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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (41)
  • 2015-2019  (41)
  • [Paris, France] : OECD Publishing  (22)
  • Paris, France : OECD Publishing  (19)
  • Graue Literatur  (41)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (41)
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Language
Years
Year
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 103 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 15 (February 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Social protection ; Financing ; Fiscal space ; Official Development Assistance ; Humanitarian relief ; Domestic resource mobilisation ; Ethiopia ; Ethiopia ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Social protection is at the centre of Ethiopia’s development policy. It is instrumental in reducing poverty and increasing the resilience of the population. The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has published a new set of policy frameworks for social protection that envisage the expansion of social protection to cover a greater proportion of Ethiopians against a broader range of risks, and that call for social protection to be increasingly financed from domestic sources rather than by donors. A financing strategy for the implementation of this vision has been identified as a priority by the GoE. This study responds to this requirement. It provides a comprehensive mapping of social protection spending across the five focus areas of the national social protection policy and analyses the fiscal space available for different spending scenarios up to 2025/26. The study focuses on two issues in particular: the role of donor financing for social protection and the relationship between humanitarian relief and social protection spending.
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD regulatory policy working papers no. 11
    Series Statement: OECD regulatory policy working papers
    Keywords: Regulatory policy ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Governments are increasingly trying to limit the costs of regulatory compliance. One of the approaches that has been gaining ground in the last five years is the “one-in, x-out rule”, or the offsetting of regulatory costs stemming from new regulations by reducing the existing regulatory stock. This paper presents examples of regulatory offsetting approaches in selected OECD countries. By comparing the different approaches and discussing their key features, the paper provides guidance to countries considering introducing regulatory offsetting. This paper finds that there are many methodological and implementation issues that need to be resolved before a government decides to use a one-in, x-out approach as part of its regulatory policy. Key suggestions for countries introducing regulatory offsetting include i) ensuring a solid methodology for calculating regulatory costs; ii) linking the responsibility for finding offsets to the “owners” of regulation; iii) setting up quality oversight mechanisms; iv) securing strong political commitment and support and v) implementing regulatory offsetting as a complement to other regulatory management tools.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 19 (April 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Development ; Namibia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Namibia is an upper middle-income country with one of the most comprehensive social protection systems in Africa. It provides cash transfers and complementary social assistance to a range of vulnerable groups including children, the elderly and people with disabilities, at a cost equivalent to 4.5% of GDP in 2016/17. Public-sector workers are well covered by social insurance, although there are gaps in provision for the private sector. Social protection, in particular cash transfers, has proven highly effective at reducing poverty and inequality and mitigating the impact of high unemployment, although these remain persistent challenges. For Namibia to achieve its development objectives, social protection will need to play an even greater role in the future, but scaling up social protection in the current context of low economic growth and fiscal consolidation will be challenging. This paper charts the evolution of social protection provision and expenditure, locates social protection within the context of Namibia’s broader fiscal framework and proposes options for enhancing its impact without increasing public spending.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 20 (September 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Universal social protection (USP) is becoming high priority in many developing countries’ agendas. However, information on what has worked well – and not so well – is limited. This study reviews a wide range of recent country experiences with universal health coverage (UHC) financing and implementation in order to draw lessons and help governments elaborate policies for USP and the extension of social protection. It looks at different pathways and delivery and financing challenges to universalism in health coverage and takes a close look at equity issues. It concludes with some key takeaways from UHC implementation and its implications for USP. One important message of this study is that while the UHC experience cannot be mechanically transposed to the USP agenda, a number of lessons can be drawn. Moreover, the benefits in terms of coverage and equity of better integrating USP and UHC appear tremendous.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris, France] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 24 (December 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Forced displacement, including refugee flows, is a global phenomenon. As of 2018, 26 million people were refugees. Financing from the international community makes a significant contribution to supporting refugees and host communities. But in order to meet those needs effectively and efficiently, financing strategies need to take account of the particularities of large-scale refugee situations. Refugee flows are complex, often protracted, and, require humanitarian, development and peace financing to work in complementary ways. Doing this effectively can create opportunities that are of benefit to both refugees and host communities. This policy paper presents seven principles for improving financing for refugee situations, based on global trends and case studies in three hosting countries (Uganda, Lebanon, and Colombia) and one origin/return country (Central African Republic). Both the quality and the quantity of financing matters to get the greatest value for refugees and their host communities.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris, France] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 22 (December 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Addis Ababa Action Agenda raises the urgency to address growing financing and capacity needs at all levels of government in developing countries (para. 34) while the 2030 Agenda calls to “localise” the SDGs. In its High Level Communiqué of 31 October 2017, the DAC stressed that “complex challenges increasingly require coherent approaches at all levels and co-ordinated, inclusive actions”, remaining “committed to improving quality and impact of our development co-operation policies”. Decentralised development co-operation, or international development co-operation carried out by subnational governments, is one tool OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members can deploy to ensure that development co-operation is fit-for-purpose and responds to the local realities of the 2030 Agenda. The paper provides an assessment of the potential strengthens of decentralised development co-operation approaches as well as new opportunities to overcome longstanding challenges, including through the promotion of new forms of multi-level and multi-stakeholder partnerships.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 16 (March 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Empowerment, co-ordinated jointly by the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate, the Development Centre and Statistics Directorate. The initiative aims to identify policy and programme solutions to promote women’s economic empowerment by recognising, reducing and redistributing women’s unpaid care work. This paper presents new analysis of time use data and unpaid care work from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Peru and South Africa as well as comparisons with OECD countries. It provides recommendations for policy makers, donors and development practitioners to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, drawing on learning from the Social Institutions and Gender Index and in-country research by the OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment. Specifically, the recommendations focus on how to recognise unpaid care work by measuring and valuing it, reduce time spent on drudgery by the provision of quality infrastructure and redistribute unpaid care tasks more equally between men and women by transforming gender stereotypes.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris, France : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on public governance no. 32
    Keywords: Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Informed by the OECD’s well-being framework, this Working Paper considers how the experience of civic engagement and governance is being transformed and explores how governments can harness the potential of digital technologies and data to develop better outcomes for better lives. The paper proposes that in order to maximise the relationship between digital government activity and citizen well-being, government focus should be on benefits that are not only material in terms of the quality of services, but that reflect the intellectual and emotional benefits derived from a different approach to government interactions with its constituents. The paper suggests that the relationship between digital government and citizen well-being is best encapsulated by the outcomes which follow from a government that is responsive, protective and trustworthy.
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 21 (November 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report showcases how triangular co-operation can contribute to achieving ‘green’ objectives (e.g. on climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, biodiversity, desertification, and local environmental issues). Data collected through an OECD survey on triangular co-operation (2015) and desk research uncovered 224 triangular projects targeting green objectives, involving 91 countries and international organisations, out of a total of 658 triangular co-operation projects for the period 2014-18. Given the available evidence (data, evaluations and interviews with project managers), the report shows that triangular activities can deliver green goals in innovative, flexible and cost-effective ways within and across regions – and thus could help accelerate implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals and other international green agreements (e.g. the Paris Agreement). Nevertheless, there are several barriers that prevent further deployment of this modality, including lack of awareness on triangular co-operation among the different green communities, insufficient evidence on the potential of green triangular co-operation, and few dedicated vehicles that can pilot and scale-up successful initiatives. The report proposes a number of recommendations for policy makers to overcome these barriers.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris, France] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 78 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 23 (December 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study provides new insights into factors that enable effective triangular co-operation. These include sound national ecosystems to support triangular partnerships through high-level political will, guiding documents, institutional structures, partnerships, resources and management procedures. Furthermore, against the background of the 2030 Agenda and the outcomes of BAPA+40, a shift of thinking from ‘donor-recipient’ relations to ‘partnerships’ needs to run through political discourse, public opinion, strategies and systems of all partners in triangular co-operation. Moreover, for the first time, the issue of ‘transaction costs’ in triangular co-operation is discussed systematically. Based on the research, interviews, and meetings that were conducted for this study, broad agreement emerged that these are investments in the partnership, and should not be regarded as costs. Finally, five options to engage effectively in triangular co-operation are offered. The decision for one of these five approaches, depends on the specific context of the partners that wish to set up new triangular co-operation initiatives. There is no one-size-fits-all approach, thus this study aims to contribute ideas and policy implications based on existing experiences and evidence.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris, France] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 17 (March 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Gender inequality, conflict and fragility are key challenges to sustainable development. They are inextricably linked: unequal gender relations can drive conflict and violence, while women’s active participation in decision-making contributes to peace and resilience. This policy paper provides practical recommendations for donors and practitioners on how to integrate gender equality into programming in fragile and conflict-affected settings. It focuses on engaging men and boys and addressing masculinities in a transformative manner to change gendered power dynamics and achieve more equitable gender norms and peaceful outcomes.
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on public governance no. 33
    Keywords: Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Over the last decade the Open Government Data movement has successfully highlighted the value of data and encouraged governments to open up information for reuse both inside, and outside the public sector. This Working Paper argues that governments now need to go further and put the role and value of data at the core of thinking about the digital transformation of government. A data-driven public sector (DDPS) recognises that data are an asset, integral to policy making, service delivery, organisational management and innovation. The strategic approach governments take to building a DDPS can have a positive impact on the results they deliver by promoting evidence-led policy making and data-backed service design as well as embedding good governance values of integrity, openness and fairness in the policy cycle. After framing the concept the paper presents the opportunities offered by embracing the DDPS approach and identifies some of the challenges that governments may face in establishing a DDPS before concluding with the discussion of the need for coherent strategic approaches that reflect the role of data across the entire public sector, not only from a policy point of view but from an operational and practical perspective.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris, France : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 12 (February 2018)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Chad ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Chad has emerged as an important counter-terrorism partner in the Lake Chad Basin and the broader Sahel-Sahara region due to its recent political stability and military contribution to security efforts in these troubled zones. However, a closer look at developments in domestic politics, notably the continued and increasingly severe repression of the political opposition and civil society, suggests that this stability may not be built on solid foundations. This paper considers the role Chad has played in the fight against Boko Haram and other forms of regional violent extremism in an effort to take stock of the current threats the Chadian government faces from external actors. It then investigates growing domestic grievances due to an ongoing fiscal crisis, attacks on civil liberties, and a disrupted electoral calendar which risk escalating and destabilising the current government. The paper argues that the mitigation of these diverse and multi-dimensional security threats, particularly at the domestic level, would benefit from an environment that is more supportive of democratic institutions and the rule of law, thus enhancing the country’s prospects for stability in the short- and long-term.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris, France : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD working paper on public governance no. 29
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Public Governance no.29
    Keywords: Ombudsmann ; E-Government ; Nonprofit-Management ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Ombudsman institutions (OIs) act as the guardians of citizens’ rights and as a mediator between citizens and the public administration. While the very existence of such institutions is rooted in the notion of open government, the role they can play in promoting openness throughout the public administration has not been adequately recognized or exploited. Based on a survey of 94 OIs, this report examines the role they play in open government policies and practices. It also provides recommendations on how, given their privileged contact with both people and governments, OIs can better promote transparency, integrity, accountability, and stakeholder participation; how their role in national open government strategies and initiatives can be strengthened; and how they can be at the heart of a truly open state.
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 14 (November 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: mining ; carbon dioxide emissions ; renewable energy ; wind power ; photovoltaic energy ; sustainable development ; energy transition ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Mining activities are energy-intensive and rely largely on fossil fuels to meet their energy demands. This exposes the mining sector to potential policy and regulatory risks, stemming from government efforts to shift the global economy to a low-emission development pathway, as envisaged by the Paris Agreement. At the same time, renewables have become an increasingly cost-competitive source of power generation. This has resulted in a business case for the adoption of solar and wind energy solutions in the mining sector, to reduce costs as well as carbon footprint of operations. The sector’s energy transition also presents an opportunity for resource-rich countries, including developing economies, to foster the synergistic development of higher value added domestic activities in the renewable energy sector. The shift of the mining industry to low-carbon energy has the potential to contribute to advancing the climate and sustainable development agenda, while also pursuing economic diversification objectives. However, the integration of new technologies into conventional power systems comes with risks and challenges. This paper aims to enhance the understanding of the key drivers for, and obstacles to, renewable energy integration in mining operations, based on a review of over 30 existing projects worldwide. The analysis identifies a need for an enabling policy environment, encompassing among others a competitive energy market structure and adequate energy infrastructure, to overcome current challenges and support the synergies between the development of the mining and renewable energy sectors.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris, France : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 18 (October 2018)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Algeria ; Mali ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Military operations have not prevented the spread of jihadist insurgency in the Sahel, particularly in Mali. While some Sahelian elites favour dialogue with jihadists, hoping to negotiate political settlements that reduce or end violence, past political settlements have sometimes set the stage for future conflict. This paper analyses past settlements with jihadists in Algeria and the Sahel, distinguishing between “stabilising settlements” that remove fighters from the battlefield versus “delaying settlements” that allow jihadists to accumulate resources and recruits. Even stabilising settlements carry downsides, particularly when they push jihadists into neighbouring states. The paper also analyses recent efforts in Mali to conduct dialogue with two leading jihadists, Iyad ag Ghali and Amadou Kouffa. The paper assesses that these efforts have faltered due to logistical problems and the state’s ambivalence, rather than due to ideological factors. Although renewed dialogue is more likely to fail than succeed, the paper recommends making further attempts.
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 14 (April 2018)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The food economy is the biggest employer in West Africa accounting for 66% of total employment. While the majority of food economy jobs are in agriculture, off-farm employment in food-related manufacturing and service activities is increasing as the food economy adapts to rapid population growth, urbanisation and rising incomes. Given the importance of the food economy in generating employment, its current structure and projected changes have major implications for the design of jobs strategies. This paper quantifies and describes the structure of employment in the food economy across four broad segments of activities: agriculture, processing, marketing and food-away-from home. It also examines some of the emerging spatial implications, in particular rural-urban linkages and rural employment diversification, which are related to the transformations that are reshaping this sector. Finally, it looks at policy considerations for designing targeted employment strategies that leverage the links between agricultural productivity, off-farm employment and rural-urban areas and ensure inclusiveness, particularly for youth and women.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten)
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 16 (July 2018)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Nigeria ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The scale of unrecorded trade across the border between Nigeria, the region’s biggest economy and market, and its francophone neighbours is particularly high. Despite providing economic incentives, informal trade entails costs, complications and sometimes risks. This paper explores how policy choices and government actions continue to drive informality and the critical steps that might be taken to create a business environment that is more conducive and supportive of trade between West African neighbours on a formal basis. It goes on to examine the steps that have been taken since 2015 regarding trade promotion by West African states and considers the options for further policy action and public investment.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 17 (July 2018)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Since 2014 over 600 000 African migrants have arrived in Italy through the perilous Central Mediterranean route, and nearly 120 000 arrived in 2017. This paper is the first examination of migration motivations at the individual level using nationally representative surveys and focus group data collected in West Africa. Respondents in six West African countries cite economic factors as the reason for migrating and those who wish to stay claim family and love of country as the ties that bind. The study then specifically focuses on Nigeria, the country of origin for a quarter of all Africans traveling through the Central Mediterranean route. Half of the Nigerians were interested in leaving their country of origin if given the opportunity, well above the number in neighbouring countries. Evidence from the six-country survey suggests individuals are migrating for economic reasons but statistical analysis of the Nigeria data reveals a different set of push factors behind the desire to migrate. In fact, economic standing has a limited effect on Nigerians’ desire to leave their home. Instead, individual perceptions of the strength of Nigeria’s democracy are most strongly associated with Nigerians’ desire to migrate abroad, in addition to low levels of trust in local security institutions. Urban and more highly educated Nigerians, especially from Lagos, are also more likely to want to migrate abroad. These findings shed new light on domestic policy steps that could address the grievances and concerns of those who seek to migrate.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 9 (January 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Development co-operation results ; 2030 Agenda ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Results targets and indicators ; Accountability ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Providers of development co-operation can benefit from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), targets and indicators for use in their results frameworks. The paper examines the SDG outcome and performance targets and indicators that fit with the goals of individual providers. It presents a menu of 60 SDG targets and indicators that can strengthen providers’ results frameworks, facilitate data collection and use, and offer improved platforms for dialogues on development co-operation results. The concept of “menu” recognises that individual providers and their partners prioritise different aspects of the 2030 Agenda. They can select and apply SDG targets and indicators to their existing results frameworks in accordance with their respective priorities. Results information is used for accountability and communication and hence tied to political goals for development co-operation. With clearer links to the SDGs, results information can also be used for strategic direction and learning by providers.
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 13 (October 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: social protection ; social insurance ; SMEs ; formalisation ; minimum wage ; Viet Nam ; Viet Nam ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Viet Nam has made significant progress in expanding social insurance coverage in recent years. However, coverage amongst small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) remains very low and very few workers in this sector are expected to receive a pension in retirement. Drawing on two datasets for SMEs in Viet Nam, this paper seeks to explain this phenomenon by examining the characteristics of enterprises that are enrolled and those that opt out, and it identifies possible barriers to enrolment, such as high contribution rates. It also examines how enforcement mechanisms and formalisation policies might deter enterprises from enrolling. Drawing on lessons from international experience, the paper recommends a series of policy responses that seek both to address these barriers and to protect the livelihoods of those workers who are not yet covered.
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  • 22
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Documents d’orientation de l’OCDE sur le développement n° 12 (Septembre 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.12
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Finanzpolitik ; Sozialpolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; !091395178 ; Development ; Togo ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Le gouvernement togolais a entrepris des réformes importantes après la crise des années 90 dans le but d’améliorer les conditions de vie de la population grâce à des politiques publiques adaptées, notamment à travers la Stratégie de croissance accélérée et de promotion de l’emploi (SCAPE) 2013-17. Malgré des améliorations du niveau d’éducation et une augmentation de l’espérance de vie, les défis en termes de pauvreté et d’inégalités restent très importants. Cette étude estime l’impact redistributif des revenus fiscaux (les impôts) et des dépenses fiscales à travers les transferts monétaires, non monétaires, et les subventions, sur les revenus des ménages et les inégalités. Deux conclusions ressortent de cette analyse : la politique fiscale réduit les inégalités au Togo, mais appauvrit les ménages les plus pauvres.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris, France] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 11 (February 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: development finance ; fragile contexts ; fragility ; stability ; aid ; ODA ; strategy ; guidance ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This guidance outlines the process for developing financing strategies for fragile contexts: financing for stability. The process includes the concrete steps to take to deliver the financing strategy, accompanied by financing principles, and a range of tactical investments, that allow financing actors to use financing to incentivise certain behaviours and priority investments, and to invest in enabling conditions and public goods.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 13 (March 2018)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Discriminatory social institutions – formal and informal laws, social norms and practices – restrict women’s rights and empowerment opportunities across 17 West African countries. New laws and measures to protect and promote women’s economic, political and human rights have been accompanied by impressive reductions in gender gaps. However, discriminatory social institutions still constitute significant impediments to women’s access to land assets and restrict women’s physical integrity and decision-making power in both private and public spheres. This holds back women’s education and economic empowerment, thereby decreasing countries’ potential growth. The data and analysis based on the OECD Development Centre’s Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) aims to provide policy makers with the necessary tools and evidence to design more effective gender-responsive policies. Putting social institutions at the core of policy responses may open new and sustainable vistas to promote gender equality in national and regional development agendas.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 15 (May 2018)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Strategies to fight hunger and early warning systems often focus on identifying food crises rather than longer-term trends, and concentrate on rural areas. Data on the food and nutrition security situation of West Africa’s growing urban population is scarce and fragmented. Using geo-referenced information available in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), this report estimates the total number and prevalence of under-nutrition and over-nutrition in West Africa for both urban and rural areas. The analysis reveals that almost 110 million people in West Africa are not receiving the correct nutrition for their needs. Over 58 million people in the region are underweight, 22 million of which live in cities. Another 52 million are either overweight or obese, the large majority of whom are adult urban dwellers. This situation reveals the severity of the “double burden” of under- and over-nutrition. It also calls for greater efforts to identify appropriate metrics to monitor food and nutrition security in urban areas.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris, France] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 10 (February 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: fragility ; financing ; stability ; resilience ; crisis ; humanitarian ; investment ; peace ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study and its associated guidance contribute to advancing thinking and understanding about one of the most significant challenges that the international community faces in fragile contexts: how to provide the right financing. The paper summarises new and emerging instruments and approaches in financing stability and resilience, and points to some of the gaps and challenges that remain in the fragility, resilience and stability space. It is not intended as holistic policy guidance on “how to” engage effectively across international and domestic, public and private instruments in fragile contexts. Instead, the paper is complemented by separate guidance on financing strategies: approaches to better align financing to support the delivery of results at the country-level. The research acknowledges that there are many high-level strategic debates which have yet to be resolved, which concern the comparative advantage and future role of Official Development Assistance (ODA) within a more diverse division of labour in financing, as well as a huge range of technical and capacity challenges ahead. The analysis, observations and conclusions put forward in this study should be interpreted therefore as preliminary contributions to what is a live and dynamic process of debate and adaptation.
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 78 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 12
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Keywords: SME finance ; Intangible assets ; Innovation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The document sets out how intangible assets can be relevant for SMEs to obtain external funding; the challenges and opportunities in this area; and the rationale for policy intervention. It provides some policy trends from a selected group of countries and concludes with some issues to be considered by governments to foster the use of intangibles for SME access to finance. It is part of the 2017-18 Programme of Work and Budget of the Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship (WPSMEE).
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (Leed) working papers 2018, 02
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2018/02
    Keywords: Flüchtlinge ; Soziale Integration ; Sozialwirtschaft ; Nonprofit-Organisation ; OECD-Staaten-seitig ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Significant variation across and within OECD countries reflects the diverse roles that non-state actors can play in the reception and integration of asylum seekers. This variation can be explained by the differences in the organisation of welfare service delivery, the various national schemes supporting employment and the specific legal frameworks allowing for the labour market access of asylum seekers, along with the inclination of local inhabitants to self-organise to face new challenges. Within the wide spectrum of non-state actors that provide assistance to refugees and asylum seekers, this paper focuses specifically on third sector organisations. Through a survey, it assesses the contribution of these organisations during the refugee crisis in Europe, from 2014 to 2016, in delivering reception and integration policies for refugees, protection holders and asylum seekers and in experimenting with innovative approaches. The paper concludes with a number of policy recommendations on the ways governments leverage the innovative capacity of third sector organisations in providing meaningful and effective initiatives to integrate refugees in the society, labour market and economy of host communities.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (Leed) working papers 2018, 03
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2018/03
    Keywords: Migranten ; Soziale Integration ; Flüchtlinge ; Periphere Region ; Regionale Bevölkerungsentwicklung ; Italien (Nordost) ; Österreich ; Schweden ; Deutschland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines whether immigration can operate as a counter-process of depopulation and economic recession. Based on the comparative analysis of four case studies in Belluno (Italy), Klagenfurt-Villach (Austria), Dalarna (Sweden), and Haßberge (Germany), it analyses the key socio-economic factors explaining the successful integration of migrants, refugees, status holders and asylum seekers and examines under which conditions the arrival of newcomers can turn into a local development opportunity for these territories. The case studies feature four remote territories with the following common characteristics: they have undergone significant socio-economic transformations over the past decade, they face a population decline with an alarming outmigration of youth combined with an increasing ageing population, and central governments have channelled recent immigration and asylum seekers to peripheral areas to counterbalance negative demographic trends. Results show that integration paths undertaken by recipients differ significantly across the four territories. However, all case studies suggest that stable jobs and accommodations render remote and mountain localities attractive for refugees and status holders, who are usually more inclined to move to urban centres. Lastly, results from the case studies highlight the importance of designing individualised integration paths backed by social inclusion initiatives that can incite spontaneous collaborations and work relations with local inhabitants.
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 100 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 8 (October 2017)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Gender equality ; women’s empowerment ; conflict ; fragility ; fragile situations ; development co-operation ; donors ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Gender inequality, conflict and fragility are key challenges to sustainable development. They are inextricably linked: unequal gender relations can drive conflict and violence, while women’s active participation contributes to peace and resilience. This policy paper identifies recommendations for development partners based on four case study countries: Bangladesh, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ethiopia and Nepal. It concludes that providing effective support for gender equality and sustainable peace requires an understanding of gender, conflict and fragility that is deeper, wider, and more politically informed than currently, with a strong focus on women as agents of change.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 7 (August 2017)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Results ; results-based management ; results frameworks ; development co-operation ; data ; evidence-based ; SDGs ; Agenda 2030 ; standard indicators ; aggregation ; attribution ; performance measurement ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of evidence from seven case studies of results-based management by development co-operation providers. Analysis of themes from the case studies reveal six interrelated challenges which providers face in their efforts to manage for the results of development co-operation. The six challenges are: linking results to development goals, ensuring the purpose of results systems is well-defined, weighing up the benefits of aggregating and attributing results from standard indicators, enabling country ownership, using performance information alongside results information, and building and embedding a results culture. Providers continue to adopt a range of approaches to pursue a focus on results and there are many examples of good practice. The case studies suggest that in a complex development landscape some providers are prioritising the use of aggregated results information for domestic accountability, communication, and performance management over their use for learning and policy direction. In this context, the paper argues that in agency-wide results frameworks development co-operation results are often detached (or de-contextualised) from development results and discusses the implications of this, including the use of standard indicators to measure aggregated outputs. The paper uses case study evidence to discuss and suggest practical ways providers can build and maintain a strong results focus which enables analysis, insights and learning, and has achievement of development outcomes as its objective.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 6 (May 2017)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Triangular co-operation ; trilateral co-operation ; developing countries ; Sustainable Development Goals ; development partnerships ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Triangular co-operation features in the 2030 Agenda and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda as an instrument to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. It combines the comparative advantages of the different partners involved, creates synergies, promotes learning among all partners and builds relationships based on trust. However, several myths have developed about triangular co-operation projects 1) being small in scale and scope, operating only in niche areas; 2) lacking systematic planning and implementation mechanisms; and 3) having no clear value added. This report addresses these three “myths” by analysing the results from a survey of triangular co-operation that the OECD conducted in 2015. It provides evidence on the “reality” from over 400 projects that were reported by the 60 respondents. The report concludes that triangular co-operation is a highly relevant and strategic mode of co-operation with increasing numbers of projects, budgets and durations, established planning mechanisms and a clear value added.
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 07 (August 2017)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The recent rise of jihadist movements in West Africa, including Boko Haram in the Lake Chad region and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and its affiliates in the Sahel-Saharan region, has puzzled many observers. The easy spread of the jihadist ideology, the jihadist movements’ success in massively recruiting followers among local populations as well as their ability to conquer and administer territories, are unprecedented in the region’s contemporary history. This paper sheds light on the factors and processes that contribute to the emergence of these movements. It argues that the phenomenon of jihadist insurgencies in West Africa emerges as a result of a series of processes at the global, local, and individual level. At the global level, there is the formation and dissemination of the global ideology of jihadism, conceptualised by Muslim activists and scholars based on a particular understanding of Islam and the challenges that are facing contemporary Muslim societies. At the local level, the appropriation of jihadist ideologies by “Muslim activists” who then use it to formulate a discourse which taps into local social and political demands in order to mobilise followers, is key. For a wide range of reasons, certain regions of Africa have experienced weakened state capacity and increased local conflict, and it is in these areas that jihadist insurgencies have emerged. At the individual level, the process by which African individuals decide to enrol in jihadist groups include ideological, situational, and strategic motivations, and these have all been facilitated by deteriorating conditions of life in marginalised areas.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris, France : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 06 (June 2017)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Long seen as artificial barriers inherited from decolonisation, West African borders now lie at the heart of policies designed to encourage regional trade and combat political instability. This rediscovery of the peripheries of the nation state has fostered a proliferation of institutional initiatives that aim to cultivate co-operation between countries, regions and municipalities while ensuring the protection and promoting the interests and rights of the people living in border regions. Despite these regional initiatives, the effective functioning of cross-border co-operation still remains largely unknown across West Africa. The purpose of this paper is to fill that gap, with an analysis of both the social structure and the geography of West African governance networks. On the basis of this structural and geographic analysis, policy recommendations are formulated aimed at implementing policies that are more place-based, more attentive to relations between the actors at play in co-operation, and more specifically adapted to the constraints and opportunities of the West African region.
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 09 (September 2017)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Nigeria ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the linkages between Boko Haram activities in northeastern Nigeria and declined activities in regional agricultural markets. Building on data from both the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) and the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), the paper first considers the geographic distribution of Boko Haram events with respect to market towns and discusses whether there is evidence of Boko Haram activities near markets having influence on declined market operations. Next, it examines the temporal character of market operations and the timing of their changes in their operational status, including market closures, with respect to the seasonality of agricultural production and land use in northeastern Nigeria. The paper measures the frequency of changes in regional market activities and considers spatial relationships and temporal correlations with Boko Haram activities in the region over twelve periods from late 2014 through the end of 2016. Finally, the paper formulates policy recommendations for assessing and mitigating coupled challenges of human and environmental security.
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 05 (March 2017)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Over the past 60 years, urbanisation and cities have fundamentally transformed the social, economic and political geography of West Africa. The number of people living in cities increased from 5 million in 1950 to 133 million in 2010. During the same period, the number of towns and cities with more than 10 000 inhabitants grew from 159 to close to 2 000. A large majority of these agglomerations are secondary cities and small towns that act as hubs and catalysts for local and regional production and supply chains, as well as for the transfer of goods, people and information, linking the local and regional economies to the global economy. The intensity of the spatial interactions of cities has strongly increased with population growth, urbanisation and higher urban density. This paper, part of ongoing work within the Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat to integrate urbanisation and city growth into analyses of major trends in the region, lays the foundation for the development of a systematic method to capture and describe these spatial interactions. It does so by examining four variables: city size, market potential, urbanisation level and local dominance. These variables, in turn, help to define seven different city groups that can be used to classify West African agglomerations. The initial results of this work reveal the diversity and distinctive behaviours of cities in the region, providing a new perspective on urbanisation dynamics and the influence of spatial variables on urban growth rates, the emergence of new agglomerations and the clustering of cities.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris, France : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 10 (September 2017)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Sahel and the Sahara are faced with exceptional political instability involving a combination of rebellions, jihadist insurgencies, coups d’état, protest movements and illegal trafficking. The backdrop to this accumulated violence is a globalised security environment, which blurs the traditional lines between what is local and global, military and civilian, domestic and international, politics and identity. The purpose of this paper is to analyse these patterns of violence. The first section presents the geographic distribution and development over time of the main sources of violence in North and West Africa before examining the events behind the increase in political violence in the Sahel and the Sahara. The second section analyses the patterns of violence, and focuses on the geographic scales thereof and the strategies of the warring parties. In its conclusion, the paper highlights the need to strengthen regional co-operation, restore the legitimacy of governments, and establish inclusive governance solutions in conflict zones.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris, France : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 08 (September 2017)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: West African households were particularly affected by the food price crisis of 2007-08. As these households depend on markets for two-thirds of their food supplies, prices have become a key determinant of access to food. However, food prices are 30-40% higher in sub-Saharan Africa than in the rest of the world at comparable levels of per capita income. These price levels have a negative impact on the purchasing power of households and are a major factor of food and nutrition insecurity. Price monitoring systems need to be updated and strengthened. Increasing productivity, promoting regional trade and supporting food value chain development are three of the policy options available to decision-makers to drive down food prices sustainably.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 3 (March 2016)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: SSR ; Security and justice ; good practices ; Working Politically ; Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Managing change in the security and justice sector is politically sensitive and incredibly complex: it interferes with the foundations of power, is politically contested at both ends of the development partnership, and potentially challenges the interests of established social and political groupings in partner countries. In consequence, international support for security and justice development programming needs to be designed, organised and delivered in ways that adhere much more closely to the political and operational realities of fragile environments. This report analyses programmes in developing countries, extracting relevant policy implications and providing important lessons for future programmes. It draws on experience from nine security and justice programmes in four different countries: Burundi, Guatemala, Timor-Leste, and Sierra Leone, and highlights what has worked and what has not worked in the design and implementation of security and justice programmes in fragile and conflict-affected states.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris, France] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 4 (March 2016)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Donorship ; aid effectiveness ; fragile states ; conflict ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: New thinking on the nature of fragility and risk shows a shift from a one-dimensional understanding of fragility towards a more holistic approach in which degrees of fragility exist on a spectrum. This approach recognises the need for collaborative, regional and global solutions to tackle the root causes - and that acknowledges the need to broaden the use of institutional influences, policy levers and expertise “beyond aid”. In parallel, many development co-operation agencies are working to meet commitments under the newly agreed Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda on financing sustainable development. In this context, the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) commissioned a study on how to work more effectively in fragile, at-risk and crisis-affected contexts. This report identifies 12 lessons grouped into 3 thematic areas: building institutional fitness, aspiring to deliver change, and leaving no-one behind. These lessons are illustrated with a wealth of good practice examples from DAC members.
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 5 (December 2016)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with the Sustainable Development Goals at its core calls to “(…) increase aid-for-trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries.” This call echoes a similar appeal in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development. In response, the OECD Action Plan on the Sustainable Development Goals: Better Policies for 2030 also argues for further promoting aid for trade and ensuring that it supports the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper discusses how aid for trade can contribute to these goals. It argues that the Aid-for-Trade Initiative already takes an integrated and multi-dimensional approach to promoting trade, economic growth and poverty reduction. Aid-for-trade programmes are critical to turn trade opportunities into trade flows, but more is needed to make trade an engine for green growth and poverty reduction for both men and women. International companies are already increasing their financial and technical contribution to building trade-related capacities in developing countries. Strengthening private sector engagement further could be achieved by expanding platforms for project-based collaboration that create multi-stakeholder value. Such approaches will better facilitate trade for development and strengthen the contribution of aid for trade to the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.
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