Kurzfassung: Session I: Plenary -- 1. Composite Materials Education in the United States -- 2. Engineering Plastics—Some Factors Affecting Technology Transfer -- Session II: Bolted Connections -- 3. Analysis of the Shearout Failure Mode in Composite Bolted Joints -- 4. Stress and Strength Analysis of Bolted Joints in Composite Laminates -- 5. Some Environmental and Geometric Effects on the Static Strength of Graphite Cloth Epoxy Bolted Joints -- Session III: Environmental Effects -- 6. The Stress-Rupture Behaviour of GRP Laminates in Aqueous Environments -- 7. Water Absorption by Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Resin -- 8. Failure of GRP in Corrosive Environments -- Session IV: Research and Development: Analytical Studies -- 9. Large Deflection Analysis of Bimodular Cross-Ply Strips … -- 10. Analysis of Thermally Stressed Variable Thickness Composite Discs—a CAD Technique -- 11. Optimization of Laminated Shells with Multiple Loading Conditions and Fabrication Constraints -- Session V: Research and Development: Marine Applications -- 12. Recent Developments in Polyester Matrices and Reinforcements for Marine Applications, in Particular Polyester/ Kevlar Composites -- 13. The Testing and Analysis of Novel Top-Hat Stiffener Fabrication Methods for use in GRP Ships -- 14. The Development of Improved FRP Laminates for Ship Hull Construction -- Session VI: Research and Development: Modelling Techniques -- 15. Development of Cylindrically Orthotropic Model Material for Transmission Photoelasticity -- 16. Photoelastic Techniques for the Complete Determination of Stresses in Composite Structures -- 17. A Boundary Layer Approach to the Calculation of Transverse Stresses Along the Free Edges of a Symmetric Laminated Plate of Arbitrary Width Under In-Plane Loading -- Session VII: Physical and Mechanical Characteristics (1) -- 18. On the Orthotropic Elastic Behaviour of a Rubber Composite -- 19. The Viscoelastic Response of a Graphite/Epoxy Laminate -- 20. Viscoelastic Properties of Composite Materials -- Session VIII: Structural Analysis: Platework Systems -- 21. Advances in Vibration, Buckling and Postbuckling Studies on Composite Plates -- 22. On the Use of the Effective Width Concept for Composite Plates -- 23. Unsymmetrical Buckling of Laterally Loaded, Thin, Initially Imperfect Orthotropic Plates -- Session IX: Structural Analysis: Structural Systems -- 24. The Effect of Mode Interaction in Orthotropic Fibre Reinforced Composite Plain Channel Section Columns -- 25. The Stability Analysis of a Continuum/Skeletal Fibre Matrix System -- 26. The Postbuckling Behaviour of Composite Box Sections … -- Session X: Physical and Mechanical Characteristics (2) -- 27. The Effect of Thermal Strains on the Microcracking and Stress Corrosion Behaviour of GRP -- 28. Electrically Conductive Prepreg Systems -- Session XI: Structural Evaluation Techniques -- 29. Analysis of Composite Materials by Dynamic Thermomechanometry (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) -- 30. Evaluation of Composite Structures by Stress-Wave-Factor and Acoustic Emission -- 31. Vibration Testing of Composite Materials -- Session XII: Design -- 32. A Minimum Energy Composite Automobile -- 33. Structures in Reinforced Composites -- 34. Properties and Performance of GRC -- Session XIII: Experimental Studies -- 35. Buckling of Platestrips—An Evaluation of Six Carbon-Epoxy Laminates -- 36. The Damage Tolerance of High Performance Composites -- 37. Tensile Fatigue Assessment of Candidate Resins for Use in Fibre Reinforced Composite Repair Schemes -- 38. Temperature Increase in SMC Fatigue Testing -- Session XIV: Fabrication Studies including Natural Fibre Composites -- 39. A Unique Approach to Fabricating Precision Space Structures Elements -- 40. Manufacturing Methods for Carbon Fiber/Polyimide Matrix Composites -- 41. The Use of Natural Organic Fibres in Cement: Some Structural Considerations -- 42. On the Possibility of Using Natural Fibre Composites -- Session XV: Fracture and Failure Analysis -- 43. Stress Intensity Factor Measurements in Composite Sandwich Structures -- 44. Progressive Failure Model for Advanced Composite Laminates Containing a Circular Hole -- Session XVI: Research and Development: Analysis of Laminated Structures -- 45. Nonlinear Response of Angle-Ply Laminated Plates to Random Loads -- Session XVII: Physical and Mechanical Characteristics (3) -- 46. Effects of Elastomeric Additives on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin and Composite Systems -- Session XVIII: Finite Element Studies -- 47. A Comparison of the Failure Pressure as Predicted by Finite Element Stress Analysis with the Results of Full Scale Burst Tests on GRP Flanges -- 48. Elastic-Plastic Flexural Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates by the Finite Element Method.

Kurzfassung: The papers contained herein were presented at the First International Conference on Composite Structures held at Paisley College of Technology, Paisley, Scotland, in September 1981. This conference was organised and sponsored by Paisley College of Technology in association with The Institution of Mechanical Engineers and The National Engineering Laboratory (UK). There can be little doubt that, within engineering circles, the use of composite materials has revolutionised traditional design concepts. The ability to tailor-make a material to suit prevailing environmental conditions whilst maintaining adequate reinforcement to withstand applied loading is unquestionably an attractive proposition. Significant weight savings can also be achieved by virtue of the high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight characteristics of, for example, fibrous forms of composite materials. Such savings are clearly of paramount importance in transportation engineering and in particular aircraft and aerospace applications. Along with this considerable structural potential the engineer must accept an increased complexity of analysis. All too often in the past this has dissuaded the designer from considering composite materials as a viable, or indeed better, alternative to traditional engineering materials. Inherent prejudices within the engineering profession have also contributed, in no small way, to a certain wariness in appreciating the merits of composites. However, the potential benefits of composite materials are inescapable. The last two decades have seen a phenomenal increase in the use of composites in virtually every area of engineering, from the high technology v vi Preface aerospace application to the less demanding structural cladding situation.

Kurzfassung: 1 Wine and the History of Western Civilization -- 2 The Winery and the Laboratory -- 3 Grapes, Juice and Must Quality Control -- 4 Quality Control During Primary Fermentation -- 5 Quality Control During Aging, Clarification and Stabilization -- 6 Quality Control During Bottling and Warehousing -- 7 Dessert and Aperitif Wine Quality Control -- 8 Sparkling Wine Quality Control -- 9 Microbiological Analysis in the Small Winery Laboratory -- 10 ATF and Supplemental Recordkeeping -- Appendix A: Analytical Methods and Procedures in the Small Winery Laboratory -- Appendix B: Charts and Tables -- Appendix C: Conversion Tables.

Kurzfassung: The very first winemaster may have been a cave man who discovered the magic of fermentation by tasting the result of some crushed grapes having been left inadvertently for a few days. Wine will, literally, make itself. In simplest terms, yeast cells will collect on the outside of grape skins in the form of bloom and, when exposed to the natural sweetness inside the fruit, fermentation of the sugar into carbon dioxide gas and ethyl alcohol will commence. During the millenia that have transpired since the cave man, the state of the art has evolved into five generally accepted categories of classification. Table wines are usually dry (made with no appreciable amount of fer­ mentable sugar remaining) or nearly so, and contain less than 14% alcohol by volume. They can be white, pink or red and are the result of uncompli­ cated processes of fermentation, clarification, stabilization, aging and bot­ tling. The term table wine suggests the use for which these wines are intended-at the table with food. The overwhelming majority of the wine produced in the world is in this category. Table wines range from the obscure and ordinary to the most expensive classics known to man.

Kurzfassung: 1 Cell death: a new classification separating apoptosis from necrosis -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Necrosis -- 1.3 Apoptosis -- 1.4 Validity of the classification -- 1.5 Summary and conclusions -- References -- 2 Cell death in embryogenesis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Limb development and cell death -- 2.3 Development of the nervous system -- 2.4 Differentiation of the reproductive system -- 2.5 Epithelial cell death during fusion of the secondary palate in mammalian development -- 2.6 Lysosomes and the control of embryonic cell death at the cellular level -- References -- 3 Cell death in metamorphosis Richard -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Amphibian metamorphosis -- 3.3 Metamorphosis in invertebrates -- 3.4 A model of cell death in metamorphosis -- 3.5 Cell death in metamorphosis: the future -- References -- 4 Tissue homeostasis and cell death -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Growth patterns -- 4.3 Organ growth control -- 4.4 Model systems — the thymus -- 4.5 Homeostasis in malignant tissue -- 5 Cell senescence and death in plants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Examination of senescent and dying cells -- 5.3 Biochemical and cytochemical consideration -- 5.4 Possibile interpretations of the biochemical, cytochemical and ultrastructural studies -- 5.5 Mechanisms of cell senescence and death revisited -- 6 The tissue kinetics of cell loss -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The cell cycle -- 6.3 The organization of cell populations -- 6.4 The measurement of the kinetics of cell loss -- 6.5 Some examples involving the measurement of cell loss kinetics in normal tissues -- 6.6 The kinetics of cell loss in tumours -- 6.7 Tissue responses -- 6.8 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Cell death and the disease process. The role of calcium -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Stages of cell injury 209 7.2.1 Comments on the stages -- 7.3 Mechanisms of progression -- 7.4 The role of ion shifts in cell injury -- 7.5 Calcium and cell injury -- 7.6 Hypothesis -- 7.7 Summary 234 References -- 8 Cell death in vitro -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Cell aging and death in vitro -- 8.3 Donor age versus cell doubling potential -- 8.4 Species lifespan versus cell doubling potential -- 8.5 The finite lifetime of normal cells transplanted in vivo -- 8.6 Population doublings in vivo -- 8.7 Organ clocks -- 8.8 Clonal variation -- 8.9 Irradiation, DNA repair and effects of visible light -- 8.10 Cytogenetic studies -- 8.11 Error accumulation -- 8.12 The proliferating pool -- 8.13 Efforts to increase population doubling potential -- 8.14 Phase III in cultured mouse fibroblasts -- 8.15 Phase III theories -- 8.16 Can cell death be normal? -- 8.17 Dividing, slowly dividing and non-dividing cells -- 8.18 Aging or differentiation? -- 8.19 Functional and biochemical changes that occur in cultured normal human cells -- 8.20 Immortal cells -- References -- 9 Nucleic acids in cell death -- 9.1 The basic problem -- 9.2 Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells -- 9.3 Nucleic acids in silk glands -- 9.4 Limitations of present data -- 9.5 Future developments 290 References -- 10 Mechanism(s) of action of nerve growth factor in intact and lethally injured sympathetic nerve cell in neonatal rodents -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Historical survey -- 10.3 The salivary NGF: morphological and biochemical effects induced in its target cells -- 10.4 Dual access and mechanisms of action of NGF in its target cells -- 10.5 Destruction of immature sympathetic nerve cells by immunochemical, pharmacological and surgical procedures -- 10.6 Surgical axotomy -- 10.7 Protective effects of NGF against 6-OHDA, guanethidine, vinblastine, AS-NGF and surgical axotomy -- 10.8 Some considerations and concluding remarks -- References -- 11 Glucocorticoid-induced lymphocyte death -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Glucocorticoid receptors and metabolic effects in lymphocytes -- 11.3 Lethal effects of glucocorticoids on lymphocytes -- 11.4 Genetic analysis of glucocorticoid-induced cell death -- 11.5 Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced cell death -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 The role of the LT system in cell destruction in vitro -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Molecular characteristics of the LT systems of cytotoxic effector molecules -- 12.3 Cellular processes involved in LT release by unstimulated (primary) and stimulated (secondary) human lymphocytes -- 12.4 Types of lytic reactions induced by lytic molecules of various weights in vitro -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Techniques for demonstrating cell death -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Microscopical -- 13.3 Cytochemical and biochemical -- References -- Author index.

Kurzfassung: It is clear that lysosomal enzymes often play a role in the destruction of the cytoplasm, but very few authorities feel that they initiate the process (Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5 -8, 12, 13). The cells show many forms of damage, and sometimes even complete destruction, before Iysosomes become a dominant part of the environ­ ment. What initiates the process is still unclear, although in several instances it appears that the death of a cell may arise from anyone of several pathways (Chapters, 10, II). It is rather interesting that evolution has chosen to achieve the same goal by different means. Apparently no one point is exceptionally or pre­ ferentially vulnerable, though a common pathway, such as permeability of the plasma membrane to calcium (Chapter 7), might currently be too subtle for routine identification. Factors which affect membrane stability and which induce mem­ brane bending can lead to blebing, cell fragmentation and death. Thus, more work on the changing chemistry of the plasma membrane in relation to environmental fluctuations would be welcomed. Space requirements and the major orientation of the book forced the exclusion of several very interesting topics: an evolutionary treatment of the advantages of cell death as a means of eliminating vestigial organs or embryonic scaffolding; or consider­ ation of the merits of body sculpting by cell death rather than cell growth.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Primary and secondary metabolism -- 1.2 Stereochemistry and biosynthesis -- 1.3 Some reactions of general importance in secondary metabolism -- 2 Techniques for biosynthesis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Isotopic labelling -- 2.3 Enzymes and mutants -- 3 Polyketides -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Formation of poly-?-keto-acyl-CoA’s -- 3.3 Tetraketides -- 3.4 Pentaketides -- 3.5 Hexaketides -- 3.6 Heptaketides -- 3.7 Octaketides -- 3.8 Nona- and deca-ketides -- 3.9 Polyketides with mixed origins -- 4 Terpenes and steroids -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Steroids -- 4.3 Pentacyclic triterpenes -- 4.4 Squalene -- 4.5 Monoterpenes -- 4.6 Sesquiterpenes -- 4.7 Diterpenes -- 4.8 Sesterpenes -- 4.9 Carotenoids and vitamin A -- 5 The shikimic acid pathway -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Quinones -- 5.3 Coumarins -- 5.4 Flavonoids -- 6 Alkaloids -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Piperidine and pyrrolidine alkaloids -- 6.3 Isoquinoline and related alkaloids -- 6.4 Amaryllidaceae and mesembrine alkaloids -- 6.5 Quinoline and related alkaloids -- 6.6 Indole alkaloids -- 6.7 Ipecac alkaloids -- 6.8 Miscellaneous alkaloids -- 7 Microbial metabolites containing nitrogen -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Piperidine and pyridine metabolites -- 7.3 Diketopiperazines -- 7.4 Benzodiazepines -- 7.5 Metabolites derived from the tryptophan pathway -- 7.6 Miscellaneous metabolites.

Kurzfassung: This is a book about experiments and results of experiments. The results described are the fruit of thirty years' labour in the field of secondary metabolism. Secondary metabolism, more than any other part of the chemistry of life, has been the special preserve of organic chemists. Investiga­ tion of secondary metabolism began with curiosity about the struc­ tures of compounds isolated from natural sources, i.e. secondary metabolites. Coeval with structure determination there has been a curiosity about the origins and mechanism of formation of secondary metabolites (or natural products as they have been called). It is the experimental outcome of this curiosity that is described here. This account is primarily intended to be an introduction to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. I have also endeavoured, however, to make the book as comprehensive as possIble. This has meant that some of the material has had to be presented in abbrevi­ ated form. The abbreviated material is largely confined to particular sections of the book. The paragraphs marked with a dagger (t) can be omitted by the reader wishing to acquire a general introduction to the subject. A blend of the most significant and the most recent references is cited to provide the reader with ready access to the primary litera­ ture. This is clearly most necessary for the material presented in abbreviated form. Relevant reviews are also cited.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Thermodynamics Applied to Food Processing -- 1.2 Kinetics of Reactions Occurring in Processed Foods -- 1.3 Fundamentals of Mass Transfer in Food Processing -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—I -- Nomenclature -- 2 Rheology of Processed Foods -- 2.1 Introduction to Stress-Strain Behavior in Materials -- 2.2 Properties of Fluid Foods -- 2.3 Properties of Suspensions and Concentrated Products -- 2.4 Properties of Granular Foods and Powders -- 2.5 Properties of Solid Foods -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—II -- Nomenclature -- 3 Heating and Cooling Processes -- 3.1 Modes of Heat Transfer -- 3.2 Thermal Properties of Foods -- 3.3 Steady-State Heating and Cooling -- 3.4 Unsteady-State Heating and Cooling -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—III -- Nomenclature -- 4 Thermodynamics of Food Freezing -- 4.1 Properties of Frozen Foods -- 4.2 Enthalpy Change During Freezing -- 4.3 Prediction of Food Product Freezing Rates -- 4.4 Design of Food Freezing Equipment -- 4.5 Storage of Frozen Foods -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—IV -- Nomenclature -- 5 Evaporation for Fluid Food Concentration -- 5.1 Thermodynamics of Evaporation -- 5.2 Heat Transfer During Evaporation -- 5.3 Design of Evaporation Systems -- 5.4 Improving Evaporation Efficiency -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—V -- Nomenclature -- 6 Food Dehydration -- 6.1 Basic Principles of Dehydration -- 6.2 Estimation of Drying Time -- 6.3 Fixed-Tray Dehydration -- 6.4 Moving-Bed Dehydration -- 6.5 Air-Suspended Product -- 6.6 Drum Dehydration -- 6.7 Miscellaneous Dehydration Processes -- 6.8 Freeze Dehydration -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—VI -- Nomenclature -- 7 Contact Equilibrium Processes -- 7.1 Basic Principles -- 7.2 Extraction -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—VII -- Nomenclature -- 8 Mechanical Separation Processes -- 8.1 Filtration -- 8.2 Sedimentation -- 8.3 Centrifugation -- Comprehensive Problem—VIII -- Nomenclature -- Appendix: Useful Tables and Figures -- Solutions.

Kurzfassung: The Second Edition of Food Process Engineering by Dr. Dennis Heldman, my former student, and co-author Paul Singh, his former student, attests to the importance of the previous edition. In the Foreword to the First Edition, I noted the need for people in all facets of the food processing industry to consider those variables of design of particular importance in engineering for the food processing field. In addition to recognizing the many variables involved in the biological food product being handled from production to consumption, the engi­ neer must oftentimes adapt equations developed for non-biological materials. As more and more research is done, those equations are appropriately modified to be more accurate or new equations are developed specifically for designing to process foods. This Edition updates equations used. This book serves a very important need in acquainting engineers and technologists, particularly those with a math­ ematics and physics background, with the information necessary to provide a more efficient design to accomplish the objectives. Of prime importance, at present and in the future, is to design for efficient use of energy. Now, it is often economical to put considerably more money into first costs for an efficient design than previously, when energy costs were a much smaller proportion of the total cost of process engineering.

Kurzfassung: 1. Scattering of Radiation by Particles -- 1.1 Interaction of radiation with single particles -- 1.2 Interaction of radiation with particle clouds -- 1.3 Electromagnetic wave propagation -- 1.4 General scattering relationships -- 1.5 General scattering theory -- 1.6 Approximation methods in scattering -- 1.7 Multiple scattering and radiative transfer -- 1.8 Anisotropy -- 1.9 Irregular particles -- 2. Radiative Transfer in Particle Clouds -- 2.1 Radiation emitted by sources -- 2.2 Radiative transfer between source and sink -- 2.3 The equation of radiative transfer -- 2.4 Radiative transfer in the absence of multiple scattering -- 2.5 Radiative transfer in the presence of multiple scattering -- 3. Methods of Measuring Particle Size Distribution -- 3 1 Methods of measuring dispersity of solid and liquid particles -- 3 2 Photographic and holographic methods for measuring particle sizes -- 3.3 Methods based on the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern -- 3.4 Methods based on anomalous diffraction -- 3.5 The Phillips-Twomey inversion method -- 3.6 The Backus-Gilbert inversion method -- 3.7 Comparison of the inversion methods -- 4. Measuring Instruments and Data Processing for the Determination of Particle Size Distribution -- 4.1 Swithenbank’s method -- 4.2 Shifrin’s method -- 4.3 The Shifrin-Kolmakov method -- 4.4 The Shifrin-Perelman method -- 5. Other Measurements using Light Scattering -- 5.1 Laser fringe anemometry -- 5.2 Measurement of refractive index -- 5.3 Measurement of anisotropy -- 6. Measurement of Particle Characteristics in Industry and Research -- 6.1 A study of steam turbine operation -- 6.2 A study of gas turbine blade cooling -- 6.3 Determination of drop size spectrum in sprays -- 6.4 Determination of the size distribution of drops in a natural gas stream -- 6.5 Determination of contamination in oil products -- 6.6 Determination of the spectrum of mercury drop sizes in HV gas discharge devices -- 6.7 Measurement of particle size in a flame -- 6.8 Estimation of aggregate size of carbon black by the dispersion quotient method -- 6.9 Measurement of crystal growth rates -- 6.10 Determination of the size distribution of liquid aerosols -- 6.11 Kinetic measurements in aerosols -- 6.12 Determination of the size distribution of atmospheric aerosols -- 6.13 Determination of particle size in seawater -- 6.14 A study of the efficiency of dust collectors -- 6.15 A study of processes taking place in wet scrubbers -- References -- Author index.

Kurzfassung: Whenever a wave encounters an obstacle a number of processes occur. For large objects we envisage reflection and transmission with refraction and, in ·many cases, absorption. These phenomena can be described with the aid of ray tracing or geometrical optics, but they do not completely describe the interaction. Diffraction also occurs, and this can only be described by the properties of waves, wave optics. When the object is less than or of the order of the wavelength these processes cannot be so simply understood. The whole interaction is governed by wave optics, and the interactions are lumped together under the heading 'scattering'. Associated with the above there may be changes in frequency of the wave. This may arise due to the Doppler effect if the obstacle is moving or changing in time in any way. Also there can be changes in the energy of the object which must be matched by the wave, such as, for example, in the Raman effect.

Kurzfassung: 1 The Fuel We Waste -- 2 Ignition -- 3 Carburation -- 4 Testing -- 5 Tuning -- 6 Variable Venturi Carburetters -- 7 Fixed Venturi Carburetters -- 8 Proprietary Tuning Kits -- 9 Electronic Ignition Kits -- 10 Bolt-on Aids to Economy -- 11 Driving for Economy -- Appendix Suppliers’ Names and Addresses.

Kurzfassung: This book is for the typical motorist who, as shown in the first chapter, only looks at his engine when he remembers to check the oil level or has noticed a tendency to misfire under load. He could be aware that the car no longer gives the good mpg it gave when he bought it as an 'immaculate used car' and could be wondering what to do about it. This book will tell him. The richer motorists in their new Jaguars and Mercedes - the ones that flash past us on the Motorway - never worry about fuel consumption. This book is not for them. Here, then, is an explanation of the principles of tuning, fol­ lowed by a simple step-by-step DIY tuning schedule. A hard look is taken at the many magical economy devices offered in the Press. Two of these are shown to stand up to critical examination and honest testing, namely some electronic ignition kits and the Kenlowe electric fan. Two more devices show marginal gains in economy. Finally, we offer advice on how to approach the economy driving techniques of the successful Economy Rally drivers. Since we live in such a cynical age we find it necessary to state that we have no connections with, nor have received any financial inducements from, any of the recommended firms making tun­ ing equipment or economy aids. We must thank these companies for all the useful information they have supplied. A full list is given in the Appendix.

Kurzfassung: 1 Some properties of basic statistical procedures -- 1.1 Problems of statistics -- 1.2 The t, X2 and F procedures -- 1.3 Standard assumptions and their plausibility -- 1.4 Tests of normality -- 1.5 Moments of $$\bar{x}$$ and s2 -- 1.6 The effect of skewness and kurtosis on the t-test -- 1.7 The effect of skewness and kurtosis on inferences about variances -- 1.8 The effect of serial correlation -- 1.9 The effect of unequal variances on the two-sample t-test -- 1.10 Discussion -- Further reading -- 2 Regression and the linear model -- 2.1 Linear models -- 2.2 The method of least squares -- 2.3 Properties of the estimators and sums of squares -- 2.4 Further analysis of Example 2.1 -- 2.5 The regressions of y on x and of x on y -- 2.6 Two regressor variables -- 2.7 Discussion -- 3 Statistical models and statistical inference -- 3.1 Parametric inference -- 3.2 Point estimates -- 3.3 The likelihood function -- 3.4 The method of maximum likelihood -- 3.5 The Cramér — Rao inequality -- 3.6 Sufficiency -- 3.7 The multivariate normal distribution -- 3.8 Proof of the Cramér — Rao inequality -- Further reading -- 4 Properties of the method of maximum likelihood -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Formal statements of main properties -- 4.3 Practical aspects — one-parameter case -- 4.4 Practical aspects — multiparameter case -- 4.5 Other methods of estimation -- 5 The method of least squares -- 5.1 Basic model -- 5.2 Properties of the method -- 5.3 Properties of residuals -- 5.4 Properties of sums of squares -- 5.5 Application to multiple regression -- Further reading -- 6 Multiple regression: Further analysis and interpretation -- 6.1 Testing the significance of subsets of explanatory variables -- 6.2 Application of the extra sum-of-squares principle to multiple regression -- 6.3 Problems of interpretation -- 6.4 Relationships between sums of squares -- 6.5 Departures from assumptions -- 6.6 Predictions from regression -- 6.7 Strategies for multiple regression analysis -- 6.8 Practical details -- Further reading on practical points -- 7 Polynomial regression -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 General theory -- 7.3 Derivation of the polynomials -- 7.4 Tables of orthogonal polynomials -- 7.5 An illustrative example -- 8 The use of transformations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 One explanatory variable -- 8.3 Transformations for homogeneity of variance -- 8.4 An example -- 8.5 The Box—Cox transformation -- 8.6 Transformations of regressor variables -- 8.7 Application to bioassay data -- Further reading -- 9 Correlation -- 9.1 Definition and examples -- 9.2 Correlation or regression? -- 9.3 Estimation of ? -- 9.4 Results on the distribution of R -- 9.5 Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests for ? -- 9.6 Relationship with regression -- 9.7 Partial correlation -- 9.8 The multiple correlation coefficient -- Further reading -- 10 The analysis of variance -- 10.1 An example -- 10.2 Generalized inverses -- 10.3 Least squares using generalized inverses -- 10.4 One-way classification analysis of variance -- 10.5 A discussion of Example 10.1 -- 10.6 Two-way classification -- 10.7 A discussion of Example 10.2 -- 10.8 General method for analysis of variance -- Further reading -- 11 Designs with regressions in the treatment effects -- 11.1 One-way analysis -- 11.2 Parallel regressions -- 11.3 The two-way analysis -- 12 An analysis of data on trees -- 12.1 The data -- 12.2 Regression analyses -- 12.3 The analysis of covariance -- 12.4 Residuals -- 13 The analysis of variance: Subsidiary analyses -- 13.1 Multiple comparisons: Introduction -- 13.2 Multiple comparisons: Various techniques -- 13.3 Departures from underlying assumptions -- 13.4 Tests for heteroscedasticity -- 13.5 Residuals and outliers -- 13.6 Some points of experimental design: General points -- 13.7 Some points of experimental design: Randomized blocks -- Further reading on experimental design -- 14 Components of variance -- 14.1 Components of variance -- 14.2 Components of variance: Follow-up analysis -- 14.3 Nested classifications -- 14.4 Outline analysis of Example 14.3 -- 14.5 Nested classifications: Finite population model -- 14.6 Sampling from finite populations -- 14.7 Nested classifications with unequal numbers -- Further reading -- 15 Crossed classifications -- 15.1 Crossed classifications and interactions -- 15.2 More about interactions -- 15.3 Analysis of a two-way equally replicated design -- 15.4 An analysis of Example 15.1 -- 15.5 Unit errors -- 15.6 Random-effects models -- 15.7 Analysis of a two-way unequally replicated design -- Further reading -- 16 Further analysis of variance -- 16.1 Three-way crossed classification -- 16.2 An analysis of Example 16.1 -- Further reading -- 17 The generalized linear model -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 The maximum likelihood ratio test -- 17.3 The family of probability distributions permitted -- 17.4 The generalized linear model -- 17.5 The analysis of deviance -- 17.6 Illustration using the radiation experiment data -- Further reading -- References.

Kurzfassung: This book began many years ago as course notes for students at the University of Bath, and later at the University of Kent. Students used draft versions of the chapters, which were consequently revised. Second and third year students, as well as those taking MSc courses have used selections of the chapters. In particular, Chapters I to 7 (only) have been the basis of a very successful second-year course, the more difficult sections being omitted. The aims of this particular course were:- (a) to cover some interesting and useful applications of statistics with an emphasis on applications, but with really adequate theory; (b) to lay the foundations for interesting third-year courses; (c) to tie up with certain areas of pure mathematics and numerical analysis. 2 Students will find Chapter I a useful means of revising the t, X and F procedures, which is material assumed in this text, see Section 1.1. Later sections of Chapter I cover robustness and can be omitted by second-year students or at a first reading. Chapter 2 introduces some simple statistical models, so that the discussion of later chapters is more meaningful.

Kurzfassung: 1: Origins, management and ecological characteristics of British woodlands -- 1. Original natural woodland -- 2. Ancient woodland and traditional management -- 3. Ecological characteristics of ancient woods -- 4. High forest management -- 5. Recent secondary woodland -- 6. Long-term changes in the woodland flora -- 2: Types of semi-natural woodland in Britain -- 7. Woodland classification -- 8. Types of ancient semi-natural woodland -- 9. Management variants of stand types -- 10. Succession and stand types -- 11. British woodland types in a European context -- 3: Woodland nature conservation -- 12. Objectives and priorities of nature conservation in British woodlands -- 13. Observation and recording in woodlands -- 14. Assessment of woodlands for nature conservation -- 4: Management for nature conservation -- 15. Planning for nature conservation within forestry -- 16. Pattern and redistribution of woodland -- 17. Nature conservation aspects of woodland management -- 18. Management of semi-natural woodland -- 19. Integration of nature conservation with other objectives of woodland management -- 20. British woodland management in a European context.

Kurzfassung: Professor John Harper, in his recent Population Biology of Plants (1977), made a comment and asked a question which effectively states the theme of this book. Noting that 'one of the consequences of the development of the theory of vegetational climax has been to guide the observer's mind forwards', i. e. that 'vegetation is interpreted as a stage on the way to something' , he commented that 'it might be more healthy and scientifically more sound to look more often backwards and search for the explanation of the present in the past, to explain systems in relation to their history rather than their goal'. He went on to contrast the 'disaster theory' of plant succession, which holds that communities are a response to the effects of past disasters, with the 'climax theory', that they are stages in the approach to a climax state, and then asked 'do we account most completely for the characteristics of a population by a knowledge of its history or of its destiny?' Had this question been put to R. S. Adamson, E. J. Salisbury, A. G. Tansley or A. S. Watt, who are amongst the giants of the first forty years of woodland ecology in Britain, their answer would surely have been that understanding lies in a knowledge of destiny. Whilst not unaware of the historical facts of British woodlands, they were preoccupied with ideas of natural succession and climax, and tended to interpret their observations in these terms.

Kurzfassung: 1. Frontiers Between Theory and Industrial Practice in Vinyl Acetate Polymerizations -- 2. The Polymerization of Aqueous Solutions of Vinyl Acetate -- 3. Effects of Particle Number and Initiator Level on the Kinetics of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerizations -- 4. Synthesis Kinetics and Characterization of Poly(Vinyl Acetate)- Molecular Weight and Long Chain Branching Development -- 5. Some Surface Chemical Effects on the Capture of Free Radicals-A Kinetic Parameter Analysis of the LPS Model -- 6. The Reinvestigation of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerization (I)- The Rate of Polymerization -- 7. The Reinvestigation of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerization (II)-The Induced Decomposition of Initiator -- 8. The Reinvestigation of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerization (III)-Isotope Effect -- 9. The Radiation Induced Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate -- 10. The Stabilization of Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Latexes by Polymethacrylic Acid -- 11. Particularities of Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate in the Presence of Hydroxyethylcellulose -- 12. Preparation, Characterization and Properties of Vinyl Acetate- Butyl Acrylate Copolymer Latexes -- 13. Some Studies on Vinyl Acrylic Latex-Surfactant Interactions.

Kurzfassung: It is particularly appropriate that this symposium on the emulsion polymeriza­ tion of vinyl acetate was held in recognition of the industrial importance of poly(vinyl acetate) and vinyl acetate copolymers, and their rather unique properties among emulsion polymers in general. Poly( vinyl acetate) latexes were the first synthetic polymer latexes to be made on a commercial scale: their production using polyvinyl alcohol as emulsifier began in Germany during the mid-1930s and has continued to the present day, growing steadily with the years. Indeed, poly(vinyl acetate) latexes prepared with polyvinyl alcohol are still one of the mainstays of the adhesives industry. With the passing of time, however, vinyl acetate copolymers have been developed: copolymers with maleate esters such as dibutyl maleate, acrylate esters such as ethyl acrylate and butyl acrylate, versatic acid esters, and, more recently, ethylene. These versatile copolymers have found increasing use in more sophisticated adhesives with specialized properties, adhesives for clay coatings on paper, carpet backing, and interior and exterior paints. Thus more than 45 years after the first commercial production of vinyl acetate latexes, their use is still growing, both in actual quantities and different applications. The industrial importance of vinyl acetate latexes makes the mechanism and kinetics of their emulsion polymerization of practical as well as scientific interest.

Kurzfassung: 1 Serotonergic Receptors in the Central Nervous System -- 2 Histamine Receptors -- 3 Acetylcholine Receptors -- 4 Dopamine Receptors -- 5 Adrenergic Receptor Molecules.

Kurzfassung: Since the discovery that neuronal transmission can be chemically mediated, a large number of compounds have been found in the mammalian central nervous system which appear to function as neurotransmitter agents. Recently, electro physiological and biochemical methods have been developed which have enabled neuroscientists to classify better the myriad of neurotransmitter receptor sites in brain and to study their properties in finer detail. As a result of these investigations, a significant number of new discoveries have been made about the mechanisms involved in neurotransmitter receptor interactions, the role neurotransmitters play in the actions of pharmacological agents and in the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders. The present two volume text was compiled to summarize the information relating to the physiological, biochemical, pharmacological and functional characteristics of neurotransmitter receptor sites. While emphasis is placed on neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian central nervous system, the characteristics of these receptors in other species, both vertebrate and invertebrate, are also discussed where appropriate. While these books cover the major classes of putative neurotransmitters - amino acids, peptides and biogenic amines - and are therefore broad in scope, each is discussed in a concise fashion to highlight the major points of historical and contemporary interest. In addition to outlining data, each chapter addresses current theories relating to the various aspects of receptor properties and function in an attempt to reveal the directions of future research and as a stimulus for other workers in the field.

Kurzfassung: 1 Some Properties of Basic Statistical Procedures -- 2 Regression and the Linear Model -- 3 Statistical Models and Statistical Inference -- 4 Properties of the Method of Maximum Likelihood -- 5 The Method of Least Squares -- 6 Multiple Regression: Further Analysis and Interpretation -- 7 Polynomial Regression -- 8 The Use of Transformations -- 9 Correlation -- 10 The Analysis of Variance -- 11 Designs with Regressions in the Treatment Effects -- 12 An Analysis of Data on Trees -- 13 The Analysis of Variance: Subsidiary Analyses -- 14 Random Effects Models -- 15 Crossed Classifications -- 16 Further Analysis of Variance -- 17 The Generalized Linear Model -- Appendix A Some Important Definitions and Results.

Kurzfassung: This booklet contains hints to the solutions and answers where necessary, of the exercises contained in 'Intermediate Statistical Methods' by G. Barrie Wetherill. The following principles have been adopted in dealing with the answers. (1) In some cases the answer is the drawing of a graph, and this has been omitted. (2) In many numerical exercises a considerable amount of 'data snooping', plotting of residuals, etc. should follow the main ~sis. The inclusion of this material would make the answer booklet far too long. (3) In some cases there is a readily available reference from which the answer can be ob~ained, in which case reference has been made to this. It is not necessary to work through every exercise , but it should be recognised that the exercises are an integral part of the main text, and a comprehensive grasp of the subj ect cannot be obtained without attempting a substantial proportion of them. It is hoped that this booklet will be of assistance in pointing the way, and providing a check on the more vital calculations. The importance of numerical exercises should be stressed, and it is here that Appendix B is of importance. There is abundant material available there in many different fields of application. Currently we are in the process of mounting a form of Appendix B on a computer, together with accessing programs.

Kurzfassung: 1 Basic Issues in Setting Priorities for Science and Technology Policy -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The need for government involvement in science and technology and therefore priorities -- 1.3 Goals and variables to be taken into account in science policy -- 1.4 Goals for technology policy -- 1.5 Centralization vs decentralization, comprehensiveness and the specification of priorities -- 1.6 Forecasting and priorities -- 1.7 Critical views about the role of science and technology in economic development -- 1.8 Critical views of government support for science and technology -- Notes and references -- 2 Science Policy Options and Priorities -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Education and the stock of knowledge -- 2.3 Research and development — general issues -- 2.4 Science and industrial policy -- 2.5 Import of science vs its local supply -- 2.6 Science and social policy -- 2.7 Research for defence and big science -- 2.8 Basic vs applied vs developmental science -- 2.9 Concentration and dispersion of R & D effort -- 2.10 Performers of R & D -- 2.11 Service science -- 2.12 Science and international affairs -- 2.13 Some concluding comments -- Notes and references -- 3 T echnology Policy: Options and Priorities -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Links between science and technology and technology sequences -- 3.3 Inventions -- 3.4 Innovations -- 3.5 Diffusion of new technology -- 3.6 Replacement of equipment -- 3.7 Domestic technology transfer -- 3.8 International transfers of technology -- 3.9 Environmental overspills and technology -- 3.10 Employment problems and other social aspects of technology -- 3.11 Observations -- Notes and references -- 4 Science and Technology Policy in Large OECD Economies -- 4.1 Introduction and background data -- 4.2 Articulation and administration of priorities in West Germany -- 4.3 Selected features of German Science and Technology priorities -- 4.4 Articulation and administration of priorities in Japan -- 4.5 Selected features of Japanese science and technology priorities -- 4.6 Articulation and administration of priorities in the United Kingdom -- 4.7 Selected features of United Kingdom science and technology priorities -- 4.8 Articulation and administration of priorities in the United States -- 4.9 Selected features of American science and technology priorities -- 4.10 Some observations -- Notes and references -- 5 Science and Technology Policies of Small OECD Economies -- 5.1 Background -- 5.2 Articulation and administration of priorities in Belgium -- 5.3 Selected features of Belgian science and technology priorities -- 5.4 Articulation and administration of priorities in Canada -- 5.5 Selected features of Canadian science and technology priorities -- 5.6 Articulation and administration of priorities in the Netherlands -- 5.7 Selected features of Dutch science and technology priorities -- 5.8 Articulation and administration of priorities in Sweden -- 5.9 Selected features of Swedish science and technology priorities -- 5.10 Articulation and administration of priorities in Switzerland -- 5.11 Selected features of Swiss science and technology priorities -- 5.12 Some observations -- Notes and references -- 6 Retrospect and Prospect -- 6.1 The increased emphasis on priority assessment in science and technology policy -- 6.2 Macro approaches to taking account of science and technology priorities -- 6.3 Efficiency and science and technology priorities within sectors -- 6.4 Changing science and technology priorities -- 6.5 Why the trend towards co-ordination and explicit priorities in science and technology policy? Fundamental reasons -- 6.6 Problems inherent in the basic trend -- 6.7 Problems inherent in observed government priorities -- 6.8 In conclusion -- Notes and references.

Kurzfassung: I was asked recently to prepare an independent background report on the subject of priority assessment in science and technology policy for the Australian Science and Technology Council. The Council (while not necessarily endorsing this book) suggested that a wider audience could be interested in the type of material contained in my report and kindly gave me permission to publish the material in my own right. The present book contains this and other material, some of which was presented at a seminar on National Science Policy: Implications for Government Departments arranged by the Department of Science and the Environment. Additional ideas were developed in response to comments on the manuscript by referees, as a result of discussions with Professor John Metcalfe and Dr Peter Stubbs of Manchester University, a conversation with Dr Keith Hartley of the University of York and in the wake of a communication from Dr Ken Tucker, Assistant Director, Bureau of Industry Economics, Australia. Science and technology policy affects and concerns everyone of us if for no other reason than we cannot escape in this interdependent world from the economic, social and environmental overs pills generated by science and technology. We must face the problems and promises inherent in new and existing science and technology whether we like it or not. Not surprisingly this book finds that all industrialized countries seem to be facing similar economic and social problems.

Kurzfassung: Topic 1 Cockroach Diversity and Identification -- Topic 2 Cockroach Culture -- Topic 3 Observing Cockroaches: An Introduction to the Beast -- Topic 4 Cockroach Anatomy -- Exercise 4.1 External Anatomy: Cuticular Structures -- Exercise 4.2 Internal Anatomy: Organ Systems -- Topic 5 Physiological Experiments -- Exercise 5.1 Nutrition: Food Manipulation and Digestion -- Exercise 5.2 Circulation and Excretion -- Exercise 5.3 Respiration and Metabolism -- Exercise 5.4 Reproduction: Control Mechanisms -- Exercise 5.5 Embryogenesis: Development Within the Egg Case -- Exercise 5.6 Regeneration: Restoration of Lost Parts -- Exercise 5.7 Growth and Molting: Metamorphosis -- Exercise 5.8 Nerves: Conduction of Signals -- Exercise 5.9 Locomotion: The Tripod Gait -- Topic 6 Behavioral Experiments -- Exercise 6.1 Exploratory Behavior: Responses to Novel Environments -- Exercise 6.2 Learning: Simple to Complex Tasks -- Exercise 6.3 Aggregation and Social Interactions -- Exercise 6.4 Sex Pheromones and Sexual Behavior -- Exercise 6.5 Spatial Orientation: Directed Movements -- Exercise 6.6 Aggression: Sequential Behavioral Acts -- Exercise 6.7 Activity Rhythms: Biological Clocks -- Exercise 6.8 Maintenance Behaviors: Fixed or Flexible? -- Exercise 6.9 Behavioral Ecology -- Appedix I Statistical Analysis -- Appendix II Suppliers of Animals, Materials and Equipment -- Appendix III Journal Abbreviations Spelled Out -- Appendix IV Relative Difficulty Ratings of Experiments -- Appendix V Glossary of Uncommon Terms -- Sources of illustrations and other materials.

Kurzfassung: Cockroaches are ideal subjects for laboratory investigation at all educational levels. Compared with many other laboratory animals, cockroaches are easily and inexpensively maintained and cultured and require relatively little space. They are hardy and are readily available. The purpose of this book is to provide background material and experimental leads for utilizing cockroaches in the teaching laboratory and in designing research projects. The level of difficulty of the experiments varies according to the depth of understanding desi red by the instructor. In most cases at least a part of each experiment or technique can be incorporated into the laboratory component of elementary, high school or college curriculum. Sections of the lab book are appropriate for courses in Animal Behavior, Entomology, Organismic Biology and Insect Physiology. Aside from this main purpose, the book also provides a wealth of experimental ideas and techniques for a scientist at any level of education. Lawrence, Kansas June 15, 1981 W. J. B. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Virtually all graduate students who have worked on cockroach research in my laboratory have knowingly or unknowingly contributed to this book. The most important contribution was from Sandy Jones McPeak, who encouraged me to finish the project. Segments of various chapters were conceived, developed or reviewed by Michael D. Breed, Sandy Jones McPeak, Michael K. Rust, Coby Schal, Thomas R. Tobin, W. Alexander Hawkins, Gary R. Sams and Chris Parsons Sams.

Kurzfassung: Paper 1. Keynote: Enzymes and Food Processing -- Paper 2. New Developments in Starch Syrup Technology -- Paper 3. Enzymes in Fructose Manufacture -- Paper 4. Production of Maltose by Pullulanase and ?-Amylase -- Paper 5. Lactases and their Applications -- Paper 6. Pectic Enzymes -- Paper 7. Application of Enzymes in Fruit Juice Technology -- Paper 8. The Impact of the Enzymic Hydrolysis Process on Recovery and Use of Proteins -- Paper 9. Enzymes in the Tenderisation of Meat -- Paper 10. Rennet and Cheesemaking -- Paper 11. Indigenous Enzymes of Bovine Milk -- Paper 12. Enzymes: Health and Safety Considerations -- Paper 13. Detoxifying Enzymes -- Paper 14. Enzymes in Analysis of Foods.

Kurzfassung: R. S. SHALLENBERGER Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Research Station, New York, USA Among the material to be discussed in this first section of the 'Enzymes and Food Processing Symposium' is subject matter that can be viewed as a marriage between enzyme technology and sugar stereochemistry. In order to bring the significance of the material to be presented into proper perspective, I would like you to pretend, for a moment, that you are a researcher making a proposal on this subject to a Research Granting Agency in order to obtain financial support for your ideas. However, the year is 1880. Under the 'objectives' section of your proposal, you state that you intend to attach the intangible vital force or spirit-that is, the catalyst unique to the chemistry of living organisms-to an inert substrate such as sand. Thereafter you will pass a solution of right­ handed glucose (also known as starch sugar) past the 'vital force' and in the process convert it to left-handed glucose (also known as fruit sugar). The peer review committee would probably reject the proposal as sheer nonsense because the statements made were not only contrary to their experience, but also contrary to what they had been taught. Perhaps a few select people would have some feeling for what you were talking about, but commiseration would be the only form of support that they could offer.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Lead in the atmosphere -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sources of lead in air -- 2.3 Concentrations of lead in ambient air -- 2.4 Particle size distributions -- 2.5 Chemical properties of atmospheric lead -- References -- 3 Lead in water 33 -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of lead in surface waters -- 3.3 Concentrations of lead in water -- 3.4 Chemistry of lead in water -- References -- 4 Lead in soils -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of lead in soil -- 4.3 Concentrations of lead in soil -- 4.4 Uptake of soil lead by living organisms -- 4.5 Chemistry of lead in soils -- 4.6 Lead in street dusts -- References -- 5 Control of lead in air -- 5.1 Industrial sources of lead -- 5.2 Control of industrial emissions of lead -- 5.3 Legislative regulations affecting industrial lead emissions -- 5.4 Control of lead emissions from motor vehicles -- 5.5 Ambient air quality standard for lead -- 5.6 Control of lead within the workplace -- References -- 6 Control of lead discharges to water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Water quality criteria and standards -- 6.3 Uniform emission standards versus water quality objectives -- 6.4 Control practices for lead discharges -- References -- 7 Human exposure to lead and its effects -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources and intake of lead -- 7.3 Uptake of lead -- 7.4 Metabolism of lead -- 7.5 Blood leads -- 7.6 Biological and adverse health effects of exposure to lead -- References -- 8 Chemical analysis of lead in the environment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Chemical analysis of lead: available techniques -- 8.3 Sampling and analysis of environmental media -- 8.4 Contamination during lead analysis -- References -- Index 166.

Kurzfassung: At the time of writing, the topic of lead pollution is the subject of an intense and sometimes heated debate. The argument centres upon possible adverse health effects arising from exposure of children to current environmental levels of lead. Such arguments now appear little closer to resolution than they did five years ago, although the development of ever more sophisticated biochemical and epidemiological techniques may eventually provide an answer. Over the past five to ten years, as the general public has become aware of the lead issue, pressure has been put upon governments to limit emissions of lead, and hence limit or reduce the exposure of the population to the metal. Govern­ ments and governmental agencies have responded in several ways, varying between those who prefer to take little or no action on the basis that they see no cause for concern, and those who have taken firm action after concluding that the scientific and medical evidence warrants this approach. Any effective control strategy for lead requires knowledge of the sources of environmental exposure and an understanding of the pathways of this metal in the environment. This book aims to provide such information and to explain the methods available for limiting emissions of lead from the most important sources. To put this information in context a chapter on the routes of human exposure to lead and the health effects is included.

Kurzfassung: 1. Differentiable Functions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Linear part of a function -- 1.3 Vector viewpoint -- 1.4 Directional derivative -- 1.5 Tangent plane to a surface -- 1.6 Vector functions -- 1.7 Functions of functions -- 2. Chain Rule and Inverse Function Theorem -- 2.1 Norms -- 2.2 Fréchet derivatives -- 2.3 Chain rule -- 2.4 Inverse function theorem -- 2.5 Implicit functions -- 2.6 Functional dependence -- 2.7 Higher derivatives -- 3. Maxima and Minima -- 3.1 Extrema and stationary points -- 3.2 Constrained minima and Lagrange multipliers -- 3.3 Discriminating constrained stationary points -- 3.4 Inequality constraints -- 3.5 Discriminating maxima and minima with inequality constraints 62 Further reading -- 4. Integrating Functions of Several Variables -- 4.1 Basic ideas of integration -- 4.2 Double integrals -- 4.3 Length, area and volume -- 4.4 Integrals over curves and surfaces -- 4.5 Differential forms -- 4.6 Stokes’s theorem -- Further reading -- Appendices -- A. Background required in linear algebra and elementary calculus -- B. Compact sets, continuous functions and partitions of unity -- C. Answers to selected exercises -- Index (including table of some special symbols).

Kurzfassung: This book is aimed at mathematics students, typically in the second year of a university course. The first chapter, however, is suitable for first-year students. Differentiable functions are treated initially from the standpoint of approximating a curved surface locally by a fiat surface. This enables both geometric intuition, and some elementary matrix algebra, to be put to effective use. In Chapter 2, the required theorems - chain rule, inverse and implicit function theorems, etc- are stated, and proved (for n variables), concisely and rigorously. Chapter 3 deals with maxima and minima, including problems with equality and inequality constraints. The chapter includes criteria for discriminating between maxima, minima and saddlepoints for constrained problems; this material is relevant for applications, but most textbooks omit it. In Chapter 4, integration over areas, volumes, curves and surfaces is developed, and both the change-of-variable formula, and the Gauss-Green-Stokes set of theorems are obtained. The integrals are defined with approximative sums (ex­ pressed concisely by using step-functions); this preserves some geometrical (and physical) concept of what is happening. Consequent on this, the main ideas of the 'differential form' approach are presented, in a simple form which avoids much of the usual length and complexity. Many examples and exercises are included.

Kurzfassung: 1 History of Food Laws in the United States -- 2 The Setting for Food Regulatory Programs -- 3 The Legal System in the United States Government -- 4 Establishing a Legal Basis for Food Regulatory Programs -- 5 The Enactment of Federal Legislation -- 6 Publication, Documentation and Codification of Federal Legislation -- 7 Regulations -- 8 Publication of Federal Regulations -- 9 How to Use the Code of Federal Regulations and the Federal Register -- 10 Regulatory Agencies -- 11 Food Standards -- 12 Product Liability -- 13 Current Federal Food Laws -- 14 Selected Laws Relating to Operation of the Federal Government -- 15 United States Grain Standards Act of 1976 -- 16 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act -- 17 United States Warehouse Act -- 18 Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, 1930 -- 19 Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 -- 20 Animal Welfare Act -- 21 Federal Trade Commission Act -- 22 Fair Packaging and Labeling Act -- 23 Tea Importation Act -- 24 Filled Milk Act -- 25 Import Milk Act -- 26 Butter Act -- 27 Dry Milk Solids Act -- 28 Federal Meat Inspection Act -- 29 Poultry Products Inspection Act -- 30 Egg Products Inspection Act -- 31 Federal Alcohol Administration Act and the Internal Revenue Code—Alcohol Excise Taxes -- 32 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 -- 33 Clean Water Act of 1977 -- 34 Public Health Service Act: Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance; Grade A Condensed and Dry Milk Products Sanitation Ordinance; Safe Drinking Water Act -- 35 Environmental Law: National Environmental Policy Act of 1969; Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 Clean Air Act Noise Control Act of 1972 -- 36 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: The Extent of Its Intent -- 37 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 301, 321, 321a, 321b and 321c: Short Title and Definitions -- 38 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 331–337: Prohibited Acts and Penalties -- 39 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Section 341: Definitions and Standards for Foods -- 40 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Section 342: Adulterated Food -- 41 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Section 343: Misbranded Food -- 42 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 344 and 345: Emergency Permit Control; Regulations Making Exemptions -- 43 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Section 346: Tolerances for Poisonous and Deleterious Substances in Food -- 44 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 346a and 346b: Tolerances for Pesticide Chemicals in or on Raw Agricultural Commodities; Authorization of Appropriations -- 45 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 347, 347a and 347b: Oleomargarine -- 46 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Section 348: Food Additives -- 47 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 349, 350 and 350a: Bottled Drinking Water Standards; Vitamins and Minerals; Infant Formulas -- 48 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 371–375: Regulations, Hearings and Other Administrative Provisions; Seafood Inspection -- 49 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Section 376: Listing and Certification of Color Additives for Foods, Drugs, Devices and Cosmetics -- 50 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 377–379: Advertising of Foods; Confidential Information -- 51 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 381, 391 and 392: Imports and Exports; Miscellaneous -- Appendix A—Action Levels for Poisonous or Deleterious Substances -- Appendix B—Defect Action Levels -- Appendix C—List of General Food Categories -- Laws Cited.

Kurzfassung: Of all industries in the United States, the food industry must in fact be the most regulated by law. If it is not, its competition for this distinction goes unnoticed. All phases of the food industry are subjected to some control by law, beginning with the land food is grown on and the oceans from which it is harvested. Seed and plant stock are sometimes subjected to control such as to the nutritional value of the foods they produce. Acreages of agricultural crops, the quantities of foods to be produced, are regulated. As foods are produced, whether from plants or animals, the substances applied to increase yields or provide protection from pests are controlled to insure safe use. As foods enter and pass through the huge marketing system they are scrutinized from beginning to end by regulatory agents operating under authority of food laws. Those foods which are transformed through various technologies into today's thousands of consumer products are watched carefully to insure the appropriateness and safety of added ingredients, not all of which are natural, and the adequacy of processing, packaging and storage. Finally, the representation of foods to consumers through labeling and advertising is controlled to make sure it is accurate and sufficiently informative.

Kurzfassung: 1. Linear Programming -- 2. Algorithms -- 3. Duality -- 4. Theory of Games -- 5. Transportation and Flow in Networks -- 6. Integer Programming -- 7. Linear Programming under Uncertainty -- Answers to Problems -- References.

Kurzfassung: This text is based on a course of about 16 hours lectures to students of mathematics, statistics, and/or operational research. It is intended to introduce readers to the very wide range of applicability of linear programming, covering problems of manage­ ment, administration, transportation and a number of other uses which are mentioned in their context. The emphasis is on numerical algorithms, which are illustrated by examples of such modest size that the solutions can be obtained using pen and paper. It is clear that these methods, if applied to larger problems, can also be carried out on automatic (electronic) computers. Commercially available computer packages are, in fact, mainly based on algorithms explained in this book. The author is convinced that the user of these algorithms ought to be knowledgeable about the underlying theory. Therefore this volume is not merely addressed to the practitioner, but also to the mathematician who is interested in relatively new developments in algebraic theory and in some combinatorial theory as well. The chapters on duality, and on flow in networks, are particularly directed towards this aim and they contain theorems which might not be directly relevant to methods of computation. The application of the concept of duality to the theory of games is of historical interest. It is hoped that the figures, which illustrate the results, will be found illuminating by readers with active geometrical imagination.

Kurzfassung: 1 The Language of Mathematics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Priority rules for operators -- 1.3 The summation sign -- 1.4 Functions -- 1.5 Constants, variables and parameters -- 1.6 Dimensional analysis -- 1.7 Plotting graphs -- 1.8 Precision -- 1.9 Problems -- 2 Exponents and Logarithms -- 2.1 Integer powers -- 2.2 Fractional exponents -- 2.3 Addition and subtraction of exponents -- 2.4 Logarithms -- 2.5 Common logarithms -- 2.6 Negative numbers have no logarithms -- 2.7 Natural logarithms -- 2.8 Logarithms to base 2 -- 2.9 Exponential decay -- 2.10 Logarithms as a method of scaling -- 2.11 Products of equilibrium constants -- 2.12 Logarithms of dimensioned quantities? -- 2.13 Redox potentials -- 2.14 Dependence of redox potentials on pH -- 2.15 Problems -- 3 Differential Calculus -- 3.1 Co-ordinate geometry -- 3.2 Slope of a curve -- 3.3 Rapid differentiation -- 3.4 Derivatives of sums and products -- 3.5 Derivative of a ‘function of a function’ -- 3.6 Derivative of a ratio -- 3.7 Higher derivatives -- 3.8 Notation -- 3.9 Maxima and minima -- 3.10 A note on terminology -- 3.11 Points of inflexion -- 3.12 Sketching curves -- 3.13 Problems -- 4 Integral Calculus -- 4.1 Increases in area -- 4.2 Definite and indefinite integrals -- 4.3 Simple integrals -- 4.4 Integral of 1/x -- 4.5 Differential equations -- 4.6 Numerical integration: evaluating the area under a curve -- 4.7 Problems -- 5 Solving Equations -- 5.1 Linear equations in one unknown -- 5.2 Rearranging equations -- 5.3 Simultaneous linear equations -- 5.4 Determinants -- 5.5 Quadratic equations -- 5.6 Graphical solution of equations -- 5.7 Newton’s method -- 5.8 Approximate methods -- 5.9 Problems -- 6 Partial Differentiation -- 6.1 Meaning of a partial derivative -- 6.2 Exact and inexact differentials -- 6.3 Least-squares fitting of the Michaelis—Menten equation -- 6.4 Problems -- Notes and Solutions to Problems.

Kurzfassung: Some teachers of biochemistry think it positively beneficial for students to struggle with difficult mathematics. I do not number myself among these people, although I have derived much personal pleasure from the study of mathematics and from applying it to problems that interest me in biochemistry. On the contrary, I think that students choose courses in biochemistry out of interest in biochemistry and that they should not be encumbered with more mathematics than is absolutely required for a proper understanding of biochemistry. This of course includes physical chemistry, because a biochemist ignorant of physical chemistry is no biochemist. I have been guided by these beliefs in writing this book. I have laid heavy emphasis on those topics, such as the use of logarithms, that play an important role in biochemistry and often cause problems in teaching; I have ignored others, such as trigonometry, that one can manage without. The proper treatment of statistics has been more difficult to decide. Although it clearly plays an important part in all experi­ mental sciences, it is usually preferable to treat it as a subject in its own right and not to try to incorporate it into a course of elementary mathematics. In this book, therefore, I have used a few examples from statistics to illustrate more general points, but I have not discussed it for its own sake.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 2 The subjective experience of animals -- 3 Suffering, health and ‘productivity’ -- 4 Suffering and the ‘unnatural’ life -- 5 The physiology of suffering -- 6 Behaviour and suffering -- 7 What animals choose -- 8 Analogies with ourselves -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Stumbling blocks and stepping stones -- References.

Kurzfassung: I wrote this book because I believe that the welfare of animals is a very important subject but one about which there is a of confusion and muddled thinking. I wanted to great deal write a book which straightened out some of the confusion by looking in detail at one particular problem: how to recognize animal suffering. The book is written for anyone interested in animals and the controversies over how human beings should treat them. I have tried to convince people who might otherwise feel that science had only a rather sinister connection with animal welfare that the scientific study of animal suffering has, in fact, a major and positive contribution to make. It can give us an insight into what animals experience and this, in tum, may help us to alleviate their suffering. At the same time, I have tried to write a book that will be of at least some use to scientists. The chapters which follow pro­ vide an outline of the biological approach to animal welfare. I have also attempted to show sceptics that it is possible to study animal suffering without sacrificing standards of scien­ tific procedure. Perhaps some may even come to share my belief that the study of the subjective experiences of animals is one of the most fascinating areas in the whole of biology, as well as being of great practical and ethical importance.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- Topics for further reading -- 2 Motility in prokaryotic organisms -- 2.1 Elements involved in motility -- 2.2 Molecular structure of the bacterial flagellum -- 2.3 Regulation of synthesis and assembly of the bacterial flagellum -- 2.4 The function of bacterial flagella -- 2.5 Patterns of bacterial movements -- 2.6 Regulation of bacterial movement -- Topics for further reading -- 3 The motility system of eukaryotic cells -- 3.1 Microtubules -- 3.2 Molecular components of micro tubular structures -- 3.3 Microtubule assembly and its control -- 3.4 How microtubules can generate movement -- 3.5 The problem of intermediate filaments -- 3.6 Microfilaments -- 3.7 Molecular components of microfilaments -- 3.8 Microfilament assembly and its control -- 3.9 How microfilaments generate movement -- 3.10 Sliding control in microfilaments -- 3.11 Microtubules, microfilaments and cell membranes -- Topics for further reading -- 4 The movement of eukaryotic cells -- 4.1 Ciliary and flagellar movement -- 4.2 Amoeboid movement -- Topics for further reading -- References.

Kurzfassung: Philosophers through the ages have made the astute observation that life, in its many aspects, appears to be continuously moving. All things in the universe, from the cosmic to the atomic level, exhibit some form of movement. Getting down to earth, the capacity to move is also an essential feature of the biological world. Movement was in fact synonymous with life at the time that Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the first simple microscope (seventeenth century). Using his primitive instrument he observed micro-organisms. which he called 'animalcules', swimming through a drop of water, and therefore he proclaimed that they 'seem to be alive'. We now know that movement in this form is not a prerequisite for life. although it is a crucial aspect in many living organisms. Realizing the general importance of motility in the biological world, this book will try to focus on the motility at a cellular level. Motility at a cellular level can take one of several forms: movement of components within the cell itself or movement of the cell as a whole (cell locomotion).

Kurzfassung: 1. Problems, data, questions -- 2. Probability and other definitions -- 3. Combining probabilities -- 4. Significance, binomials, and x2 -- 5. Continuous variates -- 6. Inference on means ; the Normal distribution -- 7. Unknown variance; the t-distribution -- 8. Design of experiments -- 9. Comparisons between means -- 10. Additional topics -- Solutions to exercises.

Kurzfassung: This book has grown from nine hours oflectures, and about the same time in tutorial classes, that attempt to give first-year students of biology some understanding of statistics. I am convinced that such a short course should not be mathematical (though it can employ basic mathematical symbolism), and that it should give students an appreciation of statistical argument, even though this limits the amount of detailed instruction in techniques of analysis that can be included. A statistical cookery book would have been easier to write and much easier to read, but lacking in true educational content. I am more concerned to show 'why' than to present methods and rules. A further constraint, that of remaining within a reasonable price range, prevents reiteration of explanations: the reader is expected to remember what he has read, for he will not find standard terms and ideas explained afresh on each occasion of use. Many books that introduce statistics to biologists blur distinctions and evade logical issues, for example by failing to emphasize the distinction between a parameter and an estimator from a sample or by neglecting the role of randomization. On this, I aim to be un­ compromisingly correct - at least until reviewers point out my errors - but to do so through realistic examples rather than abstract symbolism.

Kurzfassung: The Dictionary A–Z -- Appendix: A list of named units -- Table of organic compounds.

Kurzfassung: The format of this edition remains unchanged from previous editions but the majority of entries have received some revision. In particular, units are now in SI units wherever possible, although with certain of the classical entries this is not possible. Chemical terminology has proved a particular problem. We have kept the common names for organic compounds because of the wide readership of this book but we have added an extra table giving the equivalent systematic names and the formulae. We have tried to avoid omission of any named effects and laws that have wide usage. Nevertheless, in order to keep the book to a manageable length, it has been necessary to make a selection among the less commonly used terms and it is inevitable that some arbitrary choices and omissions must be made. Some entries from earlier editions have been left out to make room for other entries which we feel have become more important. We are especially grateful to those readers who have pointed out previous omissions. D.W.G.B. Imperial College, Uni!.:ersity of London D.R.L.

Kurzfassung: 1 Ultrastructure of bacterial envelopes -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Gram-positive cell wall -- 1.3 The Gram-negative cell wall -- 1.4 Membrane morphology -- 1.5 Internal membranes -- 1.6 Specialized membrane systems -- References -- 2 Isolation of walls and membranes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Isolation of walls and membranes from Gram-positive species -- 2.3 Separation of the components of the wall from Gram-negative species -- 2.4 Preparation of specialized intracytoplasmic membranes -- References -- 3 Membrane structure and composition in micro-organisms -- 3.1 General ideas of membrane structure -- 3.2 Some physical properties of membranes -- 3.3 Composition of microbial membranes -- 3.4 Proteins in membranes -- References -- 4 Membrane functions -- 4.1 Active components and functions of bacterial cell walls -- 4.2 Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane -- 4.3 Components of the electron transport chain -- 4.4 The coupling of energy flow to phosphorylation -- 4.5 Isolation and properties of Mg2+-Ca2+ ATPase -- 4.6 Vesiculation of membranes -- 4.7 Transport of metabolites and ions -- 4.8 Binding proteins -- 4.9 Mesosomal membrane -- 4.10 Outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria -- References -- 5 Membranes of bacteria lacking peptidoglycan -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mycoplasmas -- 5.3 Extreme halophiles -- 5.4 Bacterial L-forms -- References -- 6 Structure of peptidoglycan -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Modification of the basic peptidoglycan structure -- 6.3 Three-dimensional structure of peptidoglycans -- 6.4 Cell walls of prokaryotes without peptidoglycan -- References -- 7 Additional polymers in bacterial walls -- 7.1 Gram-positive bacteria -- 7.2 Gram-negative bacteria -- References -- 8 Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Synthesis of nucleotide sugar precursors -- 8.3 The lipid cycle -- 8.4 Formation of cross-bridge peptides -- 8.5 Polymerization of disaccharide-peptide units -- 8.6 Transpeptidation: The formation of cross-links -- 8.7 D-Alanine carboxypeptidases -- References -- 9 Antibiotics affecting bacterial wall synthesis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Phosphonomycin (Fosfomycin) -- 9.3 Antibiotics inhibiting D-alanine metabolism in peptidoglycan biosynthesis: cycloserine, O-carbamoyl-D-serine, alaphosphin (L-alanyl-L-1-aminoethyl phosphonic acid) and the haloalanines -- 9.4 Bacitracin -- 9.5 Tunicamycin -- 9.6 The vancomycin group of antibiotics: vancomycin, ristocetins, ristomycins, actinoidin -- 9.7 ?-Lactam antibiotics: the penicillins and cephalosporins -- 9.8 Antibiotics inhibiting biosynthesis of wall polymers but whose site of action is not yet established -- References -- 10 Biosynthesis of other bacterial wall components -- 10.1 Biosynthesis of teichoic acids -- 10.2 Biosynthesis of other components of the Gram-positive bacterial wall -- 10.3 Biosynthesis of the lipopolysaccharides -- 10.4 Iipoprotein from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria -- References -- 11 The bacterial autolysins -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Bond specificity and distribution of bacterial autolysins -- 11.3 Purification and properties of the autolytic enzymes -- 11.4 Location of autolytic enzymes -- 11.5 Function of autolysins -- References -- 12 Cell walls of Mycobacteria -- 12.1 Wall composition -- 12.2 Adjuvant and other immunostimulant properties -- 12.3 Antitumour activity -- References -- 13 Cell walls of filamentous fungi -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Carbohydrates in the wall -- 13.3 Wall composition and dimorphism -- 13.4 Melanins and depsipeptides -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Biosynthesis of wall components in yeast and filamentous fungi -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Biosynthesis of chitin -- 14.3 Biosynthesis of mannan -- 14.4 Biosynthesis of glucan -- References -- 15 The cell wall in the growth and cell division of bacteria -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Growth of streptococcal cell walls -- 15.3 Growth of the walls of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria -- 15.4 Growth of the Gram-negative cell wall -- 15.5 Growth of cytoplasmic membranes -- 15.6 Mutants with disturbed surface growth -- 15.7 Helical growth of bacteria -- References.

Kurzfassung: In 1968 when Cell Walls and Membranes was published it was still reasonable to attempt to write a book covering the whole subject. Accordingly this edition of the book had something to say about walls from micro-organisms and plants as well as about membranes from bacteria and animal cells. A decade later this is manifestly impossible. Knowledge about almost all the subjects has grown explosively, par­ ticularly about membranes and the biosynthesis of macromolecules. Moreover aspects of the subject that were still in a relatively primitive state ten years ago have grown into highly sophisticated subjects worthy of extended treatment. The result is that the present book has had to be confined to structures and functions relating to only one division of the biological kingdom, namely micro-organisms. Even then severe limitations have had to be made to keep the task within the time available to the authors and their expertise. A few of the titles of chapters such as those on the isolation of walls and membranes, the structure of the components of bacterial and micro-fungal walls and their biosynthesis remain from the earlier book. These chapters have been almost completely rewritten and a number of quite new chapters added on topics such as the action of the antibiotics that inhibit bacterial wall syn­ thesis, on the function of bacterial membranes, and the bacterial autolysins.

Kurzfassung: 1 Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors -- 2 Glycine, GABA and Benzodiazepine Receptors -- 3 Substance P Receptors -- 4 Enkephalin and Endorphin Receptors -- 5 Other Peptide Receptors.

Kurzfassung: Since the discovery that neuronal transmission can be chemically mediated, a large number of compounds have been found in the mammalian central nervous system which appear to function as neurotransmitter agents. Recently, electrophysiological and biochemical methods have been developed which have enabled neuroscientists to classify better the myriad of neurotransmitter receptor sites in brain and to study their properties in finer detail. As a result of these investigations, a significant number of new discoveries have been made about the mechanisms involved in neurotransmitter receptor interactions, the role neurotransmitters play in the actions of pharmacological agents and in the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders. The present two volume text was compiled to summarize the information relating to the physiological, biochemical, pharmacological and functional characteristics of neurotransmitter receptor sites. While emphasis is placed on neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian central nervous system, the characteristics of these receptors in other species, both vertebrate and invertebrate, are also discussed where appropriate. While these books cover the major classes of putative neurotransmitters - amino acids, peptides and biogenic amines - and are therefore broad in scope, each is discussed in a concise fashion to highlight the major points of historical and contemporary interest. In addition to outlining data, each chapter addresses current theories relating to the various aspects of receptor properties and function in an attempt to reveal the directions of future research and as a stimulus for other workers in the field.

Kurzfassung: 1. The United Nations (UN) -- 2. The specialized agencies -- 3. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) -- 4. Regional integration -- 5. Regional development banks -- 1: World Organizations -- 1. The International Monetary Fund -- 2. The World Bank Group -- 3. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade -- 4. The Commodity Agreements. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) -- 2. European Organizations -- 5. Benelux -- 6. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development -- 7. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance -- 8. The European Communities -- 9. The European Free Trade Association -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Member States of International Organizations -- List of Articles -- Index of Authors -- Index of Subjects.

Kurzfassung: What made me write this book was a feeling that students of international economics needed to fin out their knowledge of the theory with work on the practice of the major international economic organizations, many of which are having a growing influence on the national economies of their members. There was no single volume given over to a concise treatment of these organizations. of the international organizations themselves can be con­ The annual reports sulted, of course, but as a rule these are not noted for being brief and to the point (the items of importance have to be fished out of a sea of useless detail), nor do they go in for criticism of their own activities. In selecting the organizations to be dealt with in the book I was guided by the influence they exert. I have left out those whose activities consist mainly in the drafting recommendations to which, however meritorious they may be, little or no attention is paid. Some of them are included in the Introduction, which provides a summary of a number of institutions not discussed separately in the body of the work. There are, however, two exceptions: the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as the organization replacing the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) whose meetings have succeeded in drawing much attention of the press.

Kurzfassung: 1 The structure of wood -- 1.1 The cell wall -- 1.2 Cell wall pitting -- 1.3 Wall sculpturing -- 1.4 Trabeculae -- 1.5 Cell inclusions -- 2 The structure of softwoods -- 2.1 Growth increments -- 2.2 Tracheids and tracheid pitting -- 2.3 Tracheid wall thickenings -- 2.4 Rays -- 2.5 Axial parenchyma -- 2.6 Strand tracheids -- 2.7 Resin canals -- 2.8 Compression wood -- 3 The structure of palmwood -- 4 The structure of hardwoods -- 4.1 Growth increments -- 4.2 Vessel perforations -- 4.3 Vessel pitting -- 4.4 Vascular and vasicentric tracheids -- 4.5 Fibres -- 4.6 Axial parenchyma -- 4.7 Rays -- 4.8 Gums and gum ducts -- 4.9 Tyloses -- 4.10 Included phloem -- 4.11 Storeyed wood -- 4.12 Tension wood -- References.

Kurzfassung: Nine years ago saw the publication of the first version of Three-dimensional Structure of Wood: A scanning electron microscope study [95]. This book contained 59 scanning electron micrographs and a modest text outlining the basic structure of wood_ When we wrote it in 1970, the scanning electron microscope was still something of a novelty (the first commercially produced SEM only coming on the market in 1965) and its use as an instrument in serious wood research was still treated by many with a good deal of suspicion. Such suspicions were not without foundation for indeed the first Three-dimensional Structure of Wood was put together from a somewhat paltry collection of a few hundred scanning electron micrographs of wood taken over a two year period. The last decade has seen some remarkable developments in the general understanding of the structure of wood. Our personal collection of scanning electron micrographs has grown from a few hundred to some 16 000. Techniques for specimen preparation [46, 47], particularly in the areas of dehydration [36] and coating have greatly improved. Most significant however, has been the new depth of understanding of wood ultrastructure that has become almost universal. By combining the use of the light, transmission and scanning electron microscopes, scientists in many widely separated parts of the world have now added a vast amount of information to our understanding of such aspects of wood structure as perforation plate development, tylose formation, the formation of reaction wood, septate fibres ultrastructure, etc.

Kurzfassung: 1 Semiconductor Junctions and Diodes -- 1.1 Introductory Semiconductor Equations and Concepts -- 1.2 PN Junction Forward Characteristics -- 1.3 Diode Reverse Characteristics -- 1.4 Junction Transient Characteristics -- 1.5 Rectifier Circuits -- 1.6 Zener Reference Diodes -- 1.7 Diodes with Negative Resistance -- 1.8 Electron Beam Bombarded Semiconductor Diodes as Amplifiers -- 1.9 Questions -- 1.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 2 Metal-Semiconductor Schottky-Barrier Diodes -- 2.1 Elementary Metal-Semiconductor Junction Concepts -- 2.2 Barrier Height Measurements -- 2.3 Schottky Barrier Current-Voltage Characteristics -- 2.4 Minority Charge in Schottky Junctions -- 2.5 Schottky Barriers in Integrated Circuits -- 2.6 High Power Schottky Barrier Rectifiers -- 2.7 Questions -- 2.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 3 Microwave Applications of Diodes, Varactors and Tunnel Diodes -- 3.1 Detectors, Mixer Diodes and Related Devices -- 3.2 PIN Diodes as Attenuators and Switches -- 3.3 Varactor Diodes and Parametric Frequency Multiplication and Amplification -- 3.4 Tunnel Diodes and Applications -- 3.5 Questions -- 3.6 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 4 Bipolar Junction Transistors -- 4.1 General Characteristics -- 4.2 Voltage Rating and Second Breakdown -- 4.3 Factors Controlling the Current Gain -- 4.4 Frequency Performance and Microwave Transistors -- 4.5 Power Transistors -- 4.6 Switching of Bipolar Transistors -- 4.7 Lateral Transistors -- 4.8 Heterojunction Transistors -- 4.9 Questions -- 4.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 5 Thyristors — Controlled PNPN and Related Switch Devices -- 5.1 Basic Concepts of PNPN Structures -- 5.2 Thyristor Turn-on, Turn-off and Power Considerations -- 5.3 Triacs and Other Multilayer Structures -- 5.4 Computer Aided Design Model for a Thyristor Circuit -- 5.5 Thyristor Applications (Brief Comments) -- 5.6 Questions -- 5.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 6 JFETs and MESFETs — Field Effect Transistors -- 6.1 Si FET Modeling Including Saturation Velocity Effects -- 6.2 GaAs MESFET Modeling -- 6.3 Dual Gate MESFETs -- 6.4 Microwave Field Effect Transistors -- 6.5 Some Applications of JFETs and MESFETs -- 6.6 Questions -- 6.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 7 Insulated Gate-Field-Effect-Transistors: MOSFETs, IGFETs and Related Devices -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 First-Order Theory of a MOSFET -- 7.3 Further Consideration of MOSFET Characteristics -- 7.4 MOSFET Saturation Models -- 7.5 The Transition from IGFET to Bipolar Transistor Performance -- 7.6 Semiconductor-Insulator and Insulator-Metal Interfaces -- 7.7 Fabrication Processes for IGFETs -- 7.8 CMOS Structures and Logic -- 7.9 Computer Aided Design of MOSFET Circuits for Large Scale Integration -- 7.10 MOSFET Switches -- 7.11 Noise in MOSFETs -- 7.12 Special Purpose MOSFETs -- 7.13 Questions -- 7.14 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 8 Integrated Circuit Fundamentals -- 8.1 Large Scale Integration -- 8.2 Yield: The Designer’s Dilemma -- 8.3 Bipolar IC Technology -- 8.4 MOS Inverters -- 8.5 MOS Logic Circuits and Scaling -- 8.6 Future Limits in Digital Electronics -- 8.7 Questions -- 8.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 9 Integrated Circuit Applications -- 9.1 Linear Integrated Circuits -- 9.2 Communications Applications -- 9.3 Applications in Watches, Cameras and Automobiles -- 9.4 Semiconductor Memories -- 9.5 Microprocessors -- 9.6 Small Calculators -- 9.7 Questions -- 9.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 10 Charge-Transfer Devices -- 10.1 General Concepts -- 10.2 Loss Mechanisms in CCDs -- 10.3 Charge-Coupled Delay Lines and Filters -- 10.4 Charge-Coupled Memories -- 10.5 Imaging CCD Arrays -- 10.6 CCD Logic Structures -- 10.7 Bucket-Brigade Circuits -- 10.8 Questions -- 10.9 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 11 Avalanche-Diode Microwave Oscillators, Amplifiers, and Gunn Devices -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Read Diode Oscillator Concepts -- 11.3 Impatt Performance -- 11.4 Trapatt Oscillations -- 11.5 Avalanche-Diode Amplifiers -- 11.6 Comments on Performance -- 11.7 Transferred-Electron Device (Gunn) Oscillatros -- 11.8 TED (Gunn) Logic Concepts -- 11.9 Questions -- 11.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 12 Solar Cells -- 12.1 Solar Energy -- 12.2 Silicon Solar Cells -- 12.3 Solar Cells of GaAs, InP, and Related Semiconductors -- 12.4 Cells of CdS and Related Semiconductors -- 12.5 Discussion -- 12.6 Questions -- 12.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 13 Light Detecting Semiconductor Devices -- 13.1 Photodiodes -- 13.2 Detectivity -- 13.3 Photoconductive Detectors -- 13.4 Phototransistors -- 13.5 Photocathodes and Negative-Electron-Affinity-Emitting Devices -- 13.6 Vidicon Camera Tubes and Silicon Diode Array Targets -- 13.7 Electrophotographic Copying -- 13.8 Questions -- 13.9 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 14 Light Emitting Diodes and Injection Lasers -- 14.1 Light Emission from Direct-Gap GaAs1?xPx -- 14.2 Radiative and Nonradiative Recombination in GaAs Diodes -- 14.3 GaP Light-Emitting Diodes -- 14.4 Other Light-Emitting Materials -- 14.5 Applications of Light-Emitting Diodes -- 14.6 Heterojunction A1xGa1?xAs — GaAs Injection Lasers -- 14.7 Other Injection Lasers -- 14.8 Injection Lasers and LEDs as Light Sources for Optical Communications Systems -- 14.9 Questions -- 14.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 15 Semiconductor Sensors and Transducers -- 15.1 Semiconductor Sensors Involving Magnetics -- 15.2 Strain Sensors and Related Transducers -- 15.3 Temperature Sensors -- 15.4 Gas Sensing Semiconductor Structures -- 15.5 High-Energy Particle and Gamma Ray Sensors -- 15.6 Questions -- 15.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- Book List.

Kurzfassung: For some time there has been a need for a semiconductor device book that carries diode and transistor theory beyond an introductory level and yet has space to touch on a wider range of semiconductor device principles and applica­ tions. Such topics are covered in specialized monographs numbering many hun­ dreds, but the voluminous nature of this literature limits access for students. This book is the outcome of attempts to develop a broad course on devices and integrated electronics for university students at about senior-year level. The edu­ cational prerequisites are an introductory course in semiconductor junction and transistor concepts, and a course on analog and digital circuits that has intro­ duced the concepts of rectification, amplification, oscillators, modulation and logic and SWitching circuits. The book should also be of value to professional engineers and physicists because of both, the information included and the de­ tailed guide to the literature given by the references. The aim has been to bring some measure of order into the subject area examined and to provide a basic structure from which teachers may develop themes that are of most interest to students and themselves. Semiconductor devices and integrated circuits are reviewed and fundamental factors that control power levels, frequency, speed, size and cost are discussed. The text also briefly mentions how devices are used and presents circuits and comments on representative applications. Thus, the book seeks a balance be­ tween the extremes of device physics and circuit design.

Kurzfassung: 1 Occurrence, Distribution and Historical Perspective -- 2 Seaweed as Animal Fodder, Manure and for Energy -- 3 Sea Vegetables (Algae as Food for Man) -- 4 Laver or ‘Nori’ Industry and Carragheen or Irish Moss -- 5 Agar-agar -- 6 Algin and Alginates -- 7 Minor Uses of Algae and their Products -- 8 Mariculture of Seaweeds -- 9 Looking for Seaweeds — the World’s Supplies -- Author Index -- Plant Index.

Kurzfassung: The 1939-45 war forced the Allied countries to seek alternative sources of raw materials and, as in the First World War, attention was paid by all belligerents to the marine algae or seaweeds. These occur in considerable quantities in various parts of the world, and attempts to make use of this cheap and readily accessible, though not so readily harvestable, raw material have been made almost from time immemorial. Much of the work on the economic utilization of seaweeds has been published only in scientific journals and has never been collected within the compass of a single book. Tressler's work on The Marine Products of Commerce contains three useful chapters on this subject, whilst Sauvageau's book, Les utilisations des Algues Marines, is a mine of valuable information, especially as regards the use of seaweeds in France. Both these volumes are, however, somewhat out of date, Tressler's being published in 1923 and Sauvageau's in 1920. Furthermore there is no book wholly on this subject in the English language, and so the present volume has been undertaken in order to fill this gap. The opportunity has also been taken to incorporate the results of researches carried out since 1920. In certain aspects of the subject it will be found that considerable advances have been made, and in the present volume particular reference to such advances will be found in the chapters on agar and alginic acid.

Kurzfassung: 1 The essential metals and their evolution -- 1.1 The major metals -- 1.2 The minor metals -- 1.3 Metals and early biochemical evolution -- 2 The non-redox roles of metals ions -- 2.1 Active sites of the non-redox metals -- 2.2 Regulatory and trigger roles of metal ions -- 3 Electron transfer and redox reactions -- 3.1 Metals as redox catalysts -- 3.2 Electron carrier proteins -- 3.3 Some enzymes containing molybdenum, cobalt and iron -- 3.4 Electron transfer in respiration and photosynthesis -- 4 Dealing with oxygen -- 4.1 The activation and toxicity of oxygen -- 4.2 Oxygen carriers -- 4.3 Superoxide dismutases -- 4.4 Oxidases -- 4.5 Oxygenases -- 4.6 Hydroperoxidases -- 4.7 Some oxygen-activating groups -- 5 Metal metabolism -- 5.1 Microbial ion carriers -- 5.2 The major metals -- 5.3 The minor metals -- Suggestions for further reading.

Kurzfassung: In this book we present a largely biochemical look at the metals of life and their functions, which we hope will be of interest to chemists and biologists as well as biochemists. The field of 'inorganic bio­ chemistry' is one of rapid change. Recent developments in our know­ ledge of the activity of calcium, and of the iron-sulphur proteins, are two examples, and increasing attention is being paid to non-metals as well [3]. For reasons of space, we shall restrict ourselves to the normal biological activities of metals. We must ignore, on the one hand, the gross physiological effects of metal deficiency or toxicity, and on the other, the many model studies which have been stimulated by the unusual properties of metals in biological systems. Usually the synthesis of model metal compounds follows rather than anticipates the dis­ covery of novel biological configurations. However, such studies give us a firm basis for an understanding of the biological systems, and sometimes answer questions that cannot be tackled any other way (for instance, what is the net charge on an iron-sulphur cluster?). As a result, we can refer to new and interesting information on the metals oflife at a chemical level. We gratefully acknowledge the help of Professor P. Banks and Dr D. Fenton who have read and criticized the manuscript, though any errors or misconceptions remain our own responsibility. We thank Mr P. Elliot for preparing Fig. 5.2.

Kurzfassung: 1 Sufficiency -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Factorization criterion -- 1.3 Distribution of statistics conditional on a sufficient statistic -- 1.4 Joint sufficiency -- 1.5 Minimal sufficiency -- 2 Unbiased point estimators -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rao-Blackwell theorem -- 2.3 The role of sufficient statistics -- 2.4 Completeness -- 2.5 Joint completeness -- 2.6 Sufficiency, completeness and independence -- 2.7 Minimum-variance bounds -- 2.8 Computation of a minimum-variance bound -- 2.9 Minimum attainable variance -- 2.10 Mean square error -- 2.11 Two parameters -- 3 Elementary decision theory and Bayesian methods -- 3.1 Comments on classical techniques -- 3.2 Loss functions -- 3.3 Decision theory -- 3.4 Bayes decisions -- 3.5 Using data -- 3.6 Computing posterior distributions -- 3.7 Conjugate distributions -- 3.8 Distribution of the next observation -- 3.9 More than one parameter -- 3.10 Decision functions -- 3.11 Bayes estimators -- 3.12 Admissibility -- 4 Methods of estimation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Maximum likelihood estimation -- 4.3 Locating the maximum likelihood estimator -- 4.4 Estimation of a function of a parameter -- 4.5 Truncation and censoring -- 4.6 Estimation of several parameters -- 4.7 Approximation techniques -- 4.8 Large-sample properties -- 4.9 Method of least squares -- 4.10 Normal equations -- 4.11 Solution of the normal equations (non-singular case) -- 4.12 Use of matrices -- 4.13 Best unbiased linear estimation -- 4.14 Co variance matrix -- 4.15 Relaxation of assumptions -- 5 Hypothesis testing I -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Statistical hypothesis -- 5.3 Simple null hypothesis against simple alternative -- 5.4 Applications of the Neyman-Pearson theorem -- 5.5 Uniformly most powerful tests for a single parameter -- 5.6 Most powerful randomized tests -- 5.7 Hypothesis testing as a decision process -- 5.8 Minimax and Bayes tests -- 6 Hypothesis testing II -- 6.1 Two-sided tests for a single parameter -- 6.2 Neyman-Pearson theorem extension (nonrandomized version) -- 6.3 Regular exponential family of distributions -- 6.4 Uniformly most powerful unbiased test of ? = ?0 against ? ? ?0 -- 6.5 Nuisance parameters -- 6.6 Similar tests -- 6.7 Composite hypotheses-several parameters -- 6.8 Likelihood ratio tests -- 6.9 Bayes methods -- 6.10 Loss function for one-sided hypotheses -- 6.11 Testing ? = ?0 against ? ? ?0 -- 7 Interval estimation -- 7.1 One parameter, Bayesian confidence intervals -- 7.2 Two parameters, Bayesian confidence regions -- 7.3 Confidence intervals (classical) -- 7.4 Most selective limits -- 7.5 Relationship to best tests -- 7.6 Unbiased confidence intervals -- 7.7 Nuisance parameters -- 7.8 Discrete distributions -- 7.9 Relationship between classical and Bayesian intervals -- 7.10 Large-sample confidence intervals -- Appendix 1 Functions of random variables -- A 1.1 Introduction -- A 1.2 Transformations: discrete distributions -- A1.3 Continuous distributions -- A 1.4 The order statistics -- Appendix 2 The regular exponential family of distributions -- A2.1 Single parameter -- A2.2 Several parameters -- A2.3 The regular exponential family of bivariate distributions -- Further exercises -- Brief solutions to further exercises -- Further reading -- Author index.

Kurzfassung: This book covers those basic topics which usually form the core of intermediate courses in statistical theory; it is largely about estima­ tion and hypothesis testing. It is intended for undergraduates following courses in statistics but is also suitable preparatory read­ ing for some postgraduate courses. It is assumed that the reader has completed an introductory course which covered probability, random variables, moments and the sampling distributions. The level of mathematics required does not go beyond first year calculus. In case the reader has not acquired much facility in handling matrices, the results in least squares estimation are first obtained directly and then given an (optional) matrix formulation. If techniques for changing from one set of variables to another have not been met, then the appendix on these topics should be studied first. The same appendix contains essential discussion of the order statistics which are frequently used for illustrative purposes. Introductory courses usually include the elements of hypothesis testing and of point and interval estimation though the treatment must perforce become rather thin since at that stage it is difficult to provide adequate justifications for some procedures-plausible though they may seem. This text discusses these important topics in considerable detail, starting from scratch. The level is nowhere advanced and proofs of asymptotic results are omitted. Methods deriving from the Bayesian point of view are gradually introduced and alternate with the more usual techniques.

Kurzfassung: Paper 1. Food and Health from Conception to Extreme Old Age -- Paper 2. The Control and Standardisation of National Food Quality -- Paper 3. The Validity of the Concept of Health Foods -- Paper 4. Healthy Eating -- Paper 5. Education and Responsibility of Modern Food Technologists -- Paper 6. Consumer Health Considerations in EEC Legislation -- Paper 7. The Microbiological Control of Salmonellae in Processed Foods -- Paper 8. The Occurrence and Control of Clostridium botulinum in Foods -- Paper 9. Mycotoxins in Foods -- Paper 10. Assessment and Control of Microbiological Health Risks Presented by Foods -- Paper 11. Biochemical Aspects of Food Safety -- Paper 12. Food Additives: Industrial Uses, Value and Safety -- Paper 13. Acceptable Limits for Pesticides in Foods: The FAO/WHO Approach -- Paper 14. The Role of Food Processing in Decreasing Pesticide Contamination of Foods -- Paper 15. Trends and Perspectives in Food Contaminants -- Paper 16. Use of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Culture Systems for Examining Biological Activity of Food Constituents 251 -- Paper 17. Erucic Acid -- Paper 18. Detoxification of Foods in Food Processing -- Paper 19. Performance of Process Plant in Relation to Food Quality and Safety -- Paper 20. The Processing of Food Using Ionising Radiation; Present Status -- Paper 21. Technological and Health Considerations of Modern Food Packaging -- Paper 22. Interaction of Food Components During Processing -- Paper 23. Methodology to Detect Nutritional Damage During Thermal Food Processing -- Paper 24. Are We Adequately Fed? -- Paper 25. Optimisation of Food Nutrient Composition -- Paper 26. Some Aspects of Dietary Fibre Metabolism in the Human Gut -- Paper 27. Obesity and Anorexia -- Paper 28. Infant Nutrition -- Paper 29. Protein Deficiency and the Brain -- Paper 30. Food and the Brain -- Paper 31. Lead and Brain Function.

Kurzfassung: The Control and Standardisation of National Food Quality. There must be very many different opinions as to what this title means. To some people it will mean the control by legislation of additive and contaminant levels in food, to others it may mean the laying down of compositional standards for different food commodities, yet again some may consider that it covers the nutritional quality of the food and the maintenance of an adequate satisfactory diet for the population of the country. I think certainly that it could be all of these things and a glance at the variety of titles of papers which other speakers will be giving later in this symposium illustrates the very wide area which is covered by food quality in its many aspects. I will try only to present to you some of those aspects which are the concern of government in the control of food quality. I will not concern myself with those aspects which are the concern only of the manufacturer and his customer, and here I am thinking of flavour, appearance and physical state, such as whether canned, fresh or frozen. These aspects, which affect the type of products to be marketed, and also the aspects of quality control which set out to maintain the standard that the manufacturer has set himself, are I think outside my province.

Kurzfassung: 1. NATURE AND PROPERTIES -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Nomenclature and structure -- 1.3 Isolation and purification -- 1.4 Physical properties -- 1.5 Chemical properties -- 1.6 Addendum -- 1.7 References -- 2. BIOSYNTHESIS OF CAROTENOIDS -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General pathway to lycopene -- 2.3 Further reactions of lycopene -- 2.4 Insertion of oxygen into carotenoids -- 2.5 Acetylenic, allenic and refrocarotenoids -- 2.6 C30 carotenoids -- 2.7 References -- 3. FUNCTIONS OF CAROTENOIDS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Photosynthesis -- 3.3 Photoprotection -- 3.4 The xanthophyll cycle -- 3.5 Phototropism -- 3.6 Phototaxis -- 3.7 Sporangiophore formation -- 3.8 References -- 4. CAROTENOIDS IN SEED-BEARING PLANTS-PHOTOSYNTHETIC TISSUES -- 4.1 Qualitative distribution -- 4.2 Quantitative distribution -- 4.3 Localization -- 4.4 Etiolated seedlings -- 4.5 Mutants -- 4.6 Synthesis in germinating seedlings -- 4.7 Effect of environment on synthesis in leaves -- 4.8 Biosynthesis -- 4.9 Regulation of synthesis -- 4.10 Metabolism -- 4.11 Plant tissue cultures -- 4.12 Parasitic and saprophytic plants -- 4.13 Aquatic higher plants -- 4.14 References -- 5. CAROTENOIDS IN HIGHER PLANTS -- 5.1 Reproductive tissues -- 5.2 Roots -- 5.3 References -- 6. MOSSES, LIVERWORTS AND SPORE-BEARING VASCULAR PLANTS -- 6.1 Bryophyta - mosses and liverworts -- 6.2 Tracophyta - spore-bearing vascular plants -- 6.3 Function -- 6.4 References -- 7. ALGAE -- 7.1 Nature and distribution -- 7.2 General factors controlling synthesis -- 7.3 Carotenoids, algal taxonomy and evolution -- 7.4 References -- 8. FUNGI -- 8.1 Distribution -- 8.2 General factors controlling synthesis -- 8.3 Function in reproduction -- 8.4 References -- 9. NON-PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Distribution -- 9.3 Localization of carotenoids -- 9.4 Factors controlling synthesis -- 9.5 Biosynthesis of C30 carotenoids -- 9.6 Biosynthesis of C45 and C50 carotenoids -- 9.7 Formation of carotenoid glucoside esters -- 9.8 References -- 10. PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA -- 10.1 Distribution -- 10.2 Localization of carotenoids -- 10.3 General factors controlling synthesis -- 10.4 Biosynthesis -- 10.5 References -- 11. BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF CAROTENOIDS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Fresh water deposits -- 11.3 Ocean deposits -- 11.4 References.

Kurzfassung: The carotenoids are not only amongst the most widespread of the naturally occurring groups of pigments, but probably also have the most varied functions; witness their known roles in photokinetic responses of plants, in phototropic responses of fish and as vitamin A precursors in mammals and birds. Pigments with such wide distribution and such diverse functions are obviously of great interest to biological scientists with very different specializa­ tions, especially as it is unlikely that the study of the functions of carotenoids is anywhere near complete. The primary aim of the present work is to discuss the distribution, bio­ genesis and function of the carotenoids throughout the plant and animal kingdoms in such a way that, because of, rather than in spite of its bio­ chemical bias, it will be of value to workers interested in all the biological aspects of these pigments. The biochemical approach is considered the most effective because, generally speaking, most progress in the study of carotenoids in living material has been achieved using biochemical techniques, be they applied by zoologists, botanists, entomologists, microbiologists or other specialists; what is even more important is that a consideration of the present position makes it certain that further fundamental progress will also be made along biochemical lines.

Kurzfassung: 1 Lipids: what they are and how the biochemist deals with them -- 1.1 General introduction -- 1.2 Nomenclature and stereochemistry -- 1.3 Analytical techniques -- 1.4 Bibliography -- 2 Fatty acids -- 2.1 Structure and properties -- 2.2 The biochemistry of fatty acids -- 2.3 Summary -- 2.4 Bibliography -- 3 Neutral Lipids: glycerides, sterol esters, vitamin A esters, waxes -- 3.1 Glycerides -- 3.2 Sterol esters -- 3.3 Vitamin A esters (retinyl esters) -- 3.4 Waxes -- 3.5 Analytical techniques -- 3.6 Summary -- 3.7 Bibliography -- 4 Phospholipids -- 4.1 Classification of phospholipids -- 4.2 Structure and occurrence -- 4.3 Biosynthesis of phospholipids -- 4.4 Degradation of phospholipids -- 4.5 Analysis of phospholipids -- 4.6 Summary -- 4.7 Bibliography -- 5 Glycolipids and sulpholipids -- 5.1 Glycosyl ceramides -- 5.2 Glycosyl glycerides -- 5.3 Other glycolipids and sulpholipids -- 5.4 The analysis of glycolipid mixtures -- 5.5 Summary -- 5.6 Bibliography -- 6 Lipids as components of macromolecules -- 6.1 Physical and chemical properties of lipids -- 6.2 Physical and chemical properties of proteins -- 6.3 Association of lipids and proteins -- 6.4 Naturally-occurring lipoproteins — ‘soluble types’ -- 6.5 Naturally-occurring lipoproteins — ‘membrane types’ -- 6.6 Lipopolysaccharides and bacterial cell walls -- 6.7 Summary -- 6.8 Bibliography -- 7 Lipids in nutrition, health and disease -- 7.1 Introduction: the diverse roles of dietary lipids -- 7.2 Source and composition of dietary lipids -- 7.3 Different roles of minor lipids in food -- 7.4 The metabolism of lipids in relation to disease -- 7.5 Summary -- 7.6 Bibliography -- General index -- Supplementary index of diseases -- Supplementary index of species -- Supplementary index of tissues.

Kurzfassung: In the preface to the Second edition, we made a prediction that many exciting developments would take place in the coming years that would change the face of a new edition. This has indeed been the case and the current edition reflects these new advances. Our picture of the structure of the fatty acid synthetase has changed dramatically, bringing a new concept in enzymology - the multicatalytic polypeptide chain. This new knowledge owes much to the exploitation of genetic mutants, the use of which is undoubtedly going to extend into many other areas of lipid biochemistry. An understanding of the control of lipid metabolism has also advanced considerably during the last decade and we have tried to reflect that here, although it will be some years before a truly integrated picture can be obtained. For this reason we have continued to deal with the control of particular aspects of lipid metabolism - fatty acids, triacylglycerols, lipoprotein- in the specific chapters but we can foresee the time when a chapter on the overall integration of lipid metabolism will be appropriate and feasible. As a particular example, the exciting new concepts of the control of cholesterol metabolism in specific tissues via the interaction of low density lipoproteins with cell surface receptors have been described in Chapter 6.

Kurzfassung: 1 Alkanes -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. CH3 stretching frequencies -- 1.3. CH2 stretching frequencies -- 1.4. The symmetric methyl deformation frequency -- 1.5. The CH2 deformation frequency -- 1.6. Skeletal vibrations -- 2 Alkenes and Vibrations of C=N and N=N Links -- 2.1. The C=C stretching frequency -- 2.2. C=C Frequencies in open chains -- 2.3. CH stretching vibrations of olefines -- 2.4. The C=N stretching frequency -- 2.5. The N=N stretching frequency -- 3 X=Y=Z Systems and Triple Bonds -- 3.1. Introduction, multiple bond systems -- 3.2. Isothiocyanates -- 3.3. Thiocyanates -- 3.4. Isocyanates -- 3.5. Azides -- 3.6. Carbodi-imides -- 3.7. Diazo compounds -- 3.8. Alienes -- 3.9. Factors controlling the stretching frequencies of triple bonds -- 3.10. Isonitriles -- 3.11. Alkynes -- 4 Unassociated XH Vibrations -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Changes in XH stretching frequencies following alterations in the X Element -- 4.3. Changes in XH stretching frequencies with alterations in the Substituents at X -- 4.4. vOH stretching frequencies -- 4.5. vNH stretching frequencies -- 4.6. Silicon and germanium hydrides -- 4.7. Hydrides of other elements -- 5 Carbonyl Frequencies -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Mass effects -- 5.3. Frequency interaction effects -- 5.4. The effects of changes in bond angles, and in the strengths of the adjacent bonds -- 5.5. Chemical effects -- 5.6. Field effects in carbonyl compounds -- 5.7. The effects of changes of phase or of Association -- 5.8. Carbonyl frequencies in specific classes of compound -- 5.9. The carbonyl deformation frequency -- 6 X=Y Bonds Other than Carbonyl. vS=O, N=O, P=O, P=S, C=S and C=Se Vibrations -- 6.1. The sulphoxide group -- 6.2. The XN=O bond -- 6.3. The P=O stretching frequency -- 6.4. The P=S vibration -- 6.5. The P=Se vibration -- 6.6. The C=S vibration -- 6.7. The C=Se vibration -- 7 Stretching Vibrations of XO2 Systems, RSO2, RNO2, RCO2 -- 7.1. The SO2 stretching vibrations -- 7.2. The X-NO2 stretching vibrations -- 7.3. The ionized carboxyl group CO2- -- 8 Associated XH Frequencies, The Hydrogen Bond -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. OH…X systems -- 8.3. NH…X hydrogen bonds -- 8.4. Hydrogen bonding in thiols -- 8.5. CH…X hydrogen bonds -- 8.6. Hydrogen bonds of inorganic acids.

Kurzfassung: Ecological Concepts and Their Relevance to Human Nutrition -- Man’s Demand for Energy -- World Production of Organic Matter -- Secondary Production in the Oceans -- Secondary Production from Land -- Amino Acids: Production by Plants and the Requirements of Man -- The Nitrogen Economy of Marine and Land Environments -- Man’s Impact on Environmental Systems -- Man and the Major Mineral Elements -- Uptake of Some Major Mineral Elements by Plants -- Trace Mineral Elements, Mammalian Requirements and Man’s Presumptive Needs -- Trace Elements in Soils and Plants -- Trace Elements in the Marine Environment -- Support Energy from Fossil Fuels -- Radioactive Materials -- Radioactive Materials—the Aquatic Environment -- Pesticides and Other Man-made Chemicals and the Food Chain -- Implications of the Intensification of Agriculture for Ecological Problems -- Implications for Human Health and Nutrition and the Research That Needs to be Done -- List of Participants.

Kurzfassung: The purpose of the third symposium organised by the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and Crop Husbandry _of the Rank Prize Funds was to explore in some depth the complex processes whereby organic and inorganic materials reach man's diet, paying particular attenti.

Kurzfassung: I Solar Cell Arrays -- 1 Array Systems -- 2 Array Analysis -- 3 Array Design -- II Array Building Blocks -- 4 Solar Cells -- 5 Optical Elements -- 6 Electrical Elements -- 7 Mechanical Elements -- III Support Data -- 8 Fabrication and Test -- 9 Environments and Their Effects -- 10 Material Properties -- Appendices -- Appendix A Mathematics -- Appendix B Insolance Tables -- Appendix C Physical Constants -- Appendix D Conversion Factors and Formulas -- Appendix E 1 MeV Fluence Tables.

Kurzfassung: 1 Preliminaries -- 1.1 General introductory and historical remarks -- 1.2 Sets, families and graphs -- 1.3 Vector spaces; linear and affine independence -- Exercises -- 2 Independence spaces -- 2.1 Axioms and some basic theorems -- 2.2 Some induced structures -- 2.3 Submodular functions -- 2.4 Sums of independence structures -- Exercises -- 3 Graphic spaces -- 3.1 The cycle and cutset structures of a graph -- 3.2 Connections with vector spaces -- 3.3 Applications of independence theory to graphs -- Exercises -- 4 Transversal spaces -- 4.1 Hall’s theorem and its generalization -- 4.2 The partial transversals of a family of sets -- 4.3 Duals of transversal structures -- 4.4 Extensions of Hall’s theorem -- 4.5 Applications -- Exercises -- 5 Appendix on representability -- 5.1 Representability in general -- 5.2 Linear representability -- 5.3 Induced structures -- 5.4 Linear representability over specified fields -- 5.5 Some spaces which are not linearly representable -- Exercises -- Hints and solutions to the exercises -- Further reading.

Kurzfassung: Combinatorics may very loosely be described as that branch of mathematics which is concerned with the problems of arranging objects in accordance with various imposed constraints. It covers a wide range of ideas and because of its fundamental nature it has applications throughout mathematics. Among the well-established areas of combinatorics may now be included the studies of graphs and networks, block designs, games, transversals, and enumeration problem s concerning permutations and combinations, from which the subject earned its title, as weil as the theory of independence spaces (or matroids). Along this broad front,various central themes link together the very diverse ideas. The theme which we introduce in this book is that of the abstract concept of independence. Here the reason for the abstraction is to unify; and, as we sh all see, this unification pays off handsomely with applications and illuminating sidelights in a wide variety of combinatorial situations. The study of combinatorics in general, and independence theory in particular, accounts for a considerable amount of space in the mathematical journais. For the most part, however, the books on abstract independence so far written are at an advanced level, ·whereas the purpose of our short book is to provide an elementary in­ troduction to the subject.