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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New approaches to spectrum management (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 235
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Today more than ever, spectrum is identified by policy makers as a key asset to support growth in the digital economy. This report provides information and analysis on new approaches to radiofrequency spectrum management in OECD countries. The emergence of new technologies such as cognitive radio and geo-location databases enables licensed or unlicensed shared use of spectrum. These approaches aim at maximising spectrum efficiency by allowing a third party to use underutilised spectrum resources. An example of the success of unlicensed spectrum is that of Wi-Fi networks. The report also covers incentive auctions, an innovative approach to transfer spectrum resources from less to more valuable uses through market mechanisms.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44fnq066c-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Unleashing the power of big data for Alzheimer's Disease and dementia research : main points of the OECD expert consultation on unlocking global collaboration to accelerate innovation for Alzheimer's Disease and dementia (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 233
    Keywords: Alterskrankheit ; Medizin ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: More than 35 million people worldwide had dementia in 2010, when annual costs were estimated at USD 604 billion; the number of people with dementia is expected to exceed 115 million by 2050. Alzheimer’s disease is today considered the prototype problem for the Grand Global Challenge in healthcare. Despite decades of intensive research, the causal chain of mechanisms behind Alzheimer’s has remained elusive as reflected in recent failures of well-designed clinical trials on promising investigational new drugs. The multi-factorial nature of the disease requires the collection, storage and processing of increasingly large and very heterogeneous datasets (behavioural, genetic, environmental, epigenetic, clinical data, brain imaging, etc.). No one nation has all the assets to pursue this type of research independently. In an effort to tackle this huge challenge, the OECD held a consultation on "Unlocking Global Collaboration to Accelerate Innovation for Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia" which looked at ways to harness developments in life sciences and information technologies to accelerate innovation in the prevention and treatment of the disease. This paper reports on the opportunities offered by the informatics revolution and big data. Creating and using big data to change the future of Alzheimer’s and dementia requires careful planning and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Numerous technical, administrative, regulatory, infrastructure and financial obstacles emerge and will need to be hurdled to make this vision a reality.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz73kvmvbwb-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
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    Online Resource
    The development of fixed broadband networks (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 239
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Telekommunikationsnetz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the development of fixed networks and their ability to support the Internet economy. Enhancements to fixed broadband networks remain critical despite the growth in the use of wireless services. In fact, growth in the use of data over wireless networks actually increases demands on fixed networks. Upgrading fixed networks to ultra-fast speeds has the potential to generate significant spillovers; however, the evidence so far is mixed as to whether different types of public intervention are necessary to spur fibre deployment. The report provides an overview of the barriers to upgrading networks as well as the regulatory challenges encountered in spurring the deployment of fixed networks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2m5mlb1q2-en
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  • 4
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    The internet in transition : the state of the transition to IPv6 in today's internet and measures to support the continued use of IPv4 (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 234
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Internet ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report considers the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 alongside the use of network technologies to prolong IPv4 use in the face of depletion of further IPv4 protocol addresses, but it does not aim to address all issues surrounding the transition to IPv6 or to detail the economic incentives faced by various Internet actors. It first provides a status update of address management issues and the run-out of IPv4. It then describes the advantages and limitations of increased use of network address translation as one response to sustain the use of IPv4 in the face of IPv4 address exhaustion. It provides an overview of the IPv6 protocol; the advantages of IPv6 deployment as a response to IPv4 address exhaustion and the IPv6 transition plan compared to actual deployment to date. Finally, the report examines the choices facing individual actors, their potential consequences, and the policy implications on openness and innovation for the future of the Internet.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5sq5d7cq2-en
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  • 5
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    Wireless market structures and network sharing (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (89 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 243
    Keywords: Mobilkommunikation ; Netzinfrastruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A key issue for policy makers and regulators across the OECD area is the market structures that will best deliver efficient and inclusive mobile communication services. This has led to two issues addressed in this report, namely: the recent experience in selected countries, which have changed or held constant the number of facilities based operators; and the initial experience and key questions that have arisen with wireless network sharing. These questions are related because they converge around the issue of how many facilities-based networks are optimal in providing competitive services in the same geographical location. In all OECD countries there are at least three mobile network operators (MNOs), which broadly compete on a national basis, with some countries having four or five facilities-based networks operating nationally or in the same region. Historically, the coverage and capabilities of these networks have been important factors used by operators to differentiate their offers and attract customers. Nonetheless, sharing the expense of network facilities between multiple MNOs can significantly reduce costs, especially at a time when there are demands on operators to roll out new networks or extend coverage.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt46dzl9r2-en
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Cloud computing : the concept, impacts and the role of government policy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 240
    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; E-Government ; Cloud Computing ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Cloud computing is changing the way computing is undertaken. It provides the ability to access IT resources on demand without the need for significant capital expenditure, thereby lowering the entry barriers for new entrants in multiple sectors. Cloud computing has thus become a platform for innovation. This report presents the concept of cloud computing, the services it provides and deployment models, and thus give a clear overview of what it is and what it is not. It provides an overview of how cloud computing changes the way computing is carried out, and evaluates the impacts of cloud computing (including its benefits and challenges as well as its economic and environmental impacts). Finally, the report discusses the policy issues raised by cloud computing and the role of governments and other stakeholders in addressing these issues.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzf4lcc7f5-en
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Skills and jobs in the internet economy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 242
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Wissensgesellschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Both generic and specialised ICT skills are becoming an important requirement for employment across the economy as the Internet becomes more engrained in work processes, but a significant part of the population lacks the basic skills necessary to function in this new environment. This paper examines the impact of the Internet on the labour market in this context. For example, between 7% and 27% of adults have no experience in using computers or lack the most elementary computer skills, such as the ability to use a mouse. In addition, the groups with the least ICT skills tend to be among the demographic groups at the most risk of losing jobs. Data also highlight a potential skills mismatch among those with the strongest ICT skills (youth) and those who actually use them at work (prime age and older adults).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvbrjm9bns-en
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  • 8
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    The economics of transition to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 244
    Keywords: Internet ; Informationsökonomik ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report makes the case that IPv6 represents an example of a platform; within the context of IPv6, the sides of the platform are Internet service providers, backbone providers, device manufacturers, content providers, and so forth. The net benefits to adopting the new platform are not distributed equally across sides. For some participants, such as backbone and transit providers and manufacturers of devices such as routers, the transition to IPv6 has been relatively swift. For these participants the benefits of adoption were clear, and adoption demonstrated the technical ability of the company and fitness of its network. For others, such as many content providers for the Web, enterprises contemplating deployment of IPv6 within internal firm networks, and providers of consumer electronics equipment such as DVD or Blu-Ray players or televisions, the transition has been slower. For them the benefits have not been as clear, and many legacy devices, networks, customers and suppliers have not transitioned.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt46d07bhc-en
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  • 9
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    International cables, gateways, backhaul and international exchange points (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 232
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; Organisationsstruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on the development of backhaul and cross-border networks, which enable local networks to connect to the wider Internet. These local networks may cover a city, a region or even a country. To connect their networks to other networks around the world, operators need access to regional and international high-speed networks. The level of investment required in these networks varies and can be very different from region to region. In some parts of the world, the investment made around the turn of the century was characterised by a “boom and bust”, which fuelled an expansion in backhaul links and data centres. Since that time, investment has taken place at a more measured pace, reflecting growing demand from liberalised markets and leading to further expansion in areas such as mobile and broadband Internet access.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8m9jf3wkl-en
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Intelligent demand : policy rationale, design and potential benefits (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 13
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy interest in demand-side initiatives has grown in recent years. This may reflect an expectation that demand-side policy could be particularly effective in steering innovation to meet societal needs. In addition, owing to constrained public finances in most OECD countries, the possibility that demand-side policies might be less expensive than direct support measures is attractive. Interest may also reflect some degree of disappointment with the outcomes of traditional supply-side measures. This paper reviews demand-side innovation policies, their rationales and importance across countries, different approaches to their design, the challenges entailed in their implementation and evaluation, and good practices. Three main forms of demand-side policy are considered: innovation-oriented public procurement, innovation-oriented regulations, and standards. Emphasis is placed on innovation-oriented public procurement.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8p4rk3944-en
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  • 11
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    Biobased chemicals and bioplastics : finding the right policy balance (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 96 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 17
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As OECD countries emerge from the global financial crisis, several countries have published their plans for the development of a future bioeconomy, an economy in which bio-based materials and production techniques will contribute significantly to economic and environmental sustainability. Such plans typically involve building a bio-based production industry in which fuels, energy and materials such as chemicals and plastics, almost always generated from fossil resources such as oil and natural gas, are incrementally replaced by equivalent or novel products generated from renewable resources. The realisation of this vision will require sustainably harnessing the vast biomass resource. The highest policy priorities at present are on several levels: allowing bio-based materials to compete for biomass on price with bioelectricity and biofuels; rectifying the highly distorting fossil fuel subsidies, heading off future competition for crude oil demand; and correcting for any excessive regulatory impacts. If governments wish to realise a successful bioeconomy in the future, the case for support for bio-based chemicals and plastics warrants serious attention.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwwfjx0djf-en
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  • 12
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    Online Resource
    Connected televisions : convergence and emerging business models (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 231
    Keywords: Fernsehprogramm ; Internet ; Geschäftsmodell ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Connected televisions are defined for the purposes of this report as devices that have the capability to interact with the Internet to display audio-visual content. Connected television is an important development because it permits the provision of certain new and valuable services to end-users. These services will also have implications for the activities of all of the players in the content distribution ecosystem. In addition to identifying the new services that connected television enables, the report analyses in some detail their effects on networks (i.e. the physical communication links that carry content to end-users). The impact on content producers themselves, on content distributors (such as traditional pay television companies), on hardware vendors, and on providers of support services such as advertising and programme guides is considered much more briefly. More detailed examination of these matters could be the subject of future work. The report also includes a discussion of policy implications raised by connected televisions for the actual connected television devices and for network infrastructure.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb36wjqkvg-en
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Consumer policy guidance on mobile and online payments (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 236
    Keywords: Elektronisches Geld ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD Committee on Consumer Policy has issued this policy guidance to boost consumer protection when using mobile and on-line payment systems and to identify ways in which policy makers and businesses can work together to strengthen consumer protection while spurring innovation in the marketplace. The guidance addresses a number of key issues in the emerging mobile and online payment area, including the need to establish minimum levels of consumer protection across payment mechanisms, enhanced privacy and child protection, and standards for transparent and accessible information disclosures
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz432cl1ns7-en
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  • 14
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    Online Resource
    Access network speed tests (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 237
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the approaches being taken to measure broadband performance by reviewing information on official speed tests to date as well as their strengths and drawbacks in methodologies, emerging good practices and the challenges in undertaking a harmonised approach across OECD countries. Measurement projects for Internet connection performance face greater potential hurdles than for traditional telecommunication networks, while at the same time, new opportunities are emerging in terms of “crowd-sourced” data collected through applications installed by users. The report provides classification of those measurement approaches with suggestions on how they can be selected and implemented depending on different policy goals.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2m5mr66f5-en
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  • 15
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    Online Resource
    International traffic termination (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 238
    Keywords: Telekommunikationspreis ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines measures taken in countries that have restricted the ability for markets to set termination charges for incoming international telecommunication traffic by mandating rates below which no market player can diverge. The report explores empirically the effects of the introduction of such policies and finds that an increase of these termination charges reduces traffic (measured by minutes or calls) in such a way that the expected increase in revenue, given the rise of the termination charge, may be countervailed. Thus, the report concludes that these practices are not in the best interest of the countries where they have been introduced or of countries paying the higher termination rates.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2m5mnlvkc-en
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  • 16
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    Consumer policy guidance on intangible digital content products (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 241
    Keywords: Digitale Güter ; Verbraucherpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Digital content, such as e-books and apps that are available through streaming, downloads or cloud computing platforms, has become the fastest growing e-commerce product category. To support further growth, it is important that consumers, including children, understand what their rights and obligations are when acquiring and using such products. In particular, consumers need to know about the conditions under which they may copy and share products, and on which devices the products may be used. They also need to be informed about how their personal data may be collected and used, with whom it may be shared and why, and the type of redress that may be obtained when problems arise.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvbrjq3gg6-en
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  • 17
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    Online Resource
    Workshop on integrating omics and policy for healthy ageing : synthesis report (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 12
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The increase in the human life span is a testament to the economic, social and medical progress made over the course of the last century. However, an ageing population brings some new challenges both to healthcare systems and to medicine in terms of the increased manifestation of specific diseases primarily seen in the elderly. Biomedical innovation, and in particular research into “omics technologies”, offers the promise of new means of detection, prevention and treatment of age-related disabilities and diseases. But the development of these new technologies will not be without challenges, in particular with respect to the difficulty of translating technological advances into innovation in the clinical setting. This report provides a synthesis of a March 2013 workshop organised by the OECD and the Human Genome Organisation (HGO) which focused on latest advances in omics technologies for healthy ageing and the policies and practices needed to facilitate their responsible development and integration in medical research, innovation and health policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb0z52dc5c-en
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  • 18
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    Policyholder protection schemes : selected considerations (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 31
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates policyholder protection schemes in OECD member countries and selected non-OECD countries. It is selective in its scope: it examines the rationale for a policyholder protection scheme; the relationship between certain design features and moral hazard; the role of a policyholder protection scheme within the overall resolution framework; and some cross-border features of these schemes. While the paper focuses on protection schemes for policyholders, it seeks to draw lessons from compensation schemes in the banking and occupational pension fund sectors, while recognising sectoral differences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k46l8sz94g0-en
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  • 19
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    Urbanisation and green growth in China (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (101 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2013/07
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung ; Urbanisierung ; China ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; China, People’s Republic ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper assesses national policy and governance mechanisms that can influence green growth in Chinese cities. It applies the OECD conceptual framework for urban green growth to examine the potential challenges and opportunities for increasing economic growth through reducing the environmental impact of urban land use, transport and buildings; through improving water and air quality; and through fostering supply and demand of green products and services. The paper first situates the issue of green growth within the nexus of urbanisation and environmental challenges now facing China. This is followed by a review of environmental and quality of life challenges posed by rapid urbanisation. Opportunities for national policies to influence green growth in four key urban policy sectors are then examined. The paper concludes with an assessment of governance challenges and considers potential changes to facilitate economic growth while reducing the environmental impact of cities.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49dv68n7jf-en
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  • 20
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    Protecting and empowering consumers in the purchase of digital content products (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 219
    Keywords: Digitale Güter ; Verbraucherschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The spread of broadband, mobile devices and online and mobile payments usage are driving the expansion in digital content products. These can be downloaded, streamed or accessed through Internet Protocol (IP) TV on a range of channels including online retail platforms and social media. While consumer demand for these products has increased rapidly in recent years, a number of challenges undermine confidence in the market. Issues requiring policy attention include: inadequate disclosures about product usage or interoperability limitations; product access and quality problems; unclear rules on the collection, usage and sharing of data provided by consumers as a condition for purchasing products; and inadequate dispute resolution and redress mechanisms.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49czlc7wd3-en
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  • 21
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    Exploring data-driven innovation as a new source of growth : mapping the policy issues raised by "big data" (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 222
    Keywords: Data Mining ; Informationsmanagement ; Wettbewerbsvorteil ; Immaterielle Werte ; Innovation ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Online-Marketing ; Werbewirtschaft ; Gesundheitswesen ; Versorgungswirtschaft ; Transportgewerbe ; Logistikdienstleister ; Öffentliche Verwaltung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report explores the potential role of data and data analytics for the creation of significant competitive advantage and for the formation of knowledge-based capital. Five sectors are discussed in this report as areas in which the use of data can stimulate innovation and productivity growth. They include online advertisement, health care, utilities, logistics and transport, and public administration. The report then maps the areas where coherent public policies and practices are needed to unlock the potential of big data for promoting growth and well-being.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k47zw3fcp43-en
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  • 22
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    Review of the Seoul Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy : synthesis report (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 225
    Keywords: Internet ; Electronic Commerce ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a synthesis of the review of the recommendations set out in the Seoul Declaration of 2008, and their implementation at the national and international levels. It focuses on seven main themes: access to the Internet via a high-speed infrastructure; review of the areas of digital content and green ICTs in the context of innovation and sustainable growth; understanding the data-driven Internet economy and the development of smarter applications; cybersecurity and privacy; empowering and protecting consumers; ensuring an open Internet economy; and ensuring global participation in the Internet economy for development.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43k95fr9s6-en
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  • 23
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    Electronic and mobile commerce (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 228
    Keywords: Electronic Commerce ; Schwellenländer ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Commerce is a fundamental mechanism supporting economic activity. Technological improvements that facilitate commerce can reduce transaction costs, provide more information to participants, boost access to a wider array of products, lead to efficiency gains, as well as result in welfare improvements for the entire economy. This research presents the current state of development of e-commerce and aims to inform policy makers about the need to continue to reduce barriers to e-commerce and highlights emerging market solutions to long-standing barriers..
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k437p2gxw6g-en
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  • 24
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    Biotechnology for the environment in the future : science, technology and policy (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 3
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: There are at least two policy regimes to be considered, one for environmental biotechnology, and another for industrial biotech. Environmental biotechnology is focused on biotechnologies for environmental clean-up, and much of the policy in this area is around compliance. Industrial biotechnology has quite different policy objectives and only started to grow as a field with the worldwide interest in biofuels. Much of the world now has targets for bioenergy and favourable policy regimes to stimulate production and use of biofuels, but sustainability is now a real issue for biofuels production. This should become an international theme as more countries start to adapt biofuels as part of their energy supply.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k4840hqhp7j-en
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  • 25
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    Emerging trends in biomedicine and health technology innovation : addressing the global challenge of Alzheimer's (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 6
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The economic and social impact of chronic brain disorders (CBD) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases will become the number one public-health problem worldwide, directly affecting 100 million people by 2050. On-going demographic trends, namely ageing populations worldwide, are leading to the unprecedented expansion of consumer demand for healthcare services. Healthcare systems worldwide soon will confront a serious crisis as a result of significant growth of the healthcare market, in a climate of shrinking resources.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k44zcpt65vc-en
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  • 26
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    Empowering and protecting consumers in the internet economy (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 216
    Keywords: Electronic Commerce ; Verbraucherschutz ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report is part of a series of papers in the follow-up work to the 2008 Seoul Ministerial Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy. It shows that over the past five years, despite the financial crisis, business-to-consumer e-commerce has grown steadily across the OECD and beyond, spurred by increased Internet and broadband penetration, competition and innovation, which have in turn led to consumer access to a wider range of products at lower prices. The spread of mobile devices, easy-to-use payment mechanisms, as well as participative web tools such as price and product comparisons and consumer ratings and reviews has further provided consumers with a more convenient e-commerce experience. Trust in e-commerce, however, remains challenged by a number of problems requiring further attention. These include complex information disclosures, legislative gaps, fraudulent and misleading practices and privacy threats as well as inadequate redress mechanisms.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4c6tbcvvq2-en
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  • 27
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    Building blocks for smart networks (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 215
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Netzinfrastruktur ; Digitale Dienste ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the development of smart networks and services with particular attention to the implications for communication policy and regulation. The word “smart” has become a term that is frequently affixed to an area where the introduction of networked information and communication technologies (ICTs) is expected to have significant implications for economic and social development. In this document it is defined as: an application or service that is able to learn from previous situations and to communicate the results of these situations to other devices and users. Collection of data will be enabled by the expansion of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications. Large scale processing will be delivered by “cloud computing” services. Analysis of these data will be undertaken around a process frequently called “big data”. These phenomenona together form the “building blocks of smart networks”. Each distinguishes itself from previous similar developments because the size of numbers of devices, data and elements is orders of magnitude larger than that of previous periods.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dkhvnzv35-en
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  • 28
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    The relationship between local content, internet development and access prices (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (141 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 217
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Netzregulierung ; Internet ; Telekommunikationspreis ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This research study is the result of a collaboration between the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Internet Society (ISOC) and UNESCO. The study was initially presented at the sixth annual meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) on 27 September 2011 in Nairobi (Kenya). The study confirms that local content, Internet infrastructure and access prices are three inter-related elements. In particular: (i) better connectivity is significantly related to higher levels of local digital content creation; (ii) countries with more Internet infrastructure (at all income levels) are also countries which produce more local digital content as measured by Wikipedia entries and by web pages under a given country-code, top-level domain; (iii) countries with more international connectivity have lower domestic broadband prices, and countries with better domestic infrastructure have lower international bandwidth prices. The study concludes that three key lines of policy considerations evolve out of this research: (i) fostering content development, (ii) expanding connectivity, and (iii) promoting Internet access competition.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4c1rq2bqvk-en
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  • 29
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    Measuring the internet economy : a contribution to the research agenda (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 226
    Keywords: Internet ; Electronic Commerce ; Messung ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Internet began as a communication tool but has transformed into a universal technology supporting virtually all sectors across the economy, much in the same way as electricity and water networks. Given the importance of the Internet, there is a high level of interest in being able to measure the Internet economy as a way to understand the effects of various investment strategies, regulatory rulings and policy decisions. This report examines and categorises various approaches for measuring the Internet economy. It also introduces a methodology for measuring value added from Internet-related activities, and finds that at least 3.2% and up to 13.8% of business sector value added in the United States in 2011 could be attributed to Internet-related activities, depending on the scope of the definition. Data from 2010 and 2011 show that these percentages are growing over time, highlighting the increasing importance of the Internet in the overall economy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43gjg6r8jf-en
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  • 30
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    Ensuring the global participation in the internet economy for development (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 227
    Keywords: Electronic Commerce ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy (ICCP) has reviewed progress made in the implementation of the 2008 Seoul Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy as part of its 2011-12 programme of work. The review points policy makers to new issue areas that have arisen since the Seoul Ministerial and to issues for possible future work. This report addresses the theme “Ensuring the global participation in the Internet Economy for development”. It aims at analysing key parts of the Internet economy and how these contribute to an inclusive development in emerging and developing countries. It focuses on the following four areas: (i) increasing access to the Internet economy; (ii) promoting applications such as health, education and mobile banking applications and their use; (iii) developing skills for the Internet economy; and (iv) the role of innovation and new business models such as cloud computing for developing and emerging countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k437p2rp4bq-en
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  • 31
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    Privacy Expert Group report on the review of the 1980 OECD Privacy Guidelines (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 229
    Keywords: Datenschutz ; Datensicherheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The work of the expert group played an essential role in a process which concluded in July 2013 with the adoption by the OECD Council of the first revisions to the OECD Privacy Guidelines since their original release in 1980. This document identifies a number of issues that were raised but not fully addressed as part of the review process and which could be considered as candidates for possible future study.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3xz5zmj2mx-en
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  • 32
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    The app economy (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 230
    Keywords: Mobile Business ; Digitale Dienste ; Geschäftsmodell ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Mobile applications, also known as “apps”, are a highly innovative and are an expanding sector of the economy, so policy makers are keen to maximise their innovative potential. Mobile platform markets are fiercely competitive, as highlighted by the recent rise and decline of platforms such as Blackberry, and governments are rightfully allowing market mechanisms to play out with minimal government intervention. However, as the app economy matures, there are increasing calls for transparency on how data is collected and used by apps. Leading mobile platform providers have recently taken steps to improve transparency on how apps access personal data but more can be done to inform users and give them the ability to limit access. This paper provides an overview of the app economy and identifies emerging policy issues related to competition, consumer protection and skills development.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3ttftlv95k-en
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  • 33
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    Cities and green growth : the case of the Chicago Tri-State metropolitan area (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2013/06
    Keywords: Ballungsraum ; Mehrebenen-System ; Stadtentwicklung ; Regionalentwicklung ; Technologiepolitik ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Klimawandel ; Chicago (Ill.) ; Illinois ; Wisconsin ; Indiana ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; United States ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper assesses opportunities and policies for green growth in the Chicago Tri-State Metropolitan Area. It first examines the Chicago metro-region's economic and environmental performance and potential constraints to regional growth, and identifies emerging regional specialisations in green products and services. This is followed by a review of sector-specific policies that can contribute to green jobs, green firms and urban attractiveness, with particular attention to energy-efficient buildings, the wind energy industry, public transportation, and the water and waste sectors. Finally, the working paper considers the role of workforce, innovation and governance policies, focusing on skill shortages and skill mismatches in the regional labour market, ways to make the most of the region's innovation assets, and opportunities for regional institutional co-ordination.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en
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  • 34
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    Local job creation : how employment and training agencies can help ; United States (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) working papers 2013/10
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2013/10
    Keywords: Regionaler Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; USA ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; United States ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How to stimulate growth and support job creation are two critical challenges that countries and localities confront and limited resources require lateral thinking about how actions in one area, such as employment and training, can have simultaneous benefits in others, such as creating new jobs and better supporting labour market inclusion. The OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme has developed an international cross-comparative study, which examines the contribution of local labour market policy to boosting quality employment. Each country review examines the capacity of employment services and training providers to contribute to a long-term strategy which strengthens the resiliency of the local economy, increases skills levels and job quality. In the United States, the study has looked at the range of institutions and bodies involved in workforce and skills development in two states – California and Michigan. In-depth fieldwork focused on two local Workforce Investment Boards in each state: the Sacramento Employment and Training Agency (SETA); the Northern Rural and Training and Employment Consortium (NoRTEC); the Southeast Michigan Community Alliance (SEMCA); and the Great Lakes Bay Michigan Works. The working paper concludes with a number of recommendations and actions to promote job creation at the federal/state and local levels.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k44zcpz25vg-en
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  • 35
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    Broadband networks and open Access (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 218
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Netzregulierung ; Open Access ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines “open access” policies and approaches in various contexts, including fixed and mobile access networks, backhaul and backbone networks, undersea cables and Internet exchange points (IXPs). It finds that open access arrangements share some common elements: they refer to wholesale access to network infrastructure or services that is provided effectively on fair and reasonable terms, for which there is some degree of transparency and non-discrimination.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49qgz7crmr-en
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  • 36
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    OECD consumer policy toolkit workshop on communication services : summary of proceedings (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 221
    Keywords: Telekommunikation ; Verbraucherschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2010, the OECD published its Consumer Policy Toolkit, which provides insights into ways that government agencies responsible for safeguarding consumer interests could improve their policy approaches to ensure that any interventions they make are well-justified, timely and effective. To follow up, the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy is conducting a series of multi-stakeholder workshops to see how policies in key markets could be strengthened, using the framework and approaches developed in the Toolkit. Communication services were the topic of the first workshop, held in October 2011. This paper provides a summary of the proceedings, which focused on marketing practices, contract terms, and billing issues.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k480t1g546j-en
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  • 37
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    Exploring the economics of personal data : a survey of methodologies for measuring monetary value (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 220
    Keywords: Kundendaten ; Wertanalyse ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report takes an initial look at methodologies to measure and estimate the monetary value of personal data. Personal data is creating economic and social value at an increasing pace, but measuring and estimating the value being generated is difficult. This is because not only a huge amount of data is being generated, but personal data is used in many different situations for numerous purposes. Studying the value of personal data begins with comparing methodologies for assigning the monetary values attached to it.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k486qtxldmq-en
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  • 38
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    International mobile roaming agreements (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 223
    Keywords: Mobilkommunikation ; Telekommunikationspreis ; Internationales Abkommen ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report explores principles that could form the basis for good practices in the establishment of international mobile roaming (IMR) agreements between two or more countries. Given the cross country nature of IMR services and, especially, the fact that wholesale prices are determined by foreign operators outside the jurisdiction of domestic regulators, international co-operation is vital to address the challenges in roaming markets. There is a growing number of IMR agreements, usually reflecting the most travelled international routes, such as in the European Union, the Gulf Cooperation Council in the Persian Gulf Region, Russia with Poland and with Finland, and the countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). In addition, there are ongoing discussions between Australia and New Zealand and in the South African and South American regions.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4559fzbn5l-en
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  • 39
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    Mobile handset acquisition models (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 224
    Keywords: Mobiltelefon ; Telekommunikationssektor ; Vertrag ; Telekommunikationspreis ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the relationship between the prices for mobile communication services and some of the most popular handsets used to access these services, focusing on smartphones. The objective is to better understand different business models and how they may affect comparisons of prices. It looks at the question of how the different models for handset acquisition in different countries, and across different operators in these countries, may affect comparisons of service prices. As benchmarking of mobile communication prices provides an important indicator that is used to inform policy makers, regulators, industry and consumers, this paper examines the challenges for such price comparisons associated with handset discounts bundled with mobile communication plans.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43n203mlbr-en
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  • 40
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    Green growth in Brandenburg : an analysis of the regional growth core Schönefelder Kreuz (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) working papers 2013/15
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2013/15
    Keywords: Infrastrukturpolitik ; Energiepolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Regionales Wachstum ; Brandenburg ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Germany ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The transition towards a green economy is a key factor for growth and prosperity in the German federal state of Brandenburg. Future living conditions will be determined by the course set now. We have to decide today how we want to live tomorrow, not only in economic terms, but also with regard to environmental stewardship. I am convinced that there is no alternative to a green transition when it comes to shaping the world to be a place worth living in. There are issues we have to deal with, but first and foremost there are great opportunities to seize. The relevant players in Brandenburg are aware of complex challenges resulting from the present transitional process. They are redoubling their efforts to promote further economic development towards sustainability. This study presents the green growth path of the regional growth core (RGC) Schönefelder Kreuz.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3wb8kmckf4-en
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  • 41
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    Regulatory frameworks for nanotechnology in foods and medical products : summary results of a survey activity (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 4
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Nanotechnology applications have been reported across a number of specific product areas including foods and medical products, which are subject to regulatory oversight in many countries to ensure their safety and, in some cases, effectiveness. As nanotechnology develops, countries/regions have begun to develop, refine, and/or articulate regulatory approaches for foods and/or medical products, and invest in regulatory science and other research efforts to support the responsible development of nanotechnology in these areas. The OECD Working Party on Nanotechnology undertook a project to provide an inventory of regulatory approaches, legislative regimes, and government-sponsored regulatory science research and other research programmes, institutions, and infrastructure in foods and medical products that involve the application of nanotechnology. A survey was carried out and the responses are compiled and analysed in this paper.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k47w4vsb4s4-en
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  • 42
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    Knowledge networks and markets (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 91 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 7
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report aims to shed light on the role of markets and networks for knowledge-based assets. Knowledge Networks and Markets (KNMs) comprise the wide array of mechanisms and institutions facilitating the creation, exchange, dissemination and utilisation of knowledge in its multiple forms. This document provides new evidence on the knowledge-sourcing strategies of firms and their role in shaping innovation activities, according to different characteristics, and their impact on performance. It proposes a conceptual framework for understanding how KNMs support knowledge flows and the transfer of intellectual property (IP) rights, supported by a number of novel examples. It considers more specifically some developments in the market for IP rights, looking in the first instance at the evidence on the size of the market and the role of intermediaries. The role of public policies in the IP marketplace is also considered, with particular emphasis on some new forms of policy interventions such as government-sponsored patent funds. This document briefly reviews some key features of the markets and networks for knowledge originating in public research organisations, as well as the role of intermediaries such as technology transfer offices, whose role has been changing rapidly in recent years. Finally, the analysis of knowledge markets is extended to the market for knowledge embodied in highly skilled employees. The mixed impact of mobility on innovation is noted, considering in particular the use of agreements to restrict the movement of human capital and the potential implications of their enforcement. Some proposals for inclusion in a future measurement agenda are outlined.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k44wzw9q5zv-en
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  • 43
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    Policies for bioplastics in the context of a bioeconomy (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 10
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the development of the bioplastics sector and its role in national bioeconomy strategies. It finds that bioplastics are at a disadvantage compared to some other biobased products, notably biofuels, that often benefit from preferential treatment. It also notes that greater efforts are needed at the international level as regards standards to avoid creating barriers to international trade in bio-based products.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3xpf9rrw6d-en
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  • 44
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    What have we learned from attempts to introduce green-growth policies? (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2013, 02
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Long-term projections suggest that without policy changes, the continuation of business-as-usual economic growth and development will have serious impacts on natural resources and the ecosystem services on which human well-being depends. This highlights the necessity for both developed and developing countries to move to a new growth path that is consistent with the protection of the environment and a sustainable use of scarce natural resources, while still achieving sizeable gains in living standards and reducing poverty...
    DOI: 10.1787/5k486rchlnxx-en
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  • 45
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    Nanotechnology for green innovation (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 5
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper brings together information collected through discussions and projects undertaken by the OECD Working Party on Nanotechnology (WPN) relevant to the development and use of nanotechnology for green innovation. It relies in particular on preliminary results from the WPN project on the Responsible Development of Nanotechnology and on conclusions from a symposium, organised by the OECD WPN together with the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative, which took place in March 2012 in Washington DC, United States, on Assessing the Economic Impact of Nanotechnology. It also draws on material from the four background papers that were developed for the symposium.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k450q9j8p8q-en
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  • 46
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    Public health in an age of genomics (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 8
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of a research project to investigate the drivers and criteria shaping the application of genomic biotechnology to health in different national settings, and the barriers to implementation nationally and internationally. A case study approach was adopted for the project. The findings are based on the active participation in the survey of seven self-selected countries, including both OECD member and non-member countries (Finland, Israel, Luxembourg, Mexico, the United Kingdom, China and South Africa). The report outlines a number of potentially important patterns that are seen to emerge when the country case studies are set alongside one another and viewed in transnational perspective. The data, albeit based on limited evidence from a small sample of countries, suggest a significant divergence in the way that different countries are tending to adopt genomics for public health, which may have important implications for thinking about how genomic science and technology might best be employed in the interests of global public health.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en
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  • 47
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    Toward new models for innovative governance of biomedicine and health technologies (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 11
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines examples of new and emerging governance models that aim to support the responsible development of diagnostics and treatments based on the latest advances in biomedicine. In particular, it presents programmes and initiatives that aim to manage uncertainty in the development and approval of new medical products and thereby to improve the understanding of the risk/benefit balance. It also identifies some of the main challenges for policy makers, regulators and other communities involved in the translation of biomedical innovation and health technologies from the laboratory bench to point of care.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3v0hljnnlr-en
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  • 48
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    Measuring the evolution of Korea's material living standards 1980 - 2010 (2012)
    Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Statistics Dir.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 26 S., 0.71 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2012/2
    Keywords: 1980 - 2010 ; Lebensstandard ; Südkorea ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Based on a production-theoretic framework, we measure the effects of real output prices, primary inputs, multi-factor productivity growth, and depreciation on Korea’s real net income growth over the past 30 years. The empirical analysis is based on a new dataset for Korea with detailed information on labour and capital inputs, including series on land and inventories assets. We find that while over the entire period, capital and labour inputs explain the bulk of Korean real income growth, productivity growth has come to play an increasingly important role since the mid-1990s, providing some evidence of a transition from ‘input-led’ to ‘productivity-led’ growth. Terms of trade and other price effects were modest over the longer period, but had significant real income effects over sub-periods. Overall, real depreciation had only limited effects except during periods of crises where it bore negatively on real net income growth.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9bdcd29b5d-en
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  • 49
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    Review of the 2006 OECD recommendation on cross-border co-operation in the enforcement of laws against spam (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 202
    Keywords: E-Mail ; IT-Recht ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2006 the OECD Council adopted a recommendation setting forth a framework for cross-border co-operation in the enforcement of laws against spam. This report provides information on the progress in implementation measures, mainly based on a questionnaire of OECD member’s experiences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k95tn9rmhq6-en
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  • 50
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    Report on consumer protection in online and mobile payments (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 204
    Keywords: Online-Handel ; Elektronisches Geld ; Verbraucherschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: An examination of payments issues is taking place in the context of the review of the OECD’s 1999 guidelines on e-commerce. This report looks at what might need to be amplified or revised to enhance consumer trust and adoption of new and emerging online and mobile payment mechanisms. It reflects contributions made by national delegations, business and civil society.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9490gwp7f3-en
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  • 51
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    Fixed and mobile networks : substitution, complementarity and convergence (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 206
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; Mobilkommunikation ; Netzinfrastruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the convergence of fixed and mobile (wireless) networks and services. It considers these developments against a long standing question of whether they are complementary or competitive. The report concludes that they are both. Mobile providers have garnered a very large share of traditional services, such as telephony, over the past decade. Nevertheless, mobile networks are dependent on fixed networks and could not efficiently meet the rapidly expanding demand of users without the contributions made by fixed broadband networks. Managing the differences between networks, and their respective strengths and limitations, is one reason there is still tremendous differences in the pricing of some communication services on these networks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k91d4jwzg7b-en
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  • 52
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    Laying the foundation for the internet economy : access to the internet via a high-speed infrastructure (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 201
    Keywords: Internet ; Electronic Commerce ; Nachrichtentechnik ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Since the Seoul Declaration, access to broadband networks and the Internet have constantly increased. In terms of fixed broadband, penetration levels are close to maturity. In addition, further deployments of fibre networks have taken place; however, overall deployment of fibre is still at an early stage. On the mobile broadband side, 3G coverage is high and data traffic is expected to grow significantly. In terms of policies, national broadband plans have contributed to increasing access to the Internet. Some countries have furthermore invested public funds in the deployment of fibre networks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k95z9cvmnr6-en
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  • 53
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    Terms of reference for the review of the OECD Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 210
    Keywords: Informationssystem ; Datenschutz ; Datensicherheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: These Terms of Reference set the context, objectives, scope and modalities for the second review of the 2002 Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks: Towards a Culture of Security.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zq92zhqhl-en
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  • 54
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    The development and diffusion of digital content (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 213
    Keywords: Internet ; Filmproduktion ; Digitale Dienste ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Viewers are watching a growing share of video via Internet-based distribution systems. New digital content distribution services are having appreciable impacts on established media industries and network service providers in many OECD countries. The competitive landscape in media, already complex, will become even more multifaceted. Public policy frameworks in the media and telecommunications sector must be reviewed in light of these developments. This paper argues that convergence should be taken as the rule, rather than the exception. Careful application of best practices can address most policy concerns.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8x6kv51z0n-en
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  • 55
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    E-books : developments and policy considerations (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 208
    Keywords: Elektronische Publikation ; Buchhandel ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Books have undergone a massive transformation from a physical object to something entirely different: the electronic book, or “e-book”. This report provides background on e-book markets and examines various policy issues related to e-books. These include differing tax rates in countries between physical books and e-books, consumer lock-in to specific platforms, limitations on how users can read and share their purchased content, and a lack of transparency about how data on their reading habits is being used.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k912zxg5svh-en
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  • 56
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    Do investors disproportionately shed assets of distant countries under increased uncertainty? : evidence from the global financial crisis (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: International capital mobility and financial fragility 5
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 968
    Series Statement: International capital mobility and financial fragility
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The global crisis of 2008-09 went in hand with sharp fluctuations in capital flows. To some extent, these fluctuations may have been attributable to uncertainty-averse investors indiscriminately selling assets about which they had poor information, including those in geographically distant locations. Using a gravity equation setup, this paper shows that the impact of distance increases with investors’ uncertainty aversion. Consistent with a sudden increase in uncertainty, the negative impact of distance on foreign holdings increased during the global financial crisis of 2008-09. Host-country structural policies enhancing the quality of information available to foreign investors, such as strict disclosure requirements and prudential bank regulation, tended to mitigate withdrawals.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k97fmsjxkd5-en
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  • 57
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    The jobs potential of a shift towards a low-carbon economy : final report for the European Commission, DG Employment (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 136 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2012, 01
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The greening of the labour market will create new opportunities for workers, but also new risks that could undermine political support for green growth policies. Accordingly, labour market and skills policy should also seek to maximise the benefits of green growth for workers while assuring that unavoidable adjustment costs are shared fairly. This report aims to provide guidance for how best labour market and skill development policy can contribute to a fast, efficient and fair transition to a low carbon and resource efficient economy, particularly in developed countries. This paper represents the final OECD report for the European Commission project on “The jobs potential of a shift towards a low-carbon economy” (VS/2010/0618 – S12.576453).
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h3630320v-en
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  • 58
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    Non-governmental perspectives on a new generation of national cybersecurity strategies (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 212
    Keywords: Internet ; Datensicherheit ; Datenschutz ; IT-Recht ; Gesellschaft ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This document brings together views from business, civil society and the Internet technical community on the emergence of a new generation of national cybersecurity strategies. This input was used in developing the report on “Cybersecurity Policy Making at a Turning Point: Analysing a New Generation of National Cybersecurity Strategies for the Internet Economy” (OECD Digital Economy Paper 211).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zq92sx138-en
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  • 59
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    Improving the evidence base for information security and privacy policies : understanding the opportunities and challenges related to measuring information security, privacy and the protection of children online (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 214
    Keywords: Kinderschutz ; Datensicherheit ; Datenschutz ; Internetnutzung ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of existing data and statistics in the fields of information security, privacy and the protection of children online. It highlights the potential for the development of better indicators in these respective fields showing in particular that there is an underexploited wealth of empirical data that, if mined and made comparable, will enrich the current evidence base for policy making. Such indicators would help identify areas where policy interventions are most clearly warranted, and can provide guidance on designing policy interventions and determining their effectiveness.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dq3rkb19n-en
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  • 60
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    Methodology for constructing wireless broadband price baskets (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 205
    Keywords: Mobilkommunikation ; Funktechnik ; Breitbandkommunikation ; Telekommunikationspreis ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD has adopted a new basket methodology for benchmarking wireless broadband prices. It adds to the existing baskets for voice, leased lines and fixed broadband services and reflects the increasing importance of wireless broadband for laptops, tablets and smartphones.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92wd5kw0nw-en
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  • 61
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    Cybersecurity policy making at a turning point : analysing a new generation of national cybersecurity strategies for the internet economy (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 211
    Keywords: Internet ; Datensicherheit ; Datenschutz ; IT-Recht ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyses the latest generation of “national cybersecurity strategies” in ten OECD countries and identifies commonalities and differences. The analysis reveals that cybersecurity policy making has become a national policy priority and relies on holistic strategies supported by stronger leadership which aims to drive economic and social prosperity and protect cyberspace-reliant societies against cyber-threats.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zq92vdgtl-en
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  • 62
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    The role of the 2002 security guidelines : towards cybersecurity for an open and interconnected economy (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , Ill.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 209
    Keywords: Internet ; Datensicherheit ; Datenschutz ; IT-Recht ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the history of the OECD Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks: Towards a Culture of Security (“Security Guidelines”) since the adoption of their first version in 1992. It explains that the 2002 revision of the Guidelines introduced a fundamental paradigm shift in the way IT security was previously addressed, in order to take into account the emergence of the open Internet and the generalisation of interconnectivity.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zq930xr5j-en
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  • 63
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    Green growth and environmental governance in Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 205 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2012, 02
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The report takes stock of the latest developments in the overall economic and social conditions in EECCA countries, market signals and environmental governance arrangements that may facilitate the shift towards green growth, and discusses possible barriers and measures to overcome them. At the same time, the report delineates the possible elements of a more coherent and effective reform agenda. In such a way the report aims to serve as background and a starting point for follow up development of green growth policies in EECCA.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k97gk42q86g-en
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  • 64
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    Regulatory reform of OTC derivatives and its implications for sovereign debt management practices : report by the OECD Ad Hoc Expert Group on OTC Derivatives ; regulations and implications for sovereign debt management practices (2011)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 41 S., 0,95 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on sovereign borrowing and public debt management 1
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9gz2n0sgq2-en
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  • 65
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    Principles and trade-offs when making issuance choices in the UK : report by the United Kingdom Debt Management Office (2011)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 11 S., 0,33 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on sovereign borrowing and public debt management 2
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9gz2mmx0vh-en
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  • 66
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    Environmental claims : findings and conclusions of the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 10 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2011, 01
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Committee on Consumer Policy launched a project to examine ways to enhance the value and effectiveness of green claims in April 2009. In support of the work, a workshop with representatives from government, business and civil society was held in April 2010. This report presents the findings and conclusions of the Committee’s work.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h3633prbq-en
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  • 67
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    Comparing price levels of hospital services across countries : results of a pilot study (2010)
    Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Statistics Dir.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 57 S., 0,37 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2010/3
    Keywords: Krankenhauskosten ; Preisniveau ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5km4k7mrnnjb-en
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