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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (101)
  • 2020-2024  (59)
  • 2005-2009  (42)
  • Independent Evaluation Group  (50)
  • Wolfowitz, Paul  (33)
  • Deininger, Klaus  (18)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (101)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (101)
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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (101)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (234 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Climate Action ; Formal Land Registries ; Land Institutions ; Land Policies ; Rural Transformation ; Sustainable Urbanization
    Abstract: African countries' ability to create productive jobs and to effectively confront the challenges of climate change will depend on land policies that promote investment, market participation, and taxation of private land to be able to provide essential public goods and services. However, high cost of land registration together with unrealistic land use regulations and opaque public land management impede land and financial market functioning in much of Sub-Saharan Africa, undermining trust in the state, capacity for own source revenue generation, and agricultural intensification. This report discusses how African countries can take advantage of digital interoperability, remote sensing, and connectivity to reduce urban informality and improve the functioning of land and mortgage markets. This will strengthen the social contract, and provide growth-enhancing public services; recognize, demarcate, and register (digital) use rights to customary land to improve the functioning of rural factor markets; and sustainably manage public land in a way that is competitive and ensures continued provision of public goods to future generations
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Conflict ; CPE ; Development Challenges ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) will assess the performance of the World Bank Group's support to Nepal in achieving its development objectives between 2014 and 2023. The evaluation will focus on the Bank Group's support to Nepal as it tackled its long-term development challenges while undertaking political and institutional reforms relating to the shift to federalism and responding to multiple shocks and disasters. This period covered by this evaluation spans the last two country strategies--the FY14-18 Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) and the FY19-23 Country Partnership Framework (CPF). The CPE will assess the adaptive relevance and coherence of the Bank Group-supported program by examining how the Bank Group has adapted its support over time in response to changing conditions and priorities. This will include an examination of the Bank Group's response to the 2015 earthquakes and the COVID-19 pandemic. The evaluation will assess the Bank Group's work in three important thematic areas--resilience to natural disasters, federalism, and jobs and private sector development--in greater depth
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Conflict and Fragility ; CPE ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Drought and Climate Shocks ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mavroeconomic Vulnerabilities ; Unsustainable Development ; Weak Business Environment
    Abstract: The objective of this Country Program Evaluation (CPE) is to assess how well the World Bank Group supported Ethiopia in addressing key challenges that constrained its development and how that support adapted over time to respond to changing circumstances, an evolving relationship, and lessons from experience. The evaluation will cover fiscal years (FY)13-23. The time period is selected to include the last two Bank Group strategies to support Ethiopia and coincides with the period of theprevious two political administrations. The evaluation aims to inform the next Bank Group-supported Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Ethiopia expected in FY25
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Domestic Revenue Mobilization ; DRM ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing ; Inflation ; Lending ; World Bank Support
    Abstract: Domestic revenue mobilization (DRM) has become an increasingly important part of international and country-level policy agendas. Since the 2015 International Conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa, DRM has risen in importance in the international policy agenda, figuring prominently in successive International Development Association (IDA) replenishments and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development capital package commitments. This evaluation assess the World Bank's support to support client countries in improving domestic revenue mobilization between FY16 and FY19
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: 2018 Capital Increase Results ; Accountability ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Final Report Commitment ; Governance ; Independent Evaluation ; International Governmental Organizations ; International Organizations ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty, Environment and Development ; Transparency ; World Bank Results
    Abstract: This report presents the Independent Evaluation Group's validation of the World Bank Group's 2018 capital increase package (CIP). It assesses the World Bank Group's progress in implementing the CIP's policy measures and achieving its targets, as well as the quality of management's CIP reporting. The 2018 CIP boosted the Bank Group's financial firepower with a USD 7.5 billion paid-in capital increase for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), USD 5.5 billion paid-in capital increase for the International Finance Corporation (IFC), USD 52.6 billion callable capital increase for IBRD, and internal savings measures. The CIP also included a policy package that committed Bank Group management to policy actions linked to the Bank Group's 2016 Forward Look strategy. The CIP committed to reporting annually on its implementation and an independent assessment after five years. This report fulfills the commitment to an independent assessment. This validation builds on management's own reporting and other complementary evidence to assess the World Bank Group's progress in implementing the CIP's policy measures and achieving its targets. The report also assesses the quality of management's CIP reporting. The report points to lessons on developing, implementing, and reporting corporate initiatives and commitments, such as the importance of having clear strategies or action plans, explicit buy-in from senior management, and accurate reporting with meaningful indicators and realistic targets
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Assessment of World Bank Effectiveness ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion Policy ; Financial Reform ; Financial Services ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Institutional Reform ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This evaluation explores how and with what effect the World Bank Group has supported financial inclusion for the microenterprises, poor households, women, and other excluded groups. Financial inclusion is defined as the use of financial services by individuals and firms. It encompasses financial access-owning an account-and the use of financial services. There has been an impressive growth in account ownership globally, from 55% of adults in 2014 to 71% in 2021, although usage is more limited as some accounts are inactive. Critically, both financial access and the use of financial services remain major challenges for microenterprises, poor households, women, and other excluded groups. The objective of the evaluation is to assess whether the Bank Group has been doing the right things and whether it has been doing things right on financial inclusion. The evaluation captures lessons from the World Bank's experience supporting financial inclusion for microenterprises, poor households, women, and other excluded groups and updates a 2015 financial inclusion evaluation. The evaluation includes a retrospective look at the drive for universal financial access and examines progress and challenges in women's access to financial services. The evaluation also assesses the Bank Group's support for digital financial services as vehicles for financial inclusion. Finally, the report examines the World Bank's response to COVID-19 as it relates to financial inclusion. The evaluation proposes three recommendations: (i) The World Bank and IFC should further encourage account use by underserved groups, including women and rural poor people, and emphasize this more in their strategies and projects. (ii) The World Bank and IFC should design and implement more comprehensive approaches that address constraints in the enabling environment for DFS to reach underserved and excluded groups. (iii) To enhance learning on what works to increase the beneficial use of financial services at the MPWEG, the World Bank and IFC should collect outcome data across different underserved and excluded groups, initially on a pilot basis
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Conflict ; Fragility ; GBV ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender and Violence ; Sexual and Reproductive Health ; Social Services
    Abstract: Conflict and fragility increase the exposure of women and girls to gender-based violence (GBV) and make it more difficult for them to access social services, including sexual and reproductive health services. Fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV) also exacerbate their vulnerability to poverty and increase their unpaid work burden from their caregiving role. The increase of situations of fragility and conflict in recent years has called the World Bank Group to step up its engagement in these contexts and to adapt its approach to address gender inequalities in FCV countries. The Bank Group recognizes in many corporate and strategic documents, such as the 2020-2025 FCV strategy, that for Bank Group support to produce meaningful and lasting results toward greater gender equality in FCV countries, it needs to have five specific elements. These elements include relevance, depth, sustainability, scale, and inclusive ownership. The evaluation uses these elements to assess the Bank Group's country support for women's and girls' economic empowerment (WGEE) and GBV prevention and response. The evaluation analyzes in depth the experiences of six countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lebanon, the Solomon Islands, and the Republic of Yemen) where the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) provided support to advance WGEE and address GBV during the past 10 years. The report draws on a combination of in-depth desk review of documents, more than 200 interviews of World Bank and IFC staff, government partners, and national and international stakeholders, and field visits, focus group discussions, and face-to-face interviews inches The evaluation analyzes the factors that enable and constrain meaningful and lasting results in addressing gender inequalities in FCV contexts and offers four recommendations to inform future Bank Group support
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: r02
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender Equality Performance ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender Strategy Results ; Governance ; Independent Gender Evaluation ; International Finance Corporation Results ; International Governmental Organizations ; World Bank Results
    Abstract: This Approach Paper proposes an independent evaluation of the results achieved by the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in supporting countries (understood as governments, private sector, civil society, and citizens at large) to address gender inequalities and the contribution of the gender strategy for fiscal years (FY)16-23
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deininger, Klaus Land and Mortgage Markets in Ukraine: Pre-War Performance, War Effects, and Implications for Recovery
    Keywords: Agricultural Land Sales ; Agricultural Production ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Conflict and Development ; Credit Market ; Determinates of Land Price ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Impact of War on Markets ; Land Governance Reform ; Land Market ; Post War Reconstruction
    Abstract: Almost throughout Ukraine's independent history, agricultural land sales were prohibited. Measures to allow them and make land governance more transparent in 2020/21 were expected to improve equity, investment, credit access, and decentralization. This paper draws on administrative data and satellite imagery to describe land market performance before and after the Russian invasion, assess changes in land use for transacted parcels, and analyze determinants of land prices. Agricultural land market volume soon exceeded that of residential land and continued at a reduced level and with prices some 15-20 percent lower even after the invasion, with little sign of speculative land acquisition. Mortgage market activity and credit access remained below expectations. The paper discusses reasons and options for addressing them in a way that also factors in the needs of post-war reconstruction
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Development Effectiveness ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Economics and Trade ; Procurement Capacity Building ; Procurement Of Goods ; Procurement Of Services ; Procurement Reform ; Public Procurement ; Public Procurement Of Works
    Abstract: In 2015, the World Bank approved a new procurement framework, which aimed to reform its approach to procurement. The World Bank's reform was intended to reform its procurement systems and the way procurement is supported in client countries. The procurement reform emphasized seven core principles of value for money for decision-making, efficiency, economy, integrity, fairness, transparency, and fit for purpose. Anchoring the reform in a set of principles was intended to promote greater flexibility and more effective operational procurement. The procurement reform is a continuous change management process. The objective of the evaluation is to assess the results, successes, and challenges of the World Bank's procurement since the reforms made in 2016 and thus help inform its continuation
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Constraints ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Coherence ; Policy Implementation ; SOES
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group's support to Morocco between fiscal year FY11 and FY21. The report evaluates the World Bank Group's contribution in solving four systemic constraints to Morocco's development: (i) lack of policy coherence with the country's development aspirations; (ii) an uneven economic playing field that favors some firms and stateowned enterprises (SOEs), creates rent-seeking behaviors, and discourages new entrants; (iii) weak policy implementation caused by the limited public sector capacity to carry out reforms; and (iv) weak citizen, labor force, and subnational participation in the country's development. This evaluation identifies lessons to guide future World Bank engagement in Morocco, including: (a) at times, it is possible for the World Bank to gain traction in Morocco's policy reforms by trading recognition for influence; (b) global benchmarking data can be effectively utilized to motivate reforms; (c) IFC can significantly impact the business environment and financial architecture reforms by effectively deploying its advisory work to influence major companies, including SOEs, in making institutional changes; (d) the experience of PforR operations in Morocco suggests that to maximize their effectiveness, the World Bank needs to proactively involve the full range of stakeholders and ensure resources are deployed for technical assistance gaps; and (e) engagement at the subnational level requires the ability and willingness to take new risks and experiment with new approaches
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deininger, Klaus Land Institutions to Address New Challenges in Africa: Implications for the World Bank's Land Policy
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements
    Abstract: Although land and associated property is a key part of national wealth and protecting rights to them is a key function of the state, Africa's formal land institutions often still operate on regulations that barely changed since colonial times, undermining public trust and leading to high levels of informality that make it difficult to underpin vibrant urban land and financial markets and control corruption, remove impediments to structural transformation posed by rural factor market imperfections to empower women, improve equity, and ensure sustainable management of public land. If an appropriate regulatory framework is in place, digital technology provides opportunities for African countries to broaden the range of rights that can be legally recognized, expand the type of contracts involving such rights that private parties and reduce associated enforcement costs, and provide local and global public goods. Institutions such as the World Bank can create momentum for reform through globally comparable monitoring and help harness these opportunities by focusing interventions on providing analytical support to establish the policy and institutional environment to (i) document and enforce rights at scale; (ii) regulate land markets to ensure competition and deliver public goods including price information, land use planning to coordinate investment and avoid externalities, and tax land value gains to support local public services; and (iii) reduce the transaction cost for private parties to enter and enforce contracts involving immovable property and the uses to which it is put
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deininger, Klaus Impact of the Russian Invasion on Ukrainian Farmers' Productivity, Rural Welfare, and Food Security
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Agriculture ; Armed Conflict Impact on Agriculture ; Conflict and Development ; Credit Markets ; Farm Profitability ; Food Security ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post-Conflict Agricultural Reconstruction ; Rural Impact of War ; Rural Welfare
    Abstract: Data from 2,251 small and medium-size farms for 2021 and 2022 show that area reductions in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine remained limited. However, worsening terms of trade reduced farm profitability, implying that 46 percent of farms had a negative cash flow and 54 percent (67 percent in the 50-120 hectare group) were credit constrained in 2022, implying that longer term effects may be more adverse. Total factor productivity varies significantly across size groups but is not significantly different between formal and informal farms in the same size group. This suggests that limited transferability of land use rights that are disproportionately used by smaller farms may be one reason for low productivity. Improving transferability of land, digital access to markets, and mortgage lending could thus trigger investment and growth in higher value products by small and medium-size farms to solidify Ukraine's comparative advantage in agriculture and improve rural living conditions in the context of reconstruction
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: IDA ; International Development Association ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Window ; PSW
    Abstract: Attracting private capital and developing the private sector in low-income countries are challenging. The challenges involved in mobilizing private capital and developing the private sector in many IDA countries, especially those that are fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS), are substantial (World Bank 2016). In many of these countries, the domestic private sector is small, informal, and constrained by a weak macroeconomic and regulatory environment, infrastructure bottlenecks, and a limited skilled labor force. High country risks and capital flight concerns make domestic and international investors reluctant to engage, particularly in FCS, which also experience security risks. As a result, IDA countries' ability to attract private investment and grow the local private sector remains limited. The assessment will update a previous IEG evaluation of the Private Sector Window (PSW) and complement a concurrent paper by the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). This focused assessment (the PSW evaluation update) responds to a request by the Committee on Development Effectiveness and World Bank Group management for IEG to prepare an update to The World Bank Group's Experience with the IDA Private Sector Window: An Early-Stage Assessment (World Bank 2021), which was completed by IEG in July 2021 and covered the PSW implementation experience under the 18th Replenishment of IDA (IDA18) for fiscal years 2018-20. The PSW evaluation update will add IDA19 and early IDA20 PSW projects. Concurrently, IDA, IFC, and MIGA are jointly preparing a paper on the PSW as an input to the IDA20 Mid-Term Review, focused on implementation progress and early results of the PSW (the IDA PSW paper). The IEG and IDA-IFC-MIGA teams working on the two assessments have agreed to conduct complementary analyses to inform the Mid-Term Review
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Climate Change Impact ; Coastal and Marine Environment ; Coastal and Marine Resources ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Fisheries ; Global Protein Supply ; Maritime Industries ; Ocean Freight ; Risk To Ocean Economies ; Sustainable Oceans ; Water Resources
    Abstract: Marine and coastal resources are critical for human survival. The economies of many coastal developing countries and small island developing states rely heavily on maritime industries, associated trade, and tourism. In coastal and island developing countries, small-scale fisheries and other ocean sectors support a significant number of jobs and livelihood opportunities. Marine and coastal resources also provide critical ecosystem services on which the ocean economy relies. Yet historically, ocean-based sectors have expanded without sufficient consideration for sustainability, negatively impacting marine and coastal environments. Moreover, the negative impacts of climate change are exacerbating the serious threats posed to ocean economies. Coastal developing countries and small island developing state economies that heavily rely on tourism were negatively affected by COVID-19, and while there were some positive environmental effects, these have been short lived. Critical knowledge and skills gaps undermine the ability of many countries to sustainably manage their marine and coastal resources. Addressing the threats posed to marine and coastal resources is politically challenging since coastal areas attract many competing uses and diverging interests. The purpose of this evaluation is to assess how well the World Bank is supporting the sustainable and inclusive development of ocean and coastal economies to inform the future development of the blue economy approach
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Judicial Sector Reform ; Law and Development ; Public Administration ; Public Finances
    Abstract: This report assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the World Bank's engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic between fiscal years 2014 and 2021. The Kyrgyz Republic is a landlocked, lower-middle-income country that is highly dependent on remittances and natural resources. Poverty levels declined from 37% in 2013 to 20% in 2019. However, the country's population remains vulnerable, and broad-based economic growth was elusive over the evaluation period. The Kyrgyz Republic faces major development challenges including weak governance, barriers to private sector development, and low quality of essential local public services. This Country Program Evaluation assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the World Bank's engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic between fiscal years 2014 and 2021. It evaluates the Bank's contributions to the country's development in priority areas, focusing on support for governance, private sector development, and essential local public services. The evaluation distills lessons from Bank Group experience to inform future Bank Group engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Development Challenges ; Economic Growth ; Growth and Job Creation ; Inclusion and Equity ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Resilience ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sustainability
    Abstract: The Country Program Evaluation (CPE) will seek to assess how well the Bank Group-supported strategy was aligned with Georgia's main development challenges and how effective the Bank Group's support was in addressing these challenges. The evaluation seeks to identify lessons that support the further adaptation and refinement of Bank Group engagement in support of the country's development priorities
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: r02
    Keywords: Gender ; IEG Recommendation Implementation ; Independent Evaluation ; Management Action Record 2023 ; Monitoring and Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The report provides the Independent Evaluation Group's (IEGs) validation of World Bank Group management's report Learning and Adapting for Outcomes through the Management Action Record 2023: A World Bank Group Management Report on Implementation of IEG Recommendations for the period July 2022 to June 2023. The purpose of the Management Action Record (MAR) assessment system is to support accountability, learning, and adaptation for the Bank Group's implementation of recommendations from IEG evaluations. This validation document presents IEG's assessment of progress toward achieving the intended outcomes of evaluations and the evidence in management's MAR report. The Bank Group made steady progress in implementing IEG recommendations through delivering internal products and adapting processes; in some cases, it has achieved meaningful change of direction that shows that the outcomes of recommendations are being achieved. The validation assessed the evidence for all 22 IEG evaluations included in the MAR, that is, all evaluations reviewed by the Board Committee on Development Effectiveness (CODE) between FY19 and FY22. These 22 evaluations contain 59 recommendations
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Health Care Services Industry ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Industry ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: IEG's meta-evaluation serves as an input for the upcoming independent external review of its evaluations. The report focuses on aspects of credibility related to the rationale, focus, use of innovative methods, and various research design attributes as formulated in evaluation reports and their respective approach papers. Drawing on a set of 28 evaluations published from fiscal year 2015 to 2019, the meta-evaluation offers six major conclusions and suggestions based on a systematic review of evaluation scope, reliability, validity (including construct, internal, external, and data analysis validity), consistency, and the integration of innovative methods
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deininger, Klaus How Urban Land Titling and Registry Reform Affect Land and Credit Markets: Evidence from Lesotho
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Credit Market ; Economic Development and Land Rights ; Equity ; Equity and Development ; Formal Land Market ; Gender ; Gender and Land Rights ; Land Administration ; Land Information Systems ; Land Rights ; Land Titling ; Law and Development ; Law and Equality ; Lesotho Land Administration Reform Project (LARP) ; Property Rights ; Systematic Land Registration ; Urban Land Policy Reform
    Abstract: Using spatial fixed effects and time-varying controls, this paper draws on complete registry data for 1981-2019, supplemented by satellite imagery, to analyze impacts of urban land titling for some 40,000 grid cells in Lesotho. Beyond confirming the short-term impacts on female co-ownership and investment, previously reported, the paper documents medium-term impacts on land sale and mortgage market activity and women's participation in these markets. Although titling was instrumental in ensuring the effectiveness of an earlier legal reform that allowed women to be co-owners of land, the credit and land market effects are due not to titling but to changes in policy to reduce the transaction cost of registering land that took effect just before titling started. Downward shifts in the time required to register transactions support this interpretation. The paper concludes by discussing what the evidence implies for design and evaluation of property registration programs
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle-Income Countries
    Abstract: Accounting for almost half of global gross domestic product and 70 percent of the world's population, middle-income countries (MICs) face multiple development challenges limiting achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including poverty and inclusion, climate change, financial access, and economic diversification and market development. The International Finance Corporation's (IFC) portfolio is focused heavily on MICs. Additionality is the unique support that IFC brings to a private client or client country that is not typically offered by commercial sources of finance (IFC 2019). This evaluation assesses the unique support and value addition (additionality) that the International Finance Corporation (IFC) provides to middle-income countries (MICs). It will cover IFC's support of MICs through investment and advisory projects, and through its platforms and partnerships. The primary audience is the World Bank Group Board and IFC management and staff, however some findings of the evaluation will be relevant to a broader audience including multilateral and bilateral financing private sector activities, investors, and government officials and practitioners in client countries
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Capital Flows ; Developing Countries ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics
    Abstract: In December 2016, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) introduced its latest strategy, IFC 3.0, which aimed to enhance IFC's development impact by creating "new and stronger markets for private sector solutions" (IFC 2019) and "mobilizing private capital at significant scale" (IFC 2021) where it is needed the most. To achieve IFC 3.0's aims of market creation and private capital mobilization at scale, IFC recognized it would need new tools and analytical capabilities to: (i) Develop a deeper understanding of the constraints limiting private sector solutions and opportunities in each country's economy, including in key enabling and productive sectors; and (ii) Allow for a more strategic selection, sequencing, and implementation of its activities and stronger coordination across the World Bank Group. At the country level, IFC 3.0's tools included a new diagnostic instrument, the Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD), and a new strategy instrument, the IFC Country Strategy. The objective of the evaluation is to assess whether IFC Country Strategies and CPSDs have enhanced IFC's ability to create markets and mobilize capital at scale and have informed Bank Group collaboration on private sector development. The evaluation will focus on IFC Country Strategies and CPSDs completed since their inception in fiscal year (FY)18. The evaluation will cover all 50 IFC Country Strategies and the 31 CPSDs completed between FY18 and December 31, 2021
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Structures ; Findings ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
    Abstract: The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) introduced its Non-Honoring (NH) products - the Non-Honoring of Sovereign and Sub-Sovereign Financial Obligations and the Non-Honoring of Financial Obligations by a State-Owned Enterprise - in 2009. The objective of these products was to crowd-in private insurance capacity to support investments in International Development Association and Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situation countries, and to encourage state-owned enterprises to adopt good corporate governance, environmental and social sustainability practices. These products were expected to benefit guaranteed lenders through lower cost of financing and public sector borrowers through increased and more diversified funding sources. Since their introduction, the NH products have gained a substantial share of MIGA's overall business. This report provides the first independent evaluation of MIGA's experience with its NH products and aims to offer feedback and lessons to inform future strategies. The report reviewed all 34 NH projects implemented by MIGA between 2009 and 2019 to assess the extent to which they met their objectives and contributed to enhancing MIGA's development effectiveness and additionality. The report invites MIGA to address questions related to the suitability of these products for IDA and FCS countries and on the methodology for evaluating their development impact
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Assistance ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Insecurity ; Foreign AID ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty
    Abstract: The Country Program Evaluation (CPE) for Tanzania assesses the World Bank Group's effectiveness and relevance in its work to help Tanzania address its key development challenges. The CPE will encompass two Bank Group strategy periods covering fiscal years (FY)12-16 and FY18-22. The evaluation aims to inform the next Bank Group Country Partnership Framework for Tanzania
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deininger, Klaus Quantifying War-Induced Crop Losses in Ukraine in near Real Time to Strengthen Local and Global Food Security
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Agriculture ; Armed Conflict ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Food Security ; Machine Learning ; War
    Abstract: This paper uses a 4-year panel (2019-2022) of 10,125 village councils in Ukraine to estimate direct and indirect effects of the war started by Russia on area and expected yield of winter crops. Satellite imagery is used to provide information on direct damage to agricultural fields; classify crop cover using machine learning; and compute the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for winter cereal fields as a proxy for yield. Without conflict, winter crop area would have been 9.14 rather than 8.38 mn. ha, a 0.75 mn. ha reduction, 86% of which is due to economy-wide effects. The estimated conflict-induced drop in NDVI for winter cereal, which is particularly pronounced for small farms, translates into a 15% yield reduction or an output loss of 4.2 million tons. Taking area and yield reduction together suggests a war-induced loss of winter crop output of 20% if the current winter crop can be harvested fully
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Economic Adjustment and Lending ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Strategy and Policy
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation assesses the development effectiveness of the Bank Group's engagement in Madagascar between fiscal years 2007 and 2021 and surfaces lessons to inform the design and implementation of the next Bank Group-supported partnership strategy with Madagascar. The evaluation reviews the evolution of the Bank Group's engagement strategy and its implementation over and lessons from experience. It contains a more in depth assessment of Bank Group support in two areas that represent core development challenges: (i) elite capture and (ii) development of rural areas. Bank Group support was increasingly relevant to Madagascar's core development constraints and contributed to significant progress in several areas. World Bank support contributed to modernizing the country's tax and customs revenue administrations, improving revenue collection, and generating local revenues, as well as to improved subnational public financial management and decentralized management of natural resources and land certificates. In terms of rural development, Bank Group support contributed to short-term increases in agricultural production and greater food security, the development of value chains, and the government's increased ability to mitigate the impacts of shocks on Madagascar's most vulnerable populations to preserve critical human capital. Overall progress was hampered by limited success in designing interventions to avoid misuse by a few high-status individuals. In rural areas, overall progress in increasing small farmers productivity fell short because the adoption of technology to increase agricultural productivity did not adequately target smallholder production systems and did not provide sufficient incentives for farmers in the forest frontier to change their land use practices
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The Results and Performance of the World Bank Group (RAP) report 2022 presents an annual review of evidence from IEG evaluations and validation work on the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group. This year's RAP will focus on the country level. The Bank Group's outcome orientation agenda emphasizes high-level outcomes, and, by focusing on the country level, the 2022 RAP aligns with that agenda. This focus also responds to the interest of members of the Bank Group's Board of Executive Directors for reporting on country level performance. In this context, the RAP will conduct an in-depth analysis of country level evidence contained in IEG's Country Program Evaluations (CPEs) and Completion and Learning Report Reviews (CLR Reviews) through two types of analyses. First, overall country program performance will be assessed by tracking country program ratings over time. Second, the country program will be used as the entry point to examine the extent to which the Bank Group's support (i.e., project portfolio and Advisory Services and Analytics) contributed to the achievement of the objectives of the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) and the intended development outcome. Furthermore, the extent to which there was a line of sight between the development outcome and high-level outcomes will also be examined
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Equity ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Governance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Mineral Wealth ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Resources ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) will assess the World Bank Group's engagement in Papua New Guinea between FY08 and FY22. The Papua New Guinea has an abundant resource endowment of oil and mineral wealth, but this wealth has not translated into significant welfare gains for most citizens. Papua New Guinea's fragmented geography and frequent exposure to disasters caused by natural hazards present significant challenges for delivering services to citizens. The evaluation is designed to derive lessons from Bank Group engagement in Papua New Guinea to inform the next Country Partnership Framework (CPF). The CPE will also provide lessons on the implementation of the International Development Association special themes of climate change, gender, and fragility, conflict, and violence and of the cross-cutting issues of debt sustainability and governance and institutions. Lessons may also be of relevance to other resource-rich countries
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Low-Income Countries
    Abstract: Interest is high on the World Bank's role in and use of the Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework (LIC-DSF) in light of the sharp rise in debt stress among low-income countries and a changing global risk landscape in the years leading up to and resulting from the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Since 2015, the number of IDA-eligible countries at high risk of or in debt distress has more than doubled. As the key instrument to assess the debt sustainability of IDA eligible countries, the LIC-DSF is intended to guide the World Bank's advice and support to these countries. This evaluation seeks to assess how the World Bank contributes to the LIC-DSF, how it uses LIC-DSF output in various corporate and country-level decisions, and how it can better leverage the LIC-DSF to address debt vulnerabilities in LICs. In doing so, it will seek to identify opportunities for the World Bank to strengthen its role in the preparation and use of the LIC-DSF in a changing global context and to highlight potentially important questions that may need to be addressed in the upcoming joint review, including the extent to which the LIC-DSF meets IDA's needs in serving its clients. Recommendations from this evaluation will focus on aspects of the LIC-DSF that are within the World Bank's ability to change or influence
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Clean Energy ; Employment and Unemployment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group's engagement with Bangladesh during the past decade (fiscal year [FY]11-20) and provides lessons to inform the next Bank Group supported strategy with Bangladesh and to countries facing similar challenges. The Bank Group made important contributions over the past decade to help Bangladesh address several of its development challenges. Most notable include increasing power generation capacity, improving access to clean energy, all season roads, primary and secondary education, reducing child and maternal mortality and improving financial inclusion. However, achievements fell short in several areas, including insufficient investment in data and measurement particularly on learning outcomes and limited progress on regional connectivity. In other areas, domestic vested interests prevailed resulting in little progress in improving the business environment, natural resource management, banking reform and tariff reform. Bank Group support adapted in response to changing circumstances following the Padma Bridge cancellation by reallocating resources to sectors in which the Bank Group had more traction and a long-standing history of effective engagement. However, rising fiscal vulnerabilities received insufficient attention. Despite a deteriorating trend in institutional quality and economic management and declining core IDA allocation, the Bank Group significantly increased financing to Bangladesh, including through IDA's Scale Up Facility. Key lessons include: (i) Rebalancing the portfolio in the face of a difficult political economy helped the Bank Group remain relevant in Bangladesh; (ii) Where reform is deemed critical to sustain development progress but government commitment is weak or absent, continued targeted analysis of key development constraints can help prepare the ground for future action when a window of opportunity presents itself; (iii) Measuring improvements in the quality of education requires deliberate and ongoing investment in data collection; (iv) Increasing overall IDA financing in the context of deteriorating CPIA rating raises a question about the significance that IDA assigns to measures of institutional quality and governance; (v) Given underlying concerns with data quality and coverage, the World Bank might have been more qualified in its public statements about the quality of the macroeconomic framework; and (vi) Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) arrangements between the World Bank and the IMF constrain the ability of the World Bank to provide comprehensive and timely assessments of financial sector vulnerabilities in nonsystematically important economies
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Education ; Education Finance
    Abstract: In March 2020, President Malpass announced a freeze on IFC's direct investments and advisory services support to private for-profit K-12 schools and requested IEG "undertake an evaluation of IFC investments in K-12 private education provision, including impacts on educational outcomes, poverty, and inequality." This evaluation follows this request and is designed to help the World Bank Group's Board of Executive Directors and IFC's management consider the circumstances that favor K-12 private education. The evaluation assesses IFC's investments in K-12 private or nonstate schools during the fiscal years 2001 to 2020 in terms of access and equity of access, education quality, relevance, and financial sustainability. It focuses on IFC investment instruments and considers IFC advisory services only as part of the Risk Sharing Facility (RSF), which integrates advisory services with an investment component. Evaluation findings support a single conclusion: resumption of IFC investments in K-12 private schools is not advisable without making substantial changes to IFC's approach. In their response to the evaluation, IFC noted their agreement with IEG's findings and announced that IFC will not resume investments, which it halted in 2017, in fee-charging K-12 private schools. The evaluation includes lessons stemming from IFC's 20-year experience that are relevant for future support for private investments in private K-12 education. It analyses the complexities of the financial viability of these investments and constraints on their impact on access to quality education for underserved groups
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Early Child and Children's Health ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Environment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Primary Education ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: The annual report looks back at the past fiscal year and explores how IEG's reports increasingly inform policy and decision making
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Education ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Low-Income Countries ; Social Development
    Abstract: The achievement of learning outcomes has been a long-standing challenge for education systems across the developing world and has significant consequences for economic development. To realize the development aims of education investments, students need to learn, but too many have not, especially in low-income countries. The World Bank has sought to address this learning crisis for more than a decade through the pursuit of quality education that enhances learning outcomes. The Independent Evaluation Group's (IEG) proposed evaluation will assess the extent to which the World Bank's Education Global Practice (GP) and its predecessor, the Education sector unit, have supported efforts to improve learning outcomes over the past decade (fiscal years [FY]12-22). Based on that experience, the evaluation will assess the effectiveness, relevance, and adequacy of World Bank support to address the learning crisis. It will identify lessons and recommendations to inform the next education sector strategy and further development of the World Bank's approach to this persistent development challenge and the exacerbation of learning deficits during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Covid-19 ; Environment ; Fiscal Sustainability ; Gender ; Gender and Governance ; Governance ; Poverty
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) assesses the World Bank Group's development effectiveness in Chad over the past decade within a context of high fragility and extreme poverty. The report covers the implementation of the Interim Strategy Note (2010-12) and the Country Partnership Framework (16-20). This CPE draws lessons to inform the design and implementation of the next partnership strategy with Chad. IEG finds that World Bank Group's support to Chad was aligned with government priorities and World Bank diagnostics. Bank Group support helped advance several human development objectives. It especially increased access to health services, primary and secondary education, and social protection in targeted areas as well as gender equality. Notwithstanding the challenges inherent in working in a fragile and conflict-affected situation, the performance of the Bank Group portfolio in Chad was weak. Timely budget support helped stave off an imminent fiscal crisis but did not achieve sustained reform. Few results were achieved in agriculture, infrastructure, and public resource management. Overall, performance was undermined by procurement delays, high turnover of government counterparts, and a lack of continuity in World Bank staff working on Chad. The following three lessons are offered for consideration. First, timely and targeted analytical work is necessary to inform priority setting, policy dialogue, and the design of reforms. Given the prevalence of capacity and absorptive constraints, it is essential to strategically prioritize analytical work to help identify and understand the most binding constraints to development gains and inform efforts to address them. Second, procurement challenges warrant greater attention to address the underlying political and bureaucratic obstacles, which will require a higher-level dialogue with the government. Lastly, although working in Chad is challenging, it is critical to strengthen incentives to attract and retain talent. This is needed to improve continuity of engagement with country authorities and compensate for weak client capacity, including the high turnover of government officials
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Natural Disasters ; Urban Development ; Vulnerable Groups
    Abstract: Disasters caused by natural hazards are increasingly threatening the lives and livelihoods of the world's poor and disaster-vulnerable populations. Climate change is further exacerbating the negative impacts of disasters caused by natural hazards. Investing in disaster risk reduction (DRR) has strong economic and social benefits and is essential for achieving climate change adaptation. IEG's evaluation shows that the World Bank is successfully supporting clients to increasingly take up DRR actions through strategic and comprehensive country engagement. The World Bank has developed an extensive portfolio of DRR activities, tripling its support over FY10-20. It focuses its DRR work on countries with the most serious natural hazards, uses synergistic pillars of DRR engagement, and increasingly mainstreams DRR into sector operations. Support for DRR in IDA, small island developing states, and IDA-FCV countries has been comprehensive. The Bank has also shifted from post-disaster response toward pre-disaster risk reduction. The Bank has shown that it is able to overcome political and financial constraints to DRR client uptake by engaging the right decision makers using rigorous evidence and by building on disaster reconstruction efforts. Analytical work that quantified risks, assessed costs and benefits and communicates impacts has highly influenced DRR uptake. However, there are gaps in coverage for some regions, sectors, and hazards that require attention. There are DRR coverage gaps in Europe and Central Asia and the Middle East and North Africa for all serious hazards. Also, while the World Bank is conducting analytical work on the needs of disaster vulnerable groups, there has been slow progress on incorporating their needs into operations. There are also missed opportunities to use conflict-sensitive approaches to mitigate conflict risks and pursue peace-building. Also, the Bank's frequent inability to demonstrate the effects of its DRR activities on reduced exposure and vulnerability has consequences on its ability to make a development case for risk reduction. Most DRR operations are not providing sufficient information to establish the level of DRR being achieved, inhibiting an understanding of how DRR contributes to development impacts, such as reduced economic loss and mortality. IEG offers the World Bank four recommendations to improve their performance on disaster risk reduction: (i) Incorporate DRR activities in regions and sectors and for hazards that exhibit significant coverage gaps. (ii) Identify and measure the effects of DRR activities on exposure and vulnerability to strengthen the development case for clients facing serious disaster risks. (iii) Integrate the needs of populations disproportionately vulnerable to disasters caused by natural hazards into DRR project targeting and design, implementation, and results reporting. (iv) In countries affected by serious natural hazards and fragility and conflict risks, identify and assess the ways in which hazards and conflict interrelate and use this to inform country engagement and project design
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Debt Management ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Much as for the rest of the World Bank Group, the past year has required an unprecedented degree of adaptation and agility from all staff at the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG). For many, fiscal year (FY)21 may feel like a bridge between the old life and the new. At the beginning of FY21, we were just growing accustomed to the full-time remote work required by a worsening global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and realizing that the changes were semipermanent. At IEG, we settled in for the long haul, quickly adjusting our ways of sharing information and methods of evaluation to overcome these new challenges. By the end of the fiscal year, we had built confidence in our abilities to collect data, interview distant stakeholders, and devise new remote mission strategies. Evaluation too acts like a bridge, connecting hindsight and foresight through the objective analysis of past programs to find evidence that supports and informs positive change. Our job as evaluators is to share the insights and lessons derived from this evidence. In FY21, IEG focused on responding agilely to changing circumstances and innovating how we collected data and delivered our findings to those who needed them, when they needed them. We adapted our work program to align with the Bank Group's COVID-19 pandemic response while continuing to build a pipeline of relevant, timely, and robust evaluations focused on long-term development challenges
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Advisory Services ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: IEG's Results and Performance of the World Bank Group 2021 report, also known as RAP 2021, assesses the World Bank Group's performance by analyzing the achievement of project and program objectives through validated ratings. The World Bank's outcome ratings steadily improved from FY10 onward and increased by an impressive 9 percentage points in FY20. The largest annual increase over the past five years. IFC's development outcome ratings increased for the first time in 10 years in all the industry groups and MIGA's continued to increase, as has been the case over the past decade. The RAP 2021 carries out an in-depth analysis of recent trends, for both the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation, to identify possible drivers behind the increase in project outcome ratings. The report also presents a novel analysis to measure the extent to which the World Bank either repeats project designs or introduces novelty to successor projects. This allowed IEG to detect when teams took informed risk and introduced new elements in projects and assess the effect of this behavior on outcome ratings. The report also analyzes the World Bank's selection of indicators and use of targets to understand how measurement practices affect ratings and performance. Results point to the need to complement project ratings data with associated evidence of outcomes achieved in client countries, which supports the centrality of the outcome orientation agenda
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Development Policy Lending ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Governance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Governmental Organizations ; Risk Assessment
    Abstract: Globally, conflict is becoming more complex and intense. The World Bank's contributions to reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity increasingly rely on its ability to engage effectively in situations fraught by conflict. This report seeks to surface lessons to inform early implementation of the World Bank Group's Strategy for Fragility, Conflict, and Violence 2020-2025 (FCV Strategy). The evaluation analyzes how the World Bank works differently in conflict-affected situations by assessing four key aspects of engagement: (i) the extent to which the World Bank identified and addressed conflict drivers and risks at the strategy and country level, (ii) how these drivers and risks are integrated into operations, the ways in which the World Bank has adapted its engagement by working with clients and partners during situations of political instability, and how the World Bank has contributed to project-level results and higher-level outcomes related to peace and stability
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Governance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector
    Abstract: The Country Program Evaluation (CPE) for the Kyrgyz Republic seeks to assess the World Bank Group's efforts to help the Kyrgyz Republic address its main development challenges. The evaluation will cover fiscal years (FY)14-21 and is timed to inform the next Country Partnership Framework (CPF) between the Kyrgyz Republic and the Bank Group. The evaluation will assess (i) how relevant was the Bank Group's strategy and how it evolved over time, given changes in the country context and lessons from experience; (ii) the extent to which Bank Group support helped the Kyrgyz Republic foster increased private sector-led growth to reduce economic vulnerability; (iii) the extent to which Bank Group support helped improve central government governance and institutional capacity; and (vi) the extent to which Bank Group support improved local governance and the quality of, and access to, local public services
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Human Capital ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation aims to assess the World Bank Group's contribution to Morocco's development trajectory over the past decade (fiscal years 2011-21) and is timed to inform the next Country Partnership Framework and future Bank Group engagements in the country. The Country Program Evaluation will use a range of methods to assess how the Bank Group has supported Morocco's efforts to tackle major constraints to achieving its objective of reaching upper-middle-income-country status. The evaluation will focus on three outcome areas: (i) fostering private sector-led growth that absorbs a growing labor force; (ii) strengthening inclusive human capital formation and addressing the obstacles to women and youth labor force participation; and (iii) reducing climate risks and natural resource depletion and addressing their combined effects on the most vulnerable people, especially in rural areas
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Many of the world's poor people depend on natural resources for their well-being. Four-fifths of the world's poor people live in rural areas, and most rural poor people depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. The renewable natural resources on which poor people depend are increasingly being degraded, posing significant risks to resource-dependent communities. The World Bank has committed to reducing the vulnerability of resource-dependent people. This evaluation assesses how well the World Bank has addressed natural resource degradation to reduce the vulnerabilities of resource-dependent people
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Cities will be home to 2 billion new residents by 2045, and the pressure to develop land in and around cities is growing. This will pose a great challenge to lower-income cities since they tend to grow through slums and other informal settlements. Slum residents have inadequate and inequitable access to public services and economic opportunities, and on account of the living conditions in these settlements, they are also more vulnerable to diseases, especially highly communicable ones, such as COVID-19. In 2014, an estimated 880 million urban residents lived in slum conditions, compared with 792 million in 2000 (UN 2019). This number is likely to keep growing unless urban spatial expansion is planned and managed well. To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, development institutions will need to support clients in managing urban spatial growth. An integrated approach towards land administration, land use planning, and land development - three major determinants of urban spatial growth - will be key. This evaluation offers IEG's first systematic assessment of the World Bank's support to the management of urban spatial growth. It answers the question: To what extent has World Bank engagement been relevant and effective towards supporting its clients in managing urban spatial growth through land administration, land-use planning, and land development?
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group's country engagement in Albania over the period Fiscal Years 11-19. The Bank Group made a substantial contribution to many reforms relevant to Albania's development priorities, including Albania's EU accession goals. Bank Group support was effective in improving fiscal management and social protection, strengthening the financial sector, and expanding waste management and irrigation. The program was responsive to opportunities, but it could have been more selective in its engagements. Findings suggested that analytical work should be used more extensively to build consensus and capacity for reforms and new lending should be more selective. Albania had transitioned to a market-oriented middle-income economy by year 2008. However, the economic slowdown in the wake of the global crisis led to a reversal in poverty reduction. The crisis led to several key economic reforms, not all of which have been sustained after the recovery
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Sound public financial management and public debt management are critical to informing and implementing fiscal policy and to achieving the World Bank Group's twin goals. When support for these two areas is complementary, public finance and debt management (PFDM) ensures that scarce public resources are used efficiently and for their intended purposes, including to finance growth-enabling spending and investment, and that debt burdens are sustainable and managed within acceptable cost and risk parameters. The importance of PFDM has increased significantly in International Development Association (IDA)-eligible countries in the face of rising debt vulnerabilities coupled with the heightened needs and reduced revenue associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. This evaluation provides an assessment of World Bank support to IDA-eligible countries for PFDM between FY08-17
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Ali, Daniel Ayalew Using Registry Data to Assess Gender-Differentiated Land and Credit Market Effects of Urban Land Policy Reform: Evidence from Lesotho
    Abstract: Since 2010, Lesotho has implemented legal and institutional changes to allow female land ownership, established a new land agency, reduced the cost of registering land, and carried out systematic urban land titling. Analysis using administrative data shows that these reforms triggered discontinuous and sustained changes in quality of service delivery, female land ownership, and registered land sales and mortgage volume. Land and credit market activation is, however, exclusively due to policy reforms. While (subsidized) systematic land registration allows women to access documented land rights, these effects may not be sustained without further regulatory change, highlighting the importance of reducing fees and streamlining processes to improve urban land and financial market functioning as a key precondition for Africa's expected wave of urbanization translating into productive cities and jobs
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Ali, Daniel Ayalew Does Title Increase Large Farm Productivity? Institutional Determinants of Large Land-Based Investments' Performance in Zambia
    Abstract: Despite accounts of increasing large farm penetration in Africa and an active debate on the differential potential of smallholder versus large farms to satisfy Africa's food requirements, evidence on the extent and performance of different farm types remains limited. A census and subsequent representative survey of 3,000 large farms in Zambia, one of the African countries with the highest share of large farms, allows characterizing the impact of institutional arrangements on large farms' establishment and productive performance. While policies rather than exogenous price shocks seem to have driven large farm expansion, average productivity is not different from small farms and title has no impact on productivity, investment, or credit access, most likely because the transferability of titles remains limited, undermining the suitability of such land as collateral. Significant effects of title on self-reported land prices point toward land being acquired for speculative purposes, suggesting that a tax on titled land, together with improved land service delivery might be a desirable policy option
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: More than a decade has passed since the global economic and financial crisis rocked the world. A clear lesson that emerged from it was the importance of identifying and addressing country-specific vulnerabilities ex ante to build resilience when a shock occurs. The 2020 global economic and health crisis caused by COVID-19 serves as a yet another stark reminder of the importance of proactively managing vulnerabilities to shocks. The purpose of this evaluation is to assess World Bank Group support to client countries to build resilience to exogenous shocks through the systematic identification of fiscal and financial sector vulnerabilities and through efforts to support the reduction of these vulnerabilities. Given the importance of protecting the most vulnerable from shocks, this evaluation also looks at the extent to which the Bank Group has helped client countries adapt their social safety nets so that they can be effectively scaled up in a crisis. It aims to inform the design of future Bank Group strategies, operations, diagnostics, and knowledge products that can help reduce country-level fiscal and financial sector vulnerabilities. Its lessons may also help the effort to "build back better" after the COVID-19 pandemic through contributions to increasing resilience by strengthening fiscal and financial buffers and institutions
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Deininger, Klaus Investment Impacts of Gendered Land Rights in Customary Tenure Systems: Substantive and Methodological Insights from Malawi
    Abstract: Compared with the vast literature on the investment and productivity effects of land rights formalization, little attention has been paid to the impact of variation in individuals' tenure security under customary tenure regimes. This is a serious gap not only because most of Africa's rural land is held under informal arrangements, but also because gradual erosion of long-term rights by women and migrants is often an indication of traditional systems coming under stress. Using a unique survey experiment in Malawi, the analysis shows that (i) having long-term land rights of bequest and sale has a significant impact on investment and cash crop adoption; (ii) women's land rights of bequest and sale, joint with local institutional arrangements, can amplify the magnitude of such effects; and (iii) the effects found here can be obscured by measurement error associated with traditional approaches to survey data collection on land ownership and rights
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's Gender Strategy (fiscal year [2016-23) presents gender equality as integral to smart development policy and posits that successful implementation of the strategy will help achieve the Bank Group's twin goals and the Sustainable Development Goals. The strategy focuses on four objectives: human endowments, jobs, asset control and ownership, and voice and agency. To implement the strategy, the World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC) established a new methodology and targets for measuring progress via gender tags for World Bank operations and gender flags for IFC advisory and investment services. At the midpoint in the eight-year strategic cycle, this review provides a rapid assessment of the implementation of the strategy in the World Bank and IFC. The purpose of the review is to provide evidence and reveal opportunities to maximize organizational efforts over the final four years of implementation. It reflects on what is working well and less well to support continuous monitoring and learning in the World Bank and IFC in terms of strategy implementation. The review identified the connections and coordination among four essential institutional elements for an enhanced country-driven approach-knowledge management, staff designated to support work on gender, the IFC Gender Business Group and World Bank Gender Group, and monitoring and evaluation-and identifies four opportunities to enhance implementation
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Disruptive and transformative technologies (DTT) have far-reaching implications for development. Traditional development models are being disrupted by the accelerating pace of technological change and the convergence of multiple technologies, among other things. Recognizing the implications of DTT for development, the World Bank Group adopted a new approach to DTT in 2018, later merging it with its 2019 DTT Mainstreaming approach, and further developing it through the 2020 Mainstreaming Digital and Disruptive Technologies (MDDT) Initiative. The Bank Group's approach encompasses five DTT corporate priorities (country diagnostics, agile regulations, digital connectivity, digital government, and skills and capabilities for the new economy and the role of education), the Bali Fintech Agenda (financial technology and digital entrepreneurship), and sectoral and regional programs (for example, Digital Economy for Africa Moonshot/Accelerate and Middle East and North Africa Tech). The Bank Group aims to help clients harness the opportunities and mitigate the risks of DTT to accelerate progress toward achieving the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. This evaluation sought to answer the question, How well prepared is the Bank Group to help clients harness the opportunities and mitigate the risks posed by DTT?
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Population aging-resulting from falling fertility rates, declining mortality, and increased longevity-shapes the profile and the needs of a growing number of countries. How effective has the World Bank been in tailoring its support to provide an adequate response to this evolving challenge? This evaluation is the first report from the Independent Evaluation Group to assess the World Bank's contribution to diagnosing client countries' demographic issues related to population aging; understanding the variance in policy needs and context specificities; and providing vision, tools, and resources to respond to challenges in countries at different stages of aging. This evaluation aims to inform the World Bank Group's Board of Executive Directors, management, and staff about the relevance, coherence, and operationalization of World Bank support to aging countries. The World Bank is increasingly called on to offer support to respond to the deep socioeconomic challenges its clients are facing because of population aging. Providing adequate responses to aging countries will become more of a priority as the phenomenon accelerates and becomes more prominent in World Bank client countries
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's success rests on its ability to help its client countries achieve the development outcomes they desire. This demands a strong outcome orientation at the country-level, defined as the Bank Group's ability to generate feedback on what works, what does not, and why, use this feedback to adapt country programs, and boost contribution to development outcomes. This learning-focused evaluation provides a new vision of how to strengthen the Bank Group's outcome orientation in countries. IEG finds that the model of how the Bank Group aims for outcomes in its client countries is sound. However, the results system does not capture the Bank Group's contribution to country outcomes well, as its reliance on metrics, attribution, and short time-boundedness does not suit the nature of country programs. While country teams practice adaptive management, the country-level results system does not effectively support them in doing so. The report makes concrete proposals on how to rethink the country-level results systems, its tool kit; the accountability principles that underlies the system; and the incentives for staff to learn from experience and prioritize development results
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation provides lessons that could inform IFC's approach to the deployment of the blended finance instrument. Blended finance is a risk mitigation tool for investments that find it difficult to attract commercial funding. Blended finance refers to the combination of concessional and commercial funding in private sector-led projects. Its rationale is to support projects with potentially high social benefits, but that would not attract funding on strictly commercial terms due to their high risks. This note synthesizes evaluation findings from two sources: (i) IFC's early experience with blended finance as reflected in 14 project evaluations of projects approved over 2010-2014; and (ii) a cluster of five Project Performance Assessment Reports (PPARs) of recent projects, approved over 2012-2016. The emphasis is on findings from the more recent projects
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) play a major role in many developing and emerging economies, where governments use them to achieve economic, social, and political objectives. SOEs deliver and extend access to services, fill gaps in markets, develop key sectors or regions, and provide employment. However, SOEs' mixed institutional mandates and their political importance often pose performance, financial and governance challenges. This is IEG's first systematic assessment of the Bank Group's support for the reform of SOEs, looking at what works and the factors of success. It parallels Bank Group efforts to provide more integrated support to SOE reform in client countries and to empower staff with new tools. The evaluation focused on five major types of SOE reforms in the financial and energy sectors: (i) Corporate governance improvements; (ii) Business and operational reforms; (iii) Measures to strengthen competition and regulation in SOE markets; (iv) Privatization and other ownership reforms (including PPPs); (v) Macro, fiscal, and public financial management (PFM) reforms. The evaluation includes findings about the impact of competition on SEO performance; corruption control and its effect on SEO reform; the success of World Bank Group sequential and complementarity interventions; and about other factors that aid success such us client commitment, collaboration, strong design features, solid results frameworks and monitoring, and early risk identification. Based on the findings and lessons of experience drawn from this evaluation, IEG offers Management two recommendations to enhance the Bank Group's support to SOE reform: (i) The World Bank Group should apply a selectivity framework for SOE reform support that considers country governance conditions, control of corruption, and sector and enterprise-level competition; and (ii) The World Bank Group should apply the MFD and its embedded Cascade approach for SOE reform
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: For the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG), fiscal year (FY) 20 was a year of both internally and externally driven reform. IEG began the year with a mission to listen to the needs of our clients and stakeholders and improve our methods, relationships, and products to increase the relevance and value of our evaluative work. Thus, when the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) struck in the spring of 2020, IEG was already mobilized to respond to the World Bank Group's critical needs with agility, flexibility, and innovation. The regular work program included evaluations of Bank Group convening power, country programs in Albania and the Philippines, irrigation, and education. Though before the pandemic, IEG offered just-in-time learning and on-demand learning engagements, the pandemic pushed us to double our efforts by mining our rich data archives to provide important lessons on Bank Group responses to past public health crises and collect knowledge in an online COVID-19 library. FY21 will continue challenging IEG to respond to rapidly changing pandemic conditions, produce just-in-time insights to help decision-making, and evaluate projects and programs with the same rigor as ever. We are committed to finding new ways of sharing knowledge, learning, and evaluating what works in the World Bank Group
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The Clean Energy Transition-the pathway for decarbonizing global energy-is essential to foster inclusive and sustainable growth while addressing climate change. Based on EIA forecasts, IEG estimates that annual global financing for RE needs to double, from USD 300 billion to USD 600 billion (2017 USD) to meet the SDGs and allow the Clean Energy Transition. The WBG's RE investment portfolio of USD 22 billion over the evaluation period, 2000-2017, included support across all major RE technologies. Based on 168 evaluated RE projects (101 WB, 60 IFC, 7 MIGA) during FY00-FY17, the WBG overall had a 66% success rate-varying across institutions (71% WB, 51% IFC, 86% MIGA)
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The Management Action Record (MAR) is a key element of the World Bank Group's accountability framework. The MAR supports accountability in the follow-up of Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) evaluation recommendations by enabling meaningful tracking, dialogue, and self-assessment of World Bank Group management's implementation of IEG recommendations. This document: (i) describes a reform of the MAR which aims to address shortcomings in the previous MAR system through more focus on the outcomes sought by IEG recommendations. (ii) validates a self-evaluation done by Bank Group management of their implementation of past IEG recommendations, and (iii) served as IEG's input to a discussion by the World Bank Group Boards' Committee on Development Effectiveness. The Committee on Development Effectiveness endorsed the MAR reform at its meeting on September 25, 2020. Following the meeting's decisions, two evaluations for which IEG and management had not reached agreement will continue to be tracked under the MAR
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This report is an annual review of the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group. The report assesses the World Bank Group's performance by analyzing the achievement of project and program objectives through validated ratings and by classifying these objectives according to their outcome levels. To provide new perspectives on performance, RAP 2020 also analyzes outcomes and discusses ways in which the Bank Group can continue to enhance its outcome orientation. The report highlights that the Bank Group's results measurement systems collect evidence needed for ratings and for process and compliance monitoring with limited evidence on the Bank Group's contributions to higher-level outcomes. Performance trends are positive for almost all Regions and Global Practices in the World Bank. Project ratings in countries affected by fragility, conflict and violence show improvement but continue to lag those in other countries. Positive ratings trends can be linked to continued improvements in quality at entry, strong implementation support and M and E, and broadly conducive economic and institutional conditions in many larger countries before the pandemic. Ratings for MIGA projects continued to increase. IFC project ratings remain depressed overall, but with signs of a modest uptick in the most recent data. Less successful results are often linked to large shocks, internal work quality and issues with preparing for risks and their response when shocks occurred
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This first-of-its-kind evaluation assesses the scope of the World Bank Group's convening power and how effectively it is deployed. The report finds that the Bank Group's comparative advantages give it strong convening power that it uses on many development issues. In so doing, it meets the demands of shareholders and stays highly relevant as a global actor often making strong and relevant convening contributions. There are many examples of effective Bank Group convening efforts, such as the Scaling up Nutrition initiative, the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, and initiatives in the areas of carbon finance, financial inclusion, development data, poverty measurement, river blindness, and several other global heath partnerships. The evaluation finds that the Bank Group is more likely to be effective when the external context is favorable, the Bank Group's internal capacities are strong, when initiatives have clear objectives and are put into effect in country programs, and when engagement is sustained over time. The Bank Group has room to become a more effective convener by more selectively scoping its convening contributions, improving processes to manage convening initiatives over their lifecycle, and by more closely aligning convening initiatives with country programs
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Determinants of Repayment Performance in Indian Micro-Credit Groups
    Abstract: Despite their potential importance and ease of modification, impacts of monitoring and loan recovery arrangements on micro-credit groups' repayment performance have rarely been studied. Data on 3,350 expired group loans in 300 Indian villages highlight that regular monitoring and audits, high repayment frequency, consumption smoothing support through rice credit, and having group savings deposited with the lender all significantly increase repayment rates. Estimated magnitudes of their effects vastly exceed those of members' socio-economic characteristics. Significantly lower repayment on loans originating in externally provided grant resources suggests that stringent monitoring will be essential for these to have a sustainable impact
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Land Rental Markets In The Process of Rural Structural Transformation
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The importance of land rental for overall economic development has long been recognized in theory, yet empirical evidence on the productivity and equity impacts of such markets and the extent to which they realize their potential has been scant. Representative data from China's nine most important agricultural provinces illustrate the impact of rental markets on households' economic strategies and welfare, and the productivity of land use at the plot level. Although there are positive impacts in each of these dimensions, transaction costs constrain participation by many producers, thus preventing rental markets from attaining their full potential. The paper identifies factors that increase transaction costs and provides a rough estimate of the productivity and equity impacts of removing them
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Assessing The Functioning of Land Rental Markets In Ethiopia
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Cultivation ; Economic Development ; Labor Policies ; Land Leasing ; Land Markets ; Land Owners ; Land Ownership ; Land Rental ; Land Resources ; Land Use ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Sharecropping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Cultivation ; Economic Development ; Labor Policies ; Land Leasing ; Land Markets ; Land Owners ; Land Ownership ; Land Rental ; Land Resources ; Land Use ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Sharecropping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Cultivation ; Economic Development ; Labor Policies ; Land Leasing ; Land Markets ; Land Owners ; Land Ownership ; Land Rental ; Land Resources ; Land Use ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Sharecropping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Although a large theoretical literature discusses the possible inefficiency of sharecropping contracts, the empirical evidence on this phenomenon has been ambiguous at best. Household-level fixed-effect estimates from about 8,500 plots operated by households that own and sharecrop land in the Ethiopian highlands provide support for the hypothesis of Marshallian inefficiency. At the same time, a factor adjustment model suggests that the extent to which rental markets allow households to attain their desired operational holding size is extremely limited. Our analysis points towards factor market imperfections (no rental for oxen), lack of alternative employment opportunities, and tenure insecurity as possible reasons underlying such behavior, suggesting that, rather than worrying almost exclusively about Marshallian inefficiency, it is equally warranted to give due attention to the policy framework within which land rental markets operate
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Land Reforms, Poverty Reduction, And Economic Growth
    Keywords: Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Recognition of the importance of institutions that provide security of property rights and relatively equal access to economic resources to a broad cross-section of society has renewed interest in the potential of asset redistribution, including land reforms. Empirical analysis of the impact of such policies is, however, scant and often contradictory. This paper uses panel household data from India, together with state-level variation in the implementation of land reform, to address some of the deficiencies of earlier studies. The results suggest that land reform had a significant and positive impact on income growth and accumulation of human and physical capital. The paper draws policy implications, especially from the fact that the observed impact of land reform seems to have declined over time
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Securing Property Rights In Transition
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conceptual Framework ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Policies ; Effective Use ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environments ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Land Use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Property ; Property Rights ; Real Estate Development ; Retained Earnings ; Rural Development ; Access to Finance ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conceptual Framework ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Policies ; Effective Use ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environments ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Land Use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Property ; Property Rights ; Real Estate Development ; Retained Earnings ; Rural Development ; Access to Finance ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conceptual Framework ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Policies ; Effective Use ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environments ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Land Use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Property ; Property Rights ; Real Estate Development ; Retained Earnings ; Rural Development
    Abstract: This paper is motivated by the emphasis on secure property rights as a determinant of economic development in recent literature. The authors use village and household level information from about 800 villages throughout China to explore whether legal reform increased protection of land rights against unauthorized reallocation or expropriation with below-average compensation by the state. The analysis provides nation-wide evidence on a sensitive topic. The authors find positive impacts, equivalent to increasing land values by 30 percent, of reform even in the short term. Reform originated in villages where democratic election of leaders ensured a minimum level of accountability, pointing toward complementarity between good governance and legal reform. The paper explores the implications for situations where individuals and groups hold overlapping rights to land
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Determinants And Consequences of Land Sales Market Participation
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital market ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Economic effects ; Expenditure ; Financial market ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Sector Development ; Purchasing ; Real Estate Development ; Sale ; Sales ; Substitutes ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital market ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Economic effects ; Expenditure ; Financial market ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Sector Development ; Purchasing ; Real Estate Development ; Sale ; Sales ; Substitutes ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital market ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Economic effects ; Expenditure ; Financial market ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Sector Development ; Purchasing ; Real Estate Development ; Sale ; Sales ; Substitutes
    Abstract: Although opinions on impacts of land market transfers are sharply divided, few studies explore the welfare and productivity effects of land markets on a larger scale. This paper uses a large Indian panel spanning almost 20 years, together with a climatic shock (rainfall) indicator, to assess the productivity and equity effects of market-mediated land transfers (sale and purchase) compared with non-market ones (inheritance). The analysis shows that frequent shocks increase land market activity, an effect that is mitigated by the presence of safety nets and banks. Land sales markets improved productivity and helped purchasers, many of whom were formerly landless, to accumulate non-land assets and significantly enhance their welfare
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zevenbergen, Jaap Rural Land Certification In Ethiopia
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Common Property ; Common Property Resource Development ; Common Property Resources ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensation ; E-Business ; Enforcement ; Enforcement Mechanisms ; Environment ; Environments ; Land ; Land Administration ; Land Grabbing ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Urban Development ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Common Property ; Common Property Resource Development ; Common Property Resources ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensation ; E-Business ; Enforcement ; Enforcement Mechanisms ; Environment ; Environments ; Land ; Land Administration ; Land Grabbing ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Urban Development ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Common Property ; Common Property Resource Development ; Common Property Resources ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensation ; E-Business ; Enforcement ; Enforcement Mechanisms ; Environment ; Environments ; Land ; Land Administration ; Land Grabbing ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Although many African countries have recently adopted highly innovative and pro-poor land laws, lack of implementation thwarts their potentially far-reaching impact on productivity, poverty reduction, and governance. The authors use a representative household survey from Ethiopia where, over a short period, certificates to more than 20 million plots were issued to describe the certification process, explore its incidence and preliminary impact, and quantify the costs. While this provides many suggestions to ensure sustainability and enhance impact, Ethiopia's highly cost-effective first-time registration process provides important lessons
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Efficiency And Equity Impacts of Rural Land Rental Restrictions
    Keywords: Access to information ; Agricultural development ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farmers ; Gender ; Housing ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Land reform ; Livestock ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural development ; Access to information ; Agricultural development ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farmers ; Gender ; Housing ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Land reform ; Livestock ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural development ; Access to information ; Agricultural development ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farmers ; Gender ; Housing ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Land reform ; Livestock ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural development
    Abstract: Recognition of the potentially deleterious implications of inequality in opportunity originating in a skewed asset distribution has spawned considerable interest in land reforms. However, little attention has been devoted to fact that, in the longer term, the measures used to implement land reforms could negatively affect productivity. Use of state level data on rental restrictions, together with a nationally representative survey from India, suggests that, contrary to original intentions, rental restrictions negatively affect productivity and equity. The restrictions reduce the scope for efficiency-enhancing rental transactions that benefit poor producers. Simulations suggest that, by doubling the number of producers with access to land through rental, from about 15 million currently, liberalization of rental markets could have far-reaching impacts
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Do Overlapping Property Rights Reduce Agricultural Investment ?
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Classification ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conservation ; Economic growth ; Fruits ; Labor Policies ; Land management ; Land ownership ; Land use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Plots ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Wetlands ; Agriculture ; Classification ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conservation ; Economic growth ; Fruits ; Labor Policies ; Land management ; Land ownership ; Land use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Plots ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Wetlands ; Agriculture ; Classification ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conservation ; Economic growth ; Fruits ; Labor Policies ; Land management ; Land ownership ; Land use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Plots ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Wetlands
    Abstract: The need for land-related investment to ensure sustainable land management and increase productivity of land use is widely recognized. However, there is little rigorous evidence on the effects of property rights for increasing agricultural productivity and contributing toward poverty reduction in Africa. Whether and by how much overlapping property rights reduce investment incentives, and the scope for policies to counter such disincentives, are thus important policy issues. Using information on parcels under ownership and usufruct by the same household from a nationally representative survey in Uganda, the authors find significant disincentives associated with overlapping property rights on short and long-term investments. The paper combines this result with information on crop productivity to obtain a rough estimate of the magnitudes involved. The authors make suggestions on ways to eliminate such inefficiencies
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed governance and anticorruption being at the heart of Africa's development future. He spoke of donor coordination and IDA's work in the region
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, spoke about Education for All being at the forefront of the development agenda. He spoke about four pillars to improve the education: (i) More aid: Education for all; (ii) Better aid: Quality of education that ensure the financial resources to align behind developing countries polices and strategies; (iii) Faster aid: New aid instruments and aid delivery mechanisms need to be used to ensure that resources are channeled fast to the local levels, where they are most needed; and (iv) Long-term predictable aid: Developing countries cannot develop comprehensive sector-wide strategies without being able to rely on foreign aid for more than 2 or 3 years. Moving forward, the World Bank will continue to expand our support for countries with good policies and help them build capacity
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed the fight for good governance and the fight against corruption. More and more African countries are taking on the challenge of corruption. It is important to work with the private sector to combat corruption in developing countries. It should be possible to work to strengthen systems in the country rather than trying to create parallel systems that bypass and, in the process, weaken indigenous systems. He noted the need to monitor progress and to work with donors on harmonization. A strong private sector creates jobs, opportunities for people to improve their own lives and even more importantly the lives of their children in honest work rather than in corruption. It is a virtuous circle where good governance leads to stronger development and stronger development leads to stronger governance
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that Lebanon stands at a critical crossroad in the wake of the war in the previous summer. Lebanon now needs to go beyond reconstruction. He reviewed the implementation of the Lebanese Government's economic and social reform program. The World Bank Group is providing financing support in three areas: first, the unprecedented step of providing grants from World Bank Group income for recovery and reconstruction. Second, the International Finance Corporation will provide 250 to 275 million dollars in financing for Lebanon's financial and business community, including a guarantee program for small and medium-sized enterprises and a trade finance facility. Third, the Bank extended up to 700 million dollars in IBRD financing to support the implementation of the Government's program, particularly its efforts to stimulate growth and to meet the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable elements of the population. The Bank is prepared to continue and intensify efforts in assisting the Government to implement its programs, to build institutional capacity, to improve procurement and financial management to undertake sector reforms, with a particular focus on those sectors such as power, which are key to the overall success of the program.The people of Lebanon have called on the world to help revive their economy. We have an opportunity to restore hope and stability that the Lebanese people and their children so deeply deserve
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  • 73
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, congratulated Ghana on its fiftieth anniversary that it has become one of the best performers economically in Sub-Saharan Africa, and is expected to meet the Millennium Development Goal to cut poverty in half. He spoke about World Bank partnership with the university to help create a facility that provides access to a wealth of development information for students, researchers, faculty, and the general public, and encourages all to take advantage of this new resource on the campus. Ghana faces challenges to boost the competitiveness of the private sector, an important engine for job creation. Ghana will need to invest heavily in infrastructure, and reform its energy sector, while ensuring sustained good governance. He concluded by saying that Ghana should inspire Africa by aiming higher, moving faster, taking bigger and bolder steps to achieve the future that the people of Ghana deserve
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  • 74
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    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed how to meet the rising demand for energy while reducing our carbon footprint. Rich countries need to lead by example, renovating and replacing infrastructure and investing in clean technology. Rich countries also need to lead with direct support to developing nations, both to reduce poverty and reduce carbon emissions. Moving to a low carbon path will require investments, and a long-term equitable global regulatory framework to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Bank has been actively supporting climate-friendly solutions in four areas: efficiency and conservation, renewable energy, forest preservation, and adaptation to climate change
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  • 75
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    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: In his opening remarks, President of the World Bank, Paul Wolfowitz said that the international community needs to do much more and faster and take advantage of this unique opportunity that Liberians have now, after 25 years of instability, to take control of their destiny. Liberia's USD 3.7 billion debt is clearly unsustainable and an unacceptable burden. He called on the international community to work together to clear the arrears so that the country can move forward. He paid tribute to what he terms as the "inspirational leadership of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf," and added that this new hope must not be allowed to fade away. He said that "Those who remember the horror of the past can hardly imagine that Liberia has now become a place of hope
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  • 76
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that we are seeing today an emerging global consensus that we must do something about climate change. But equally important is the agenda to reduce poverty. We face this double challenge of reducing damaging carbon emissions, and still meeting the energy demands of the world's poor. The role of the World Bank Group is to provide technical support to pilot innovative ideas, to work with countries to develop alternative strategies, and to listen and partner with the private sector which is going to provide much of the engine in innovation and financing. Carbon trading could generate resource flows in the order of USD 200 billion a year. The Bank is helping developing countries to move to a lower carbon path by exploiting renewable energy resources, supporting energy conservation, and increasing efficiency. Second, the Bank is playing a role is in promoting new technology. The third focus of the Bank is to prevent deforestation. Fourth, the Bank is among the leaders in addressing adaptation to climate risk by pioneering insurance work. We need to act sooner rather than later, today rather than tomorrow
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  • 77
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, convened a forum to discuss strategies, programs, and policies for building science, technology, and innovation (STI) capacity to promote sustainable growth and poverty reduction in developing countries. He remarked that if you want to deal with poverty, you better keep science and technology and innovation, maybe especially innovation, in the picture. Education is a major ingredient of success, and investing in people, what economists like to call human capital, is one of the biggest contributors to growth and poverty reduction. Wolfowitz focused on upgrading technology and capturing the latecomer's advantage; the role of research and development; and reversing the brain drain
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  • 78
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that a key goal of the World Bank is supporting developing countries in meeting their energy demands, and helping poor people escape from poverty, and doing so with a smaller environmental footprint. It is important to build a strong partnership between rich countries and developing countries. He talked about Brazil producing ethanol on an enormous scale and with exceptional efficiency where ethanol prices have been steadily coming down in Brazilian industry, when global energy prices have been coming up. He noted the need to remove unnecessary trade obstacles that make bio fuels less competitive. He concluded by saying that the goal of World Bank's new Investment Framework for Clean Energy and Development is to provide advice, technical assistance, and investment programs to help the partner countries meet the energy challenges while protecting the natural environment
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  • 79
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, at a meeting jointly sponsored by WHO, UNAIDS, and the World Bank, addressed the issue of the financial sustainability of AIDS treatment-especially focusing on the increasing need for second-line combination treatment regimens. The Bank is working to strengthen capacity for effectively mainstreaming AIDS priorities into national planning efforts, particularly development of poverty reduction and implementation processes. As one of many development partners supporting national AIDS programs, the World Bank is committed to improve coordination, and to better align and harmonize its support with country responses
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  • 80
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, and Ambassador Andrew Young engaged in a roundtable discussion on economic development, moderated by Dean Bahl of Georgia State. Wolfowitz has made Africa the first priority of the Bank. There is really a chance for Africa to turn the corner. It's going to have to start with the best performers, doing what the so-called Tigers did in East Asia, showing the way for other countries. Young said you can make more money honestly in a growing economy, than you can steal in a dying economy. Wolfowitz gave examples of the turnaround in Africa. Africa needs an environment where foreign investment support and local domestic investment is even more important
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  • 81
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed good governance, policies, and practice that are the means to achieve better development results. He spoke of sound principles of accountability and transparency that not only assure funds that are spent as intended, but also are essential to accelerating economic growth, helping the poor to escape poverty,and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. He highlighted the need to find solutions which are innovative and flexible and which respect the unique constituents and conditions in each country. He concluded by saying that the effort to strengthen and improve governance is a key element in the fight against poverty
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  • 82
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed Africa's challenge to unleash the energy of the people, and give people the opportunity to improve their lives themselves. He talked about the challenge of corruption. He appreciated Africa for improving policies to make it easier for new businesses to take off and for businesses that are established to expand. Africans are taking a lead in helping their continent turn the corner, and donors are raising the bar for development assistance to try to ensure that every dollar is used to create a healthier, better-educated, more prosperous Africa. Governance is taken seriously, with performance-based aid strengthening anti-corruption efforts
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  • 83
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    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed giving the poor people of the world a chance to escape poverty. He spoke about the actions to promote good governance that are crucial to successful economic development, poverty reduction and helping member countries achieve the Millennium Development Goals. He mentioned issues of global import, particularly the prospects for the Doha Round and the issue of clean, efficient, and affordable energy. He concluded by saying that the Bank Group will continue to remain active in a variety of international efforts to provide global public goods
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  • 84
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that the Gender Equality Millennium Development Goal is a central component of our overall mission of fighting poverty and empowering women in their education and opportunity for a better future. Gender equality is more than a women's issue, it is a development issue. If one of the wheels of the cart isn't moving, the cart won't go very far. We have already missing the 2005 target to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education. Trends in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa put us in danger of missing the 2015 target. We must bring more women into the labor force and into higher-paid occupations. The Bank has made significant progress on gender mainstreaming in social sectors like education and health, but more must be done to support shared growth in such areas as infrastructure, energy, and transport
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  • 85
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that the past-quarter century has to count as the most successful 25 years in history in the fight against poverty. The one region that has so far been conspicuously left behind by that progress is Sub-Saharan Africa. The people of Africa are hard at work building a more hopeful future for their continent. There is no shortage of energy, ambition, or entrepreneurial spirit. What are most severely lacking are resources to support good plans and good ideas. For Africa and the poorest countries in the world a critical source of development funding comes from the International Development Association or IDA. France has been a leader in IDA in the past. The World Bank has responded with an 'Africa Action Plan.' Wolfowitz briefly discussed four key areas of focus: Education, Health, Private Sector Development, and Infrastructure
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  • 86
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed Singapore's remarkable progress along the road from poverty to prosperity which has also been discovered by many other countries in East Asia and around the world. He spoke of how each country must find its own path for people to pursue the same dreams of the chance to go to school, the security of a good job, and the ability to provide a better future for their children. Throughout the world, and importantly in the developing world, there is a growing recognition that the path to prosperity must be built on a solid foundation of good governance. Rich countries that have a vital responsibility in the fight against corruption and the need to take action against bribe givers who often come from their countries and to help the developing country partners recover stolen assets. He concluded by saying that the Bank's mission is to help pave the way for the poor by giving them opportunity to work, so that they can take control of their own destiny
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  • 87
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, stated that the importance of cities is increasing on a daily basis. By 2030, China alone will add 342 million new urban residents, and India 271 million. Africa will add 395 million people and more than half (54 percent) of its population will be living in urban areas. Urbanization creates job opportunities and poverty challenges. Urbanization has place mayors on center stage to implement solutions to alleviate poverty at the local level. The World Bank established a dedicated urban unit more than 30 years ago, with estimated lending on urban issues in 2005 at USD 7 billion. The Bank looks forward to strengthening partnerships with local governments
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  • 88
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed the fight against poverty during the last 20 years, during which East Asian countries have made progress, but Sub-Saharan African poverty has doubled. Oil revenues far exceed official development assistance. Yet for some countries it has been more of a curse than a blessing. Corruption and waste has led to distorted economies and demoralized societies in which government power has become an object of plunder leading to civil war and social chaos. The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) aims to improve governance in resource-rich countries through disclosure and verification of company payments and government revenues from oil, gas, and mining. It focuses on transparency, which is one important aspect of governance-but it is an important step towards transforming resources into real development impact, to real effect on the lives of the poor. He spoke about EITI process still facing many challenges ahead. If EITI is to succeed, it must engage every group that has a stake in the country's future. EITI process requires governments to significantly increase their capacity while coping with other pressing demands. Making EITI succeed means going beyond just EITI in making revenues more transparent. We need to begin a vigorous effort in the area of helping countries recover stolen assets. For most countries EI revenues by themselves will not be enough by themselves to guarantee higher living standards for all citizens. We must do everything we can to help these countries transform their wealth into a brighter future for every citizen
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  • 89
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, in the development community, the interaction of energy, environment, and poverty have emerged as a central challenge. Lack of consistent electricity in developing countries is a severe obstacle to doing business. It is also affecting school attendance, particularly among girls. Inefficient energy sources can also pose health problems-as many as 1.6 million deaths per year due to indoor smoke. Rich and poor countries alike need to apply energy-efficient technology to cut greenhouse gas emissions. At the G8 summit in Gleneagles, the World Bank Group was asked to take a leadership role in creating a new framework for clean energy and development, including investment and financing. In the first phase we will propose accelerated investments. In the second phase, we aim to generate new knowledge on technology options and the impact on climate change. Wolfowitz summarized the Bank's ongoing energy spending activities
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  • 90
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    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, reminded participants that it is important to remember the more than 1 billion people worldwide struggling to survive on less than USD 1 a day. Fighting the scourge of poverty is at the heart of the World Bank Group's mission. The burden of debt and the disease of corruption threaten to undermine the efforts to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Many regions of the world have made significant progress to improve living standards and reduce poverty. Sub-Saharan Africa is moving dangerously in the opposite direction. Africa's richest resource, and its best hope, is its people. But more development financing and debt relief is needed. In the long run, neither aid nor debt relief will help the poor escape poverty without a transparent and accountable government. We are seeing an informed African citizenry demanding change. The World Bank Group is committed to supporting champions of reform in both government and civil society. Partnering with parliaments from donor countries is as important as working with parliaments in recipient countries. To achieve true prosperity for our integrated planet, we must work together to help give the poorest among us the chance to find their way out of poverty
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  • 91
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, talked about a new generation of leaders emerging in Africa, who increasingly recognize their responsibility to their people. The landscape across Africa is changing. Conflicts diminish. Small Businesses emerge. We are seeing a new breath of hope infused in all parts of that continent. More and more Africans are saying they can't live with corruption. Strong U.S. support for foreign aid is particularly important to help address issues important to Americans, issues like government transparency, anti-corruption, and civil society participation. Wolfowitz concluded that it will be up to Africans most of all to bring about the momentous changes needed to conquer poverty. But as Americans we must be able to say that we did everything we could to give them the hand that they need and deserve
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  • 92
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, complimented the impressive work of agencies like the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation. Japan is a big player everywhere in the world. The World Bank depends heavily on Japanese financial markets for borrowing. Today, Japan is a major market for developing countries and a major source of development assistance. Developing countries will need assistance to help their entrepreneurs take advantage of new trade opportunities. A swift and meaningful conclusion to the Doha round is essential if the Bank is to win the fight against poverty, disease, and hunger
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  • 93
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, shared his thoughts about how the global community can face the double challenge of protecting our environment and strengthening our economies. Brazil is working to turn this double challenge into a double dividend, by meeting energy needs that are essential for growth and fighting poverty, while leaving a smaller environmental footprint. Investing in the environment is investing in the future of the poor. To improve the lives of the poor and to create job opportunities for them, the developing countries need much more energy than they use today. The second and much greater challenge lies in slowing the threat of deforestation. The World Bank Group's mission is to support economic development and policies that helps the poor. He concluded saying that we can and will continue to work with Brazil to raise global consciousness about our shared responsibility toward our environment
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  • 94
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, celebrated the second anniversary of the Rose Revolution in Georgia. He spoke about the evidence of reduced corruption in Georgia. Georgia had the second largest improvement in performance last year of any country in the world. In transforming its own society, Georgia sets an example for the region. He assured that Georgia can count on the World Bank Group as a committed partner. Finally, he concluded by saying that Georgian determination which shined so brightly in the Rose Revolution will continue to be a beacon supporting the Georgian ideals of freedom and prosperity
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  • 95
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    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed how Japan's success is an inspirational example for developing countries. Now, Japan is the second largest shareholder in the World Bank and a valued partner. Today the world is challenged to help the poor countries achieve the millennium development goals and that Japan and the World Bank have a common set of priorities in that endeavor. The Hong Kong round of the Doha development trade round is a big challenge ahead. The relationship between Japan and the World Bank is one of the most critical ones
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  • 96
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, noted that China has shown astonishing resolve in the last 25 years in fighting poverty, with remarkable progress to show for it. With similar resolve, China can successfully work with the Bank and with other partners to overcome the remaining development challenges it faces today: battling continued poverty, confronting environmental decline, and lowering barriers to global trade. He commented that the upcoming meeting of the G-20 presents a vital opportunity for China and the international community to redress the imbalances in the global economy, to create a more stable and equitable world for future generations. It is the first time that China is hosting this meeting of the G-20-and this is appropriate evidence of China's growing role as a major force in the global economy. The decisions at that meeting can make a difference for the world's poor--between a life of deprivation and suffering or a future with dignity and opportunity
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  • 97
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, argued that the Doha Round presents an opportunity to rewrite the rules of an unfair trading system that holds back the potential of the poorest people. As important as aid is, as important as debt relief is, the opportunities generated by trade are far more significant. Unless the people of Africa and other poor countries have access to markets to sell their products, they will not escape poverty or be able to give their children a better future. He said, under the current rules, rich countries are allowed to keep barriers highest on the goods produced by poor countries. Wolfowitz emphasized that rich countries pay out a total of 280 billion dollars in subsidies to their farmers each year. But the real damage is done to farmers in poor countries who are denied markets to sell their goods. It is their children who go hungry, who are deprived of clean water, medicines, and the most basic necessities of life
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  • 98
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remembers and honors the victims and the survivors of the worst act of genocide in Europe since the World War II and commits to helping rebuild shattered lives. He resolves that these horrible events must never be repeated. The World Bank has been able to participate in building a better future for Bosnia and he appeals to everyone to stand together to make the dreams of the young generation a reality
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  • 99
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    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
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    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, congratulated the editorial team of National Geographic for the special issue on Africa. National Geographic has played a unique role in broadening the knowledge of the world. The World Bank partnered with National Geographic to produce a full-color wall map to raise awareness of the millennium development goals (MDGs) and to highlight each country's progress. We often hear about an Africa that is ravaged by poverty, disease and conflict. There is another face to Africa, one of hope, ambition, energy, intelligence and achievement. That face is also captured compellingly in this issue. Africa's future holds rich opportunities. To seize these opportunities, there are many challenges to overcome. Given the enormous scale of this challenge, we need to come to terms with what we can and cannot achieve with the MDGs. The World Bank is working with countries that request help to strengthen legislation and institutions so they can take charge of combating corruption. Africa's transformation will depend on the commitment of the international community and the resolve of Africa's people and leaders. Michael Fay, National Geographic Explorer in Residence, spoke of his travels in Africa and said that there is a very direct relationship in particular in the African continent, but indeed everywhere on earth, between the management of the natural resource base and poverty alleviation, the wellbeing of humanity. Frannie Leautier, of the World Bank Institute, said countries working together can reach solutions that are much better than when they work individually. She noted the need to balance between human life and other life forms, with the forests, animals and so on. Paulo Gomes, of the World Bank Board of Directors, said the issue was very rich in presenting the ecological dimension of the diversity of Africa. The Bank needs to do something in preparing a comprehensive strategy to rebrand Africa in a more positive light. Africa has a formidable reservoir of variety in fauna and flora that can be used for science and the good of the continent. The panel fielded questions on urban ecology, indigenous knowledge, resource management, and governance amid ethnic diversity
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  • 100
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    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, makes the case for ending poverty in our lifetime, especially in Africa. There is an urgent need for action, because thousands of people living in extreme poverty, many of them children, die every day from preventable diseases. The call to end poverty reaches across generations, continents, and nationalities. It spans religions, gender, and politics. Wolfowitz claims that the world is at a turning point, with grounds for hope. The last few decades have witnessed dramatic improvement in the condition of the world's poorest people. He cites as key factors leadership and accountability, respect for women, civil society, the private sector, and legal empowerment of the poor. He concludes that in order to find solutions for alleviating poverty, the World Bank needs to strengthen its knowledge and expertise in such areas as education, health, infrastructure, energy and sustainable development, and agriculture. We must chart a course for a future in which today's poor become tomorrow's entrepreneurs
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