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  • 1
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    The Birth of Meaning in Hindu Thought (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400914315
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (410p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 102
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 102
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Hindu Systems of Thought as Epistemic Disciplines -- I. The Science of Philosophies -- II. The Mechanism of Organization -- III. The Structural Design -- IV. Para-Methodology -- V. Modality and Modalization -- VI. The Self-Developing Culture and Text -- VII. Six Epistemic Disciplines Unfolding Into One Another -- VIII. Modal Semiotics and the Categories of Philosophical Thinking -- IX. Six Entries into the World of Philosophical Reflections -- X. Summa Philosophiae -- II / The Birth of ‘Meaning’: A Systematic Genealogy of Indian Semantics -- I. Segregation of Meaning and Language -- II. The Rgveda in the Making: A Meaningful Activity Without ‘Meaning’ -- III. The Nirukta: A Knot of Semantic and Etymological Problems -- IV. P?nini: Separating and Interconnecting Language and Logic -- V. The Individual and the Universal in Language and Knowledge -- III / Dialectics in Kant and in the Ny?ya-S?tra: Toward the History of the Formation of Formal Logical Thinking -- IV / The Canonical Self in the World of Knowledge: A Note on Ny?ya Gnoseology -- V / Revelation in Advaita Ved?nta as an Experiment in the Semantic Destruction of Language -- I. Theoretical Basis of the Possibility of Coming to Know Brahman (Pary?ya) -- II. Intuitive Basis of the Possibility of Coming to Know Brahman (Prayojana) -- III. Pary?ya of the First Stage of Reflection from the Structure of the Text to the Nature of Brahman: The Theory of False Attribution and its Sublation (Transcendence) -- IV. Prayojana of the First Stage of Reflection: The Intuition of False Attribution and its Sublation (Transcendence) -- V. Pary?ya of the Second Stage of Reflection: The Theory of Brahman Shown in a Metaphoric Occurrence (Laksan?vritti) -- VI. Prayojana of the Second Stage of Reflection: Intuition of Brahman Shown by the Method of Metamorphic Definition -- VII. Language Inappropriateness Exposed and Brahman Demonstrated by the Netiv?da Method: The Theory of Intuition (Pary?ya) -- VIII. Prayojana of the Vedic Realization by the Netiv?da Method: The Intuition of a Theory -- VI / Is The Bodhisattva a Skeptic? On the Trichotomy of ‘Indicative’, ‘Recollective’, and ‘Collective’ Signs -- VII / Hindu Values and Buddhism: An Exemplary Discourse -- I. Methodological -- II. Theoretical -- II.1. The Mim?msa Normology -- VIII / Understanding Cultural Traditions Through Types of Thinking -- I. Level of Absolute Reality -- II. Level of Phenomenation -- III. Level of Absolute Irreality -- IX / The Family of Hindu ‘Visions’ as Cultural Entities -- Notes and References -- Bibliography: Selected Works of David Zilberman.
    Abstract: In his letter to B. K. Matilal, dated February 20, 1977, the author of this book wrote about his work on Advaita-Vedanta: " ... It was not to present Advaita in the light of current problems of the logic of scientific discovery and modern philosophy of language ... but just the contrary. I do not believe that any 'logic without metaphysics' or 'philosophy of language without thinking' is possible." This passage alone may serve as the clue to Zilberman's understanding and mode of explaining that specific and highly original approach to (not 'of'!) philosophy that he himself nicknamed modal. Four points would seem to me to be most essential here. First, a philosophy cannot have 'anything un-thinking' as its object of investigation. Language, to Zilberman, is not a phenomenon of con­ sciousness but a spontaneously working natural mechanism (like, for instance, 'mind' to some Buddhist philosophers). It may, of course, be­ come used for and by consciousness; consciousness may see itself, so to speak, in language, but only secondarily, only as in one of its modifica­ tions, derivations or modalities. That is why to Zilberman linguistic- as to Kant psychology - cannot and must not figure as the primary ground for any philosophical investigation.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1431-5
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  • 2
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    Reason and Being (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945906
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (464p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 17
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Political science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I -- 1. The Heraclitean-Eleatic Clash -- 2. Paradoxes of Being -- 3. Einstein and Epicurus -- 4. The Rationalism of the Renaissance -- 5. Descartes -- 6. Spinoza and Einstein -- 7. The Genesis of Classical Science and the Problem of Nonidentity -- 8. Dynamism and the Critique of Stationary Being -- II -- 9. Heterogeneous Being -- 10. Existence and Actuality -- 11. Understanding and Reason in Nineteenth- and Twentieth- Century Science -- 12. Nothing and the Vacuum -- Afterword -- Afterword -- Bibliography of Works Cited -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Boris Kuznetsov was a scientist among humanists, a philosopher among scientists, a historian for those who look to the future, an optimist in an age of sadness. He was steeped in classical European culture, from earliest times to the latest avant-garde, and he roamed through the ages, an inveterate time-traveller, chatting and arguing with Aristotle and Descartes, Heine and Dante, among many others. Kuznetsov was also, in his intelligent and thoughtful way, a Marxist scholar and a practical engineer, a patriotic Russian Jew of the first sixty years of the Soviet Union. Above all he meditated upon the revolutionary developments of the natural sciences, throughout history to be sure but particularly in his own time, the time of what he called 'non-classical science', and of his beloved and noblest hero, Albert Einstein. Kuznetsov was born in Dnepropetrovsk on October 5, 1903 (then Yekaterinoslav). By early years he had begun to teach, first in 1921 at an institute of mining engineering and then at other technological institutions. By 1933 he had received a scientific post within the Academy of Science of the U. S. S. R. , and then at the end of the Second World War he joined several colleagues at the new Institute of the History of Science and Technology. For more than 40 years he worked there until his death two years ago.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4590-6
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  • 3
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    Cognition and Fact : Materials on Ludwik Fleck (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400944985
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (504p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 87
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 87
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Sociology. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. -- Microbiology and Philosophy of Science, Lwów and the German Holocaust: Stations of a Life — Ludwik Fleck 1896–1961 -- II. Ludwik Fleck’s Papers on the Philosophy of Science -- 2.1. Some Specific Features of the Medical Way of Thinking [1927] -- 2.2. On the Crisis of ‘Reality’ [1929] -- 2.3. Scientific Observation and Perception in General [1935] -- 2.4. The Problem of Epistemology [1936] -- 2.5. Problems of the Science of Science [ 1946] -- 2.6. To Look, To See, To Know [1947] -- 2.7. Crisis in Science [unpublished, 1960] -- III. On Ludwik Fleck’s Theory of Knowledge and Science -- 3.1. The Proto-Ideas and Their Aftermath -- 3.2. Polish Philosophy in the Inter-War Period and Ludwik Fleck’s Theory of Thought-Styles and Thought-Collectives -- 3.3. Ludwik Fleck and Polish Philosophy -- 3.4. Lwów as a Cultural and Intellectual Background of the Genesis of Fleck’s Ideas -- 3.5. Ludwik Fleck and the Influence of the Philosophy of Lwów -- 3.6. Ludwik Fleck and the Historical Interpretation of Science -- 3.7. Fleck’s Contribution to Epistemology -- 3.8. Is There a Distinction Between External and Internal Sociology of Science? (Commentary on a Paper of John Ziman) -- 3.9. On Ludwik Fleck’s Use of Social Categories in Knowledge -- 3.10. History of Science and Its Sociological Reconstructions -- 3.11. Some Determinants of Cognitive Style in Science -- 3.12. Some Comments on Fleck’s Interpretation of the Bordet-Wassermann Reaction in View of Present Biochemical Knowledge -- 3.13. Fleck’s Style -- 3.14. The Epistemology of the Science of an Epistemologist of the Sciences: Ludwik Fleck’s Professional Outlook and its Relationships to his Philosophical Works -- IV. -- Bibliography Of Ludwik Fleck -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Within the last ten years, the interest of historians and philosophers of science in the epistemological writings of the Polish medical microbiologist Ludwik Fleck (1896-1961), who had up to then been almost completely unknown, has advanced with great strides. His main writings on epistemological questions were published in the mid-1930's, but they remained almost unnoticed. Today, however, one may rightly call Fleck a 'classical' figure both of episte­ mology and of the historical sociology of science, one whose works are comparable with Popper's Logic of Scientific Discovery or Merton's pioneer­ ing study of the relations among economics, Puritanism, and natural science, both also originally published in the mid-1930's. The story of this book of 'materials on Ludwik Fleck' is also the story of the reception of Ludwik Fleck. In this volume, some essential materials which have been produced by that reception have been gathered together. We will sketch both the reception and the materials.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4498-5
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  • 4
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    A Portrait of Twenty-five Years : Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science 1960-1985 (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400953451
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Falsifiability of Theories: Total or Partial? A Contemporary Evalutation of the Duhem-Quine Thesis -- On Science and Phenomenology -- Recent Contributions to the Theory of Innate Ideas -- The ‘Innateness Hypothesis’ and Explanatory Models in Linguistics -- The Epistemological Argument -- Conceptual Revolutions in Science -- Is Logic Empirical? -- Empiricism at Bay? Revisions and a New Defense -- Empiricism at Sea -- Teleological and Teleonomic, a New Analysis -- A Note on the Concept of Scientific Practice -- Explanation and Evolution -- Constraints on Science -- Complex Scientific Problems -- Experiment, Theory, Practice -- Perception, Representation, and the Forms of Action: Towards an Historical Epistemology -- Analysis as a Method of Discovery During the Scientific Revolution -- Biological Competition: Decision Rules, Pattern Formation, and Oscillations -- Valuation and Objectivity in Science -- Reflections on the Philosophy of Bohr, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger -- Name Index. .
    Abstract: The Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science began 2S years ago as an interdisciplinary, interuniversity collaboration of friends and colleagues in philosophy, logic, the natural sciences and the social sciences, psychology, religious studies, arts and literature, and often the celebrated man-in-the­ street. Boston University came to be the home base. Within a few years, pro­ ceedings were seen to be candidates for publication, first suggested by Gerald Holton for the journal Synthese within the Synthese Library, both from the D. Reidel Publishing Company of Dordrecht, then and now in Boston and Lancaster too. Our colloquium was inheritor of the Institute for the Unity of Science, itself the American transplant of the Vienna Circle, and we were repeatedly honored by encouragement and participation of the Institute's central figure, Philipp Frank. The proceedings were selected, edited, revised in the light of the discussions at our colloquia, and then other volumes were added which were derived from other symposia, in Boston or elsewhere. A friendly autonomy, in­ dependent of the Synthese Library proper, existed for more than a decade and then the Boston Studies became fully separate. We were grateful to Jaakko Hintikka for his continued encouragement within that Library. The series Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science was conceived in the broadest framework of interdisciplinary and international concerns. Natural scientists, mathematicians, social scientists and philosophers have contributed to the series, as have historians and sociologists of science, linguists, psychologists, physicians, and literary critics. .
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5345-1
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  • 5
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    Phenomenology and Dialectical Materialism (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400951914
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 49
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 49
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One: The Phenomenological Method and Its Actual Real Content -- One: The Intuition of Essences -- Two: The Thematization of Concrete Consciousness -- Three: The Problems of Reason -- Four: The Result of Phenomenology -- Two: The Dialectic of Real Movement -- to Part Two -- One: The Dialectic of Animal Behavior as the Becoming of Sense Certainty -- Two: The Dialectic of Human Societies as the Becoming of Reason -- Notes -- Bibliography of Works Cited -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5191-4
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  • 6
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    For Dirk Struik : Scientific, Historical and Political Essays in Honor of Dirk J. Struik (1974)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401021159
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (692p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 15
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I/Mathematics -- The Lemniscate of Bernoulli -- Summation of Series of Fractions Depending upon the Roots of the Airy Function -- Wave Propagation in Non-Viscous Fluids -- Polyhedral Numbers -- Materialist Mathematics -- Skew Curves Setting up a Null System in Space -- Über ein Beispiel zur unbestimmten Analytik und seine allgemeine Bedeutung -- Remarks on Two-By-Two Matric Semigroups -- A Unified Approach to Hypernumbers -- Some Remarks on the Concept of Limit -- La notion de fonction chez Condorcet -- II/History of Mathematics and Science -- The Modern Use of Historical Chinese Solar Observations -- The Second Part of Chapter 5 of the De arte mensurandi by Johannes de Muris -- Isaac Newton, the Calculus of Variations, and the Design of Ships. An Example of Pure Mathematics in Newton’s Principia, Allegedly Developed for the Sake of Practical Applications -- The Impact of von Staudt’s Foundations of Geometry -- Georg Samuel Dörffel -- Observational, Rational and Scientific Medicine in Mexico -- History of Science: A Subject for the Frustrated. Recent Japanese Experience -- The Relation between Eudoxus’ Theory of Proportions and Dedekind’s Theory of Cuts -- Rheticus as Editor of Sacrobosco -- Is Euclid on the Skids? -- John Pell’s English Edition of J. H. Rahn’s Teutsche Algebra -- Could the Specific Heat of the Elements Have Contributed to the Discovery of the Periodic System? -- III/The Nature Of Mathematics, Philosophy and Science -- Die Alexander-von-Humboldt-Forschung an der Akademie der Wissenschaften der D.D.R. — Ergebnisse und Ziele -- Ethics and Science -- A Religion of Earth. The Twentieth Century Scientific Revolution and Organized Religion -- Some Heretical Ideas with Respect to Mathematics and Physics -- A Note on Robert Hodes -- Aims and Methods of Scientific Research -- The Concept of ‘Simplicity’ in the Physico-Mathematical Sciences -- Should Science Survive Its Success? -- Jonathan Edwards on the Freedom of the Will -- The Accelerator and the Virgin: The Rise & Fall of Two Cults -- A Note on the Concept of Scientific Practice -- Ideology, Expression, and Mediation -- Is Science Rational? -- On the Philosophical Meaning of Observational Errors -- IV/Cultural and Political Questions -- Falsification in History -- The Evolution of Black Nationalism (1971) -- The Secret of Jheronimus Bosch -- Self-Determination in Theory and Practice -- The Appeal of Marxism in the United States -- Relative Values and the Quest for Socio-Political Standards -- Dirk Struik and the Sociology of Science -- What Is Burgerlijk? Analysis of a Dutch Concept -- American Anti-Imperialism and the Russian Revolution -- Lenin and the Americans at Kuzbas -- Pre-School Education and Its Role in Social Change: A New Zealand Example -- Toward a Critique of Economics.
    Abstract: It is fitting that Professor Dirk Jan Struik be greeted with this melange of mathematical, scientific, historical, sociological and political essays. The authors are also appropriately varied: different countries, outlooks, religions, generations, and we suppose - of course we did not as- different politics too. Many more would have joined us, we know, but the good friends in this book make a fine and representative assembly of the intersection of two (mathematical!) classes: affectionately respect­ ful admirers of Dirk Struik, and the best thinkers of this troubled century. Struik has been among the most steadfast supporters of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, that discussion group which we have been holding at Boston University since 1960, but his luminous collaboration has been welcome, in Boston and Cambridge, for nearly five decades among mathematicians, physicists, philosophical and political thinkers, and especially among the students. It has not mattered whether they have been his own students or not, whether at M.LT. or elsewhere, whether scholars or dropouts, nature-lovers or book worms, anarchists or Republicans, Catholics or Unitarians, Communists or communists, prim or liberated. No doubt he has his preferences! But the main thing for Struik has been to educate and respect the other person.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2115-9
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  • 7
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    Philosophical Foundations of Science : Proceedings of Section L, 1969, American Association for the Advancement of Science (1974)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401021265
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (568p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 11
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / 450th Anniversary of the Death of Leonardo da Vinci -- An Aspect of Leonardo’s Painting -- Leonardo da Vinci and the Sublimatory Process -- On the Physical Insights of Leonardo da Vinci -- Leonardo as Military Engineer -- Leonardo da Vinci and the Beginnings of Factories with a Central Source of Power -- II / Physics and the Explanation of Life -- Physics and the Explanation of Life -- New Concepts in the Evolution of Complexity. Stratified Stability and Unbounded Plans -- III / The George Sarton Memorial Lecture, 1969 -- Boltzmann, Monocycles and Mechanical Explanation -- IV / Current Problems of Cosmology -- to the Symposium on Cosmology -- Cosmology as a Science -- Open or Closed? -- Cosmic Evolution -- Highly Condensed Objects -- The Case for a Hierarchical Cosmology. Recent Observations Indicate that Hierarchical Clustering Is a Basic Factor in Cosmology -- From Mendeléev’s Atom to the Collapsing Star -- V / Objectivity and Anthropology -- Objectivity in the Social Sciences -- On the Objectivity of Anthropology -- Acquired Models and the Modification of Anthropological Evidence -- The Present Status of Anthropology as an Explanatory Science -- ’Subjective’ and ’Objective’ in Social Anthropological Epistemology -- VI / Comparative History and Sociology of Science -- Scientific Concepts and Social Structure in Ancient Greece -- Algébre etlinguistique: l’analyse combinatoire dans la science arabe -- Scientific Strategies and Historical Change -- Logicality and Rationality: A Comment on Toulmin’s Theory of Science -- On Pursuing the Unattainable -- Sciences and Civilizations, ‘East’ and ‘West’. Joseph Needham and Max Weber -- VII / Unity of Science -- The Unity of Science and Theory Construction in Molecular Biology -- The Evolution of the Problem of the Unity of Science.
    Abstract: At the 1969 annual meeting of the American Association for the Ad­ vancement ofScience, held in Boston on December 27-29, a sequence of symposia on the philosophical foundations of science was organized jointly by Section L of the Association and the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science. Section L is devoted to the history, philos­ ophy, logic and sociology of science, with broad connotations extended both to 'science' and to 'philosophy'. With collaboration generously extended by other and more specialized Sections of the AAAS, the Section L program took an unusually rich range of topics, and indeed the audiences were large, and the discussions lively. This book, regrettably delayed in publication, contains the major papers from those symposia of 1969. In addition, it contains the distin­ guished George Sarton Memorial Lecture of that meeting, 'Boltzmann, Monocycles and Mechanical Explanation' by Martin J. Klein. Some additions and omissions should be noted: In Part 1, dedicated to the 450th anniversary of the birth of Leonardo da Vinci, we have been una bie to include a contrihution by Elmer Belt who was prevented by storms from participating. In Part II, on physics and the explanation of life, we were unable to persuade Isaac Asimov to overcome his modesty about the historical remarks he made under the title 'Arrhenius Revisited'.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2126-5
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  • 8
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    PSA 1972 : Proceedings of the 1972 Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association (1974)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401021401
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (468p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 20
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Symposium: Space, Time and Matter: The Foundations of Geometrodynamics -- Space, Time, and Matter: The Foundations of Geometrodynamics. Introductory Remarks -- Some Topics for Philosophical Inquiry Concerning the Theories of Mathematical Geometrodynamics and of Physical Geometrodynamics -- The Rise and Fall of Geometrodynamics -- II / Philosophical Problems of Biology and Psychology -- Elsasser, Generalized Complementarity, and Finite Classes: A Critique of His Anti-Reductionism -- Complexity and Organization -- B. F. Skinner — The Butcher, The Baker, The Behavior-Shaper -- III / Symposium: Fundamental Problems in the Concept of Randomness -- Fundamental Problems in the Concept of Randomness. Dedication to Leonard J. Savage -- Randomness and Knowledge -- Random Thoughts about Randomness -- Randomness -- IV / Historical Issues in the Philosophy of Science -- Kant, the Dynamical Tradition, and the Role of Matter in Explanation -- V / Philosophical Problems of the Social Sciences -- The Operation Called Verstehen: Towards a Redefinition of the Problem -- On Popper’s Philosophy of Social Science -- Monistic Theories of Society -- VI / Symposium: Values, Ideology and Objectivity in the Social Sciences -- The Exact Role of Value Judgments in Science -- VII / Philosophical Problems of the Physical Sciences -- A Dilemma for the Traditional Interpretation of Quantum Mixtures -- Nowness and the Understanding of Time -- VIII / Symposium: Modality and the Analysis of Scientific Propositions -- On the Usefulness of Modal Logic in Axiomatizations of Physics -- The Essential but Implicit Role of Modal Concepts in Science -- Comments on Suppes’ Paper: The Essential but Implicit Role of Modal Concepts in Science -- Bressan and Suppes on Modality -- Replies to van Fraassen’s Comments: Bressan and Suppes on Modality -- IX / Scientific Explanation -- Statistical Explanations -- The Objects of Acceptance: Competing Scientific Explanations -- X / Truth and Realism in Science -- Is Scientific Realism a Contingent Thesis? -- Realist Foundations of Measurement -- XI / Symposium: Discovery, Rationality and Progress in Science -- Rationality and Scientific Discovery -- Discovery, Rationality, and Progress in Science: A Perspective in the Philosophy of Science -- XII / Inductive Logic -- Rationality Between the Maximizers and the Satisficers.
    Abstract: This book contains selected papers from symposia and contributed sessions presented at the third biennial meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, held in Lansing, Michigan, on October 27-29, 1972. We are grateful to Michigan State University, and especially to Professor Peter Asquith and his students and colleagues, for their friendly and efficient hospitality in organizing the circumstances of the sessions and of the 'intersessions', the unscheduled free time which is so important to any scholarly gathering. Several of the symposium papers have unhappily not been made available: those of Alasdair MacIntyre and Sidney Morgenbesser in the session on the social sciences, that of Ian Hacking in the session on randomness and that of Imre Lakatos in the session on discovery and rationality in science. Department of History and KENNETH F. SCHAFFNER Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh Center for the Philosophy and ROBERT S. COHEN History of Science, Boston University TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v PART I/SYMPOSIUM: SPACE, TIME AND MATTER: THE FOUNDATIONS OF GEOMETRODYNAMICS ADOLF GRUNBAUM / Space, Time, and Matter: The Foundations of Geometrodynamics. Introductory Remarks 3 CHARLES W. MISNER / Some Topics for Philosophical Inquiry Concerning the Theories of Mathematical Geometrodynamics and of Physical Geometrodynamics 7 JOHN STACHEL / The Rise and Fall of Geometrodynamics 31 PART II / PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS OF BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY STUART KAUFFMAN / Elsasser, Generalized Complementarity, and Finite Classes: A Critique of His Anti-Reductionism 57 WILLIAM C.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2140-1
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  • 9
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    Methodological and Historical Essays in the Natural and Social Sciences (1974)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401021289
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (413p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 14
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Empiricism at Bay?: Revisions and a New Defense -- Empiricism at Sea -- What Duhem Really Meant -- Genius in Science -- Regularity and Law -- Teleological and Teleonomic, a New Analysis -- Forces, Powers, Aethers, and Fields -- Natural Science and the Future of Metaphysics -- Is the Transition from an Old Theory to a New One of a Sudden and Unexpected Character? -- Some Practical Issues in the Recent Controversy on the Nature of Scientific Revolutions -- The Divergent-Convergent Method — A Heuristic Approach to Problem-Solving -- The Logical and the Extra-Logical -- What is a Logical Constant? -- On the Law of Inertia -- Scientific and Metaphysical Problems: Euler and Kant -- Theory of Language and Philosophy of Science as Instruments of Educational Reform: Wittgenstein and Popper as Austrian Schoolteachers -- Bible Criticism and Social Science -- Kant, Marx and the Modern Rationality -- The Marxist Conception of Science -- The Idea of Statistical Law in Nineteenth Century Science.
    Abstract: Modem philosophy of science has turned out to be a Pandora's box. Once opened, the puzzling monsters appeared: not only was the neat structure of classical physics radically changed, but a variety of broader questions were let loose, bearing on the nature of scientific inquiry and of human knowledge in general. Philosophy of science could not help becoming epistemological and historical, and could no longer avoid metaphysical questions, even when these were posed in disguise. Once the identification of scientific methodology with that of physics had been queried, not only did biology and psychology come under scrutiny as major modes of scientific inquiry, but so too did history and the social sciences - particularly economics, sociology and anthropology. And now, new 'monsters' are emerging - for example, medicine and political science as disciplined inquiries. This raises anew a much older question, namely whether the conception of science is to be distinguished from a wider conception of learning and inquiry? Or is science to be more deeply understood as the most adequate form of learning and inquiry, whose methods reach every domain of rational thought? Is modern science matured reason, or is it simply one historically adapted and limited species of western reason? In our colloquia at Boston University, over the past fourteen years, we have been probing and testing the scope of philosophy of science.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2128-9
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  • 10
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    Empiricism and Sociology (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025256
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (500p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Sociology. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. Memories of Otto Neurath -- 1. Otto Neurath’s Parents; the Father’s autobiographical sketch -- 2. Otto Neurath’s Childhood, from autobiographical notes -- 3. University Days, contributed by Marie Neurath -- 4. Military Life, contributed by G. Neumann -- 5. A Teacher of Political Economy, from N. Y. Ben-Gavriel -- 6. Excerpts from Ernst Lakenbacher -- 7. From Wolfgang Schumann -- 8. Autobiographical Excerpts from Otto Neurath -- 9. Munich 1919 and Later, from Ernst Niekisch -- 10. From Otto Neurath’s Son, the Sociologist Paul Neurath -- 11. Heinz Umrath -- 12. From Rudolf Carnap’s Intellectual Autobiography -- 13. Heinrich Neider -- 14. Viktor Kraft -- 15. Karl R. Popper -- 16. 26 September 1924 and After, from Marie Neurath -- 17. Charles Morris -- 18. Marie Neurath: 1940-1945 -- 19. Bilston and A. V. Williams -- 20. Marie Neurath: Otto’s Last Day, 22nd December 1945 -- References -- 2. Six Lessons -- 1. The Little Discourse on the Sanctity of Vocation (by La-Se-Fe) -- 2. The Strange (by La-Se-Fe) -- 3. The Little Discourse on the Virtues (by La-Se-Fe) -- 4. On Delay -- 5. Measure and Number -- 6. Of Masters and Servants -- References -- 3. On the Foundations of the History of Optics -- Reference -- 4. The Problem of the Pleasure Maximum -- References -- 5. Through War Economy to Economy in Kind -- List of Contents -- Preface (April 1919) -- The Theory of War Economy as a Separate Discipline (1913) -- The Converse Taylor System (1917) -- Character and Course of Socialization (1919) -- Utopia as a Social Engineer’s Construction (1919) -- Total Socialization -- References -- 6. Anti-Spengler -- 1. Rejection of Spengler -- 2. Phases of Culture -- 3. The Character of Culture -- 4. Spengler’s Description of the World -- References -- 7. From Vienna Method to Isotype -- 1. The Social and Economic Museum in Vienna (1925) -- 2. Visual Education and the Social and Economic Museum in Vienna (1931) -- 3. Museums of the Future (1933) -- 4. A New Language (1937) -- 5. Visual Education: Humanisation versus Popularisation -- Reference -- 8. Personal Life and Class Struggle -- Introduction: New Principles for Living -- 1. The Coming Man in the Present -- 2. Community Life and Economic Plan -- 3. Eternal Peace -- 4. Youth Associations, School, Vocational Guidance -- 5. Marx and Epicurus -- 6. Turning Away from Metaphysics -- References -- 9. Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung: Der Wiener Kreis [The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle] -- Preface -- 1. The Vienna Circle of the Scientific Conception of the World -- 2. The Scientific World Conception -- 3. Fields of Problems -- 4. Retrospect and Prospect -- References -- 10. Empirical Sociology. The Scientific Content of History and Political Economy -- 1. From Magic to Unified Science -- 2. History -- 3. Political Economy -- 4. Uniting History with Political Economy -- 5. Metaphysical Countercurrents -- 6. Sociology on a Materialist Foundation -- 7. Extrapolation -- 8. Coherence -- 9. Structure of Society -- 10. Sociological Prognosis -- References -- 11. International Planning for Freedom -- 1. Pursuit of Happiness -- 2. Production of Freedom -- 3. International Planning in the Making -- References -- 12. List of Works by Otto Neurath -- Notes: Names and Explanations -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: On the last day of his life, Otto Neurath had given help to a Chinese philosopher who was writing about Schlick. Only an hour before his death he said to me: "Nobody will do such a thing for me." My answer then was: "Never mind, you have Bilston, isn't that better?" There were con­ sultations in new housing schemes, an exhibition, and hopes for a fruitful relationship of longer duration. I did not dream at that time that I would one day work on a book like this. The idea came from Horace M. Kallen, of the New School for Social Research, New York, years later; to encourage me he sent me his selection from William James' writings. Later I met Robert S. Cohen. Carnap had sent him to me with the message: "If you want to find out what my political views were in the twenties and thirties, read Otto Neurath's books and articles of that time; his views were also mine." In this way Robert Cohen became ac­ quainted with Otto Neurath. Even more: he became interested; and when I asked him, would he help me as an editor of an Otto N eurath volume, he agreed at once. In previous years I had already asked a number of Otto Neurath's friends to write down for me what they especially remembered about him.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2525-6
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  • 11
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    Logical and Epistemological Studies in Contemporary Physics (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401026567
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (480p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 13
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Perception and Philosophy Science -- (1) Nature of a Perceptual Theory -- (2) The Psychophysical Law -- (3) Perception of Light and Color -- (4) Perception of Voice and Music -- (5) Theory of Space and Time -- (6) Statistical Theory of Fields -- (7) The Problem of the Unity of Physics -- (8) Nature of a Physical Theory -- (9) A Theory of Psycho-social Evolution -- The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics -- Defense of a Non-Conventionalist Interpretation of Classical Mechanics -- Comments on C. A. Hooker: Systematic Realism -- The Formal Representation of Physical Quantities -- Comments on ‘The Formal Representation of Physical Quantities’ -- Comments on ‘The Formal Representation of Physical Quantities’ -- The Labyrinth of Quantum Logics -- Ontic Commitments of Quantum Mechanics -- Comments on ‘Ontic Commitments of Quantum Mechanics’ -- Quantum Logic and Classical Logic: Their Respective Roles -- Implications of a New Axiom Set for Quantum Logic -- Two Types of Continuity -- General Relativity — Some Puzzling Questions -- Personal Remembrance of Albert Einstein -- The Controversy Concerning the Law of Causality in Contemporary Physics -- Topical Table of Contents -- (1) Causality -- (2) Relevance of Probability -- (3) Teleology in Physics? -- (4) Probability and Free Will.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2656-7
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  • 12
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    PSA 1970 : In Memory of Rudolf Carnap Proceedings of the 1970 Biennial Meeting Philosophy of Science Association (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401031424
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 8
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Symposium: Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation -- Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation -- Explanation and Relevance: Comments on James G. Greeno’s ‘Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation’ -- Remarks on Explanatory Power -- Symposium: Capacities and Natures -- Capacities and Natures -- Capacities and Natures: An Exercise in Ontology -- Fisk on Capacities and Natures -- Symposium: History of Science and its Rational Reconstruction -- History of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions -- Notes on Lakatos -- Research Programmes and Induction -- Can We Use the History of Science to Decide Between Competing Methodologies? -- Inter-Theoretic Criticism and the Growth of Science -- Replies to Critics -- Contributed Papers -- I. Observation -- Observation -- Feyerabend’s Pragmatic Theory of Observation and the Comparability of Alternative Theories -- Observations as the Building Blocks of Science in 20th-Century Scientific Thought -- II. Philosophical Problems of Biology -- Functionalism and the Negative Feedback Model in Biology -- Some Problems with the Concept of ‘Feedback’ -- Articulation of Parts Explanation in Biology and the Rational Search for Them -- III. Equivalence, Analyticity, and In-Principle Confirmability -- Theoretical Realism and Theoretical Equivalence -- Theoretical Analyticity -- The Confirmation Machine -- IV. Probability, Statistics and Acceptance -- Unknown Probabilities, Bayesianism, and de Finetti’s Representation Theorem -- New Dimensions of Confirmation Theory II: The Structure of Uncertainty -- Cost-Benefit vs Expected Utility Acceptance Rules -- Material Conditions on Tests of Statistical Hypotheses -- V. Problems in Quantum Physics; Genetic Epistemology -- Tachyons, Backwards Causation, and Freedom -- The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox Reexamined -- The Significance of Piaget’s Researches on the Psychogenesis of Atomism -- VI. Theoretical Pluralism; Understanding; Methodological Agreement -- Method and Factual Agreement in Science -- VII. Induction and Reduction -- Dispositional Probabilities -- On the Relation of Neurological and Psychological Theories: A Critique of the Hardware Thesis -- ‘Self-supporting’ Inductive Arguments -- VIII. Scientific Theories: Comparison and Change -- Ontological and Terminological Commitment and the Methodological Commensurability of Theories -- Objectivity, Scientific Change, and Self-Reference -- A Logical Empiricist Theory of Scientific Change? -- IX. The Future of Philosophy of Science; Theory in the Social Sciences -- The Structure, Growth and Application of Scientific Knowledge: Reflections on Relevance and the Future of Philosophy of Science -- From Logical Systems to Conceptual Populations -- Two Kinds of Theory in the Social Sciences -- X. Relativity and Congruence -- Einstein and the Lorentz-Poincaré Theory of Relativity -- Competing Radical Translations: Examples, Limitations and Implications -- Is ‘Congruence’ A Peculiar Predicate?.
    Abstract: This book contains the papers presented at the second biennial meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, held in Boston in Fall, 1970. We have added the paper by Jaakko Hintikka which he was unable to present due to illness, and we have unfortunately not received the paper of Michael Scriven. Otherwise, these proceedings are complete so far as formal presentations. The meeting itself was dedicated to the memory of Rudolf Carnap. This great man and distinguished philosopher had died shortly before. The five talks from the session devoted to recollections of Professor Carnap are printed at the beginning of this book, and they are followed by eight other tributes and memories. We are particularly grateful to Wolfgang Stegmiiller for permitting us to include a translation of his eloge which was broadcast in Germany. The photographs were kindly contributed by Hannah Thost-Carnap. ROGER C. BUCK Department of History and Philosophy of Science, Indiana University ROBER T S. COHEN Boston Center for the Philosophy of Science, Boston University Photograph by Francis Schmidt, 1935 Photograph by Adya, 1962 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v HOMAGE TO RUDOLF CARNAP XI Herbert Feigl, Carl G. Hempel, Richard C. Jeffrey, W. V. Quine, A. Shimony, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, Herbert G. Bohnert, Robert S. Cohen, Charles Hartshorne, David Kaplan, Charles Morris, Maria Reichenbach, Wolfgang Stegmiiller SYMPOSIUM: THEORETICAL ENTITIES IN STATISTICAL EXPLANATION JAMES G. GREENO / Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation 3 WESLEY C. SALMON / Explanation and Relevance: Comments on James G.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3142-4
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  • 13
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    Ernst Mach: Physicist and Philosopher (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401714624
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 298 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 6
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Ernst Mach — His Life as a Teacher and Thinker -- On Mach’s Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations -- Mach’s Contribution to the Development of Gas Dynamics -- On Mach’s Curiosity about Shockwaves -- Ernst Mach and Contemporary Physics -- The Genesis of Mach’s Early Views on Atomism -- Mathematical Implications of Mach’s Ideas: Positivistic Geometry, The Clarification of Functional Connections -- Ernst Mach: Physics, Perception and the Philosophy of Science -- Mach, Einstein and the Search for Reality -- Mach’s Principle and Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation -- Appendices -- A. The Importance of Ernst Mach’S Philosophy of Science for Our Times -- B. Ernst Mach and the Unity of Science -- C. Ernst Mach and the Empiricist Conception of Science -- D. Ernst Mach: Biographical Data -- E. Ernst Mach: Bibliography -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: At the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington, D.C., 27 December 1966, a symposium was held to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the death of Ernst Mach, the physicist who was vitally concerned about philosophical foundations. It was arranged by Section B on Physics, and co-sponsored by Section L on the History and Philosophy of Science, as well as by the History of Science Society. Dr. Allen W. Astin, Vice-President of the Association and Director of the National Bureau of Standards, presided. Representing the Austrian ambassador, Dr. Ernst Lemberger, a few opening remarks on his behalf were made by Dr. Walter Hietsch. Also present was Dr. Ernest A. Lederer, a grandson of Ernst Mach. The contributors, to the symposium, mostly physicists, represented different backgrounds and differing points of view; they presented their review of Mach's work primarily in the light of subsequent developments. They all, however, share a common interest in the life and works of Ernst Mach. Two of them, Otto BlUh and Peter G. Bergmann, received their doctoral degrees in theoretical physics from the University of Prague. Karl Menger received his doctoral degree in mathematics from the University of Vienna (he is responsible for the latest edition [1960] of Mach's celebrated The Science of Mechanics: A Critical and Historical Account of its Development, for which he prepared a new Introduction).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1462-4
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