Abstract: 1. Photosynthetic Phosphorylation by Chloroplasts of Higher Plants -- 2. Membrane Models for Circadian Rhythms -- 3. Fluorescent Probes in the Study of Nucleic Acids and Chromatin in Living Cells -- 4. Cross-Linking of Proteins to Nucleic Acids by Ultraviolet Light -- 5. Photobiochemistry in the Dark -- 6. Hypericism -- 7. Immunologic Effects of UV Radiation and Their Role in Photocarcinogenesis -- 8. Immunological Detection of Radiation Damage in DNA.

Abstract: The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four categories: to develop (I) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine. To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and physicists; because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multidis­ ciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for theoretical or practical use. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in­ depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that these reviews will provide an important service to the younger scientists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking, or suggest a redirection when appropriate. Since it is important that this review series remain responsive to the needs of photochemists and photobiologists, the Editor would value com­ ments and suggestions from its readers.

Abstract: 1 The Mossbauer Effect -- 1.1 Resonant absorption and fluorescence -- 1.2 The Mossbauer effect -- 1.3 The Mossbauer spectrum -- 1.4 The Mossbauer spectrometer -- 1.5 Mossbauer isotopes -- 1.6 Computation of data -- References -- 2 Hyperfine Interactions -- 2.1 The chemical isomer shift -- 2.2 Magnetic hyperfine interactions -- 2.3 Electric quadrupole interactions -- 2.4 Combined magnetic and quadrupole interactions -- 2.5 Relative line intensities -- References -- 3 Molecular Structure -- 3.1 Iron carbonyls and derivatives -- 3.2 Geometrical isomerism in Fe and Sn compounds -- 3.3 Linkage isomerism in cyano-complexes of Fe -- 3.4 Conformations in organometallic compounds of Fe -- 3.5 Stereochemistry in tin compounds -- 3.6 Molecular iodine compounds -- Appendix Quadrupole splitting in cis- and trans-isomers -- References -- 4 Electronic Structure and Bonding: Diamagnetic Compounds -- 4.1 Formal oxidation state -- 4.2 Iodine -- 4.3 Tellurium and antimony -- 4.4 Tin -- 4.5 Covalent iron compounds -- References -- 5 Electronic Structure and Bonding:Paramagnetic Compounds -- 5.1 Quadrupole interactions -- 5.2 Magnetic hyperfine interactions -- 5.3 Spin cross-over -- 5.4 Pressure effects -- 5.5 Second and third row transition elements -- 5.6 Lanthanides and actinides -- References -- 6 Dynamic Effects -- 6.1 Second-order Doppler shift and recoilless fraction -- 6.2 The Gold an skii-Karyagin effect -- 6.3 Electron hopping and atomic diffusion -- 6.4 Paramagnetic relaxation -- 6.5 Superparamagnetism -- References -- 7 Oxides and Related Systems -- 7.1 Stoichiome tric spinels -- 7.2 Non-stoichiometric spinels -- 7.3 Exchange interactions in spinels -- 7.4 Rare-earth iron garnets -- 7.5 Transferred hyperfine interactions -- References -- 8 Alloys and Intermeiallic Compounds -- 8.1 Disordered alloys -- 8.2 Intermetallic compounds -- References -- 9 Analytical Applications -- 9.1 Chemical analysis -- 9.2 Silicate minerals -- 9.3 Surface chemistry -- References -- 10 Impurity and Decay After-effect Studies -- 10.1 Impurity doping -- 10.2 Decay after-effects -- References -- 11 Biological Systems -- 11.1 Haemoproteins -- 11.2 Ferredoxins -- References -- Observed Mossbauer Resonances.

Abstract: The emergence of Mossbauer spectroscopy as an important experi­ mental technique for the study of solids has resulted in a wide range of applications in chemistry, physics, metallurgy and biophysics. This book is intended to summarize the elementary principles of the technique at a level appropriate to the advanced student or experienced chemist requiring a moderately comprehensive but basically non-mathematical introduction. Thus the major part of the book is concerned with the practical applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy, using carefully selected examples to illustrate the concepts. The references cited and the bibliography are intended to provide a bridge to the main literature for those who subseouent­ ly require a deeper knowledge. The text is complementary to the longer research monograph, 'Mossbauer Spectroscopy', which was written a few years ago in co-authorship with Professor N.N. Greenwood, and to whom I am deeply indebted for reading the preliminary draft of the present volume. I also wish to thank my many colleagues over the past ten years, and in particular Dr. R. Greatrex, for the many stimu­ lating discussions which we have had together. However my greatest debt is to my wife, who not only had to tolerate my eccen­ tricities during the gestation period, but being a chemist herself was also able to provide much useful criticism of the penultima te draft.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Structural aspects of isoenzymes -- 3 Isoenzymes in genetics and evolution -- 4 Isoenzymes in development and differentiation -- 5 Isoenzymes in metabolic regulation -- 6 Isoenzymes in cancer -- 7 Isoenzymes in diagnosis and disease -- 8 Separation and determination of isoenzymes.

Abstract: Isoenzymes were 'discovered' 20 years ago and were at first regarded as interesting but rare occurrences. Since then a wealth of information on enzyme heterogeneity has accrued and it now seems likely that at least half of all enzymes exist as isoenzymes. This is important in many areas of biological and medical science. Thus isoenzyme studies have provided the main experimental substance for the neutral drift controversy in genetics and evolution; they have greatly extended our understanding of metabolic regulation not only in animals but also in bacteria and plants; their existence has made available a multitude of highly sensitive markers for the study of differentiation and development, as well as providing indices of aberrant gene expression in carcinogenesis and other pathological processes. Iso­ enzymes are also being used increasingly in diagnostic clinical bio­ chemistry. It is surprising that this phenomenon which affects such a high pro­ portion of enzymes and is clearly important in biochemistry should receive such scant attention in the standard textbooks of that subject, the formal treatment of isoenzymology in these rarely exceeding one or two pages. This may be because the 'pure biochemist' has tended to regard variation in enzyme properties between tissues more as an unwanted complication than as a potential source of insight into diversity of biological function.

Abstract: 1. Organisms, genes and enzymes -- 2. Nucleic acids as the genetic material -- 3. The genetic code -- 4. Mutants and metabolism -- 5. The genetic control of metabolism -- 6. Gene structure -- Suggestions for further reading.

Abstract: Writing this second edition of Biochemical Genetics proved to be more difficult than I had anticipated. The fixed format of the series meant that the addition of new material was made possible only by the dele­ tion of old. Since the book is intended for a student audience, I have retained the historical approach of the first edition and added new material only when it demonstrates a principle more effectively. At the time of writing, we are witnessing an information explosion resulting from the application of recombinant DNA technology to all manner of problems. I have added a sixth chapter indicating the impact of this work on our concepts of gene structure. I should like to thank Ed Byard, Bill Evans, Charles Schorn and Ed Ward, colleagues in the Biology Department at the University of Winnipeg, and Andrew Spence, a student in the department, for their comments on the manuscript of the second edition, and to reiterate my thanks to all those in the Department of Genetics at the University of Sheffield who commented on the first edition.

Abstract: 1. Copolymer Characterisation by 13C NMR -- Semi-Crystalline Polymers by Neutron Scattering -- 3. Laser Raman Spectroscopy on Synthetic Polymers -- 4. Characterisation of Polymers by ESCA -- 5. Characterisation of Polymer Solutions and Melts by Acoustic Techniques -- 6. Flow Birefringence and the Kerr Effect.

Abstract: The policy adopted in Volume 1 of this series of including a relatively small number of topics for detailed review has been continued here. The techniques selected have received considerable attention in recent years. F or this reason and because of the significance of the characterisation data, further coverage of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and small angle neutron scattering is given in the first two chapters. In Chapter I a large part of the review describes the determination of monomer sequence distributions and configurational sequences in copolymers formed from more than one polymerisable monomer. The review on neutron scattering (Chapter 2) is directed towards the determination of the chain conformation in semi-crystaIIine polymers, which has provided important results for the interpretation of chain folding and morphology in crystaIIisable polymers. Laser Raman spectroscopy has also been used for morphological studies, and this application together with a description of the theoretical and experimental aspects of the technique is given in Chapter 3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy because of its extreme sensitivity to surface characteristics has provided information on polymeric solids that could not be obtained by other techniques. The principles and practice of this ESCA technique, including its use for simple elemental analysis, structural elucidation and depth profiling, are described in Chapter 4. The final two chapters are mainly concerned with the chain conformation of polymers in dilute solution. Ultrasonic techniques (Chapter 5) show pmmise for observing the dynamics of conformational changes.

Abstract: 1. Problems, data, questions -- 2. Probability and other definitions -- 3. Combining probabilities -- 4. Significance, binomials, and x2 -- 5. Continuous variates -- 6. Inference on means ; the Normal distribution -- 7. Unknown variance; the t-distribution -- 8. Design of experiments -- 9. Comparisons between means -- 10. Additional topics -- Solutions to exercises.

Abstract: This book has grown from nine hours oflectures, and about the same time in tutorial classes, that attempt to give first-year students of biology some understanding of statistics. I am convinced that such a short course should not be mathematical (though it can employ basic mathematical symbolism), and that it should give students an appreciation of statistical argument, even though this limits the amount of detailed instruction in techniques of analysis that can be included. A statistical cookery book would have been easier to write and much easier to read, but lacking in true educational content. I am more concerned to show 'why' than to present methods and rules. A further constraint, that of remaining within a reasonable price range, prevents reiteration of explanations: the reader is expected to remember what he has read, for he will not find standard terms and ideas explained afresh on each occasion of use. Many books that introduce statistics to biologists blur distinctions and evade logical issues, for example by failing to emphasize the distinction between a parameter and an estimator from a sample or by neglecting the role of randomization. On this, I aim to be un­ compromisingly correct - at least until reviewers point out my errors - but to do so through realistic examples rather than abstract symbolism.

Abstract: 1 Preliminaries -- 1.1 General introductory and historical remarks -- 1.2 Sets, families and graphs -- 1.3 Vector spaces; linear and affine independence -- Exercises -- 2 Independence spaces -- 2.1 Axioms and some basic theorems -- 2.2 Some induced structures -- 2.3 Submodular functions -- 2.4 Sums of independence structures -- Exercises -- 3 Graphic spaces -- 3.1 The cycle and cutset structures of a graph -- 3.2 Connections with vector spaces -- 3.3 Applications of independence theory to graphs -- Exercises -- 4 Transversal spaces -- 4.1 Hall’s theorem and its generalization -- 4.2 The partial transversals of a family of sets -- 4.3 Duals of transversal structures -- 4.4 Extensions of Hall’s theorem -- 4.5 Applications -- Exercises -- 5 Appendix on representability -- 5.1 Representability in general -- 5.2 Linear representability -- 5.3 Induced structures -- 5.4 Linear representability over specified fields -- 5.5 Some spaces which are not linearly representable -- Exercises -- Hints and solutions to the exercises -- Further reading.

Abstract: Combinatorics may very loosely be described as that branch of mathematics which is concerned with the problems of arranging objects in accordance with various imposed constraints. It covers a wide range of ideas and because of its fundamental nature it has applications throughout mathematics. Among the well-established areas of combinatorics may now be included the studies of graphs and networks, block designs, games, transversals, and enumeration problem s concerning permutations and combinations, from which the subject earned its title, as weil as the theory of independence spaces (or matroids). Along this broad front,various central themes link together the very diverse ideas. The theme which we introduce in this book is that of the abstract concept of independence. Here the reason for the abstraction is to unify; and, as we sh all see, this unification pays off handsomely with applications and illuminating sidelights in a wide variety of combinatorial situations. The study of combinatorics in general, and independence theory in particular, accounts for a considerable amount of space in the mathematical journais. For the most part, however, the books on abstract independence so far written are at an advanced level, ·whereas the purpose of our short book is to provide an elementary in­ troduction to the subject.

Abstract: I Perception—Information Uptake of the Mind -- 1 The biology of perception -- 2 Perception of electromagnetic waves: vision -- 3 Perception of mechanical vibrations: hearing -- 4 Perception of the mechanics of body position -- 5 Senses of indefinite classification: cutaneous and chemical receptors -- 6 Interoception —sensory function without perception -- II The Energetics of Mental Processes: The Waking State, Sleep, Attention, and Consciousness -- 7 Alert neurons in the brain-waking and attention -- 8 The sleeping brain -- 9 The conscious state and the unconscious -- III The Experience of the Mind: Learning and Memory -- 10 Contiguity of cerebral processes: learning -- 11 The other aspect of cerebral plasticity: the fixing and storing of information -- Further Readings.

Abstract: The interdisciplinary approach so popular today is more than a matter of fashion. It is, in fact, a reflection of the recognition that a good many areas once considered ade­ quately treated by one or the other of the traditional disciplines straddle the boundaries of several. Interdisciplinary research then is, by definition, a coop­ erative venture by several autonomous branches of science into areas incompletely accessible to anyone of them. By stimulating cooperation among several related disciplines, such research may serve to enrich each of them; but, on the other hand, the existence of these border areas occa­ sionally serves as Ii, pretext for postponing the solution of seemingly insurmountable problems. Brain research seems to have become such a border area of science. The fortress of classical psychology is being assaulted before our very eyes, its peripheral and even its more integral areas being invaded by physiology, morphol­ ogy, physics, and chemistry. Neurophysiology, too, has ceased to be an autonomous and self-governing field, and has come increasingly to rely on the help proffered by gen­ eral psychology, epistemology, and logic, as well as exact sciences such as mathematics and physics. These border assaults have undoubtedly been beneficial for all involved. 9 Within the traditional boundaries of their stuffy principles most classical disciplines are today facing a methodological and epistemological crisis. The breaching of their walls may at least hold out some hope of a renaissance.

Abstract: Ecological Concepts and Their Relevance to Human Nutrition -- Man’s Demand for Energy -- World Production of Organic Matter -- Secondary Production in the Oceans -- Secondary Production from Land -- Amino Acids: Production by Plants and the Requirements of Man -- The Nitrogen Economy of Marine and Land Environments -- Man’s Impact on Environmental Systems -- Man and the Major Mineral Elements -- Uptake of Some Major Mineral Elements by Plants -- Trace Mineral Elements, Mammalian Requirements and Man’s Presumptive Needs -- Trace Elements in Soils and Plants -- Trace Elements in the Marine Environment -- Support Energy from Fossil Fuels -- Radioactive Materials -- Radioactive Materials—the Aquatic Environment -- Pesticides and Other Man-made Chemicals and the Food Chain -- Implications of the Intensification of Agriculture for Ecological Problems -- Implications for Human Health and Nutrition and the Research That Needs to be Done -- List of Participants.

Abstract: The purpose of the third symposium organised by the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and Crop Husbandry _of the Rank Prize Funds was to explore in some depth the complex processes whereby organic and inorganic materials reach man's diet, paying particular attenti.

Abstract: 1. Aerospace Engineering -- 2. Agricultural Economics, Sciences, and Engineering -- 3. Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning -- 4. Astronomy -- 5. Astrophysics -- 6. Ceramic Engineering -- 7. Chemical Engineering -- 8. Chemistry and Biochemistry -- 9. Civil Engineering -- 10. Communicatiohs Engineering and Computer Science -- 11. Cryogenic Engineering -- 12. Electrical Engineering -- 13. Engineering Mechanics -- 14. Engineering Physics -- 15. Engineering Science -- 16. Fuels, Combustion, and Air Pollution -- 17. General and Environmental Engineering -- 18. Geochemistry and Soil Science -- 19. Geological Sciences and Geophysical Engineering -- 20. Geology and Earth Science -- 21. Geophysics -- 22. Industrial Engineering and Operations Research -- 23. Irrigation Engineering -- 24. Marine and Ocean Engineering -- 25. Materials Science and Engineering -- 26. Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering -- 27. Metallurgy -- 28. Meteorology and Atmospheric Science -- 29. Mineralogy and Petrology -- 30. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering -- 31. Missile and Space Systems Engineering -- 32. Nuclear Engineering -- 33. Nuclear Physics -- 34. Nuclear Science -- 35. Oceanography and Marine Science -- 36. Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering -- 37. Photogrammetric and Geodetic Engineering -- 38. Physics and Biophysics -- 39. Plastics Engineering -- 40. Wood Technology, Forestry, and Forest Science -- 41. Reactor Science -- 42. Sanitary Engineering, Water Pollution and Resources -- 43. Textile Technology -- 44. Transportation Engineering -- Theses without Specification of School or Department.

Abstract: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis­ seminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) * at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac­ tivity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 24 (thesis year 1979) a total of 10,033 theses titles from 26 Canadian and 215 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 24 reports these submitted in 1979, on occasion, certain universities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Abstract: I. General Problems of Enzyme Engineering -- Stabilization and Reactivation of Enzymes -- Theory of Reliability and Kinetics of Inactivation of Biocatalytical Systems -- II. Carbohydrate Conversions with Enzymes -- Enzymatic Conversion of Cellulose to Glucose: Present State of the Art and Potential -- Immobilized Amyloglucosidase: Preparation, Properties, and Application for Starch Hydrolysis -- Substrate Stabilization of Soluble and Immobilized Glucoamylase against Heating -- III. Biomedical Possibilities of Enzyme Engineering -- Chemical Aspects of Enzyme Stabilization and Modification for use in Therapy -- Modification of Trypsin Pancreatic Inhibitor by Polysaccharides for Prolongation of Therapeutic Effect -- Enzymatic Modification of ?-Lactam Antibiotics: Problems and Perspectives -- Modification of Enzymes with Water Soluble Polymers -- Immobilized Enzymes and Other Materials for the Study of Mammalian Cell Surfaces -- IV. Enzyme Engineering in Energy Transfer, Photography, and Fine Chemical Processing -- Microorganisms as Hydrogen and Hydrogenase Producers -- Spatially Structured Enzyme Support Arrangements in Electrochemical Systems -- Application of Immobilized Enzyme Systems in Nonsilver Photography -- Immobilized Enzymes: A Breakthrough in Fine Chemicals Processing -- Problems of Efficiency and Optimization in Enzyme Engineering -- V. Enzymes in Food and Nutrition -- Novel Enzymatic Production of L-Malic Acid as an Alternative Acidulant to Citric Acid -- Application of Plant Phenol Oxidases in Biotechnological Processes -- Immobilized Enzymes in Nutritional Applications -- VI. Future Prospects -- Impact of Enzyme Engineering on Science Policy -- Some Thoughts on the Future -- Adresses of Authors.

Abstract: The Soviet Union has had an active research and development program in the study and applica­ tion of soluble and immobilized enzymes since about 1970. Therefore, it was a natural conse­ quence that an international conference should be held in the Soviet Union to focus on some of the developments that may lead to new and exciting practical applications of enzymatic catalysts in a variety of areas, especially carbohydrate con­ versions, medicine, energy transduction, and photochemistry. The International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study, with its goal of focusing international scientific and technological exper­ tise on world problems, also has been very active in the area of enzyme engineering, with a major effort during 1972-1977 in several of the sub­ areas covered in this volume. The conference was held June 20-24, 1978 in the city of Tbilisi in the Georgian SSR of the USSR, under the title "The Future of Enzyme En­ gineering Development." The participants expressed a high sense of gratitude to the State Committee for Science and Technology and especially to the Georgian Academy of Sciences for their hospitality. The services of the Soviet linguists in providing simultaneous translation between Russian and English, and the brass band that played for the departing participants at the Tbilisi airport helped to make both the scientific and cultural parts of the conference memorable.

Abstract: 1 Alkanes -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. CH3 stretching frequencies -- 1.3. CH2 stretching frequencies -- 1.4. The symmetric methyl deformation frequency -- 1.5. The CH2 deformation frequency -- 1.6. Skeletal vibrations -- 2 Alkenes and Vibrations of C=N and N=N Links -- 2.1. The C=C stretching frequency -- 2.2. C=C Frequencies in open chains -- 2.3. CH stretching vibrations of olefines -- 2.4. The C=N stretching frequency -- 2.5. The N=N stretching frequency -- 3 X=Y=Z Systems and Triple Bonds -- 3.1. Introduction, multiple bond systems -- 3.2. Isothiocyanates -- 3.3. Thiocyanates -- 3.4. Isocyanates -- 3.5. Azides -- 3.6. Carbodi-imides -- 3.7. Diazo compounds -- 3.8. Alienes -- 3.9. Factors controlling the stretching frequencies of triple bonds -- 3.10. Isonitriles -- 3.11. Alkynes -- 4 Unassociated XH Vibrations -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Changes in XH stretching frequencies following alterations in the X Element -- 4.3. Changes in XH stretching frequencies with alterations in the Substituents at X -- 4.4. vOH stretching frequencies -- 4.5. vNH stretching frequencies -- 4.6. Silicon and germanium hydrides -- 4.7. Hydrides of other elements -- 5 Carbonyl Frequencies -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Mass effects -- 5.3. Frequency interaction effects -- 5.4. The effects of changes in bond angles, and in the strengths of the adjacent bonds -- 5.5. Chemical effects -- 5.6. Field effects in carbonyl compounds -- 5.7. The effects of changes of phase or of Association -- 5.8. Carbonyl frequencies in specific classes of compound -- 5.9. The carbonyl deformation frequency -- 6 X=Y Bonds Other than Carbonyl. vS=O, N=O, P=O, P=S, C=S and C=Se Vibrations -- 6.1. The sulphoxide group -- 6.2. The XN=O bond -- 6.3. The P=O stretching frequency -- 6.4. The P=S vibration -- 6.5. The P=Se vibration -- 6.6. The C=S vibration -- 6.7. The C=Se vibration -- 7 Stretching Vibrations of XO2 Systems, RSO2, RNO2, RCO2 -- 7.1. The SO2 stretching vibrations -- 7.2. The X-NO2 stretching vibrations -- 7.3. The ionized carboxyl group CO2- -- 8 Associated XH Frequencies, The Hydrogen Bond -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. OH…X systems -- 8.3. NH…X hydrogen bonds -- 8.4. Hydrogen bonding in thiols -- 8.5. CH…X hydrogen bonds -- 8.6. Hydrogen bonds of inorganic acids.

Abstract: 1 Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors -- 2 Glycine, GABA and Benzodiazepine Receptors -- 3 Substance P Receptors -- 4 Enkephalin and Endorphin Receptors -- 5 Other Peptide Receptors.

Abstract: Since the discovery that neuronal transmission can be chemically mediated, a large number of compounds have been found in the mammalian central nervous system which appear to function as neurotransmitter agents. Recently, electrophysiological and biochemical methods have been developed which have enabled neuroscientists to classify better the myriad of neurotransmitter receptor sites in brain and to study their properties in finer detail. As a result of these investigations, a significant number of new discoveries have been made about the mechanisms involved in neurotransmitter receptor interactions, the role neurotransmitters play in the actions of pharmacological agents and in the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders. The present two volume text was compiled to summarize the information relating to the physiological, biochemical, pharmacological and functional characteristics of neurotransmitter receptor sites. While emphasis is placed on neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian central nervous system, the characteristics of these receptors in other species, both vertebrate and invertebrate, are also discussed where appropriate. While these books cover the major classes of putative neurotransmitters - amino acids, peptides and biogenic amines - and are therefore broad in scope, each is discussed in a concise fashion to highlight the major points of historical and contemporary interest. In addition to outlining data, each chapter addresses current theories relating to the various aspects of receptor properties and function in an attempt to reveal the directions of future research and as a stimulus for other workers in the field.

Abstract: 1 Ultrastructure of bacterial envelopes -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Gram-positive cell wall -- 1.3 The Gram-negative cell wall -- 1.4 Membrane morphology -- 1.5 Internal membranes -- 1.6 Specialized membrane systems -- References -- 2 Isolation of walls and membranes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Isolation of walls and membranes from Gram-positive species -- 2.3 Separation of the components of the wall from Gram-negative species -- 2.4 Preparation of specialized intracytoplasmic membranes -- References -- 3 Membrane structure and composition in micro-organisms -- 3.1 General ideas of membrane structure -- 3.2 Some physical properties of membranes -- 3.3 Composition of microbial membranes -- 3.4 Proteins in membranes -- References -- 4 Membrane functions -- 4.1 Active components and functions of bacterial cell walls -- 4.2 Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane -- 4.3 Components of the electron transport chain -- 4.4 The coupling of energy flow to phosphorylation -- 4.5 Isolation and properties of Mg2+-Ca2+ ATPase -- 4.6 Vesiculation of membranes -- 4.7 Transport of metabolites and ions -- 4.8 Binding proteins -- 4.9 Mesosomal membrane -- 4.10 Outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria -- References -- 5 Membranes of bacteria lacking peptidoglycan -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mycoplasmas -- 5.3 Extreme halophiles -- 5.4 Bacterial L-forms -- References -- 6 Structure of peptidoglycan -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Modification of the basic peptidoglycan structure -- 6.3 Three-dimensional structure of peptidoglycans -- 6.4 Cell walls of prokaryotes without peptidoglycan -- References -- 7 Additional polymers in bacterial walls -- 7.1 Gram-positive bacteria -- 7.2 Gram-negative bacteria -- References -- 8 Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Synthesis of nucleotide sugar precursors -- 8.3 The lipid cycle -- 8.4 Formation of cross-bridge peptides -- 8.5 Polymerization of disaccharide-peptide units -- 8.6 Transpeptidation: The formation of cross-links -- 8.7 D-Alanine carboxypeptidases -- References -- 9 Antibiotics affecting bacterial wall synthesis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Phosphonomycin (Fosfomycin) -- 9.3 Antibiotics inhibiting D-alanine metabolism in peptidoglycan biosynthesis: cycloserine, O-carbamoyl-D-serine, alaphosphin (L-alanyl-L-1-aminoethyl phosphonic acid) and the haloalanines -- 9.4 Bacitracin -- 9.5 Tunicamycin -- 9.6 The vancomycin group of antibiotics: vancomycin, ristocetins, ristomycins, actinoidin -- 9.7 ?-Lactam antibiotics: the penicillins and cephalosporins -- 9.8 Antibiotics inhibiting biosynthesis of wall polymers but whose site of action is not yet established -- References -- 10 Biosynthesis of other bacterial wall components -- 10.1 Biosynthesis of teichoic acids -- 10.2 Biosynthesis of other components of the Gram-positive bacterial wall -- 10.3 Biosynthesis of the lipopolysaccharides -- 10.4 Iipoprotein from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria -- References -- 11 The bacterial autolysins -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Bond specificity and distribution of bacterial autolysins -- 11.3 Purification and properties of the autolytic enzymes -- 11.4 Location of autolytic enzymes -- 11.5 Function of autolysins -- References -- 12 Cell walls of Mycobacteria -- 12.1 Wall composition -- 12.2 Adjuvant and other immunostimulant properties -- 12.3 Antitumour activity -- References -- 13 Cell walls of filamentous fungi -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Carbohydrates in the wall -- 13.3 Wall composition and dimorphism -- 13.4 Melanins and depsipeptides -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Biosynthesis of wall components in yeast and filamentous fungi -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Biosynthesis of chitin -- 14.3 Biosynthesis of mannan -- 14.4 Biosynthesis of glucan -- References -- 15 The cell wall in the growth and cell division of bacteria -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Growth of streptococcal cell walls -- 15.3 Growth of the walls of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria -- 15.4 Growth of the Gram-negative cell wall -- 15.5 Growth of cytoplasmic membranes -- 15.6 Mutants with disturbed surface growth -- 15.7 Helical growth of bacteria -- References.

Abstract: In 1968 when Cell Walls and Membranes was published it was still reasonable to attempt to write a book covering the whole subject. Accordingly this edition of the book had something to say about walls from micro-organisms and plants as well as about membranes from bacteria and animal cells. A decade later this is manifestly impossible. Knowledge about almost all the subjects has grown explosively, par­ ticularly about membranes and the biosynthesis of macromolecules. Moreover aspects of the subject that were still in a relatively primitive state ten years ago have grown into highly sophisticated subjects worthy of extended treatment. The result is that the present book has had to be confined to structures and functions relating to only one division of the biological kingdom, namely micro-organisms. Even then severe limitations have had to be made to keep the task within the time available to the authors and their expertise. A few of the titles of chapters such as those on the isolation of walls and membranes, the structure of the components of bacterial and micro-fungal walls and their biosynthesis remain from the earlier book. These chapters have been almost completely rewritten and a number of quite new chapters added on topics such as the action of the antibiotics that inhibit bacterial wall syn­ thesis, on the function of bacterial membranes, and the bacterial autolysins.

Abstract: A Plasma Protein Properties and Metabolism -- Section I. Nature of the Plasma Proteins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Protein Composition and Properties -- 3 Plasma Protein Survey -- Section II. Plasma Protein Metabolism -- 4 Albumin in Nutrition and Transport -- 5 Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans -- 6 Lipoproteins in Nutrition and Transport -- B Plasma Proteins in Transport of Intermediates, Minerals, and Hormones -- Section III. Plasma Transport Proteins -- 7 Transferrin: Iron Metabolism -- 8 Ceruloplasmin: Copper Metabolism -- 9 Haptoglobins: Hemoglobin Binding -- 10 Hemopexin: Iron Recycling -- 11 Prealbumin I: Iodothyronine-Binding Proteins -- 12 Prealbumin II: Vitamin A(Retinol)-Binding Protein -- 13 Vitamin D Transport: Gc Globulins -- 14 Steroid Hormone-Binding Proteins -- 15 Transcobalamins: Vitamin B12 Transport -- Section IV. Appendix -- A.1 Steroid Nomenclature -- A.1.1 Progesterone and the Corticosteroids -- A.1.2 The Steroid Sex Hormones -- A.1.3 The Bile Acids -- A.2 Mechanism of Cholesterol Formation -- A.3 Neutral and Phosphorylated Glyceride Structures -- A.3.1 Diglyceride Pathway for Glyceride Synthesis -- A.3.2 Monoglyceride Pathway for Glyceride Synthesis -- A.4 Nature of the Lipases -- A.4.1 Pancreatic Lipase -- A.4.2 Lipoprotein Lipase -- A.4.3 Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (HSL) -- A.4.4 Other Tissue Lipases -- A.4.5 Phospholipases -- A.4.5.3 Lysophospholipase -- A.4.5.4 Phospholipase B -- A.4.5.5 Phospholipase C -- A.4.5.6 Phospholipase D -- A.5 Protein Parameters -- A.5.1 Absorptivity of the Plasma Proteins -- A.5.2 Partial Specific Volume of Proteins -- A.5.3 Viscosity and Frictional Resistance of Protein Molecules -- A.5.4 Plasma Protein Diffusion Coefficient -- A.5.5 Osmotic Pressure and Molecular Weight of Proteins -- A.5.6 Molecular Weight of Proteins by Diffusion -- A.5.7 Molecular Weight of Proteins by Sedimentation in the Ultracentrifuge -- A.5.8 Electrophoretic Mobility -- A.5.9 Selected Reading.

Abstract: This book, the third volume in the series, continues to explore the application of chemistry to our understanding of the functioning of the human in health and disease. It is the objective of the authors to continue to present, in this and subsequent volumes, the biochemical aspects of clinical chemistry, and to indicate how this knowledge applies to the diagnosis of disease and the treatment of the patient. For this purpose, the literature is reviewed carefully and the findings of the different study groups are integrated, to present an overall view of the present status of the various fields. The text is written with the intent to serve in the training of clinical chemists, clinical pathologists, and medical students in clinical biochemistry. It is also intended to serve as a reference text for the practicing physician who desires a more rational approach to the use of the clinical chemistry laboratory, as an aid in understanding (1) the chemical changes in disease and (2) the logical use of the laboratory data in the treatment of the patient. This volume is concerned with the plasma proteins and their significance in normal human metabolism. The immunoglobulins are not included in this study since, along with complement and clotting factors, they form an integrated system concerned with defense against invading organisms. These will be discussed in Volume 4 of this series. A historical introduction (Chapter I) is followed by a general presentation of the composition and properties of proteins (Chapter 2).

Abstract: 1 Occurrence, Distribution and Historical Perspective -- 2 Seaweed as Animal Fodder, Manure and for Energy -- 3 Sea Vegetables (Algae as Food for Man) -- 4 Laver or ‘Nori’ Industry and Carragheen or Irish Moss -- 5 Agar-agar -- 6 Algin and Alginates -- 7 Minor Uses of Algae and their Products -- 8 Mariculture of Seaweeds -- 9 Looking for Seaweeds — the World’s Supplies -- Author Index -- Plant Index.

Abstract: The 1939-45 war forced the Allied countries to seek alternative sources of raw materials and, as in the First World War, attention was paid by all belligerents to the marine algae or seaweeds. These occur in considerable quantities in various parts of the world, and attempts to make use of this cheap and readily accessible, though not so readily harvestable, raw material have been made almost from time immemorial. Much of the work on the economic utilization of seaweeds has been published only in scientific journals and has never been collected within the compass of a single book. Tressler's work on The Marine Products of Commerce contains three useful chapters on this subject, whilst Sauvageau's book, Les utilisations des Algues Marines, is a mine of valuable information, especially as regards the use of seaweeds in France. Both these volumes are, however, somewhat out of date, Tressler's being published in 1923 and Sauvageau's in 1920. Furthermore there is no book wholly on this subject in the English language, and so the present volume has been undertaken in order to fill this gap. The opportunity has also been taken to incorporate the results of researches carried out since 1920. In certain aspects of the subject it will be found that considerable advances have been made, and in the present volume particular reference to such advances will be found in the chapters on agar and alginic acid.

Abstract: I Solar Cell Arrays -- 1 Array Systems -- 2 Array Analysis -- 3 Array Design -- II Array Building Blocks -- 4 Solar Cells -- 5 Optical Elements -- 6 Electrical Elements -- 7 Mechanical Elements -- III Support Data -- 8 Fabrication and Test -- 9 Environments and Their Effects -- 10 Material Properties -- Appendices -- Appendix A Mathematics -- Appendix B Insolance Tables -- Appendix C Physical Constants -- Appendix D Conversion Factors and Formulas -- Appendix E 1 MeV Fluence Tables.

Abstract: 1 Sufficiency -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Factorization criterion -- 1.3 Distribution of statistics conditional on a sufficient statistic -- 1.4 Joint sufficiency -- 1.5 Minimal sufficiency -- 2 Unbiased point estimators -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rao-Blackwell theorem -- 2.3 The role of sufficient statistics -- 2.4 Completeness -- 2.5 Joint completeness -- 2.6 Sufficiency, completeness and independence -- 2.7 Minimum-variance bounds -- 2.8 Computation of a minimum-variance bound -- 2.9 Minimum attainable variance -- 2.10 Mean square error -- 2.11 Two parameters -- 3 Elementary decision theory and Bayesian methods -- 3.1 Comments on classical techniques -- 3.2 Loss functions -- 3.3 Decision theory -- 3.4 Bayes decisions -- 3.5 Using data -- 3.6 Computing posterior distributions -- 3.7 Conjugate distributions -- 3.8 Distribution of the next observation -- 3.9 More than one parameter -- 3.10 Decision functions -- 3.11 Bayes estimators -- 3.12 Admissibility -- 4 Methods of estimation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Maximum likelihood estimation -- 4.3 Locating the maximum likelihood estimator -- 4.4 Estimation of a function of a parameter -- 4.5 Truncation and censoring -- 4.6 Estimation of several parameters -- 4.7 Approximation techniques -- 4.8 Large-sample properties -- 4.9 Method of least squares -- 4.10 Normal equations -- 4.11 Solution of the normal equations (non-singular case) -- 4.12 Use of matrices -- 4.13 Best unbiased linear estimation -- 4.14 Co variance matrix -- 4.15 Relaxation of assumptions -- 5 Hypothesis testing I -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Statistical hypothesis -- 5.3 Simple null hypothesis against simple alternative -- 5.4 Applications of the Neyman-Pearson theorem -- 5.5 Uniformly most powerful tests for a single parameter -- 5.6 Most powerful randomized tests -- 5.7 Hypothesis testing as a decision process -- 5.8 Minimax and Bayes tests -- 6 Hypothesis testing II -- 6.1 Two-sided tests for a single parameter -- 6.2 Neyman-Pearson theorem extension (nonrandomized version) -- 6.3 Regular exponential family of distributions -- 6.4 Uniformly most powerful unbiased test of ? = ?0 against ? ? ?0 -- 6.5 Nuisance parameters -- 6.6 Similar tests -- 6.7 Composite hypotheses-several parameters -- 6.8 Likelihood ratio tests -- 6.9 Bayes methods -- 6.10 Loss function for one-sided hypotheses -- 6.11 Testing ? = ?0 against ? ? ?0 -- 7 Interval estimation -- 7.1 One parameter, Bayesian confidence intervals -- 7.2 Two parameters, Bayesian confidence regions -- 7.3 Confidence intervals (classical) -- 7.4 Most selective limits -- 7.5 Relationship to best tests -- 7.6 Unbiased confidence intervals -- 7.7 Nuisance parameters -- 7.8 Discrete distributions -- 7.9 Relationship between classical and Bayesian intervals -- 7.10 Large-sample confidence intervals -- Appendix 1 Functions of random variables -- A 1.1 Introduction -- A 1.2 Transformations: discrete distributions -- A1.3 Continuous distributions -- A 1.4 The order statistics -- Appendix 2 The regular exponential family of distributions -- A2.1 Single parameter -- A2.2 Several parameters -- A2.3 The regular exponential family of bivariate distributions -- Further exercises -- Brief solutions to further exercises -- Further reading -- Author index.

Abstract: This book covers those basic topics which usually form the core of intermediate courses in statistical theory; it is largely about estima­ tion and hypothesis testing. It is intended for undergraduates following courses in statistics but is also suitable preparatory read­ ing for some postgraduate courses. It is assumed that the reader has completed an introductory course which covered probability, random variables, moments and the sampling distributions. The level of mathematics required does not go beyond first year calculus. In case the reader has not acquired much facility in handling matrices, the results in least squares estimation are first obtained directly and then given an (optional) matrix formulation. If techniques for changing from one set of variables to another have not been met, then the appendix on these topics should be studied first. The same appendix contains essential discussion of the order statistics which are frequently used for illustrative purposes. Introductory courses usually include the elements of hypothesis testing and of point and interval estimation though the treatment must perforce become rather thin since at that stage it is difficult to provide adequate justifications for some procedures-plausible though they may seem. This text discusses these important topics in considerable detail, starting from scratch. The level is nowhere advanced and proofs of asymptotic results are omitted. Methods deriving from the Bayesian point of view are gradually introduced and alternate with the more usual techniques.

Abstract: 1. NATURE AND PROPERTIES -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Nomenclature and structure -- 1.3 Isolation and purification -- 1.4 Physical properties -- 1.5 Chemical properties -- 1.6 Addendum -- 1.7 References -- 2. BIOSYNTHESIS OF CAROTENOIDS -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General pathway to lycopene -- 2.3 Further reactions of lycopene -- 2.4 Insertion of oxygen into carotenoids -- 2.5 Acetylenic, allenic and refrocarotenoids -- 2.6 C30 carotenoids -- 2.7 References -- 3. FUNCTIONS OF CAROTENOIDS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Photosynthesis -- 3.3 Photoprotection -- 3.4 The xanthophyll cycle -- 3.5 Phototropism -- 3.6 Phototaxis -- 3.7 Sporangiophore formation -- 3.8 References -- 4. CAROTENOIDS IN SEED-BEARING PLANTS-PHOTOSYNTHETIC TISSUES -- 4.1 Qualitative distribution -- 4.2 Quantitative distribution -- 4.3 Localization -- 4.4 Etiolated seedlings -- 4.5 Mutants -- 4.6 Synthesis in germinating seedlings -- 4.7 Effect of environment on synthesis in leaves -- 4.8 Biosynthesis -- 4.9 Regulation of synthesis -- 4.10 Metabolism -- 4.11 Plant tissue cultures -- 4.12 Parasitic and saprophytic plants -- 4.13 Aquatic higher plants -- 4.14 References -- 5. CAROTENOIDS IN HIGHER PLANTS -- 5.1 Reproductive tissues -- 5.2 Roots -- 5.3 References -- 6. MOSSES, LIVERWORTS AND SPORE-BEARING VASCULAR PLANTS -- 6.1 Bryophyta - mosses and liverworts -- 6.2 Tracophyta - spore-bearing vascular plants -- 6.3 Function -- 6.4 References -- 7. ALGAE -- 7.1 Nature and distribution -- 7.2 General factors controlling synthesis -- 7.3 Carotenoids, algal taxonomy and evolution -- 7.4 References -- 8. FUNGI -- 8.1 Distribution -- 8.2 General factors controlling synthesis -- 8.3 Function in reproduction -- 8.4 References -- 9. NON-PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Distribution -- 9.3 Localization of carotenoids -- 9.4 Factors controlling synthesis -- 9.5 Biosynthesis of C30 carotenoids -- 9.6 Biosynthesis of C45 and C50 carotenoids -- 9.7 Formation of carotenoid glucoside esters -- 9.8 References -- 10. PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA -- 10.1 Distribution -- 10.2 Localization of carotenoids -- 10.3 General factors controlling synthesis -- 10.4 Biosynthesis -- 10.5 References -- 11. BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF CAROTENOIDS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Fresh water deposits -- 11.3 Ocean deposits -- 11.4 References.

Abstract: The carotenoids are not only amongst the most widespread of the naturally occurring groups of pigments, but probably also have the most varied functions; witness their known roles in photokinetic responses of plants, in phototropic responses of fish and as vitamin A precursors in mammals and birds. Pigments with such wide distribution and such diverse functions are obviously of great interest to biological scientists with very different specializa­ tions, especially as it is unlikely that the study of the functions of carotenoids is anywhere near complete. The primary aim of the present work is to discuss the distribution, bio­ genesis and function of the carotenoids throughout the plant and animal kingdoms in such a way that, because of, rather than in spite of its bio­ chemical bias, it will be of value to workers interested in all the biological aspects of these pigments. The biochemical approach is considered the most effective because, generally speaking, most progress in the study of carotenoids in living material has been achieved using biochemical techniques, be they applied by zoologists, botanists, entomologists, microbiologists or other specialists; what is even more important is that a consideration of the present position makes it certain that further fundamental progress will also be made along biochemical lines.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 The subjective experience of animals -- 3 Suffering, health and ‘productivity’ -- 4 Suffering and the ‘unnatural’ life -- 5 The physiology of suffering -- 6 Behaviour and suffering -- 7 What animals choose -- 8 Analogies with ourselves -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Stumbling blocks and stepping stones -- References.

Abstract: I wrote this book because I believe that the welfare of animals is a very important subject but one about which there is a of confusion and muddled thinking. I wanted to great deal write a book which straightened out some of the confusion by looking in detail at one particular problem: how to recognize animal suffering. The book is written for anyone interested in animals and the controversies over how human beings should treat them. I have tried to convince people who might otherwise feel that science had only a rather sinister connection with animal welfare that the scientific study of animal suffering has, in fact, a major and positive contribution to make. It can give us an insight into what animals experience and this, in tum, may help us to alleviate their suffering. At the same time, I have tried to write a book that will be of at least some use to scientists. The chapters which follow pro­ vide an outline of the biological approach to animal welfare. I have also attempted to show sceptics that it is possible to study animal suffering without sacrificing standards of scien­ tific procedure. Perhaps some may even come to share my belief that the study of the subjective experiences of animals is one of the most fascinating areas in the whole of biology, as well as being of great practical and ethical importance.

Abstract: I. The Approaching Energy Disaster -- 1. What Is Energy? -- 2. What Part Does Energy Play in Our Lives? -- 3. How Do We Get Our Energy Right Now? -- 4. Shall We Run Out of Energy in Our Time? -- 5. How Long Does It Take to Develop and Build Up a New Technology? -- II. Alternatives: What Could Replace Our Exhausting Fuels? -- 6. The Dream of Cheap, Clean Atomic Energy -- 7. Fission Reactors-What Can Go Wrong -- 8. Dreaming About the Future: Abundant Clean Energy from Atomic Fusion -- 9. The Most Available Energy Source: The Sun -- 10. Converting Solar Energy to Useful Fuel -- 11. Household Energy from the Sun -- 12. Transport and Industry Run On Electricity and Hydrogen -- 13. Tides, Geothermal Heat, and the Big Winds -- 14. Energy Storage and Transmission -- III. The Hydrogen Economy -- 15. Methods of Mass-Producing Hydrogen -- 16. The Storage of Abundant Clean Energy -- 17. Beyond the Hydrogen Economy: Some Futuristic Ideas -- IV. Extrascientific Considerations -- 18. The Politics of Survival -- 19. Answers.

Abstract: The Three Mile Island accident, the periodic occurrence of long gas lines until sufficient price increases are achieved, our dependence on foreign powers for a large fraction of our energy supply, and continual controversy in our government and concerned public groups all point to the real pre­ sence of an energy crisis. Even the government has finally publicly acknow­ ledged the fact that our present fuel sources will run out soon enough to be of concern to us now. This knowledge should raise many questions in the minds of our citizens. When will our sources run out, or at least become too expensive to afford? What could replace them, and which alternatives are best? When we hear about these matters in the news media, we get many contradictory opinions, mainly concerning coal and nuclear energy. Most of us realize that the reintroduction of coal on a massive scale would give rise to considerable pollution difficulties. Many people are also waking to an awareness of the dangers of nuclear reactors. When we turn to scientists for answers, we find that each one seems to advise us that a single path to new energy sources is the best-of course, each scientist tends to advise his own path.

Abstract: Clinical Correlates in Nutritional Disease -- 1. Fetal Growth -- 2. Postnatal Growth -- 3. References -- Clinical Significance of Riboflavin Deficiency -- 1. Structure and Chemical-Physical Properties -- 2. Metabolism and Functions -- 3. Requirements -- 4. Assessment of Riboflavin Status -- 5. Occurrence of Riboflavin Deficiency -- 6. Causes of Deficiency -- 7. Effects of Riboflavin Deficiency -- 8. References -- Role of Vitamin C in Health and Disease -- 1. Synthesis -- 2. Catabolism -- 3. Physiology -- 4. Recommended Daily Allowances -- 5. Toxic Effects of Large Vitamin C Intake -- 6. Vitamin C Deficiency -- 7. Methods of Assessing Vitamin C Adequacy -- 8. References -- Vitamin A and Retinol Binding Protein Alterations in Disease -- 1. Vitamin A Chemistry, Metabolism and function -- 2. Retinol Binding Proteins -- 3. Vitamin A and Retinol Binding Proteins in Cancer -- 4. References -- Vitamin D - Its Excessive Use in the U.S.A. -- 1. History of Development of Knowledge of Vitamin D Requirements -- 2. Vitamin D Concentration in Foods -- 3. Absorption, Turnover and Storage of Vitamin D -- 4. Toxicity of Excess Vitamin D -- 5. References -- The Clinical Implications of Lipid Antioxidant Nutrition -- 1. Background -- 2. Vitamin E as a Free Radical Trap -- 3. Vitamin E Deficiency and Anemias -- 4. Vitamin E Insufficiency in the Adult -- 5. Relationship of Vitamin E Dietary Levels to Vitamin E Concentration -- 6. Forms of Vitamin E and Their Biologic Activity -- 7. The Measurement of Serum Vitamin E Concentrations -- 8. Liver Necrosis, Vitamin E and Selenium Deficiencies -- 9. References -- Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid: Clinical and Pathophysiological Considerations -- 1. Historical Aspects -- 2. Characteristics of Megaloblastic Anemias -- 3. Vitamin B12 Deficiency -- 4. Folic Acid Deficiency -- 5. Inborn Errors of Metabolism Resulting in Megaloblastic Anemia and Megaloblastic Anemia in Children -- 6. References -- Trace Metals in Health and Disease -- 1. Chromium -- 2. Cobalt -- 3. Copper -- 4. Fluorine -- 5. Iodine -- 6. Iron -- 7. Manganese -- 8. Molybdenum -- 9. Nickel -- 10. Silicon -- 11. Selenium -- 12. Tin -- 13. Vanadium -- 14. Zinc -- 15. References -- Role of Specific Nutritional Components on Plasma Lipids, Lipoproteins and Coronary Heart Disease -- 1. Coronary Heart Disease -- 2. Effects of Specific Nutritional Substances on Serum Lipid Concentrations -- 3. Nutritional Modification for the Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemia and Dyslipoproteinemia -- 4. Role of the Physician, Clinical Biochemist, and Dietician in Dietary Management -- 5. References -- Dietary Management of Hyperlipidemia: the Prudent Polyunsaturated Fat Diet -- 1. Rationale of the Diet Parameters -- 2. Development of the Therapeutic Diet -- 3. Practical Considerations -- 4. Modifications of the Prudent Polyunsaturated Fat Diet -- 5. Patient Adherence -- 6. Summary and Sample Menus -- 7. References -- Effects of Hypoproteinemia on Serum Lipoprotein Composition of Dogs and Rats -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- 5. References -- Dietary Fiber and Disease -- 1. Atherosclerosis -- 2. Colon Carcinogenesis -- 3. Diabetes Mellitus -- 4. References -- Some Manifestations of Malabsorption in Disease -- 1. Review of Assimilation of Nutrients -- 2. Abnormalities Associated with Malabsorption -- 3. Activity of Intestinal Microflora -- 4. References -- Amino Acids in Health and Disease -- 1. Protein Requirements -- 2. Factors Affecting Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations -- 3. References -- Aminograms in Various Types of Liver Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials -- 3. Methods -- 4. Results -- 5. Discussion -- 6. References -- The Role of Erythrocyte Amino Acids in Energy Metabolism -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Utilization of Amino Acids by the Liver and Kidney for Gluconeogenesis -- 3. Transport of Amino Acids for Gluconeogenesis -- 4. References -- Contributors.

Abstract: The important role that the nutritional status exerts in determining the course of life from birth to death in the human being and especially its impact in disease states is only par­ tially appreciated at this time. Nutritional deficiencies are usually considered to be major problems only in under-privileged or developing populations, except for those occurring in specific diseases. This attitude is incorrect as indicated by reports of Bestrian et al (1974, 1976) and Merritt and Suskin (1979) and others who found evidence of nutritional depletion in as much as 50% of the patients in varied groups of hospitalized patients in the United States. Other studies, some of which are included in this book, emphasized the existence of deficiencies of certain specific nutrients. Despite evidence of nutritional deficiencies occurring more frequently than previously appreciated, there is no well established protocol of laboratory studies that the clinical chemist or scientist should provide to help the physician detect lack of essential nutrients before extensive and possibly irreparable damage has occurred to the individual patient. Considerable research data are needed to determine the best biologic material (i.e., erythrocytes, leucocytes, plasma, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph) for analysis to determine accurately at an early stage metabolic deficiencies due to a specific nutritional element. Improved techniques for analysis of key metabolites and nutrients are available in the research labora­ tory and many of them can be adapted to the clinical laboratory.

Abstract: 1 The essential metals and their evolution -- 1.1 The major metals -- 1.2 The minor metals -- 1.3 Metals and early biochemical evolution -- 2 The non-redox roles of metals ions -- 2.1 Active sites of the non-redox metals -- 2.2 Regulatory and trigger roles of metal ions -- 3 Electron transfer and redox reactions -- 3.1 Metals as redox catalysts -- 3.2 Electron carrier proteins -- 3.3 Some enzymes containing molybdenum, cobalt and iron -- 3.4 Electron transfer in respiration and photosynthesis -- 4 Dealing with oxygen -- 4.1 The activation and toxicity of oxygen -- 4.2 Oxygen carriers -- 4.3 Superoxide dismutases -- 4.4 Oxidases -- 4.5 Oxygenases -- 4.6 Hydroperoxidases -- 4.7 Some oxygen-activating groups -- 5 Metal metabolism -- 5.1 Microbial ion carriers -- 5.2 The major metals -- 5.3 The minor metals -- Suggestions for further reading.

Abstract: In this book we present a largely biochemical look at the metals of life and their functions, which we hope will be of interest to chemists and biologists as well as biochemists. The field of 'inorganic bio­ chemistry' is one of rapid change. Recent developments in our know­ ledge of the activity of calcium, and of the iron-sulphur proteins, are two examples, and increasing attention is being paid to non-metals as well [3]. For reasons of space, we shall restrict ourselves to the normal biological activities of metals. We must ignore, on the one hand, the gross physiological effects of metal deficiency or toxicity, and on the other, the many model studies which have been stimulated by the unusual properties of metals in biological systems. Usually the synthesis of model metal compounds follows rather than anticipates the dis­ covery of novel biological configurations. However, such studies give us a firm basis for an understanding of the biological systems, and sometimes answer questions that cannot be tackled any other way (for instance, what is the net charge on an iron-sulphur cluster?). As a result, we can refer to new and interesting information on the metals oflife at a chemical level. We gratefully acknowledge the help of Professor P. Banks and Dr D. Fenton who have read and criticized the manuscript, though any errors or misconceptions remain our own responsibility. We thank Mr P. Elliot for preparing Fig. 5.2.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Topics for further reading -- 2 Motility in prokaryotic organisms -- 2.1 Elements involved in motility -- 2.2 Molecular structure of the bacterial flagellum -- 2.3 Regulation of synthesis and assembly of the bacterial flagellum -- 2.4 The function of bacterial flagella -- 2.5 Patterns of bacterial movements -- 2.6 Regulation of bacterial movement -- Topics for further reading -- 3 The motility system of eukaryotic cells -- 3.1 Microtubules -- 3.2 Molecular components of micro tubular structures -- 3.3 Microtubule assembly and its control -- 3.4 How microtubules can generate movement -- 3.5 The problem of intermediate filaments -- 3.6 Microfilaments -- 3.7 Molecular components of microfilaments -- 3.8 Microfilament assembly and its control -- 3.9 How microfilaments generate movement -- 3.10 Sliding control in microfilaments -- 3.11 Microtubules, microfilaments and cell membranes -- Topics for further reading -- 4 The movement of eukaryotic cells -- 4.1 Ciliary and flagellar movement -- 4.2 Amoeboid movement -- Topics for further reading -- References.

Abstract: Philosophers through the ages have made the astute observation that life, in its many aspects, appears to be continuously moving. All things in the universe, from the cosmic to the atomic level, exhibit some form of movement. Getting down to earth, the capacity to move is also an essential feature of the biological world. Movement was in fact synonymous with life at the time that Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the first simple microscope (seventeenth century). Using his primitive instrument he observed micro-organisms. which he called 'animalcules', swimming through a drop of water, and therefore he proclaimed that they 'seem to be alive'. We now know that movement in this form is not a prerequisite for life. although it is a crucial aspect in many living organisms. Realizing the general importance of motility in the biological world, this book will try to focus on the motility at a cellular level. Motility at a cellular level can take one of several forms: movement of components within the cell itself or movement of the cell as a whole (cell locomotion).

Abstract: 1 Lipids: what they are and how the biochemist deals with them -- 1.1 General introduction -- 1.2 Nomenclature and stereochemistry -- 1.3 Analytical techniques -- 1.4 Bibliography -- 2 Fatty acids -- 2.1 Structure and properties -- 2.2 The biochemistry of fatty acids -- 2.3 Summary -- 2.4 Bibliography -- 3 Neutral Lipids: glycerides, sterol esters, vitamin A esters, waxes -- 3.1 Glycerides -- 3.2 Sterol esters -- 3.3 Vitamin A esters (retinyl esters) -- 3.4 Waxes -- 3.5 Analytical techniques -- 3.6 Summary -- 3.7 Bibliography -- 4 Phospholipids -- 4.1 Classification of phospholipids -- 4.2 Structure and occurrence -- 4.3 Biosynthesis of phospholipids -- 4.4 Degradation of phospholipids -- 4.5 Analysis of phospholipids -- 4.6 Summary -- 4.7 Bibliography -- 5 Glycolipids and sulpholipids -- 5.1 Glycosyl ceramides -- 5.2 Glycosyl glycerides -- 5.3 Other glycolipids and sulpholipids -- 5.4 The analysis of glycolipid mixtures -- 5.5 Summary -- 5.6 Bibliography -- 6 Lipids as components of macromolecules -- 6.1 Physical and chemical properties of lipids -- 6.2 Physical and chemical properties of proteins -- 6.3 Association of lipids and proteins -- 6.4 Naturally-occurring lipoproteins — ‘soluble types’ -- 6.5 Naturally-occurring lipoproteins — ‘membrane types’ -- 6.6 Lipopolysaccharides and bacterial cell walls -- 6.7 Summary -- 6.8 Bibliography -- 7 Lipids in nutrition, health and disease -- 7.1 Introduction: the diverse roles of dietary lipids -- 7.2 Source and composition of dietary lipids -- 7.3 Different roles of minor lipids in food -- 7.4 The metabolism of lipids in relation to disease -- 7.5 Summary -- 7.6 Bibliography -- General index -- Supplementary index of diseases -- Supplementary index of species -- Supplementary index of tissues.

Abstract: In the preface to the Second edition, we made a prediction that many exciting developments would take place in the coming years that would change the face of a new edition. This has indeed been the case and the current edition reflects these new advances. Our picture of the structure of the fatty acid synthetase has changed dramatically, bringing a new concept in enzymology - the multicatalytic polypeptide chain. This new knowledge owes much to the exploitation of genetic mutants, the use of which is undoubtedly going to extend into many other areas of lipid biochemistry. An understanding of the control of lipid metabolism has also advanced considerably during the last decade and we have tried to reflect that here, although it will be some years before a truly integrated picture can be obtained. For this reason we have continued to deal with the control of particular aspects of lipid metabolism - fatty acids, triacylglycerols, lipoprotein- in the specific chapters but we can foresee the time when a chapter on the overall integration of lipid metabolism will be appropriate and feasible. As a particular example, the exciting new concepts of the control of cholesterol metabolism in specific tissues via the interaction of low density lipoproteins with cell surface receptors have been described in Chapter 6.

Abstract: Paper 1. Food and Health from Conception to Extreme Old Age -- Paper 2. The Control and Standardisation of National Food Quality -- Paper 3. The Validity of the Concept of Health Foods -- Paper 4. Healthy Eating -- Paper 5. Education and Responsibility of Modern Food Technologists -- Paper 6. Consumer Health Considerations in EEC Legislation -- Paper 7. The Microbiological Control of Salmonellae in Processed Foods -- Paper 8. The Occurrence and Control of Clostridium botulinum in Foods -- Paper 9. Mycotoxins in Foods -- Paper 10. Assessment and Control of Microbiological Health Risks Presented by Foods -- Paper 11. Biochemical Aspects of Food Safety -- Paper 12. Food Additives: Industrial Uses, Value and Safety -- Paper 13. Acceptable Limits for Pesticides in Foods: The FAO/WHO Approach -- Paper 14. The Role of Food Processing in Decreasing Pesticide Contamination of Foods -- Paper 15. Trends and Perspectives in Food Contaminants -- Paper 16. Use of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Culture Systems for Examining Biological Activity of Food Constituents 251 -- Paper 17. Erucic Acid -- Paper 18. Detoxification of Foods in Food Processing -- Paper 19. Performance of Process Plant in Relation to Food Quality and Safety -- Paper 20. The Processing of Food Using Ionising Radiation; Present Status -- Paper 21. Technological and Health Considerations of Modern Food Packaging -- Paper 22. Interaction of Food Components During Processing -- Paper 23. Methodology to Detect Nutritional Damage During Thermal Food Processing -- Paper 24. Are We Adequately Fed? -- Paper 25. Optimisation of Food Nutrient Composition -- Paper 26. Some Aspects of Dietary Fibre Metabolism in the Human Gut -- Paper 27. Obesity and Anorexia -- Paper 28. Infant Nutrition -- Paper 29. Protein Deficiency and the Brain -- Paper 30. Food and the Brain -- Paper 31. Lead and Brain Function.

Abstract: The Control and Standardisation of National Food Quality. There must be very many different opinions as to what this title means. To some people it will mean the control by legislation of additive and contaminant levels in food, to others it may mean the laying down of compositional standards for different food commodities, yet again some may consider that it covers the nutritional quality of the food and the maintenance of an adequate satisfactory diet for the population of the country. I think certainly that it could be all of these things and a glance at the variety of titles of papers which other speakers will be giving later in this symposium illustrates the very wide area which is covered by food quality in its many aspects. I will try only to present to you some of those aspects which are the concern of government in the control of food quality. I will not concern myself with those aspects which are the concern only of the manufacturer and his customer, and here I am thinking of flavour, appearance and physical state, such as whether canned, fresh or frozen. These aspects, which affect the type of products to be marketed, and also the aspects of quality control which set out to maintain the standard that the manufacturer has set himself, are I think outside my province.

Abstract: The Dictionary A–Z -- Appendix: A list of named units -- Table of organic compounds.

Abstract: The format of this edition remains unchanged from previous editions but the majority of entries have received some revision. In particular, units are now in SI units wherever possible, although with certain of the classical entries this is not possible. Chemical terminology has proved a particular problem. We have kept the common names for organic compounds because of the wide readership of this book but we have added an extra table giving the equivalent systematic names and the formulae. We have tried to avoid omission of any named effects and laws that have wide usage. Nevertheless, in order to keep the book to a manageable length, it has been necessary to make a selection among the less commonly used terms and it is inevitable that some arbitrary choices and omissions must be made. Some entries from earlier editions have been left out to make room for other entries which we feel have become more important. We are especially grateful to those readers who have pointed out previous omissions. D.W.G.B. Imperial College, Uni!.:ersity of London D.R.L.

Abstract: Keynote Paper -- Session I. Enzyme Production -- Session II. Enzymes and Energy Transduction -- Session III: Biomass Conversion -- Session IV: Biomedical and Analytical Applications of Enzymes and Antibodies -- Session V: Large-Scale Transformations Using Bound Enzymes -- Session VI: Immobilized Cells and Organelles -- Session VII: Bound Enzymes and the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals -- List of Participants.

Abstract: Enzyme technology continues to maintain a high degree of interest both in the academic and industrial communities. Since the last Enzyme Engineering Conference held in Bad Neuenahr, Federal Republic of Germany, two years ago, an increasing emphasis has been placed on the study and application of immobilized whole cells and organelles. This new emphasis has been reflected in the number of presentations directed to this area. The Fifth International Enzyme Engineering Conference was held in Henniker, New Hampshire, July 29 to August 3, 1979. The organizers of this conference are especially grateful for the generous support received from a number of industrial organizations. The conference was attended by 183 participants representing over 22 countries making this truly an international conference. During this conference, emphasis was placed on a wide variety of areas including: enzyme production, energy transduction, co­ factor modification, biomass conversion, immobilized enzymes, cells and organelles, and enzymatic synthesis of chemicals and pharma­ ceuticals. This volume contains most of the presentations and posters presented at the Fifth Conference. The names of the session co­ chairmen, workshop chairmen, committee members and sponsoring organizations are included as an appreciation of their efforts in making this a successful conference. The preparation of this volume was carried out by the editors including editing and proofing of the individual manuscripts and the final copy of this volume. The editors are indebted to Ms. S.

Abstract: I: Physics, Energy and Natural Resources -- Development of Nuclear Energy in the Third World --Needs and Constraints -- Status and Prospects of Nuclear Power -- Nuclear Waste Characteristics -- Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Sources: Methodological Issues -- Nuclear Fusion: Present State and Future Prospects -- Appropriate Technology Approach to Solar Energy Conversion -- On Energy Systems -- II: Physics and Technology -- Photovoltaics -- Amorphous Materials -- Selection of Suitable Metallic Materials for Nuclear Power Reactors -- III: Physics and Computers -- Current Trends in. Programming -- Information Retrieval Systems -- Numerical Study on Flow in Natural Draught Cooling Tower -- Temporal Development of the Plane Poiseuille Turbulence -- IV: Physics and Frontiers of Knowledge -- Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy by Electron Impact Excitation -- Experimental Tests of General Relativity: Past, Present and Future -- Recent Trends in Particle Physics -- Appendix I: List of Seminars -- Appendix II: List of Participants.

Abstract: These proceedings cover the lectures delivered at the Fourth International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held from June 16 - July 4, 1979 at Nathiagali, one of the scenic hill resorts in the northern part of Pakistan. The college was organised by Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and co-sponsored by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (ICTP), Italy. It also received a financial grant from the University Grants Commi­ ssion for the participation of physicists from various universities of Pakistan. The college was attended by 16 lecturers and invited seminar speakers. It was attended by 186 participants from 28 coun­ tries and consisted of 15 concentrated days of lectures, seminars and informal discussions. These proceedings contain only regular lectures delivered at Nathiagali but the seminars held there are listed in the Appendix. This year the college put special emphasis on various energy systems, including their long term implications, and computer software. However, the lectures delivered at the college also covered a wide spectrum of physics. The series of the colleges of which the present college is the fourth one are an attempt to remove the barrier of isolation for the physicists working in developing coun­ tries, far removed from active centres of research. Thus these colleges could help to fill the important gap in communication between the physicists of developing and advanced countries.

Abstract: 1 Semiconductor Junctions and Diodes -- 1.1 Introductory Semiconductor Equations and Concepts -- 1.2 PN Junction Forward Characteristics -- 1.3 Diode Reverse Characteristics -- 1.4 Junction Transient Characteristics -- 1.5 Rectifier Circuits -- 1.6 Zener Reference Diodes -- 1.7 Diodes with Negative Resistance -- 1.8 Electron Beam Bombarded Semiconductor Diodes as Amplifiers -- 1.9 Questions -- 1.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 2 Metal-Semiconductor Schottky-Barrier Diodes -- 2.1 Elementary Metal-Semiconductor Junction Concepts -- 2.2 Barrier Height Measurements -- 2.3 Schottky Barrier Current-Voltage Characteristics -- 2.4 Minority Charge in Schottky Junctions -- 2.5 Schottky Barriers in Integrated Circuits -- 2.6 High Power Schottky Barrier Rectifiers -- 2.7 Questions -- 2.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 3 Microwave Applications of Diodes, Varactors and Tunnel Diodes -- 3.1 Detectors, Mixer Diodes and Related Devices -- 3.2 PIN Diodes as Attenuators and Switches -- 3.3 Varactor Diodes and Parametric Frequency Multiplication and Amplification -- 3.4 Tunnel Diodes and Applications -- 3.5 Questions -- 3.6 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 4 Bipolar Junction Transistors -- 4.1 General Characteristics -- 4.2 Voltage Rating and Second Breakdown -- 4.3 Factors Controlling the Current Gain -- 4.4 Frequency Performance and Microwave Transistors -- 4.5 Power Transistors -- 4.6 Switching of Bipolar Transistors -- 4.7 Lateral Transistors -- 4.8 Heterojunction Transistors -- 4.9 Questions -- 4.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 5 Thyristors — Controlled PNPN and Related Switch Devices -- 5.1 Basic Concepts of PNPN Structures -- 5.2 Thyristor Turn-on, Turn-off and Power Considerations -- 5.3 Triacs and Other Multilayer Structures -- 5.4 Computer Aided Design Model for a Thyristor Circuit -- 5.5 Thyristor Applications (Brief Comments) -- 5.6 Questions -- 5.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 6 JFETs and MESFETs — Field Effect Transistors -- 6.1 Si FET Modeling Including Saturation Velocity Effects -- 6.2 GaAs MESFET Modeling -- 6.3 Dual Gate MESFETs -- 6.4 Microwave Field Effect Transistors -- 6.5 Some Applications of JFETs and MESFETs -- 6.6 Questions -- 6.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 7 Insulated Gate-Field-Effect-Transistors: MOSFETs, IGFETs and Related Devices -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 First-Order Theory of a MOSFET -- 7.3 Further Consideration of MOSFET Characteristics -- 7.4 MOSFET Saturation Models -- 7.5 The Transition from IGFET to Bipolar Transistor Performance -- 7.6 Semiconductor-Insulator and Insulator-Metal Interfaces -- 7.7 Fabrication Processes for IGFETs -- 7.8 CMOS Structures and Logic -- 7.9 Computer Aided Design of MOSFET Circuits for Large Scale Integration -- 7.10 MOSFET Switches -- 7.11 Noise in MOSFETs -- 7.12 Special Purpose MOSFETs -- 7.13 Questions -- 7.14 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 8 Integrated Circuit Fundamentals -- 8.1 Large Scale Integration -- 8.2 Yield: The Designer’s Dilemma -- 8.3 Bipolar IC Technology -- 8.4 MOS Inverters -- 8.5 MOS Logic Circuits and Scaling -- 8.6 Future Limits in Digital Electronics -- 8.7 Questions -- 8.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 9 Integrated Circuit Applications -- 9.1 Linear Integrated Circuits -- 9.2 Communications Applications -- 9.3 Applications in Watches, Cameras and Automobiles -- 9.4 Semiconductor Memories -- 9.5 Microprocessors -- 9.6 Small Calculators -- 9.7 Questions -- 9.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 10 Charge-Transfer Devices -- 10.1 General Concepts -- 10.2 Loss Mechanisms in CCDs -- 10.3 Charge-Coupled Delay Lines and Filters -- 10.4 Charge-Coupled Memories -- 10.5 Imaging CCD Arrays -- 10.6 CCD Logic Structures -- 10.7 Bucket-Brigade Circuits -- 10.8 Questions -- 10.9 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 11 Avalanche-Diode Microwave Oscillators, Amplifiers, and Gunn Devices -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Read Diode Oscillator Concepts -- 11.3 Impatt Performance -- 11.4 Trapatt Oscillations -- 11.5 Avalanche-Diode Amplifiers -- 11.6 Comments on Performance -- 11.7 Transferred-Electron Device (Gunn) Oscillatros -- 11.8 TED (Gunn) Logic Concepts -- 11.9 Questions -- 11.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 12 Solar Cells -- 12.1 Solar Energy -- 12.2 Silicon Solar Cells -- 12.3 Solar Cells of GaAs, InP, and Related Semiconductors -- 12.4 Cells of CdS and Related Semiconductors -- 12.5 Discussion -- 12.6 Questions -- 12.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 13 Light Detecting Semiconductor Devices -- 13.1 Photodiodes -- 13.2 Detectivity -- 13.3 Photoconductive Detectors -- 13.4 Phototransistors -- 13.5 Photocathodes and Negative-Electron-Affinity-Emitting Devices -- 13.6 Vidicon Camera Tubes and Silicon Diode Array Targets -- 13.7 Electrophotographic Copying -- 13.8 Questions -- 13.9 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 14 Light Emitting Diodes and Injection Lasers -- 14.1 Light Emission from Direct-Gap GaAs1?xPx -- 14.2 Radiative and Nonradiative Recombination in GaAs Diodes -- 14.3 GaP Light-Emitting Diodes -- 14.4 Other Light-Emitting Materials -- 14.5 Applications of Light-Emitting Diodes -- 14.6 Heterojunction A1xGa1?xAs — GaAs Injection Lasers -- 14.7 Other Injection Lasers -- 14.8 Injection Lasers and LEDs as Light Sources for Optical Communications Systems -- 14.9 Questions -- 14.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 15 Semiconductor Sensors and Transducers -- 15.1 Semiconductor Sensors Involving Magnetics -- 15.2 Strain Sensors and Related Transducers -- 15.3 Temperature Sensors -- 15.4 Gas Sensing Semiconductor Structures -- 15.5 High-Energy Particle and Gamma Ray Sensors -- 15.6 Questions -- 15.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- Book List.

Abstract: For some time there has been a need for a semiconductor device book that carries diode and transistor theory beyond an introductory level and yet has space to touch on a wider range of semiconductor device principles and applica­ tions. Such topics are covered in specialized monographs numbering many hun­ dreds, but the voluminous nature of this literature limits access for students. This book is the outcome of attempts to develop a broad course on devices and integrated electronics for university students at about senior-year level. The edu­ cational prerequisites are an introductory course in semiconductor junction and transistor concepts, and a course on analog and digital circuits that has intro­ duced the concepts of rectification, amplification, oscillators, modulation and logic and SWitching circuits. The book should also be of value to professional engineers and physicists because of both, the information included and the de­ tailed guide to the literature given by the references. The aim has been to bring some measure of order into the subject area examined and to provide a basic structure from which teachers may develop themes that are of most interest to students and themselves. Semiconductor devices and integrated circuits are reviewed and fundamental factors that control power levels, frequency, speed, size and cost are discussed. The text also briefly mentions how devices are used and presents circuits and comments on representative applications. Thus, the book seeks a balance be­ tween the extremes of device physics and circuit design.

Abstract: I: Vertebrates -- There are Different Kinds of Retinal Light Damage in the Rat -- Hormonal Influences on Retinal Photodamage -- Alterations in Muscle and Retinal Cell Structure after Exposure to Light -- The Effects of Constant Light on Visually Guided Behavior -- Neurophysiological Properties of Visual Neurons in Rats with Light Damaged Retinas -- A Parametric Study of Retinal Light Damage in Albino and Pigmented Rats -- The Nature of Chronic Light Damage to the Retina -- Light Damage in Dystrophic and Normal Rats -- Prolonged Intense Spectral Light Effects on Rhesus Retina -- II: Invertebrates -- Photoreceptor Membrane Turnover in Arthropods: Comparative Studies of Breakdown Processes and Their Implications -- Light and a Circadian Clock Modulate Structure and Function in Limulus Photoreceptors -- Turnover of Photoreceptor Membrane in the Larval Mosquito Ocellus: Rhabdomeric Coated Vesicles and Organelles of the Vacuolar System -- Visual Pigment Regeneration Rate and Susceptibility to Photic Damage -- III: Selected Topics -- In Vitro Effects of Light on the Regeneration of Rhodopsin -- Solar Retinopathy as a Function of Wavelength: Its Significance for Protective Eyewear -- In Vivo Density of Cone Pigments after Repeated Complete Bleaches -- IV: Molecular Aspects of Photoreceptor Physiology -- Eye Pigmentation and Constant Light Damage in the Rat Retina -- Membrane Turnover in Rod Outer Segments: Changing Patterns of Shedding after Extended Periods of Constant Light and Darkness -- Damaging Effects of Constant Light and Darkness on the Retina of the Frog -- Light and Membrane Biogenesis in Rod Photoreceptors of Vertebrates -- Aspects of Choline Metabolism in Photoreceptor Cells -- List of Contributors.

Abstract: " ... And the evening and the morning were the third day ... And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night ... And the evening and the morning were the fourth day." The First Book of Moses, called Genesis (1: 13,16,19). There was daytime and nighttime before there was a sun or a moon. An interesting thought: How long were each of those first three days? Without a sun to reckon its length, a day could have been longer or shorter than 24 hours. Animals, says Genesis, appeared on the fifth day and by that time the sun and moon were illuminating the earth, presumably in cyclic fashion and with a period of 24 hours. A good thing, too, as readers of this monograph will as­ certain. The papers collected into this volume are written versions of 45 minute talks given at a symposium on "The Effects of Constant Light on Visual Processes", held at The Florida State University in Tallahassee on April 25-27, 1979. The conference was supported by the Psychobiology Program and handled, logistically, by the Center for Professional Development and Public Services. It was recognized that limitations on time and funds made prohibitive the invitation of others who may be doing interesting and related work. But, our earnest hope is that what is compiled here is a good blend of "true" light-damage and "relevant related" work.

Abstract: 1. The United Nations (UN) -- 2. The specialized agencies -- 3. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) -- 4. Regional integration -- 5. Regional development banks -- 1: World Organizations -- 1. The International Monetary Fund -- 2. The World Bank Group -- 3. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade -- 4. The Commodity Agreements. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) -- 2. European Organizations -- 5. Benelux -- 6. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development -- 7. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance -- 8. The European Communities -- 9. The European Free Trade Association -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Member States of International Organizations -- List of Articles -- Index of Authors -- Index of Subjects.

Abstract: What made me write this book was a feeling that students of international economics needed to fin out their knowledge of the theory with work on the practice of the major international economic organizations, many of which are having a growing influence on the national economies of their members. There was no single volume given over to a concise treatment of these organizations. of the international organizations themselves can be con­ The annual reports sulted, of course, but as a rule these are not noted for being brief and to the point (the items of importance have to be fished out of a sea of useless detail), nor do they go in for criticism of their own activities. In selecting the organizations to be dealt with in the book I was guided by the influence they exert. I have left out those whose activities consist mainly in the drafting recommendations to which, however meritorious they may be, little or no attention is paid. Some of them are included in the Introduction, which provides a summary of a number of institutions not discussed separately in the body of the work. There are, however, two exceptions: the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as the organization replacing the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) whose meetings have succeeded in drawing much attention of the press.

Abstract: 1 The structure of wood -- 1.1 The cell wall -- 1.2 Cell wall pitting -- 1.3 Wall sculpturing -- 1.4 Trabeculae -- 1.5 Cell inclusions -- 2 The structure of softwoods -- 2.1 Growth increments -- 2.2 Tracheids and tracheid pitting -- 2.3 Tracheid wall thickenings -- 2.4 Rays -- 2.5 Axial parenchyma -- 2.6 Strand tracheids -- 2.7 Resin canals -- 2.8 Compression wood -- 3 The structure of palmwood -- 4 The structure of hardwoods -- 4.1 Growth increments -- 4.2 Vessel perforations -- 4.3 Vessel pitting -- 4.4 Vascular and vasicentric tracheids -- 4.5 Fibres -- 4.6 Axial parenchyma -- 4.7 Rays -- 4.8 Gums and gum ducts -- 4.9 Tyloses -- 4.10 Included phloem -- 4.11 Storeyed wood -- 4.12 Tension wood -- References.

Abstract: Nine years ago saw the publication of the first version of Three-dimensional Structure of Wood: A scanning electron microscope study [95]. This book contained 59 scanning electron micrographs and a modest text outlining the basic structure of wood_ When we wrote it in 1970, the scanning electron microscope was still something of a novelty (the first commercially produced SEM only coming on the market in 1965) and its use as an instrument in serious wood research was still treated by many with a good deal of suspicion. Such suspicions were not without foundation for indeed the first Three-dimensional Structure of Wood was put together from a somewhat paltry collection of a few hundred scanning electron micrographs of wood taken over a two year period. The last decade has seen some remarkable developments in the general understanding of the structure of wood. Our personal collection of scanning electron micrographs has grown from a few hundred to some 16 000. Techniques for specimen preparation [46, 47], particularly in the areas of dehydration [36] and coating have greatly improved. Most significant however, has been the new depth of understanding of wood ultrastructure that has become almost universal. By combining the use of the light, transmission and scanning electron microscopes, scientists in many widely separated parts of the world have now added a vast amount of information to our understanding of such aspects of wood structure as perforation plate development, tylose formation, the formation of reaction wood, septate fibres ultrastructure, etc.

Abstract: 1 Basics of Contracting -- 2 Management Functions, Problems, And Types Of Organization -- 3 Building An Organization -- 4 Bid Strategy -- 5 Construction Contracts -- 6 Arranging for Financing -- 7 Construction Financing -- 8 Surety Bonds -- 9 Equipment Maintenance and Repair -- 10 Methods of Deciding Overhaul or Replacement -- 11 Charges for Use of Equipment -- 12 Purchasing, Expediting, Traffic, and Transportation 178 -- 13 Functions and Organization of Contractor’s Engineering Section -- 14 Cost Estimating for Lump-Sum and Unit-Price Contracts -- 15 Estimating Other than Firm-Price Contracts -- 16 Cost Controls, Relation, and Coordination With Engineering and Accounting -- 17 Networking Techniques for Project Planning, Scheduling, and Control -- 18 Use of Computers In Contractor’s Engineering Organization -- 19 Computer Capabilities in Construction Management -- 20 Office Administration: Headquarters and Field -- 21 Corporate and Cost Accounting -- 22 Payroll Procedures -- 23 Employment Practices and Records -- 24 Labor Relations and Their Effect on Employment Procedures -- 25 Safety Procedures and Practices -- 26 Public Relations for Contractors -- 27 Legal and Contractual Problems -- 28 Taxes -- 29 Contractors’ Industrial Insurance -- 30 group insurance plans -- 31 Fundamental Concepts Underlying Pension Plan Financing and Costs -- 32 Contractural Relations, Disputes, Claims, and Contact Settlements.

Abstract: The primary purpose of this handbook is to make available to general contractors, consulting engineers, construction managers, specialty contractors, and subcontractors, as well as to professors and students in Universities and technical institutes which offer courses on the subject, the fundamentals of construction management together with the most workable types of organization, and the necessary capabilities they must include to reasonably ensure success and minimize the possibility of failure in this most hazardous profession. The second and equally important purpose is to furnish equipment manufacturers, dealers, material suppliers, bankers, surety bondsmen, and others, who traditionally rely on financial statements and general reputation, something more concrete to look for-the type of management and organization, and its scope and capability-in deciding how far to go along with contractors with whom they deal or wish to deal. This, the second edition of the Handbook, is an updated version of the work published in 1973. The book covers very many subjects which are part of construction. The greatest care was exercised in consideration of their practical aspects based on the theory and practice of construction management and its structure, and the functions of the various departments, both in the field and central offices, that make up construction organization. Leading specialists in their particular fields were selected to write chapters on the vital segments making up the structure of construction management and organization. These fields include construction contracts and conditions, job organization by general types of projects, equipment maintenance and preventive maintenance and overhaul, engineering and estimating, scheduling and controls, data processing and the use of computer equipment in engineering and accounting techniques, office administration, corporate and cost accounting, payroll, employment and labor relations, safety, public relations, legal and contractural problems, banking and finance, taxes, surety bonding, insurance, pension and retirement problems and others.