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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (8)
  • 2005-2009  (8)
  • Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep  (8)
  • Environment  (8)
  • Monografische Reihe
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (8)
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  • 2005-2009  (8)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Ricardian Analysis of The Distribution of Climate Change Impacts On Agriculture Across Agro-Ecological Zones In Africa (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol A Ricardian Analysis of The Distribution of Climate Change Impacts On Agriculture Across Agro-Ecological Zones In Africa
    Keywords: Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil
    Abstract: This paper examines the distribution of climate change impacts across the 16 agro-ecological zones in Africa using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization combined with economic survey data from a Global Environment Facility/World Bank project. Net revenue per hectare of cropland is regressed on a set of climate, soil, and socio-economic variables using different econometric specifications "with" and "without" country fixed effects. Country fixed effects slightly reduce predicted future climate related damage to agriculture. With a mild climate scenario, African farmers gain income from climate change; with a more severe scenario, they lose income. Some locations are more affected than others. The analysis of agro-ecological zones implies that the effects of climate change will vary across Africa. For example, currently productive areas such as dry/moist savannah are more vulnerable to climate change while currently less productive agricultural zones such as humid forest or sub-humid zones become more productive in the future. The agro-ecological zone classification can help explain the variation of impacts across the landscape
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Long-Term Adaptation : Selecting Farm Types Across Agro-Ecological Zones In Africa (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol Long-Term Adaptation
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems
    Abstract: Using economic data from more than 8,500 household surveys across 10 African countries, this paper examines whether the choice of farm type depends on the climate and agro-ecological zone of each farm. The paper also studies how farm type choice varies across farmers in each zone, using a multinomial logit choice model. Farmers are observed to choose from one of the following five types of farms: rainfed crop-only, irrigated crop-only, mixed rainfed (crop and livestock), mixed irrigated, and livestock-only farming. The authors compare current decisions against future decisions as if the only change were climate change. They focus on two climate scenarios from existing climate models: the Canadian Climate Centre scenario, which is hot and dry, and the Parallel Climate Model scenario, which is mild and wet. The results indicate that the change in farm types varies dramatically by climate scenario but also by agro-ecological zone. Policy makers must be careful to encourage the appropriate suite of measures to promote the most adapted farm type to each location
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Differential Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change In African Cropland By Agro-Ecological Zones (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change In African Cropland By Agro-Ecological Zones
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables
    Abstract: This paper quantifies how African farmers have adapted their crop and irrigation decisions to their farm's current agro-ecological zone. The results indicate that farmers carefully consider the climate and other conditions of their farm when making these choices. These results are then used to forecast how farmers might change their irrigation and crop choice decisions if climate changes. The model predicts African farmers would adopt irrigation more often under a very hot and dry climate scenario but less often with a mild and wet scenario. However, farms in the deserts, lowland humid forest, or mid elevation humid forest would reduce irrigation even in the very hot and dry climate scenario. Area under fruits and vegetables would increase Africa-wide with the very hot and dry climate scenario, except in the lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zone. Millet would increase overall under the mild and wet scenario, but decline substantially in the lowland dry savannah and lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zones. Maize would be chosen less often across all the agro-ecological zones under both climate scenarios. Wheat would decrease across Africa. The authors recommend that care must be taken to match adaptations to local conditions because the optimal adaptation would depend on the agro-ecological zone and the climate scenario
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: This paper examines how farmers have adapted their livestock operation to the current climate in each agro-ecological zone in Africa. The authors examine how climate has affected the farmer's choice to raise livestock or not and the choice of animal species. To measure adaptation, the analysis regresses the farmer's choice on climate, soil, water flow, and socio-economic variables. The findings show that climate does in fact affect the farmer's decision about whether to raise livestock and the species. The paper also simulates how future climates may alter these decisions using forecasts from climate models and the estimated model. With a hot dry scenario, livestock ownership will increase slightly across all of Africa, but especially in West Africa and high elevation agro-ecological zones. Dairy cattle will decrease in semi-arid regions, sheep will increase in the lowlands, and chickens will increase at high elevations. With a mild and wet scenario, however, livestock adoption will fall dramatically in lowland and high latitude moist agro-ecological zones. Beef cattle will increase and sheep will fall in dry zones, dairy cattle will fall precipitously and goats will rise in moist zones, and chickens will increase at high elevations but fall at mid elevations. Livestock adaptations depend on the climate scenario and will vary across the landscape. Agro-ecological zones are a useful way to capture how these changes differ from place to place
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Endogenous irrigation : the impact of climate change on farmers in Africa (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mendelsohn, Robert Endogenous irrigation
    Keywords: Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Drought Management ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Irrigation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Soil ; Temperature ; Temperature Change ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Assessment ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Drought Management ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Irrigation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Soil ; Temperature ; Temperature Change ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Assessment ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Drought Management ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Irrigation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Soil ; Temperature ; Temperature Change ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Assessment ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Systems
    Abstract: Previous Ricardian analyses of agriculture have either omitted irrigation or treated irrigation as though it is exogenous. In practice, it is a choice by farmers that is sensitive to climate. This paper develops a choice model of irrigation in the context of a Ricardian model of cropland. The authors examine how climate affects the decision to use irrigation and then how climate affects the net revenues of dryland and irrigated land. This Ricardian "selection" model, using a modified Heckman model, is then estimated across 8,400 farmers in Africa. The analysis explicitly models irrigation but controls for the endogeneity of irrigation. The authors find that the choice of irrigation is sensitive to both temperature and precipitation. Simulations of the welfare impacts of several climate scenarios demonstrate that a model which assumes irrigation is exogenous provides a biased estimate of the welfare effects of climate change. If dryland and irrigation are to be estimated separately in the Ricardian model, irrigation must be modeled endogenously. The results also indicate that African agriculture is sensitive to climate change. Many farmers in Africa will experience net revenue losses from warming. Irrigated farms, on the other hand, are more resilient to temperature change and, on the margin, are likely to realize slight gains in productivity. But any reduction in precipitation will be especially deleterious to dryland farmers, generally the poorest segment of the agriculture community. The results indicate that irrigation is an effective adaptation against loss of rainfall and higher temperatures provided there is sufficient water available. This will be an effective remedy in select regions of Africa with water. However, for many regions there is no available surface water, so that warming scenarios with reduced rainfall are particularly deleterious
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Scarperation : an empirical inquiry into the role of scarcity in fostering cooperation between international river riparians (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep Scarperation
    Keywords: Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: The environment and security literature has argued that freshwater scarcity often leads to inter-state conflict, and possibly acute violence. The contention, however, ignores the long history of hydro-political cooperation exemplified by hundreds of documented agreements. Building on a theory that considers the relationship between scarcity and hydro-political cooperation, this paper empirically investigates why treaties are negotiated for some rivers and between some riparians, and not others. The paper suggests that long-term water scarcity has a significant influence on levels of cooperation. Additional variables considered include trade, level of governance among the riparian states, and the geography of the river. Findings confirm that cooperation and scarcity embody a concave (inverted U curve) relationship. Governance has a positive impact on cooperation. In addition, riparians may either arrange the use of their scarce water resources via a treaty or trade (and indirectly exchange [virtual] water). Scarcity, governance, and trade were found to be most salient in explaining levels of cooperation while geography is significant in some of the estimates
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Crop Selection : Adapting To Climage Change In Africa (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep Crop Selection
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Availability of seed ; Beans ; Choice of crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Groundnut ; Maize ; Millet ; Soils ; Sorghum ; Agriculture ; Availability of seed ; Beans ; Choice of crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Groundnut ; Maize ; Millet ; Soils ; Sorghum ; Agriculture ; Availability of seed ; Beans ; Choice of crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Groundnut ; Maize ; Millet ; Soils ; Sorghum
    Abstract: This paper examines whether the choice of crops is affected by climate in Africa. Using a multinomial logit model, the paper regresses crop choice on climate, soils, and other factors. The model is estimated using a sample of more than 7,000 farmers across 11 countries in Africa. The study finds that crop choice is very climate sensitive. For example, farmers select sorghum and maize-millet in the cooler regions of Africa; maize-beans, maize-groundnut, and maize in moderately warm regions' and cowpea, cowpea-sorghum, and millet-groundnut in hot regions. Further, farmers choose sorghum, and millet-groundnut when conditions are dry; cowpea, cowpea-sorghum, maize-millet, and maize when medium wet; and maize-beans and maize-groundnut when wet. As temperatures warm, farmers will shift toward more heat tolerant crops. Depending on whether precipitation increases or decreases, farmers will also shift toward drought tolerant or water loving crops, respectively. There are several policy relevant conclusions to draw from this study. First, farmers will adapt to climate change by switching crops. Second, global warming impact studies cannot assume crop choice is exogenous. Third, this study only examines choices across current crops. Future farmers may well have more choices. There is an important role for agronomic research in developing new varieties more suited for higher temperatures. Future farmers may have even better adaptation alternatives with an expanded set of crop choices specifically targeted at higher temperatures
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impact of Climate Change On African Agriculture : A Ricardian Approach (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maddison, David The Impact of Climate Change On African Agriculture
    Keywords: Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Common Property Resource Development ; Emissions ; Environment ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Kyoto Protocol ; Potential impacts ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Temperature ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Common Property Resource Development ; Emissions ; Environment ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Kyoto Protocol ; Potential impacts ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Temperature ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Common Property Resource Development ; Emissions ; Environment ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Kyoto Protocol ; Potential impacts ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Temperature
    Abstract: This paper uses the Ricardian approach to examine how farmers in 11 countries in Africa have adapted to existing climatic conditions. It then estimates the effects of predicted changes in climate while accounting for whatever farmer adaptation might occur. This study differs from earlier ones by using farmers' own perceptions of the value of their land. Previous research, by contrast, has relied on either observed sale prices or net revenues, sometimes aggregated over geographically large tracts of terrain. The study also makes use of high resolution data describing soil quality and runoff. Furthermore, it tackles the challenges involved in modeling the effect of climate on agriculture in a study that includes countries in the northern and southern hemispheres, as well as the tropics. The study confirms that African agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Even with perfect adaptation, regional climate change by 2050 is predicted to entail production losses of 19.9 percent for Burkina Faso and 30.5 percent for Niger. By contrast, countries such as Ethiopia and South Africa are hardly affected at all, suffering productivity losses of only 1.3 percent and 3 percent, respectively. The study also confirms the importance of water supplies as measured by runoff, which, being affected by both temperature and precipitation, may itself be highly sensitive to climate change
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