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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (28)
  • Merk, Olaf  (16)
  • Höller, Peter  (12)
  • Paris : OECD  (28)
  • Graue Literatur  (28)
  • Regionales Wachstum  (11)
  • 1
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    Prudent debt targets and fiscal frameworks (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 15
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.15
    Keywords: Öffentliche Schulden ; Finanzpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The sharp rise in debt experienced by most OECD countries raises questions about debt indicators and the prudent government debt level countries should target. It also raises questions about the fiscal frameworks needed to reach the prudent debt level and to accommodate cyclical fluctuations along the convergence path towards a prudent debt target. The objective of this paper is to define long-run prudent debt targets for OECD countries and country-specific fiscal rules. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of government liabilities and assets and formulates recommendations for debt indicators. It also reviews the different linkages between government debt and the economic activity. The lessons from these analyses are combined with an assessment of the uncertainties surrounding the development of macroeconomic variables to define a prudent debt target. Different fiscal rules are compared with regard their impact on fiscal discipline and the risk of recession for country-specific fiscal rules recommendations.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxtjmmt9f7-en
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  • 2
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    Effects of pro-growth policies on the economic stability of firms, workers and households (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 12
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Stabilisierungspolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic policies shape how much people earn but also how stable their income and jobs are. The level of earnings and the degree of economic stability both matter for well-being. Micro-level data indicate that, across OECD countries, economic instability is much greater at the level of individuals than at the aggregate level. The present study investigates the effects on micro-level stability of policies that boost growth. Movement from less to more productive processes and firms is at the heart of economic growth, which suggests possible trade-offs between growth and micro-level stability. The analysis indeed finds policy changes that boost growth but increase micro-level instability: reducing the progressivity or size of social transfers (including unemployment benefits) as well as moving from very to moderately tight restrictions on the competition for goods and services and on the dismissal of regular workers. However, the analysis also uncovers that moving to highly competitive policies generally reduces micro-level instability.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js3777tdqjf-en
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  • 3
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    Finance and inclusive growth (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 14
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Lohnstruktur ; Einkommensverteilung ; Kapitalbeteiligung ; Gini-Koeffizient ; Finanzmarktregulierung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Bankinsolvenz ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Aktienmarkt ; G20-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finance is a vital ingredient for economic growth, but there can also be too much of it. This study investigates what fifty years of data for OECD countries have to say about the role of the financial sector for economic growth and income inequality and draws policy implications. Over the past fifty years, credit by banks and other intermediaries to households and businesses has grown three times as fast as economic activity. In most OECD countries, further expansion is likely to slow rather than boost growth. The composition of finance matters for growth. More credit to the private sector slows growth in most OECD countries, but more stock market financing boosts growth. Credit is a stronger drag on growth when it goes to households rather than businesses. Financial expansion fuels greater income inequality because higher income people can benefit more from the greater availability of credit and because the sector pays high wages. Higher income people can and do borrow more, so that they can gain more than others from the investment opportunities that they identify. The financial sector pays wages which are above what employees with similar profiles earn in the rest of the economy. This premium is particularly large for top income earners. There is no trade-off between financial reform, growth and income equality in the long term. In the short term, measures to avoid accumulating too much credit can, however, restrain growth temporarily. A healthy contribution of the financial sector to inclusive growth requires strong capital buffers, measures to reduce explicit and implicit subsidies to toobig- to-fail financial institutions and tax reforms to promote neutrality between debt and equity financing
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js06pbhf28s-en
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  • 4
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    Vulnerability of social institutions (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 11
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Altersvorsorge ; Indonesien ; BRICS-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Social institutions face many challenges. The recent economic crisis has provided a stress test as it has left a legacy of high unemployment and high government debt in many countries. It also lowered potential output and thus the revenue base for social protection schemes. At the same time, ageing and other secular trends raise long-term sustainability issues. The design of social institutions determines their capacity to deal with shocks and trend changes and the way risks are shared between the institutions and their stakeholders. They also circumscribe the scope for automatic or discretionary adjustments, when trade-offs between sustainability, adequacy and efficiency arise. This report examines the sustainability of social institutions and their ability to absorb and cope with short-term shocks and longer-term trends by providing risk sharing and expenditure smoothing, focusing on pension, health care and unemployment insurance schemes.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158r4q0zn-en
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  • 5
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    Metropolitan governance of transport and land use in Chicago (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/08
    Keywords: Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Stadtverkehr ; Kommunale Infrastruktur ; Öffentlicher Nahverkehr ; Ballungsraum ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Chicago (Ill.) ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; United States ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study aims to assess the degree of institutional fragmentation of transport and land use planning in Chicago and to assess the main challenges related to this institutional fragmentation. It provides an overview of local governments in metropolitan Chicago and mechanisms for metropolitan coordination, including organisations at the metropolitan scale, dealing with planning, land use and transport. Five main challenges related to institutional fragmentation in transport and land use planning are identified: a lack of (1) interconnectivity, (2) coherence across transit modes, (3) regional freight planning, (4) accountability and (5) implementation power of regional planning and transport objectives. These challenges are analysed. The concluding section suggests some avenues for reform that could be explored in order to overcome the challenges of metropolitan fragmentation in transport and land use in Chicago.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzjs6lp65k-en
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  • 6
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    Growth policies and macroeconomic stability (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 8
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Konjunktur ; Volatilität ; Schock ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy reforms aimed at boosting long-run growth often have side effects – positive or negative – on an economy’s vulnerability to shocks and their propagation. Macroeconomic shocks as severe and protracted as those since 2007 warrant a reconsideration of the role growth-promoting policies play in shaping the vulnerability and resilience of an economy to macroeconomic shocks. Against this background, this paper looks at a vast array of policy recommendations by the OECD that promote longterm growth – contained in Going for Growth and the Economic Outlook – and attempts to establish whether they underpin macroeconomic stability or whether there is a trade-off.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8t849335d-en
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  • 7
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    The competitiveness of global port-cities : the case of Mersin – Turkey (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2013/01
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Merk, Olaf The competitiveness of global port-cities
    Keywords: Regionales Wachstum ; Stadtwachstum ; Hafenentwicklung ; Icel ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Turkey ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper offers an evaluation of the performance of the port of Mersin, an analysis of the impact of the port on its territory and an assessment of policies and governance in this field. It examines port performance over the last decades and identifies the principal factors that have contributed to it. The effect of the ports on economic and environmental questions is studied and quantified where possible. The value added of the port cluster of Mersin is calculated and its interlinkages with other economic sectors in Turkey delineated. The major policies governing the ports are assessed, along with policies governing transport and economic development, the environment and spatial planning. These include measures instituted by the port authorities, as well as by local, regional and national governments. Governance mechanisms at these different levels are described and analysed. Based on the report’s findings, recommendations are proposed with a view to improving port performance and increasing the positive effects of the port of Mersin on its territory.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4c43014plt-en
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  • 8
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    The effectiveness of port-city policies : a comparative approach (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2013/25
    Keywords: Hafen ; Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Hauptkomponentenanalyse ; Hafenentwicklung ; Politikfeldanalyse ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The relation between ports and their cities have evolved: it is no longer evident that well-functioning ports have automatically a net positive impact on the port-city. There are various trajectories and many ports and port-cities attempt to stimulate port-city development by a range of public policies. Yet, little is known about effectiveness of policies to promote performance of ports and port-cities. This paper aims at filling this gap, by assessing the effectiveness of port-city policies, within various policy areas including port development, port-city economic development, transportation, environment, research and development, spatial development and communication. This is done via a principal component analysis (PCA), based on a database constructed for the purpose of this paper with outcome variables and scores of policies for a set of 27 large world port-cities, that makes it possible to identify policies that are associated with effective policy outcomes and show patterns of related policy outcomes and policies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3ttg8zn1zt-en
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  • 9
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    The competitiveness of global port-cities : synthesis report (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (183 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2013/13
    Keywords: Hafen ; Stadtwachstum ; Interregionaler Handel ; Verkehrspolitik ; Regionales Wachstum ; Regionalentwicklung ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Welt ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides a synthesis of main findings from the OECD Port-Cities Programme, created in 2010 in order to assess the impact of ports on their cities and provide policy recommendations to increase the positive impacts of ports on their cities.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k40hdhp6t8s-en
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  • 10
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    The port and its environment : methodological approach for economic appraisal (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , Ill.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2013/24
    Keywords: Hafen ; Hafenpolitik ; Stadtentwicklung ; Stadterneuerung ; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In times of increasing environmental awareness, the port-city relationship has gained a new meaning since ports have been seen as the origin of both negative and positive externalities affecting the public wellbeing. While the former are the result of port expansion, the latter are the result of transforming obsolete port areas into recreational facilities. Therefore, in order to support effective policy-making, in this research is emphasized the need of measuring these environmental externalities. Considering their non-market nature, the contingent valuation method is introduced as an economic tool capable of overcoming this obstacle. Thus, the cases of two ports in Spain, namely Valencia and Castellón, are reviewed. The policy implications of this are discussed with the aim to improve the understanding of the changing relationship between ports and cities.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3v1dvb1dd2-en
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  • 11
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    The competitiveness of global port-cities : the case of Hong Kong – China (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2013/16
    Keywords: Megastadt ; Hafen ; Stadtwachstum ; Interregionaler Handel ; Verkehrspolitik ; Regionales Wachstum ; Regionalentwicklung ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Hongkong ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; China, People’s Republic ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper offers an evaluation of the performance of the port of Hong Kong, an analysis of the impact of the port on the territory and an assessment of policies in this field. It examines port performance over the last decades and identifies the principal factors that have contributed to it. The effect of the port on economic and environmental questions is studied and quantified where possible. The major policies governing the port are assessed, along with policies governing transport and economic development, the environment and spatial planning. Based on the report’s findings, recommendations are proposed with a view to improving port performance and increasing the positive effects of the port of Hong Kong.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3wdkjtzp0w-en
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  • 12
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    The competitiveness of global port-cities : the case of Rotterdam/Amsterdam – the Netherlands (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2013/08
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Merk, Olaf The competitiveness of global port-cities
    Keywords: Regionales Wachstum ; Stadtwachstum ; Hafenentwicklung ; Rotterdam ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Netherlands ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper offers an evaluation of the performance of the ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam, an analysis of the impact of these ports on their territory and an assessment of policies and governance in this field. It examines port performance over the last decades and identifies the principal factors that have contributed to it. The effect of the ports on economic and environmental questions is studied and quantified where possible. The value added of the port clusters of Rotterdam and Amsterdam is calculated and its interlinkages with other economic sectors and regions in the Netherlands delineated. The major policies governing the ports are assessed, along with policies governing transport and economic development, the environment and spatial planning. These include measures instituted by the port authorities, as well as by local, regional and national governments. Governance mechanisms at these different levels are described and analysed. Based on the report‘s findings, recommendations are proposed with a view to improving port performance and increasing the positive effects of the ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam on their territory.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k46pghnvdvj-en
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  • 13
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    The competitiveness of global port-cities : the case of Danube Axis (Bratislava, Štúrovo, Komárno – Slovak Republic) (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English , Slovak
    Pages: Online-Ressource (106 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2013/14
    Keywords: Binnenhafen ; Interregionaler Handel ; Verkehrspolitik ; Regionales Wachstum ; Regionalentwicklung ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Slowakei ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Slovak Republic ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper offers an evaluation of the performance of the inland ports of the Slovak Republic within the framework of the Danube Axis, an analysis of the impact of the ports on their territory and an assessment of policies in this field. It examines port performance over the last decades and identifies the principal factors that have contributed to it. The effect of the port on economic and environmental questions is studied and quantified where possible. The major policies governing the ports are assessed, along with policies governing transport and economic development, the environment and spatial planning. Based on the report’s findings, recommendations are proposed with a view to improving port performance and increasing the positive effects of the inland ports of Slovak Republic.
    Note: Text in engl. und slowakischer Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k408j180xr8-en
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  • 14
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    The competitiveness of global port-cities : the case of Shanghai – China (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English , Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (147 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2013/23
    Keywords: Megastadt ; Hafen ; Stadtwachstum ; Interregionaler Handel ; Verkehrspolitik ; Regionales Wachstum ; Regionalentwicklung ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Shanghai ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; China, People’s Republic ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper offers an evaluation of the performance of the port of Shanghai, an analysis of the impact of the port on its territory and an assessment of policies in this field. It examines port performance over the last decades and identifies the principal factors that have contributed to it. The effect of the port on economic and environmental questions is studied and quantified where possible. The major policies governing the port are assessed, along with policies governing transport and economic development, the environment and spatial planning. Based on the report’s findings, recommendations are proposed with a view to improving port performance and increasing the positive effects of the port of Shanghai.
    Note: Text in engl. und chin. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3wd3bnz7tb-en
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  • 15
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    The competitiveness of global port-cities : the case of Antofagasta – Chile (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2013/15
    Keywords: Hafen ; Stadtwachstum ; Interregionaler Handel ; Verkehrspolitik ; Regionales Wachstum ; Regionalentwicklung ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Chile ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Chile ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper offers an evaluation of the performance of ports of Antofagasta, an analysis of the impact of the ports on their territory and an assessment of policies in this field. It examines port performance over the last decades and identifies the principal factors that have contributed to it. The effect of the port on economic and environmental questions is studied and quantified where possible. The major policies governing the ports are assessed, along with policies governing transport and economic development, the environment and spatial planning. Based on the report’s findings, recommendations are proposed with a view to improving port performance and increasing the positive effects of the ports of Antofagasta.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4067cb267k-en
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  • 16
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    How much is needed and how to reduce debt to a prudent level? (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Fiscal consolidation 1
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 932
    Series Statement: Fiscal consolidation
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h28rhqnxt-en
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  • 17
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    Ports and regional development : a European perspective (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2012/07
    Keywords: 2000-2006 ; Regionalentwicklung ; Regionales Wachstum ; Hafen ; Westeuropa ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies the impact of port activity on regional employment, analysing approximately 560 western European regions, including the largest OECD European ports (116 ports), from 2000-06. The empirical analysis is based on a set of employment equations using the Blundell and Bond (1998) GMM-System estimator that takes into account persistence effects in employment, regional unobserved time-invariant heterogeneity and endogeneity of port activity. Our main findings are (1) regional employment is positively correlated to port throughput, while the number of passengers is not; (2) the impact of port throughput on employment might depend on the institutional characteristics of each port, with private ports having the largest impact on regional employment of the host region if compared with those operating under different governance models (“Hanseatic”, “Latin”); (3) there is a higher impact of port throughput when liquid bulk is not considered; and (4) the main results are confirmed when service and manufacturing employment rather than total employment are considered.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92z71jsrs6-en
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  • 18
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    The competitiveness of global port-cities : the case of Helsinki - Finland (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2012/08
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Merk, Olaf The competitiveness of global port-cities
    Keywords: Regionales Wachstum ; Stadtwachstum ; Hafenentwicklung ; Helsinki ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper offers an evaluation of the performance of the Port of Helsinki, as well as an analysis of the port?s impact on its territory and an assessment of relevant policies and governance. It examines declining port performance in the last decade and identifies the principal factors that have contributed to it. In addition, the report studies the potential for synergies between the Helsinki and HaminaKotka ports. The study also considers the effect of these ports on economic and environmental questions. Specifically, the paper outlines the impact of the Helsinki port?s operations, and shows how its activities spill over into other regions. The report also assesses major policies governing the port, as well as transport and economic development, the environment and spatial planning. These policies include measures instituted by the Helsinki Port Authority and local, regional and national governments. Governance mechanisms at these different levels are described and analysed. Based on the report?s findings, proposed recommendations aim to improve port performance and increase the positive effects of the port on its territory.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92z70x5v7g-en
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  • 19
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    Top incomes (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Less income inequality and more growth : are they compatible? 4
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 927
    Series Statement: Less income inequality and more growth
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h28wm6qmn-en
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  • 20
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    Options for benchmarking infrastructure performance (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 956
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Three main approaches can be used to assess infrastructure performance. The first employs macro-econometric techniques to estimate the impact of the existing infrastructure capital stock on growth and to infer its growth-maximising level. This approach neglects the impact of infrastructure on some dimensions of social welfare, such as pollution. The second relies on ex-ante or ex-post cost-benefit analyses of infrastructure projects. These take into account desirable and undesirable outcomes and provide thus a welfare perspective, but this approach would not allow comparing the performance of the existing infrastructure stock. A third approach aims at benchmarking the social efficiency of infrastructure service provision based on the existing capital stock taking into account positive and negative externalities. This paper analyses the challenges in implementing these approaches.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9b7bnbxjwl-en
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  • 21
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    Competitiveness of port-cities : the case of Marseille-Fos - France (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2012/11
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Merk, Olaf Competitiveness of port-cities
    Keywords: Regionales Wachstum ; Stadtwachstum ; Hafenentwicklung ; Marseille ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; France ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper offers an evaluation of the performance of the port of Marseille-Fos, an analysis of the impact of the port on its territory and an assessment of policies and governance in this field. It examines declining port performance over the last decades and identifies the principal factors that have contributed to it. The effect of the ports on economic and environmental questions is studied and quantified where possible. The value added of the port cluster of Marseille-Fos is calculated and its interlinkages with other economic sectors and other regions in France delineated. The paper outlines the impact of the ports? operations, and shows how their activities spill over into other regions than the one in which the port of Marseille-Fos is located. The major policies governing the ports are assessed, along with policies governing transport and economic development, the environment and spatial planning. These include measures instituted by the port authorities, as well as by local, regional and national governments. Governance mechanisms at these different levels are described and analysed. Based on the report?s findings, recommendations are proposed with a view to improving port performance and increasing the positive effects of the port of Marseille-Fos on its territory.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8x9b92cnnv-en
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  • 22
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    Debt and macroeconomic stability : an overview of the literature and some empirics (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1006
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How does debt affect macroeconomic stability? The answer to this question has important implications, because both public and private debt levels have reached historic highs across the OECD. While accumulating debt can help smooth real activity, at high levels debt creates weaknesses in corporate, household and government balance sheets. High debt levels can create vulnerabilities, which amplify and transmit macroeconomic and asset price shocks across the economy and internationally. The empirical evidence shows that high debt levels impair the ability of households and enterprises to smooth consumption and investment and of governments to cushion adverse shocks. The empirical evidence also suggests that when private sector debt levels, particularly for households, rise above trend the likelihood of recession increases. Furthermore, when debt levels are high, recessions tend to be more severe.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k8xb75txzf5-en
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  • 23
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    Efficiency of world ports in container and bulk cargo (oil, coal, ores and grain) (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2012/09
    Keywords: Hafenwirtschaft ; Containerverkehr ; Massengutschifffahrt ; Tankschifffahrt ; Effizienz ; Performance-Messung ; Transportkosten ; Welt ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Port efficiency is an important indicator of port performance; more efficient ports lower transportation costs and facilitate imports and exports of a country. Despite the importance of the subject, the exisiting port efficiency studies have almost exclusively focused on container ports. This Working Paper aims to fill that gap by calculating efficiency scores of world ports per cargo type (containers, oil, coal, iron ore and grain). These calculcations have been made using a database constructed for this purpose. Several findings can be derived from these calculations. Significant improvements can be made when the technical efficiency of ports is increased. Among the sample, gaps between terminal efficiency mostly reflected gaps in pure technical efficiency. When comparing the level of efficiency achieved by ports across commodities, technical gaps were more marked for container and oil terminals. Promoting policies to raise throughput levels in order to minimise production scale inefficiencies is another important area for improvement. Production scale inefficiencies arise when throughput levels are below or above optimal levels given the current capacity of terminal infrastructure. Such inefficiencies were mostly found in a substantial number of ports handling crude oil and iron ore, suggesting that efficiency is more sensitive and driven by exogenous factors related to traffic flows. The analysis also shows that the size of ports matters for port efficiency. The crude oil, iron-ore and grain ports have higher efficiency scores at larger total port size, suggesting that this size is more efficient because they can drive technological development. Finally, there are regional patterns emerging across commodities. Terminals in China are among the most efficient in handling coal bulk and containers with terminals in Southeast Asia. By contrast, the most efficient grain and iron-ore terminals are located in Latin America, and the most efficient crude-oil transhipment terminals are mostly found in the Gulf region. Further, Australia is also found to perform well in handling coal bulk and grains.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92vgw39zs2-en
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  • 24
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    Fiscal consolidation : how much, how fast and by what means? ; an economic outlook report (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 31 S., 5.95 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 1
    Keywords: Haushaltskonsolidierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The economic and financial crisis was the catalyst for a fiscal crisis that engulfs many OECD countries. Consolidating public finances in order to address the consequences of the crisis, underlying weaknesses and also future spending pressures creates important challenges. Fiscal consolidation requires choices to be made about how much consolidation is needed, how fast it should be implemented and which instruments should be used. Estimates of fiscal gaps suggest that substantial and sustained fiscal tightening will be needed in nearly all countries to bring debt down to prudent levels. However, given a weak global economy, implementing a large fiscal tightening could be particularly costly. Structuring consolidation packages to use instruments with low multipliers initially and enhancing the institutional framework for fiscal policy to lend greater credibility to the commitment to consolidate over time may help minimise the trade-offs with growth in the short run. In most countries there is scope to target spending programmes more effectively and eliminate distortions in taxation. Such measures, buttressed by structural reforms, such as to unsustainable pension systems, can underpin fiscal sustainability, while minimising the costs to long-run growth.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9bj10bz60t-en
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  • 25
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    The competitiveness of global port-cities : the case of Hamburg - Germany (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 48 S., 1,71 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2012/06
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Merk, Olaf The competitiveness of global port-cities
    Keywords: Regionales Wachstum ; Stadtwachstum ; Hafenentwicklung ; Hamburg ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Germany ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper offers an evaluation of the performance of the Port of Hamburg, as well as an analysis of the port?s impact on its territory and an assessment of relevant policies and governance. It examines port performance in the last decade and identifies the principal factors that have contributed to it. In addition, the report studies the potential for synergies between the Hamburg and Bremerhaven ports. The study also considers the effect of these ports on economic and environmental questions. The value added of the port cluster of Hamburg is calculated, and its linkages with other economic sectors and regions in Germany are delineated. Specifically, the paper outlines the impact of the port?s operations, and shows how its activities spill over into other regions. The report also assesses major policies governing the port, as well as transport and economic development, the environment and spatial planning. These policies include measures instituted by the port authority and local, regional and national governments. Governance mechanisms at these different levels are described and analysed. Based on the report?s findings, proposed recommendations aim to improve port performance and increase the positive effects of the port on its territory.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k97g3hm1gvk-en
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  • 26
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    Debt and macroeconomic stability (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1003
    Keywords: Schulden ; Konjunktur ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Debt levels have surged since the mid-1990s and have reached historic highs across the OECD. High debt levels can create vulnerabilities, which amplify and transmit macroeconomic and asset price shocks. Furthermore, high debt levels hinder the ability of households and enterprises to smooth consumption and investment and of governments to cushion adverse shocks. The empirical evidence suggests that when private sector debt levels, particularly for households, rise above trend the likelihood of recession increases. Measures of financial leverage give less warning and typically only deteriorate once the economy begins to slow and asset prices are falling. Government debt typically rises after the onset of a recession, suggesting that there is a migration of debt across balance sheets. Some policies, such as robust micro prudential regulation and frameworks to deal with debt overhangs and maintain public debt at prudent levels, can help economies withstand adverse shocks. Other policy options, such as addressing biases in tax codes that favour debt financing and targeted macro-prudential policies, will help bring down debt levels and address future run ups in debt.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8xb76rhstl-en
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  • 27
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    Financing green urban infrastructure (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2012/10
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung ; Städtischer Freiraum ; Kommunale Infrastruktur ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents an overview of practices and challenges related to financing green sustainable cities. Cities are essential actors in stimulating green infrastructure; and urban finance is one of the promising ways in which this can be achieved. Cities are key investors in infrastructure with green potential, such as buildings, transport, water and waste. Their main revenue sources, such as property taxes, transport fees and other charges, are based on these same sectors; cities thus have great potential to ?green? their financial instruments. At the same time, increased public constraints call for a mobilisation of new sources of finance and partnerships with the private sector. This working paper analyses several of these sources: public-private partnerships, tax-increment financing, development charges, value-capture taxes, loans, bonds and carbon finance. The challenge in mobilising these instruments is to design them in a green way, while building capacity to engage in real co-operative and flexible arrangements with the private sector.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92p0c6j6r0-en
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  • 28
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    Mapping income inequality across the OECD (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Less income inequality and more growth : are they compatible? 1
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 924
    Series Statement: Less income inequality and more growth
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Clusteranalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en
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