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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (11)
  • Seo, Niggol  (6)
  • Wang, Hua  (5)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (11)
  • Boston, MA : Safari
  • Florence : Firenze University Press
  • Environment  (11)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Differential Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change In African Cropland By Agro-Ecological Zones (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change In African Cropland By Agro-Ecological Zones
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables
    Abstract: This paper quantifies how African farmers have adapted their crop and irrigation decisions to their farm's current agro-ecological zone. The results indicate that farmers carefully consider the climate and other conditions of their farm when making these choices. These results are then used to forecast how farmers might change their irrigation and crop choice decisions if climate changes. The model predicts African farmers would adopt irrigation more often under a very hot and dry climate scenario but less often with a mild and wet scenario. However, farms in the deserts, lowland humid forest, or mid elevation humid forest would reduce irrigation even in the very hot and dry climate scenario. Area under fruits and vegetables would increase Africa-wide with the very hot and dry climate scenario, except in the lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zone. Millet would increase overall under the mild and wet scenario, but decline substantially in the lowland dry savannah and lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zones. Maize would be chosen less often across all the agro-ecological zones under both climate scenarios. Wheat would decrease across Africa. The authors recommend that care must be taken to match adaptations to local conditions because the optimal adaptation would depend on the agro-ecological zone and the climate scenario
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Long-Term Adaptation : Selecting Farm Types Across Agro-Ecological Zones In Africa (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol Long-Term Adaptation
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems
    Abstract: Using economic data from more than 8,500 household surveys across 10 African countries, this paper examines whether the choice of farm type depends on the climate and agro-ecological zone of each farm. The paper also studies how farm type choice varies across farmers in each zone, using a multinomial logit choice model. Farmers are observed to choose from one of the following five types of farms: rainfed crop-only, irrigated crop-only, mixed rainfed (crop and livestock), mixed irrigated, and livestock-only farming. The authors compare current decisions against future decisions as if the only change were climate change. They focus on two climate scenarios from existing climate models: the Canadian Climate Centre scenario, which is hot and dry, and the Parallel Climate Model scenario, which is mild and wet. The results indicate that the change in farm types varies dramatically by climate scenario but also by agro-ecological zone. Policy makers must be careful to encourage the appropriate suite of measures to promote the most adapted farm type to each location
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Changing Farm Types And Irrigation As An Adaptation To Climate Change In Latin American Agriculture (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mendelsohn, Robert Changing Farm Types And Irrigation As An Adaptation To Climate Change In Latin American Agriculture
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Climate Impacts ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land Use ; Land Value ; Less ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Models ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Climate Impacts ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land Use ; Land Value ; Less ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Models ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Climate Impacts ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land Use ; Land Value ; Less ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Models ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil
    Abstract: This paper estimates a model of a farm that treats the choice of crops, livestock, and irrigation as endogenous. The model is composed of a multinomial choice of farm type, a binomial choice of irrigation, and a set of conditional land value functions. The model is estimated across over 2,000 farmers in seven Latin America countries. The results quantify how farmers adapt their choice of farm type and irrigation to their local climate. The results should help governments develop effective adaptation policies in response to climate change and improve the forecasting of climate effects. The paper compares the predicted effects of climate change using both endogenous and exogenous models of farm choice
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Analysis of Crop Choice : Adapting To Climate Change In Latin American Farms (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol An Analysis of Crop Choice
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types
    Abstract: The authors explore how Latin American farmers adapt to climate by changing crops. They develop a multinomial choice model of farmer's choice of crops. Estimating the model across over 2,000 farmers in seven countries, they find that both temperature and precipitation affects the crops that Latin American farmers choose. Farmers choose fruits and vegetables in warmer locations and wheat and potatoes in cooler locations. Farms in wetter locations are more likely to grow rice, fruits, and squash, and in dryer locations maize and potatoes. Global warming will cause Latin American farmers to switch away from wheat and potatoes toward fruits and vegetables. Predictions of the impact of climate change must reflect not only changes in yields or net revenues per crop but also crop switching
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Ricardian Analysis of The Impact of Climate Change On Latin American Farms (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol A Ricardian Analysis of The Impact of Climate Change On Latin American Farms
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Impacts ; Climate Sensitivity ; Climate Variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; GDP ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Impacts ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Impacts ; Climate Sensitivity ; Climate Variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; GDP ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Impacts ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Impacts ; Climate Sensitivity ; Climate Variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; GDP ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Impacts ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems
    Abstract: This study estimates the vulnerability of Latin American agriculture to climate change using a Ricardian analysis of both land values and net revenues. Examining a sample of over 2,500 farms in seven countries, the results indicate both land value and net revenue are sensitive to climate. Both small farms and large farms have a hill-shaped relationship with temperature. Estimating separate regressions for dryland and irrigated farms reveals that dryland farms are more sensitive to temperature but irrigated farms are more sensitive to precipitation. Examining the effects from future climate change scenarios reveals that severe scenarios could reduce farm earnings by as much as 62 percent by 2100, whereas more moderate scenarios could reduce earnings by about 15 percent. Small and large farms are equally sensitive to global warming. Land value and net revenue analyses produce quite similar results
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Analysis of Livestock Choice : Adapting To Climate Change In Latin American Farms (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (18 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol An Analysis of Livestock Choice
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef Cattle ; Chickens ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy Cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Feed ; Goats ; Livesto ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Income ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef Cattle ; Chickens ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy Cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Feed ; Goats ; Livesto ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Income ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef Cattle ; Chickens ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy Cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Feed ; Goats ; Livesto ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Income ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: The authors explore how Latin American livestock farmers adapt to climate by switching species. They develop a multinomial choice model of farmer's choice of livestock species. Estimating the models across over 1,200 livestock farmers in seven countries, they find that both temperature and precipitation affect the species Latin American farmers choose. The authors then use this model to predict how future climate scenarios would affect species choice. Global warming will cause farmers to switch to beef cattle at the expense of dairy cattle
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Industrial Environmental Performance in China : The Impact of Inspections (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita Industrial Environmental Performance in China
    Keywords: Developed Countries ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Performance ; Environmental Protection ; Industry ; Information ; Monitoring ; Need ; Policies ; Polluters ; Pollution ; Pollution Charges ; Pollution Control ; Productivity ; Regulations ; Resources ; Water ; Water Pollution ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Developed Countries ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Performance ; Environmental Protection ; Industry ; Information ; Monitoring ; Need ; Policies ; Polluters ; Pollution ; Pollution Charges ; Pollution Control ; Productivity ; Regulations ; Resources ; Water ; Water Pollution ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Developed Countries ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Performance ; Environmental Protection ; Industry ; Information ; Monitoring ; Need ; Policies ; Polluters ; Pollution ; Pollution Charges ; Pollution Control ; Productivity ; Regulations ; Resources ; Water ; Water Pollution ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: Inspections have a statistically significant impact on firms' environmental performance in the Chinese city of Zhenjiang, and citizens' complaints have a significant impact on inspections. So stronger information and education campaigns may improve social welfare in the city. - Little empirical research has been done on monitoring and enforcement issues in environmental economics, especially to analyze the impact of monitoring and enforcement on polluters' environmental performance. No studies have been done in developing economies. Dasgupta, Laplante, Mamingi, and Wang explore the impact of inspections, and the potential impact of pollution charges and citizens' complaints, on the environmental performance of polluters in China. Their analysis of plant-level data from the city of Zhenjiang shows that: · Inspections have a statistically significant impact on firms' environmental performance. · Pollution charges do not have a statistically significant effect on firms' performance - although the lack of variation in pollution charges in Zhenjiang precludes effectively capturing their impact. · Complaints have a significant impact on inspections and therefore on pollution control. Currently available data do not allow analysis of whether the cost of additional inspections is justified, but it is reasonable to speculate that additional inspections would improve social welfare in Zhenjiang and that information and education campaigns are probably a good way to encourage citizen complaints. This paper - a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study environmental regulation in developing countries. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Pollution Control in China: The Role and Impact of Inspection and Complaints (RPO 682-44). The authors may be contacted at sdasguptaworldbank.org, blaplante@worldbank.org, or hwang1@worldbank.org
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Valuing Water for Chinese Industries : A Marginal Productivity Assessment (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lall, Somik Valuing Water for Chinese Industries
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Groundwater ; Industrial Sector ; Industrial Use ; Industrial Water ; Industrial Water Demand ; Industrial Water Use ; Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Wastewater ; Pollution ; Production Process ; Research ; River Basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Conservation ; Water Recycling ; Water Resources ; Water Shortage ; Water Shortages ; Water Supply ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Treatment ; Water Use ; Water and Industry ; Economic Theory and Research ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Groundwater ; Industrial Sector ; Industrial Use ; Industrial Water ; Industrial Water Demand ; Industrial Water Use ; Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Wastewater ; Pollution ; Production Process ; Research ; River Basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Conservation ; Water Recycling ; Water Resources ; Water Shortage ; Water Shortages ; Water Supply ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Treatment ; Water Use ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: The marginal productivity of water used for industry varies among sectors in China, but there is great potential for the Chinese government to save water by raising water prices to industry, to encourage water conservation. - Using plant-level data on more than 1,000 Chinese industrial plants, Wang and Lall estimate a production function treating capital, labor, water, and raw material as inputs to industrial production. They then estimate the marginal productivity of water based on the estimated production function. Using the marginal productivity approach to valuing water for industrial use, they also derive a model and estimates for the price elasticity of water use by Chinese industries. Previous studies used water demand functions and total cost functions to estimate firms' willingness to pay for water use. They find that the marginal productivity of water varies among sectors in China, with an industry average of 2.5 yuan per cubic meter of water. The average price elasticity of industrial water demand is about -1.0, suggesting a great potential for the Chinese government to use pricing policies to encourage water conservation in the industrial sector. Increasing water prices would reduce water use substantially. This paper - a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of industrial pollution control in developing countries
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Endogenous Enforcement and Effectiveness of China's Pollution Levy System (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Hua Endogenous Enforcement and Effectiveness of China's Pollution Levy System
    Keywords: Abatement ; Air Pollution ; Economic Development ; Economists ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Performance ; Environmental Protection ; Environmental Quality ; Green Issues ; Income ; Industry ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Pollution ; Pollution Charges ; Poverty ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Standards ; Sulfur Dioxide ; Water ; Water Pollution ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Abatement ; Air Pollution ; Economic Development ; Economists ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Performance ; Environmental Protection ; Environmental Quality ; Green Issues ; Income ; Industry ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Pollution ; Pollution Charges ; Poverty ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Standards ; Sulfur Dioxide ; Water ; Water Pollution ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: May 2000 - How well air and water pollution regulation is implemented depends very much on both the level of economic development and actual environmental quality. Pollution pricing is closer to the dictates of environmental economics than China's formal regulatory statutes would suggest - and there is considerable scope for using economic instruments to reduce China's industrial pollution problems. Wang and Wheeler investigate two aspects of China's pollution levy system, which was first implemented about 20 years ago. First, they analyze what determines differences in enforcement of the pollution levy in various urban areas. They find that collection of the otherwise uniform pollution levy is sensitive to differences in economic development and environmental quality. Air and water pollution levies are higher in areas that are heavily polluted. Second, they analyze the impact of pollution charges on industry's environmental performance, in terms of the pollution intensity of process production and the degree of end-of-pipe abatement for both water pollution and air pollution. Econometric analysis shows that plants respond strongly to the levy by either abating air pollution in the production process or providing end-of-pipe treatment for water pollution. This paper - a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study environmental regulation in developing countries. The authors may be contacted at hwang1worldbank.org or dwheeler1@worldbank.org
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pollution Charges, Community Pressure, and Abatement Cost of Industrial Pollution in China (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Hua Pollution Charges, Community Pressure, and Abatement Cost of Industrial Pollution in China
    Keywords: Abatement ; Brown Issues and Health ; Demand ; Empirical Analysis ; Empirical Studies ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Protection ; Environmental Sciences ; Green Issues ; Incentives ; Industrial Water ; Industry ; Marginal Abatement ; Pollution ; Pollution Abatement ; Pollution Charges ; Pollution Control ; Pollution Discharge ; Prices ; Public Sector Development ; Regulation ; Standards ; Water ; Water Pollution ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Abatement ; Brown Issues and Health ; Demand ; Empirical Analysis ; Empirical Studies ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Protection ; Environmental Sciences ; Green Issues ; Incentives ; Industrial Water ; Industry ; Marginal Abatement ; Pollution ; Pollution Abatement ; Pollution Charges ; Pollution Control ; Pollution Discharge ; Prices ; Public Sector Development ; Regulation ; Standards ; Water ; Water Pollution ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: May 2000 - Community pressure may be as strong an incentive for industrial firms to control pollution in China as pollution levies are. Wang evaluates the strength of the effect that community pressure and pollution charges have on industrial pollution control in China and estimates the marginal cost of pollution abatement. He examines a well-documented set of plant-level data, combined with community-level data, to assess the impact of pollution charges and community pressure on industrial behavior in China. He constructs and estimates an industrial organic water pollution discharge model for plants that violate standards for pollution discharge, pay pollution charges, and are constantly under community pressure to further abate pollution. He creates a model and estimates implicit prices for pollution discharges from community pressure, which are determined jointly by the explicit price, the pollution levy. He finds that the implicit discharge price is at least as high as the explicit price. In other words, community pressure not only exists but may be as strong an incentive as the pollution charge is for industrial firms to control pollution in China. Wang's modeling approach also provides a way to estimate the marginal cost of pollution abatement. The empirical results show that the current marginal cost of abatement is about twice the effective charge rate in China. This paper - a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study environmental regulation in developing countries. The author may be contacted at hwang1worldbank.org
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Willingness to Pay for Air Quality Improvements in Sofia, Bulgaria (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Hua Willingness to Pay for Air Quality Improvements in Sofia, Bulgaria
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Biodiversity ; Choice ; Contingent Valuation ; Debt Markets ; Distribution ; E-Business ; Econometric Analyses ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric Models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Value ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Exogenous Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Future Studies ; Goods ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Payments ; Positive Effects ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Good ; Utility ; Utility Function ; Variables ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Biodiversity ; Choice ; Contingent Valuation ; Debt Markets ; Distribution ; E-Business ; Econometric Analyses ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric Models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Value ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Exogenous Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Future Studies ; Goods ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Payments ; Positive Effects ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Good ; Utility ; Utility Function ; Variables
    Abstract: January 2000 - People in Sofia are willing to pay 4.2 percent of their income or more for a program to improve air quality. Through a survey, Wang and Whittington study willingness to pay for improvements in air quality in Sofia, Bulgaria. Using a stochastic payment card approach - asking respondents the likelihood that they would agree to pay a series of prices - they estimate the distribution of willingness to pay various prices. They find that people in Sofia are willing to pay up to about 4.2 percent of their income for a program to improve air quality. The income elasticity of willingness to pay for air quality improvements is about 27 percent. For comparison, they also used the referendum contingent valuation approach. Results from that approach yielded a higher estimate of willingness to pay. This paper - a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of pollution control in developing countries. Copies of the paper are available from Hua Wang may be contacted at hwang1worldbank.org
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