of 3 H Hematoporphyrin Derivative Distribution in the Digestive Tract of the Rat -- Nd YAG Destruction of Tumor Sensitized or Non Sensitized by HpD -- HpD Phototherapy on Spontaneous Tumors in Dog and Cat -- IV: Light Dosimetry and Instrumentation for Tumor Diagnosis and Phototherapy -- Thermal and Optical Dosimetry for Photoradiation Therapy of Malignant Tumors -- Photophysics and Dosimetry of Photoradiation Therapy -- An Optimised Laser System for the Evaluation of HpD Therapy -- A Multi-Led Source for Photoradiation Therapy -- Side Radiation Optical Fibers for Medical Applications -- Fluorescence of Hematoporphyrin-Derivative for Detection and Characterization of Tumors -- In Vivo Fluorescence Excitation Spectra of Hematoporphyrin-Derivative (HpD) -- In Vivo Observation of Porphyrin and of the Light Action -- Monitoring of Hematoporphyrin Injected in Humans and Clinical Prospects of its Use in Gynecologic Oncology -- V: Clinical Applications of HpD Phototherapy -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative Photoradiation Therapy, in Theory and in Practice -- Evaluation of Photoradiation Therapy (PRT) in 20 Cases of Cancers -- Hematoporphyrin Phototherapy of Malignant Tumors -- Hematoporphyrin-Derivative and Phototherapy in Extensive Basal-Cell Carcinoma of the Dorsal Skin -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative Photoradiation Therapy of Endobronchial Lung Cancer -- Photoradiation Therapy in Early Stage Cancer Cases of the Lung, Esophagus and Stomach -- Experimental and Clinical Studies on HpD-Photoradiation Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer -- Endoscopic HpD-Laser Photoradiation Therapy (PRT) of Cancer -- Dye-Laser Photoradiation-Therapy of Bladder Cancer after Photosensitization with Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD)-Basis for an Integral Irradiation -- Photoradiation Therapy with Hematoporphyrin Derivative and an Argon Dye Laser of Bladder Carcinoma -- Preclinical Examination of Ocular Photoradiation Therapy -- Photoradiation for Choroidal Malignant Melanoma.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967855
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (351 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400955424
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Carotenoid-Protein Complexes -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Carotenolipo (glyco) proteins -- 1.3 Carotenoproteins -- 1.4 Nature of bonding of pigments to apoproteins -- 1.5 References -- 2. Porifera -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nature and distribution -- 2.3 Source of sponge carotenoids -- 2.4 Chemosystematics of sponge carotenoids -- 2.5 References -- 3. Coelenterates -- 3.1 Class Hydrozoa -- 3.2 Class Scyphozoa -- 3.3 Class Anthozoa -- 3.4 References -- 4. Echinodermata, Annelida, Sipunculida, Priapulida, Platyhelminthes and Bryozoa -- 4.1 Echinodermata -- 4.2 Annelida -- 4.3 Sipunculida -- 4.4 Priapulida -- 4.5 Platyhelminthes -- 4.6 Bryozoa -- 4.7 Formation and metabolism -- 4.8 References -- 5. Mollusca -- 5.1 Pelecypoda (Bivalvia, Lamellibranchia, Acephala) -- 5.2 Gastropoda -- 5.3 Amphineura -- 5.4 Cephalopoda -- 5.5 Function of carotenoids -- 5.6 References -- 6. Crustacea -- 6.1 Nature and distribution -- 6.2 Localization -- 6.3 Metabolism -- 6.4 Hormonal control of pigmentation -- 6.5 Sexual dimorphism -- 6.6 Colour variants -- 6.7 Environmental and ecological considerations -- 6.8 Crowding -- 6.9 Parasitization -- 6.10 Function -- 6.11 References -- 7. Arachnids and Insects -- 7.1 Arachnida -- 7.2 Insecta -- 7.3 Function -- 7.4 References -- 8. Tunicates and Fish -- 8.1 Tunicates -- 8.2 Fish -- 8.3 References -- 9. Amphibia and Reptiles -- 9.1 Amphibia -- 9.2 Reptiles -- 9.3 References -- 10. Birds -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Distribution -- 10.3 Formation -- 10.4 Metabolism -- 10.5 Function -- 10.6 Coloration of poultry foods -- 10.7 References -- 11. Mammals -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Carotenoid accumulators -- 11.3 Non-accumulators -- 11.4 Conversion of carotenoids into Vitamin A -- 11.5 References -- General Index -- Species Index.
    Abstract: des Plantes (Hermann, Paris), and in 1935 by Lederer's Les Carotenoides des Animaux (Hermann, Paris). Since then a survey such as the present one has not appeared. In order to present a full picture, much of the pre-1934 work has been reconsidered and, as far as is known, every important contribution which has appeared since that date has been discussed. Two peripheral aspects ofthe subject have, however, been omitted, namely (a) the qualita­ tive and quantitative changes which the carotenoids of plant materials undergo in storage or during processing into food and (b) the carotene (pro-vitamin A) requirements of different animal species; it was felt that the former, about which a great deal has been written, was too technological to be suitable for inclusion in the present volume, whilst the latter is more suitable for a monograph on vitamin A. The very wide distribution of the carotenoids in Nature suggests that, in spite of the superficially diverse functions ascribed to them in different living tissues, there may be some factor or property through which all these functions will eventually be correlated; any suggestion as to the nature of this common property can perhaps come most readily from a comparative approach. Apart from critically surveying the literature this book has been constructed so as to focus attention on comparative data and their possible implications.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Carotenoid-Protein Complexes1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Carotenolipo (glyco) proteins -- 1.3 Carotenoproteins -- 1.4 Nature of bonding of pigments to apoproteins -- 1.5 References -- 2. Porifera -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nature and distribution -- 2.3 Source of sponge carotenoids -- 2.4 Chemosystematics of sponge carotenoids -- 2.5 References -- 3. Coelenterates -- 3.1 Class Hydrozoa -- 3.2 Class Scyphozoa -- 3.3 Class Anthozoa -- 3.4 References -- 4. Echinodermata, Annelida, Sipunculida, Priapulida, Platyhelminthes and Bryozoa -- 4.1 Echinodermata -- 4.2 Annelida -- 4.3 Sipunculida -- 4.4 Priapulida -- 4.5 Platyhelminthes -- 4.6 Bryozoa -- 4.7 Formation and metabolism -- 4.8 References -- 5. Mollusca -- 5.1 Pelecypoda (Bivalvia, Lamellibranchia, Acephala) -- 5.2 Gastropoda -- 5.3 Amphineura -- 5.4 Cephalopoda -- 5.5 Function of carotenoids -- 5.6 References -- 6. Crustacea -- 6.1 Nature and distribution -- 6.2 Localization -- 6.3 Metabolism -- 6.4 Hormonal control of pigmentation -- 6.5 Sexual dimorphism -- 6.6 Colour variants -- 6.7 Environmental and ecological considerations -- 6.8 Crowding -- 6.9 Parasitization -- 6.10 Function -- 6.11 References -- 7. Arachnids and Insects -- 7.1 Arachnida -- 7.2 Insecta -- 7.3 Function -- 7.4 References -- 8. Tunicates and Fish -- 8.1 Tunicates -- 8.2 Fish -- 8.3 References -- 9. Amphibia and Reptiles -- 9.1 Amphibia -- 9.2 Reptiles -- 9.3 References -- 10. Birds -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Distribution -- 10.3 Formation -- 10.4 Metabolism -- 10.5 Function -- 10.6 Coloration of poultry foods -- 10.7 References -- 11. Mammals -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Carotenoid accumulators -- 11.3 Non-accumulators -- 11.4 Conversion of carotenoids into Vitamin A -- 11.5 References -- General Index -- Species Index.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781461574316
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Laboratory instrumentation and microcomputers -- 1.2 Measurement systems -- 1.3 Electronic black boxes -- 1.4 A practical footnote -- 2 The Basics of Laboratory Signals -- 2.1 Transducers -- 2.2 Measurement signals -- 2.3 The transducer connection -- 2.4 Noise and interference -- 2.5 Minimising interference -- 2.6 Signal-to-noise ratio -- 2.7 Control signals -- 3 The Elements of Analog Signal Handling -- 3.1 Op-amps -- 3.2 Feedback systems -- 3.3 Basic amplifier configurations -- 3.4 Bandwidth and slew rate -- 3.5 Practical dc signal circuits -- 3.6 Ac signal circuits -- 3.7 Integrators -- 3.8 Differentiators -- 3.9 Pulse amplifiers -- 3.10 Filters -- 4 The Elements of Digital Signal Handling -- 4.1 Logic gates -- 4.2 TTL families -- 4.3 CMOS families -- 4.4 CMOS and TTL together -- 4.5 MSI circuits -- 4.6 Generating logic levels -- 4.7 Analog/digital interconversion -- 4.8 Serial digital signals -- 5 The Modern Microcomputer -- 5.1 The eight bit micro -- 5.2 The programming language -- 5.3 The operating system -- 5.4 Peripherals -- 5.5 Byte handling busses -- 5.6 The video display -- 5.7 Bit manipulation -- 5.8 Timing and addressing -- 5.9 Interrupts and interrupt flags -- 5.10 The 16 bit micro -- 6 Interfacing Microcomputers with Laboratory Instrumentation -- 6.1 Basic instrumental interface types -- 6.2 Multiplexing -- 6.3 Multiple byte interfaces -- 6.4 Interface control -- 6.5 Handshaking -- 6.6 Synchronous byte transfers -- 6.7 Dynamic interfaces -- 7 Standard Interface Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The IEEE 488 standard -- 7.3 The RS232C link -- 8 System Design -- 8.1 An approach to system design / Case study -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 Decimal-hexadecimal conversion tables -- Appendix 2 The ASCII code -- Appendix 3 Sample assembler routine for GPIB adaptor -- Device index.
    Abstract: The invention of the microcomputer in the mid-1970s and its subsequent low-cost proliferation has opened up a new world for the laboratory scientist. Tedious data collection can now be automated relatively cheaply and with an enormous increase in reliability. New techniques of measurement are accessible with the "intelligent" instrumentation made possible by these programmable devices, and the ease of use of even standard measurement techniques may be improved by the data processing capabilities of the humblest micro. The latest items of commercial laboratory instrumentation are invariably "computer controlled", although this is more likely to mean that a microprocessor is involved than that a versatile microcomputer is provided along with the instrument. It is clear that all scientists of the future will need some knowledge of computers, if only to aid them in mastering the button pushing associated with gleaming new instruments. However, to be able to exploit this newly accessible computing power to the full the practising laboratory scientist must gain sufficient understanding to utilise the communication channels between apparatus on the laboratory bench and program within the computer. This book attempts to provide an introduction to those communication channels in a manner which is understandable for scientists who do not specialise in electronics or computers.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction1.1 Laboratory instrumentation and microcomputers -- 1.2 Measurement systems -- 1.3 Electronic black boxes -- 1.4 A practical footnote -- 2 The Basics of Laboratory Signals -- 2.1 Transducers -- 2.2 Measurement signals -- 2.3 The transducer connection -- 2.4 Noise and interference -- 2.5 Minimising interference -- 2.6 Signal-to-noise ratio -- 2.7 Control signals -- 3 The Elements of Analog Signal Handling -- 3.1 Op-amps -- 3.2 Feedback systems -- 3.3 Basic amplifier configurations -- 3.4 Bandwidth and slew rate -- 3.5 Practical dc signal circuits -- 3.6 Ac signal circuits -- 3.7 Integrators -- 3.8 Differentiators -- 3.9 Pulse amplifiers -- 3.10 Filters -- 4 The Elements of Digital Signal Handling -- 4.1 Logic gates -- 4.2 TTL families -- 4.3 CMOS families -- 4.4 CMOS and TTL together -- 4.5 MSI circuits -- 4.6 Generating logic levels -- 4.7 Analog/digital interconversion -- 4.8 Serial digital signals -- 5 The Modern Microcomputer -- 5.1 The eight bit micro -- 5.2 The programming language -- 5.3 The operating system -- 5.4 Peripherals -- 5.5 Byte handling busses -- 5.6 The video display -- 5.7 Bit manipulation -- 5.8 Timing and addressing -- 5.9 Interrupts and interrupt flags -- 5.10 The 16 bit micro -- 6 Interfacing Microcomputers with Laboratory Instrumentation -- 6.1 Basic instrumental interface types -- 6.2 Multiplexing -- 6.3 Multiple byte interfaces -- 6.4 Interface control -- 6.5 Handshaking -- 6.6 Synchronous byte transfers -- 6.7 Dynamic interfaces -- 7 Standard Interface Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The IEEE 488 standard -- 7.3 The RS232C link -- 8 System Design -- 8.1 An approach to system design / Case study -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 Decimal-hexadecimal conversion tables -- Appendix 2 The ASCII code -- Appendix 3 Sample assembler routine for GPIB adaptor -- Device index.
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