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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (16)
  • Bayreuth UB
  • MFK München
  • Online Resource  (16)
  • 2005-2009  (6)
  • 2000-2004  (10)
  • 1945-1949
  • van den Noord, Paul  (16)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (16)
  • London : Palgrave Macmillan UK
  • Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
  • Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
  • [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
  • Economics  (16)
  • Bildband
  • Europa
  • Hochschulschrift
  • Transport
  • United States
  • Urban, Rural and Regional Development
Datasource
  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (16)
  • Bayreuth UB
  • MFK München
Material
  • Online Resource  (16)
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (16)
  • London : Palgrave Macmillan UK
  • Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
  • Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
  • [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
Keywords
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Why has Core Inflation Remained so Muted in the Face of the Oil Shock? (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.551
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: To help policymakers form a judgment on inflation risks and the required monetary policy stance the OECD has developed an analytical framework based on a set of 'eclectic' Phillips curves estimated for the two largest OECD economies, the United States and the euro area, which is presented in this paper. This framework is used in the preparation of the Economic Outlook to explain recent developments in core inflation, excluding food and energy, based on developments in measures of economic slack (the output gap), spill-over effects from energy prices onto core inflation and lagged responses to past inflation via expectations formation. The fact that the knock-on effects from energy shocks onto core inflation appear small in comparison with the 1970s can be explained by the secular fall in energy intensity, a low and stable rate of 'mean inflation' -- to which observed inflation reverts after a shock has worked its way through -- and persistent slack in the aftermath of the bursting of the dotcom bubble.
    DOI: 10.1787/206408110285
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ireland's Housing Boom : What has Driven it and Have Prices Overshot? (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.492
    Keywords: Economics ; Ireland
    Abstract: The Irish housing market is very buoyant. The housing boom is driven by strong economic growth, dynamic demographics and low interest rates. However, large tax advantages and relatively lenient credit policies by banks have also played their part, and prices may have become overvalued. To the extent that high house prices reflect favourable tax treatment, they may lead to economic inefficiencies by drawing excessive resources into residential construction. While a soft landing appears the most likely prospect, a disorderly correction of house prices would pose risks for macroeconomic and possibly financial stability. In this context, one policy lever available to the government would be a phased removal of the tax advantages associated with housing. In addition, banks should remain cautious in their lending and provisioning policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/752770732812
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
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    Recent House Price Developments : The Role of Fundamentals (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.475
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In the vast majority of OECD economies, house prices in real terms have been moving up strongly since the mid-1990s. Because of the important role housing wealth has been playing during the current upswing, this paper will look more closely at what is underlying these developments for 18 OECD countries over the period from 1970 to the present, with a view to shedding some light on whether or not prices are in line with fundamentals. The paper begins by putting the most recent housing price run-ups in the context of the experiences of the past 35 years. It then examines current valuations against a range of benchmarks. It concludes with a review of the links between a possible correction of housing prices and real activity. The main highlights from this analysis are as follows: 1) The size and duration of the current real house price increases; the degree to which they have tended to move together across countries; and the extent to which they have disconnected from the business cycle are unprecedented. 2) Overvaluation of real house prices may only apply to a relatively small number of countries. However, the extent to which these prices look to be fairly valued depends largely on longer-term interest rates remaining at or close to their current low levels. 3) If house prices were to adjust downward, the historical record suggests that the drops might be large and that the process could be protracted, given the observed stickiness of nominal house prices and the current low rates of inflation.
    DOI: 10.1787/864035447847
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  • 4
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    Short-Term Pain for Long-Term Gain : The Impact of Structural Reform on Fiscal of Outcomes in EMU (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.522
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: The 2005 reform of the EU Stability and Growth Pact has provided leeway for governments to let their fiscal deficit temporarily breach the 3% rule to finance the immediate budgetary cost of structural reform, such as compensation schemes to offset redistributive effects. Against this backdrop, it is useful to dispose of empirical estimates of the effect of structural reform on fiscal outcomes, not only the short term cost but also the long-run fiscal gain stemming from changes in spending parameters and better economic performance. Based on econometric estimates for a pool of 21 OECD countries, this study finds a significant net fiscal gain of structural reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/412188318674
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
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    Fiscal Gimmickry in Europe : One-Off Measures and Creative Accounting (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.417
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Accounting conventions usually leave some room for judgment, which governments may be tempted to take advantage of, especially when fiscal rules bite or threaten to do so. The European experience over the past decade -- documented here in great detail -- illustrates that fiscal gimmicks come in many different guises, but also that some are less mischievous than others. Logit regression analysis confirms that when deficit rules or, to a lesser extent, debt thresholds tend to become more binding, recourse to gimmicks is more likely. It also suggests that more centralised budget systems are less prone to such gimmickry. The policy implications are clear as regards the virtues of transparent and consistent accounting practices, but more ambiguous regarding the merits or otherwise of one-off measures ...
    DOI: 10.1787/237714513517
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
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    Sources of Inflation Persistence in the Euro Area (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.435
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: In recent years, inflation in the euro area has failed to decelerate decisively while cyclical slack built up in the economy. Is this phenomenon more than a peculiarity in recent data? Is it related to structural policy settings? Econometric analysis conducted on two decades of quarterly data covering 17 countries yields a yes on both counts. First, inflation is shown to respond significantly more weakly to cyclical slack in the euro area than in countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States or Canada. Secondly, this lack of responsiveness is found to be related in a statistically significant way to more rigid structural policy settings. The results pass a wide range of robustness checks. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of the euro area (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/euroarea).
    DOI: 10.1787/854075872581
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  • 7
    Online Resource
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    Wealth Effects on Money Demand in EMU : Econometric Evidence (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.411
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: This paper investigates the determinants of money demand (M3) in the euro area. It specifically examines the potential impact of financial and housing wealth on money demand. It tests the hypothesis, whether wealth associated with increases in asset prices is used to finance liquidity holdings in a standard portfolio context. Regressing velocity on interest rates and a wealth variable (a composite of residential property and stocks) within an error-correction framework provides evidence of positive wealth effects from financial and housing assets on money demand in the long run, but no significant impact in the short run. Tests suggests that the long-run and dynamic money demand equations are stable and have not been disrupted by the adoption of the euro on 1 January 1999, while the impact of wealth on money demand may have increased ...
    DOI: 10.1787/437345756132
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  • 8
    Online Resource
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    Modelling Cyclical Divergence in the Euro Area : The Housing Channel (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.400
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: After the launch of the single currency the euro exchange rate fell and interest rates had converged towards the (low) German level. These shocks have worked out differently for the small and large countries. Housing markets have acted as an important vehicle of transmission of these shocks onto economic activity and inflation. Simulations with a stylised econometric model for the euro area economy, making a distinction between the small and large countries in terms of the estimated parameters, illustrate this mechanism ...
    DOI: 10.1787/710763183105
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  • 9
    Online Resource
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    Tax Incentives and House Price Volatility in the Euro Area : Theory and Evidence (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 17 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.356
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: A problem associated with inflation differentials in monetary unions is that the “crowding-in” effect of lower real interest rates associated with high inflation will initially outweigh the loss of competitiveness (crowding out). The crowding-in effect may produce volatility in house prices, especially if tax regimes favour the occurrence of bubbles. This paper shows that this is the case notably in the smaller countries of the euro area, and this could explain the persistence of inflation differentials in the area to some extent ...
    DOI: 10.1787/410243688730
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  • 10
    Online Resource
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    Discretionary Fiscal Policy and Elections : The Experience of the Early Years of EMU (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.351
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: An early criticism of the Stability and Growth Pact has pointed to its asymmetric nature and the weak mechanisms to prevent politically-motivated fiscal policies: its constraints would bite in downswings but not in upswings, especially if in the latter the electoral cycle increases the temptation to run expansionary policies. We find that the experience of the initial years of EMU lends support to this criticism. Overall, unlike the experience in the run-up to EMU, fiscal policies had an expansionary bias, and a “genuine” discretionary boost took place in correspondence to political elections. Both sign and composition of such discretionary changes are in line with the predictions of the recent literature on electoral budget cycles. Closer fiscal surveillance may help detect early such behaviour, but it is unlikely to curb the incentives to run politically-motivated fiscal policies when elections approach ...
    DOI: 10.1787/378575422756
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  • 11
    Online Resource
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    Managing Public Expenditure : The UK Approach (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.341
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The UK medium-term budgetary framework introduced in 1997 addressed a number of weaknesses of the former regime, notably a bias against capital expenditure and, more generally, poor conditions for longerterm planning adversely affecting central government spending departments, local authorities and public enterprises. Departmental spending was indeed characterised by pronounced swings and capital spending was squeezed to very low levels. These weaknesses are considered the major cause for the poor performance of crucial public services. The present paper discusses the new budgetary framework and examines the scope for further improvement ...
    DOI: 10.1787/541200211154
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  • 12
    Online Resource
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    Automatic Stabilisers and Market Flexibility in EMU : Is There A Trade-Off? (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.335
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: It is often claimed that tax and welfare reforms that aim at enhancing efficiency may come at the cost of cyclical stabilisation. Reducing the generosity of welfare systems and lowering taxes may boost efficiency and output, and improve market adjustment to shocks. But, by reducing the size of automatic stabilisers, it may also imply less cyclical smoothing. This would be unwelcome in EMU given the loss of national monetary autonomy and the well-known pitfalls of active fiscal management. This paper argues that the alleged trade-off between efficiency/flexibility and stabilisation may not exist. We show that, if the initial level of the tax burden is high, reducing it may lead to higher output stabilisation in the event of a supply shock and higher inflation stabilisation in the event of a demand shock. The threshold level of taxation depends on the preferences of the central bank over inflation and output. Econometric and numerical simulations show that European countries — ...
    DOI: 10.1787/642866215738
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  • 13
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    Surveillance of Tax Policies : A Synthesis of Findings in Economic Surveys (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.303
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Taxation is inevitable in modern economies to finance public spending, which is aimed at meeting fundamental economic and social objectives. However, efficiency losses associated with taxation need to be taken into account when the cost and benefits of public expenditure to be funded are being assessed. The public perception of the fairness of tax systems, the practical enforceability of tax rules and the cost arising from compliance are other important considerations. Against this backdrop, the OECD has reviewed in the past two years the tax systems of a number of Member countries in its periodical Economic Surveys. The analysis and policy recommendations emerging from these reviews may provide some useful lessons for other OECD countries, and these are pulled together in this paper ...
    DOI: 10.1787/034063184564
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  • 14
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    Managing Public Expenditure : Some Emerging Policy Issues and A Framework for Analysis (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.285
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper highlights some key policy issues regarding the performance of public expenditure and proposes an analytical framework for its assessment. The framework distinguishes three economic objectives of policies in the pursuit of better performance of public expenditure: macroeconomic sustainability, allocative efficiency (better outcomes per unit of public expenditure) and technical efficiency (less resource inputs per unit of public output). Against this backdrop, the paper discusses experiences of governments of OECD countries with various policy instruments, including fiscal rules, medium-term fiscal frames, market-based allocation mechanisms and flexible management and control. These experiences could serve as a starting point for peer reviews and international benchmarking ...
    DOI: 10.1787/066436018532
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  • 15
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    The Tax System in Norway : Past Reforms and Future Challenges (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.244
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: This paper reviews tax policy initiatives and the scope for further reform in Norway. Norway faces the challenge of containing expenditure to at least avoid future increases in the tax burden, which is already above the OECD average. The favourable tax regimes for some industries imply that the fully taxed sectors carry a comparatively higher burden, distorting resource allocation. Norway has made considerable progress in easing the distortions that are typically associated with a high tax burden. The introduction in 1992 of a dual income tax system, taxing all capital income at a low flat rate and labour incoming at higher and progressive rates, has been the centrepiece of the reform process. However, the wide difference in marginal tax rate between imputed labour and capital income of self-employed and small business owners has prompted extensive tax planning by these groups. Moreover, the differences in the valuation of assets for the wealth and property tax leads to distortions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/630052088314
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  • 16
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    The Size and Role of Automatic Fiscal Stabilizers in the 1990s and Beyond (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.230
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses to what extent some components of government budgets affected by the macroeconomic situation operate to smooth the business cycle in individual OECD countries. It is shown that these automatic fiscal stabilisers have generally reduced cyclical volatility in the 1990s. However, in some countries the need to undertake fiscal consolidation in order to improve public finances has forced governments to take discretionary actions that have reduced, or even offset, the effect of automatic fiscal stabilisers. This paper also shows that, by preventing sharp economic fluctuations, fiscal stabilisers may raise long-term economic performance and avoid frequent changes in spending or tax rates. However, they should be employed symmetrically over the cycle in order to avoid costly debt accumulation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/816628410134
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