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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (164)
  • Kalliope (Nachlässe)
  • Ethn. Museum Berlin
  • 2020-2024  (164)
  • European Investment Bank  (164)
Datasource
  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (164)
  • Kalliope (Nachlässe)
  • Ethn. Museum Berlin
Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Investment Report 2023/2024 - Key Findings : Transforming for competitiveness (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286157417
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Business & Economics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management
    Abstract: The European economy is under pressure. Growth is slowing and competitive challenges are rising, all while EU firms navigate the demands of the green transition. Coordinated support from national governments and EU institutions proved critical after the COVID-19 pandemic, helping Europe to bolster its resilience to future shocks and spurring the investment needed to transform and modernise the economy. As a result, progress was made in digitalisation, energy efficiency, decarbonisation and reinforcing supply chains.The pace of change needs to accelerate, however, even as investment becomes harder to sustain. To remain competitive, the European Union and its members need to improve productivity, encourage innovation, address skill gaps, develop new technologies and supporting young, dynamic firms. The report, which is based on the EIB Group’s annual Investment Survey, provides insights on how EU firms are dealing with these pressures, and whether they are taking the necessary steps to transform their businesses.These key findings, provide a short accessible summary of the main report’s messages
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB at a glance (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Business and Management ; Business & Economics
    Abstract: As the largest and greenest multilateral lender in the world, the EIB helps economies flourish, creates jobs and promotes equality. Since 1958, the EIB has provided loans and expert advice for thousands of projects in over 160 countries
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2024/01 - Dynamics of productive investment and gaps between the United States and EU countries (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Abstract: After the global financial crisis, investment fell more substantially than it had in the wake of previous recessions. With investment seemingly recovering faster in the United States than in Europe, the fear of a lasting gap emerged in Europe. This detailed analysis compares the investment dynamics and capital accumulation in the United States and the European Union, focusing on 2013-2019. It uses data from Eurostat and EU KLEMS releases to highlight the gaps and variations in investment strategies across different countries and asset types. The working paper provides key insights into the investment rates, growth of real gross fixed capital formation, and accumulation of stocks. It reveals an investment gap primarily due to lower rates in tangible information and communication technology and intangible assets after the global financial crisis, particularly in larger EU Member States. In addition, the report provides an in-depth analysis of diverse asset types and their role in the investment dynamics. It uncovers the European Union’s strength in construction assets and its persistent gaps in information and communications technology and intangible assets, indicating a need to increase investments in these areas. Furthermore, the analysis discloses the heterogeneity within the European Union, with countries like Ireland, Czech Republic, and Sweden leading in investment rates, while others, including the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and Spain, falling behind. This working paper is a tool for understanding the nuances of global investment trends and for formulating effective strategies to address identified gaps. It offers guidance and insights for policymakers, investors, and businesses operating in the global economic environment
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Blueprint for Sustainable Living : EIB Group Activity Report 2023 (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286156380
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Business and Management ; Business & Economics
    Abstract: A blueprint presents drawings, dimensions and notes. This report draws vivid pictures of the beneficiaries of European Investment Bank projects in 2023. It includes data on the dimensions of our massive overall investment and the importance of our loans to each of our beneficiaries during the year. It notes the EU policies and expertise that lead us to make each of our investments
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    20230030 Financing and borrowing activities 2022 (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Business & Economics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management
    Abstract: The European Investment Bank is the world’s biggest multilateral investor. This report lays out the EU bank’s priorities and details its investments in the projects that support those policy goals. The European Investment Bank devotes more than half its financing to climate action and environmental sustainability. The Bank aims to support the transition to renewable energy sources such as geothermal, hydroelectric, and wind power. Despite challenging investment conditions in the European Union, the European Investment Bank supports firms in their transitions to a greener economy and in addressing climate change. The report provides a breakdown of the European Investment Bank’s finance contracts signed within the European Union and beyond it, as well as information on financing and borrowing activities
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Investment Report 2023/2024 : Transforming for competitiveness (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Business and Management ; Business & Economics
    Abstract: The European economy is under pressure. Growth is slowing and competitive challenges are rising, all while EU firms navigate the demands of the green transition. Coordinated support from national governments and EU institutions proved critical after the COVID-19 pandemic, helping Europe to bolster its resilience to future shocks and spurring the investment needed to transform and modernise the economy. As a result, progress was made in digitalisation, energy efficiency, decarbonisation and reinforcing supply chains.The pace of change needs to accelerate, however, even as investment becomes harder to sustain. To remain competitive, the European Union and its members need to improve productivity, encourage innovation, address skill gaps, develop new technologies and supporting young, dynamic firms. The report, which is based on the EIB Group’s annual Investment Survey, provides insights on how EU firms are dealing with these pressures, and whether they are taking the necessary steps to transform their businesses.The report’s Key Findings are available here.Contents Part I Sustaining investment in challenging times 1. The macroeconomic environment 2. Government investment 3. Corporate investment Part II Accelerating transformation for competitiveness 4. Innovation in the global context 5. Investing in green transformation Data annex Glossary of terms and acronyms
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Investment Report 2022/2023 - Key Findings (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Banking
    Abstract: Political strife caused by the war in Ukraine, an energy crisis and tightening credit are hitting EU firms just as they were beginning to emerge from the COVID-19 crisis. While the pandemic was a major shock, sizable policy support enabled firms to survive and transform. Relatively easy access to funding also helped them weather the crisis. Pandemic support has since been pulled back, however, and now firms are grappling with high inflation, instability and tighter credit conditions. These combined pressures are souring firms’ outlook. The report provides insight into the state of the European economy and its ability to withstand these crises while also becoming greener and more digital. The analysis is based on the EIB Group’s annual Investment Survey, which surveyed 13 000 firms in the European Union from April until July 2022 on their performance, investment, financing issues and challenges. These key findings, provide a short accessible summary of the main report’s messages
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Investment Report 2022/2023 : Resilience and renewal in Europe (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Banking
    Abstract: Political strife caused by the war in Ukraine, an energy crisis and tightening credit are hitting EU firms just as they were beginning to emerge from the COVID-19 crisis. While the pandemic was a major shock, sizable policy support enabled firms to survive and transform. Relatively easy access to funding also helped them weather the crisis. Pandemic support has since been pulled back, however, and now firms are grappling with high inflation, instability and tighter credit conditions. These combined pressures are souring firms’ outlook. The report provides insight into the state of the European economy and its ability to withstand these crises while also becoming greener and more digital. The analysis is based on the EIB Group’s annual Investment Survey, which surveyed 13 000 firms in the European Union from April until July 2022 on their performance, investment, financing issues and challenges. The report’s Key Findings are available here. Contents Executive summary Introduction Part I Investment environment in a time of crises 1. The macroeconomic context 2. Investment in Europe 3. A corporate sector buffeted by shocks Part II Resilience and renewal 4. Trends in regional and social cohesion 5. Progress on digital transformation 6. Green transition and the energy crisis Data annex Glossary of terms and acronyms The chapters in charts Chapter 1 - The macroeconomic context Chapter 2 - Investment in Europe Chapter 3 - A corporate sector buffeted by shocks Chapter 4 - Regional and social cohesion Chapter 5 - Progress on digital transformation Chapter 6 - The energy crisis and green transition
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2023/01 - Advanced digital technologies and investment in employee training : Complements or substitutes? (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Banking
    Abstract: The use of advanced digital technologies such as 3D printing, advanced robotics, drones, big data analytics and artificial intelligence is spreading. These technologies have uncertain implications for labour demand. Affected workers may need to re-train to adapt to changing tasks or new jobs. At the same time, it is unclear whether or not advanced digital technologies encourage firms to invest in workforce re-training. Using firm-level data covering the 27 EU countries, the UK and the US, this paper shows that employers tend to reduce investment in training per employee, after adopting advanced digital technologies. It estimates, with a control function approach, firm-level production functions augmented with two factors: training per employee and digital technology use. We show that these are in fact substitutes in production, implying that an increase in the former negatively affects the marginal productivity of the latter, and that a decline in the cost of introducing advanced digital technologies reduces employers’ investment in training per employee. These findings point to challenges in realising high levels of firm-sponsored training for employees in increasingly digital economies
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    2023-0288 Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE) Bank Lending Survey : Second half of 2023 (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Abstract: The CESEE Bank Lending Survey is a unique instrument developed in the context of the Vienna Initiative to monitor cross-border banking activities and deleveraging in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. It serves to better understand the determinants/constraints influencing credit growth in the region and to gain forward-looking insights into the strategies of cross-border banks and market expectations regarding local financial conditions.This report presents the results of the EIB CESEE Bank Lending survey at the regional and single country levels
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    2023-0285 EIB Investment Survey - European Union Overview (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286156113
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Antiques & collectables ; Antiques & Collectibles
    Abstract: This unique insight into the corporate investment in the European Union examines companies 39; finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2023 edition also provides insight into the pressing issues facing firms, such as climate change, high energy costs and the green transition. The survey, which has been administered since 2016, covers about 13 000 firms across the European Union, including a small sample of US firms
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2023/06 : Quantifying credit gaps using survey data on discouraged borrowers (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Abstract: Many creditworthy non-financial firms are discouraged from applying for loans, resulting in a significant gap between their potential to receive credit and the reality. To quantify the credit gap, this study combines a credit allocation rule with a scoring model that assesses the creditworthiness of discouraged firms. It covers 35 emerging markets and developing economies and uses data from the 2018-2020 EBRD-EIB-World Bank Enterprise Survey. The results show that discouraged firms are less creditworthy than successful applicants, on average. However, the share of discouraged firms that are creditworthy is large, suggesting that credit to firms is being rationed by the financial sector. The results point to an average credit gap of 8.4% of GDP, with significant variation across countries. Small and medium-sized firms account for more than two-thirds of the total gap, reflecting both their large contribution to economic activity and the fact that they are more likely to be credit-constrained than larger firms
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2023/05 : Which European firms were hardest hit by COVID-19? (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Antiques & collectables ; Antiques & Collectibles
    Abstract: The COVID-19 shock had a strong negative effect on aggregate economic performance, with the average firm taking a hit on sales revenues and financial performance. However, the effects varied from firm to firm. Were already-struggling firms hit hardest, threatening their very survival? Or did the COVID-19 shock disproportionately deter tomorrow’s superstars at the upper end of the distribution, thus sacrificing future growth potential? This paper investigates where the COVID-19 shock hit the firm growth distribution, using graphical techniques and quantile regressions to analyse the full distribution of firm growth rates. We investigate how the COVID-19 shock relates to growth outcomes for four dependent variables: growth of sales, value added, employment, and labour productivity. Our results confirm that COVID-19 policy support reached its intended recipients
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hidden champions, missed opportunities : Mid-caps’ crucial role in Europe’s economic transition (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Abstract: The report zooms in on the mid-cap category of firms, an essential part of the economy, but not well researched, partly due to a lack of a clear definition of these type of enterprises in statistical databases. To fill a gap in data availability and insights on this type of companies, this report provides insights on their performance, investment activities, financing needs, and the challenges that these companies face linked to the green, digital and economic security transitions. The research work is conducted using the EIB Group Survey on Investment and Investment Finance (EIBIS), the bank’s unique information source providing details on investment and financing decisions of 12 000 European small businesses (SMEs), mid-caps and very large (XL) firms on an annual basis
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Group activities in EU cohesion regions in 2021 : A bigger, bolder and more focused approach to cohesion (2022)
    [s.l.] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286153693
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Business & Economics / Finance
    Abstract: As part of the EIB Group's bigger, bolder and more focused approach to cohesion, this report, the first in a new series, presents the EIB Group's activities in EU cohesion regions in 2021. The results are presented in terms of policy objectives, activity sectors, countries, contribution to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and sector-specific project results. It features a number of case studies and also takes a look at the economic and social challenges facing cohesion regions and the macroeconomic impact of the EIB Group's support for this fundamental EU policy priority
    DOI: 10.2867/773
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Support for female entrepreneurs : Survey evidence for why it makes sense (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286153785
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Women's economic empowerment has improved rapidly in the last century. Today, many women are not just fully engaged in the workplace; some lead international organisations, corporations and countries. But gender gaps, still prevalent in the European Union and other regions, are costly and imply foregone opportunities not only for women individually, but also for companies that do not fully leverage female talent, and for economies. After a century of impressive progress, overall economic opportunities for women are still lagging behind those of men. On average, women earn 13% less per hour in the European Union. Women are less often entrepreneurs and those that strive to grow their businesses or decide to lead companies face high barriers. Globally and across the European Union, we still have a way to go to achieve gender equality and empower women and girls, as stipulated by the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the European Pillar of Social Rights. Three surveys - the EIB Investment Survey (EIBIS) 2021, the EIBIS Startup and Scaleup Survey 2019 and the EBRD-EIB-World Bank Group Enterprise Survey - show that supporting female-led businesses makes good economic sense, as these companies generate wider economic, social and environmental benefits. Notably, support for female-led businesses can contribute to raising female labour force participation, thereby helping to reduce poverty risks. At the same time, framework conditions that make it easier for women to have professional careers, or establish and run a business successfully, are key to seeing more female-led businesses emerge and thrive
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2022/11 - A structural analysis of foreign exchange markets in sub-Saharan Africa (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286153723
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: "Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have liberalised their foreign exchange markets and capital accounts, and have moved to more flexible exchange rates, in recent decades. In this context, the interaction between non-resident investors and export structures centred on primary commodities create a risk of destabilising exchange rate dynamics and further complications for macroeconomic management. This paper presents detailed insights into the micro-characteristics of several African Lower and Lower-Middle Income Countries' foreign exchange markets and the implications of these characteristics for macroeconomic management. It draws on interviews with foreign exchange experts in central banks, banks, non-bank financial institutions, and research institutions in Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia, as well as the City of London. The results show that whilst most of these countries have functioning foreign exchange interbank markets, these markets are often characterised by low, volatile and "lumpy" liquidity. These liquidity dynamics and uncertainty about future foreign exchange flows can lead to foreign exchange hoarding by market participants, further depriving the market of liquidity. Those with access to foreign exchange liquidity can gain significant market power and the potential to affect price dynamics, which has meant that central banks in these countries have remained key agents in foreign exchange markets, to manage scarce and volatile liquidity patterns. Overall, the results show the difficulties of moving towards floating exchange rates, for African countries characterised by concentrated export structures, low trust in their currencies, and shallow domestic financial markets."
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2022/15 - Estimating financial integration in Europe : How to separate structural trends from cyclical fluctuations (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286154089
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Business & management
    Abstract: "Financial integration, broadly defined as the intensity of cross-border linkages between financial markets, has the potential to channel capital to where it is most productive, bringing many benefits. However, some financial integration is cyclical, increasing economic upswings and declining during down-turns. Of more long-term benefit is financial integration driven by structural factors such as the reductions in exchange rate risk and the increased regulatory or supervisory convergence associated with the establishment of a currency union, such as Europe's Economic and Monetary Union. This paper presents a new indicator of de facto financial integration in the European Union. Analysing this indicator alongside different financial and macroeconomic variables makes it possible to separate the impact of cyclical boom-bust shocks from the influence structural factors. It shows that increasing structural financial integration tends to improve risk absorption and reduce income disparities among European countries. However, it also suggests that most of the movements in the indicator reflect business cycle dynamics, rather than structural integration. These results highlight the need to develop further policies to foster structural financial integration in the EU."
    Note: English
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2022/13 - COVID-19 and the resilience of European firms : The influence of pre-crisis productivity, digitalisation and growth performance (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286153921
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Banking ; Business & management
    Abstract: Past research suggests that economic crisis lead to a reallocation of resources from less productive to more productive firms, with many firms taking action to boost their own productivity. This paper uses data from the EIB Investment Survey and the ORBIS database to analyse how the COVID-19 crisis affected the level of employment and digitalisation efforts of European firms. Moreover, it examines how these changes relate to the pre-crisis performance of firms, in terms of productivity, digitalisation and growth. It finds that firms were less likely to reduce their number of employees, both in the short and in the long term, if they exhibited higher productivity or higher growth, or were in highly digitalised sectors. It also finds that firms were more likely to increase their use of digital technologies during the crisis if they were already relatively advanced users of digital technologies
    Note: English
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2022/03 : Estimating conditional treatment effects of EIB lending to SMEs in Europe (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286152221
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized firms play a key role in the European economy. This paper uses statistical methods to estimate the effects of EIB financial support on European companies between 2008 and 2015. It shows that the effects of EIB supported lending on job creation and investments were larger for smaller and younger firms, and that longer maturities and more advantageous loan pricing are associated with larger employment and investment effects. The results suggest that benefits of the EIB support are more noticeable on an intensive margin, instead of on an extensive one
    Note: English
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2022/02 - How to foster climate innovation in the European Union : Insights from the EIB Online Survey on Climate Innovation (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286152115
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Climate change
    Abstract: Relying on the EIB Online Survey on Climate Innovations, we investigate the different climate innovations European firms are currently using, their motivations and challenges, and their views on current regulatory frameworks. The analysis confirms that there's a strong link between climate innovation and firm performance, but also that firms suffer from the low availability of finance. To create more successful firms in the climate sector, European policymakers should strengthen policies that reduce regulatory uncertainty and work actively to improve access to finance conditions, in particular for start-ups
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    European Investment Bank Activity Report 2021 : The innovation response (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286151088
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Banking
    Abstract: Our flagship report illustrates how the European Investment Bank Group confronted two great threats in 2021, the climate crisis and the coronavirus pandemic, even as the challenges posed by development grew more urgent. The EU bank tackled these hazards by thinking hard and moving fast - in new directions. The Activity Report highlights our emergency response to COVID-19 through the unique European Guarantee Fund, as well as our support for healthcare companies working on cures and therapies for the disease. It illustrates the dimensions of our backing for companies that are forging new frontiers of climate action - sometimes right into outer space. It demonstrates our commitment to a better future for all Europeans in our cohesion investment and for all global citizens through our development work. Built around 25 articles about the work of the European Investment Bank and the European Investment Fund in COVID-19 response, climate action, cohesion and development, the Activity Report highlights our contribution to a healthy, green and inclusive world. Figures are expected outcomes of financed new operations signed in 2021 for the first time based on available data at this stage. All figures are unaudited and provisional
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2022/01 : Firm-level policy support during the crisis (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286152108
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Corporate finance
    Abstract: During the COVID-19 crisis, the European corporate ecosystem avoided major disruptions, and corporate bankruptcy rates even declined. This outcome mostly resulted from the strength of support from monetary, financial supervisory and fiscal policies. Using the 2021 vintage of the EIB Investment Survey (EIBIS) matched with balance sheet data on firms' profits and losses, this paper investigates what has driven the allocation of fiscal policy support and the impact of this support during the investment recovery. It finds that support was largely directed towards firms that were most affected by the crisis in terms of lost sales, and was not tilted firms already weak before the crisis. It also shows that the firms that benefitted from this support tend to be more optimistic in their investment plans, especially with regard to digital technologies
    Note: English
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Investment Report 2021/2022 - Key Findings : Recovery as a springboard for change (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286151965
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Investment & securities
    Abstract: The massive resources the European Union is unleashing to rebuild after COVID-19 present a unique opportunity to deal with climate change and improve the ability of firms and individuals to compete in a more digital world. The Investment Report 2021-2022 examines how government interventions helped support investment and enabled firms to weather the crisis. The report's analysis is based on a unique set of databases and data from a survey of 12 500 firms conducted in the summer of 2021. These key findings, provide a short accessible summary of the main report's messages
    Note: English
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    EIB Working Paper 2022/14 - The scarring effects of major economic downturns : The role of fiscal policy and government investment (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286154072
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Banking ; Business & management
    Abstract: "Despite the efforts of policy makers to tackle recessions as they happen, there is ample evidence that major economic downturns produce lasting negative effects on real GDP, pointing to the existence of "economic scarring". This paper takes a fresh look at economic scarring in 26 OECD countries, including 14 EU member states, since 1970 and examines the role played by fiscal policy in limiting these impacts. It finds that higher current expenditure does not mitigate the lasting impact of major economic downturns on real GDP. By contrast, more government investment could help to do so, but this is generally less favoured as a policy response. As a result, scarring effects are significant, confronting governments with higher debt levels, which in turn weigh on the room for manoeuvre in subsequent downturns. In sum, fiscal policy makers face two difficulties in the event of a major economic downturn: adopting the right type of fiscal expansion, and finding the right time to pivot from short-term stabilisation to fiscal consolidation, while protecting investment."
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    EIB Working Paper 2022/12 - Determinants of the exchange rate, its volatility and currency crash risk in Africa's low and lower middle-income countries (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286153716
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: "The last three decades have witnessed substantial changes in the foreign exchange markets in Africa, with moves towards liberalisation and flexible exchange rate regimes. This has increased the influence of financial market conditions and heightened the risk of exchange rate volatility and large and sudden exchange rate movements. This paper investigates the determinants of nominal exchange rates, their volatility, and crash risk in African lower and lower-middle income countries. It combines macro-panel estimations for 15 such countries with insights from interviews with market participants. It shows the importance of these countries' distinctive export structure, concentrated in a few agricultural and mineral-based commodities, as well as recent financial integration, for exchange rate determination. It finds that terms of trade, export concentration, and export prices have a significant impact on the exchange rate level and volatility. By contrast, financial factors including the interest rate differential, international market conditions, and short-term financial flows, influence the likelihood of sudden and large exchange rate movements."
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    EIB Investment Report 2021/2022 : Recovery as a springboard for change (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286151552
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Investment & securities ; Investment and securities ; Business & Economics ; Investments & Securities
    Abstract: The massive resources the European Union is unleashing to rebuild after COVID-19 present a unique opportunity to deal with climate change and improve the ability of firms and individuals to compete in a more digital world. The Investment Report 2021/2022 examines how government interventions helped support investment and enabled firms to weather the crisis. The report's analysis is based on a unique set of databases and data from a survey of 12 500 firms conducted in the summer of 2021
    Note: English
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    The rise of Africa’s digital economy : The European Investment Bank’s activities to support Africa’s transition to a digital economy (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The rise of an African digital economy is improving millions of lives and rapidly transforming societies. Africa has a unique opportunity to become more sustainable and create economic growth through the better use of data, instead of using old technologies that consume fossil fuels. Digitalisation has many benefits: It speeds up the spread of information, brings people closer together, creates jobs and makes societies more efficient. Digitalisation is a key part of the European Union’s work in Africa. The European Commission and the African Union say digital technology is a priority for economic and social development in Africa. The European Investment Bank will keep playing a central role in Africa's future by providing targeted digital expertise and finance to the public and private sectors
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  • 29
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    EIB financing and borrowing activities 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: In 2020, the European Investment Bank lent a total of EUR 66bn and the European Investment Fund committed close to EUR 13bn. To fund its activities, the EIB raised EUR equivalent of 70bn on the international capital markets. This report – previously called the EIB statistical report – provides in list form the projects financed and borrowings undertaken by the EIB, together with a list of the EIF's projects. It also includes summary tables for the year and over the last five years
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    Default statistics : Private and sub-sovereign lending 2001-2019 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: To address the need for greater volumes of private investment tackling sustainable development goals in the most isolated regions, the Global Emerging Markets Risk Database Consortium (GEMs) issued its first public report on credit default statistics for private and sub-sovereign lending. Established by the European Investment Bank and the International Finance Corporation, GEMs is a network of 25 multilateral development banks and development finance institutions. GEMs pools anonymised credit information with a focus on emerging markets and developing countries where data are scarce and finance is most needed. Since 2009, the GEMs members have collected and shared credit risk data internally. Members have now decided to make this knowledge public. More information on the GEMs consortium can be found at www.gemsriskdatabase.org
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    The 15 circular steps for cities – Second edition (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The transition to a circular economy not only conserves resources, but also reduces environmental and climate impacts. It fosters innovation and thereby increases competitiveness and creates new jobs. Cities can be cradles and catalysts for a circular transition. This guide provides concrete guidance on how a linear city can start the circular journey
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  • 32
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    On Inequality (Big Ideas) (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Does Europe have an inequality problem? Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, many Europeans are certainly struggling. The rise of populist movements is another signal that something is awry. Many Europeans no longer see their economy as fair. But is this a problem of too much inequality, or just a problem of ideology? Is inequality even a bad thing? We need to consider the statistics on economic inequality, but also look beyond towards the lived experience of trying to make ends meet. We need to consider different ideas on the impact and significance of the inequality we see. Does inequality drive entrepreneurship, and thus innovation, through the struggle for upward social mobility? Or does inequality affect life chances, becoming entrenched, blocking social mobility and innovation? And does anyone really need a billion euros? If we have a euro to spare, do we create more happiness by giving it to the rich or to the poor? An old, once infamous, now oft-forgotten question in economics. Tessa Bending conducts research on social inclusion, social development and impact measurement at the Economics Department of the European Investment Bank (EIB). The department provides indepth analysis on critical investment issues to support international policy debates. This is the sixteenth essay in the Big Ideas series created by the European Investment Bank. The EIB has invited international thought leaders and experts to write about the most important issues of the day. These essays are a reminder that we need new thinking to protect the environment, promote equality and improve people’s lives around the globe
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/01 - Towards a new growth model in CESEE : Convergence and competitiveness through smart, green and inclusive investment (Volume 2021/01) (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The factors behind the pre-crisis growth model of the Central, Eastern and South-Eastern European EU countries (CESEE) region – skilled yet affordable labour force, foreign direct investment, imports of productivity-enhancing technology – are having less effect, but are yet to be substituted. This paper proposes a new growth model centred around a shift towards more home-grown innovation, digitalisation, climate change mitigation and a strong focus on skills, labour and social inclusion, to leave the middle-income trap behind for good and to boost economies’ growth prospects in a post-COVID world. Based on analysis of firm-level data, it highlights the prerequisites of making this transition happen
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    The European Fund for Strategic Investments : The Legacy : The European Fund for Strategic Investments as a game-changer for future economic stimulus programmes backed by EU public financing and for the European Investment Bank (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The inside story of the European Fund for Strategic Investments from 2015 to 2020 told through interviews with the Managing Director, Deputy Managing Director, members of the Investment Committee and final beneficiaries across Europe.The architects of this €500 billion-plus programme, the head of the EU bank and the president of the European Commission, describe the genesis of this financial pillar of the Investment Plan for Europe. Then the people who ran one of the biggest economic stimulus programmes in history detail how they did it—and what the lessons are for policymakers responding to new crises, including the economic shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.The European Fund for Strategic Investments has been one of the good news stories to emerge in a decade of economic uncertainty. It has gone well beyond its highly ambitious target of €500 billion in mobilised investments. The Juncker Plan has made a strong contribution to the 14 million jobs created in the EU between 2015 and 2020. It has become a success in co-financing projects that otherwise might not have been carried through. It has also charted the path towards new ways of financing. This is not only the case in relatively conventional areas, such as infrastructure, but also in sectors like research and innovation or the contribution to climate change mitigation. This is exactly what makes EFSI so ground-breaking: responding to the needs of the market through continuous financial innovation.The principle of the European Fund for Strategic Investments is here to stay. It has paved the way for its successor, the InvestEU programme, which is to be deployed under the 2021-2027 multiannual financial framework. This publication details why the programme was such a success
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    Digitalisation in Europe 2020-2021 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Taking an early lead on digitalisation is crucial to Europe’s lasting competitiveness. Our newest digitalisation report sheds light on the state of digitalisation in European countries: The adoption of digital technologies by firms in the European Union is improving, but it has not yet closed the gap with the United States; While some EU countries are at the global forefront of digital transformation, others risk being left behind. Digitalisation provides a unique opportunity to improve European firms’ global competitiveness. To close the digital divide, Europe needs to increase investment and to create ecosystems that support innovation
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    The state of local infrastructure investment in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Europe’s COVID-19 recovery strategy calls for large-scale public investment to “building back better.” Municipalities account for 45% of all public investment – which makes them a key partner in recovery efforts. As poles of social and economic activities, municipalities will also be critical to addressing climate change and to improving digitalisation. Our municipality report analysis the findings of a survey of 685 municipalities conducted in the summer of 2020. We look at the types of projects municipalities are prioritising and which areas they think need more investment. We also analyse their ability to secure funding for key projects. In addition, the report provides important insights into regional investment gaps and the effect the pandemic had on investment priorities
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    European firms and climate change 2020/2021 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The European Union’s COVID-19 recovery plan could be the impetus businesses need to invest in climate measures and prepare for the transition to a net-zero carbon economy. Our newest climate report looks at how firms’ view these twin challenges and their preparedness to meet them. Firms are more aware of the physical risks posed by climate change, but less aware of the risks caused by the transition to clean energy. Almost half of EU firms surveyed are investing in climate change measures, compared with roughly one-third of US firms. Uncertainty over regulation and taxation continues to hamper climate investments. To green its economy, Europe needs a comprehensive strategy that will provide businesses with the guidance they need to invest in climate preparedness and the energy transition
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    EIB Fraud Investigations Activity Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: This Fraud Investigations Activity Report describes the activities of the Inspectorate General’s Fraud Investigations Division (IG/IN) in 2020, giving an overview of IG/IN’s work to prevent, detect, investigate and remedy Prohibited Conduct affecting EIB Group activities. In particular, the report provides: A chapter dedicated to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on IG/IN’s investigations; Relevant statistics and analysis on the number of allegations received and investigations conducted; A number of internal and external case studies reflecting the range of allegations handled by investigators as well as the findings and lessons learned; An overview of the fraud detection tools and methodology developed by IG/IN as well as relevant case studies showcasing how on-the-ground Proactive Integrity Reviews are performed; An overview on deterrence and rehabilitation activities; and Information on the policy work undertaken by IG/IN, such as fraud and corruption training and awareness initiatives for EIB Group staff members, and continued efforts in outreach and global partnerships
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    Global Solutions, International Partnerships : The European Investment Bank Development Report 2021 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: The climate crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic remind us that we cannot face down our challenges alone—our solutions must be global. The European Investment Bank is at the heart of the push to turn EU policy initiatives into real development solutions on the ground. This report provides insights into our vital projects and initiatives outside the European Union, data on their impact and ideas for the future of development through a series of expert essays
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/02 - The birth of new high growth enterprises : internationalisation through new digital technologies (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Internationalisation and the adoption of new digital technologies play an important role in the formation of new high growth enterprises. This paper examines this relationship for high growth enterprises in Europe and the UK, using data from the EIB Investment Survey and ORBIS. Its results highlight the complex influence of exporting and foreign direct investment on the capacity to become a high growth enterprise and the role of new digital technologies in this process
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/06 - Efficiency and effectiveness of the COVID-19 government support : Evidence from firm-level data (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: We utilize several unique firm-level datasets in order to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the government support aiming to curb the economic consequences of the coronavirus (COVID- 19) pandemic. The results, drawing on the experience of a small open European country (Slovakia), suggest the distributed COVID-19 subsidies save non-negligible number of jobs and sustain economic activity during the first wave of the pandemic. General distribution rules designed on the fly may bring close to optimal results, as relatively more productive, privately owned, foreign-demand oriented firms are prioritized and firms with a higher environmental footprint or zombie firms record a relatively lower chance of obtaining government funding. By assuming constant cost elasticities to sales, we show that the pandemic deteriorates strongly firm profits and increases significantly the share of illiquid and insolvent firms. Government wage subsidies somewhat mitigate firm losses and have statistically significant effect, but relatively mild compared to the size of the economic shock. Our estimates also confirm that larger firms, receiving smaller relative size of the support, have more space to cover their additional liquidity needs by increasing trade liabilities or liabilities to affiliated entities, while SMEs face higher risk of insolvencies
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/04 - Aggregate productivity slowdown in Europe : New evidence from corporate balance sheets (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Using firm balance sheet data, this paper shows the impact of credit constraints on allocative efficiency and productivity growth. Allocative efficiency is the extent to which resources, including labour, are distributed to firms with the highest growth prospects, or “stuck” in less productive firms. This paper uses firm balance sheet data to analyse the role of financial constraints in the relatively muted post-crisis rebound in productivity in 2014-17, compared to previous upturns in Europe. It shows that the level of financial leverage played an important role in explaining the change in aggregate productivity growth in Europe between 2004 and 2017. Focusing on Northern and Western Europe, it also shows that the productivity potential could not be fully exploited due to constraints on access to credit. It estimates that reducing collateral bottlenecks could more than double the effectiveness of financial leverage in spurring productivity growth in this region between 2014-17
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/05 - The impact of bank loan terms on intangible investment in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Using EIBIS data, this paper investigates the effects of different loan conditions on firms’ propensity to invest in intangible assets. When firms face restriction in how much they can borrow, this has a strong effect on how much they invest in intangible assets. Using European firm-level data from the EIB Investment Survey, this paper shows that, by contrast, unfavourable interest rates, maturity and collateral requirements have no significant effects on the probability to invest in intangible assets, provided firms are satisfied with their loan size. These terms however, do have a negative impact on the probability to invest in multiple intangible assets, undermining the ability of firms to benefit from the complementarities of these assets. The paper documents the effect of loan conditions on investment intensity, as well. The effect of quantity rationing on the amount invested in intangible assets is found to be limited. Other loan conditions however, like cost, maturity and collateral requirements, have significant effect on investment intensity
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    The EIB Climate Survey 2020-2021 - The climate crisis in a COVID-19 world : calls for a green recovery (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: The third edition of the EIB Climate Survey shows that COVID-19 has changed people’s perception of the climate emergency. Most Europeans now consider the pandemic to be the greatest challenge facing their countries, but climate change remains a crucial issue. Europeans say: the economic recovery from the crisis must address climate change governments should promote growth that emits less CO2 and makes societies more resilient to climate change modifying personal habits to address climate change is important technological innovation should be used to fix climate problems climate action and the transition to green economies must take into account social inequalities These findings are particularly important today because the climate and a green recovery are top priorities in the European Union and many other regions of the world. Read the latest survey to find out what people see as the most effective way to address the climate emergency, what people are willing to give up, what they expect from government policies, and how COVID-19 influences our views
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/07 - Can European businesses achieve productivity gains from investments in energy efficiency? (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: When they consider investing in energy efficiency measures many firms focus only on direct energy savings and do not consider non-energy benefits that include increased labour productivity. To date, due to lack of high-quality data, few studies have attempted to quantify the effects of energy efficiency investments on firm-level outcomes other than reductions in energy consumption. This paper overcomes this barrier by using novel data from the EIB Investment survey of firms in the EU and the United Kingdom for the years 2018-2019. It studies the relationship between the energy efficiency investment and the labour productivity of European firms, utilising an instrumental variables methodology to account for potential endogeneity. The results show a positive and causal relationship between energy efficiency investment and labour productivity. The findings of the paper suggest that firms can benefit much more from the energy efficiency investment than what is often assumed, and highlight a need for government policies that would increase firms' awareness of these non-energy benefits
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    Annual Report 2020 on EIB Activity in Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Overseas Countries and Territories (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The European Investment Bank is helping African, Caribbean and Pacific countries in parts of society that are sometimes forgotten — young people, women and girls, small companies, rural villages. We are creating opportunities for everyone. In this report, you can meet the people who are making a difference for themselves and for others. There are stories on the COVID-19 pandemic as well as a wider range of healthcare challenges. We speak to the head of the United Nations Development Programme about the Sustainable Development Goals. There are stories about female entrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic and the financing of farmers in Malawi. What all the people and places have in common is the need for good advice and investment. Please read this annual report in conjunction with the financial statements
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/10 - The simpler, the better : Measuring financial conditions for monetary policy and financial stability (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: In this paper we assess the merits of financial condition indices constructed using simple averages versus a more sophisticated alternative that uses factor models with time varying parameters. Our analysis is based on data for 18 advanced and emerging economies at a monthly frequency covering about 70% of the world’s GDP. We assess the performance of these indicators based on their ability to capture tail risk for economic activity and to predict banking and currency crises. We find that averaging across the indicators of interest, using judgmental but intuitive weights, produces financial condition indices that are not inferior to, and actually perform better than, those constructed with more sophisticated statistical methods
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/09 - Market finance as a spare tyre? Corporate investment and access to bank credit in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Investment & securities
    Abstract: We estimate a FAVAR with Bayesian techniques in order to investigate the impact of loan supply conditions on euro area corporate investment and its financing structure. We identify shocks to overall demand and loan supply with sign and impact restrictions. Although tightened financial conditions have adversely impacted corporate investment during and after the sovereign debt crisis, the resulting impediments in loan supply, illustrated by lower loan volumes and higher spreads, have been partly alleviated by strengthened corporate debt issuance. We show that (1) part of the protracted increase in debt to loan ratio since the crisis reflects bottlenecks in the provision of bank credit and (2) the tightened loan supply has been more adverse for small corporations with limited market access. Overall, our analysis of macro-financial developments suggests the need for policy actions to deepen the European corporate debt market and enhance market access for smaller corporates
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    EIB Investment Report 2020/2021 : Building a smart and green Europe in the Covid-19 era (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The European Union's massive efforts to rebuild after the coronavirus pandemic present a unique opportunity to transform its economy, making it more green and digital – and ultimately more competitive. The Investment Report 2020-2021 looks at the toll the pandemic took on European firms’ investment and future plans, as well as their efforts to meet the demands of climate change and the digital revolution. The report’s analysis is based on a unique set of databases and data from a survey of 12 500 firms conducted in the summer of 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis. While providing a snapshot of the heavy toll the pandemic took on some forms of investment, the report also offers hope by pointing out the economic areas in which Europe remains strong, such as technologies that combine green and digital innovation
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    EIB Financial Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: In 2020, the Bank’s lending signatures amounted to EUR 66.1 bn. This report includes the 2020 financial statements and audit report both for the EIB and the EIB Group
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 51
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    Finance in Africa : for green, smart and inclusive private sector development (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Africa’s recovery from the COVID-19 crisis will depend on private firms sustaining and creating jobs. But even previously thriving enterprises have been badly hit by the crisis. This report outlines the consequences of the health crisis in Africa, the potential cost of the recovery and the willingness of banks to support green investments as they look to the future
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 52
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    EIB Investment Survey 2021 - EU overview (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Corporate finance
    Abstract: This unique insight into the corporate investment landscape in the European Union examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2021 edition delves into the massive shock produced by the COVID-19 crisis, and the response and recovery programmes put in place by the European Union and by national governments. The report assesses the extent to which European firms are addressing the need make their businesses more green and digital. The survey is based on interviews with 12 000 companies across the 27 European Union countries, and it includes a benchmark sample from the United Kingdom and United States. This overview provides the aggregated results for the European Union. Results for individual countries will be published in January 2022
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 53
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    European Investment Bank Activity Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Our flagship report highlights the European Investment Bank’s key contribution to combatting the COVID-19, climate change and development challenges that dominated 2020. It tells the stories of our crisis solutions. Built around 20 stories profiling 30 of our projects or programmes, the report’s “Solutions” sections explain how the EU bank responded swiftly and decisively to a year of crises and laid the foundations for future innovation and growth. The stories take you through the Bank’s work in innovation, infrastructure, small and medium-sized enterprises, and climate and environment inside the European Union and beyond the EU’s borders. Figures are expected outcomes of financed new operations signed in 2020 for the first time based on available data at this stage. All figures are unaudited and provisional
    Note: English
    URL: OAPEN Library: download the publication
    URL: OAPEN Library: description of the publication
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  • 54
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/03 - Assessing climate change risks at the country level : the EIB scoring model (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The EIB Climate Change Risk Country Scoring Model provides a way to comprehensively assess the climate change risks faced by more than 180 countries. The two sets of scores for physical and transition risks aggregate exposures to various risk factors, taking into account the adaptation and mitigation capacity of each country. The scores confirm that climate risk is a relevant challenge for all countries. However, low-income economies are more vulnerable to physical risk — in particular to acute events, rising sea levels and excessive heat — and in parallel have lower ability to mitigate the challenges posed by the energy transition. High-income economies generally face higher risks from the transition to a low-carbon future. Countries more dependent on fossil fuel revenues are also among the most exposed to transition risk. This paper provides insights into the model as it is currently being developed. Understanding the relative climate risks faced by countries support the management of climate risks at the country level, as well as helping to understand the environmental and policy conditions faced by firms in each country. It can also help to identify mitigation and adaptation priorities and related financing needs. Taken together, a better understanding of the risks and the consequent adaptation and mitigation needs will help to ensure that opportunities to enhance climate resilience are not missed
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 55
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    EIB Group Sustainability Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: Supporting sustainable and inclusive growth is at the heart of the EIB Group’s lending. The EIB Group 2020 Sustainability Report looks at the impact of our global activities and our own corporate responsibility efforts. The Sustainability report should be read in conjunction with its two annexes: the GRI and SASB disclosures
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 56
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    EIB Complaints Mechanism Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Any concerns about an EIB Group activity or project? The Complaints Mechanism listens to citizens and ensures their voice can be heard. Have a look at its Activity Report for 2020. 2020 was a particularly challenging year amid the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The EIB Group Complaints Mechanism (EIB-CM) had to find innovative ways to not only handle complaints but also interact with its key stakeholders. In 2020, the EIB-CM registered 77 new cases, handled 137 cases and closed 94 of them. The number of outstanding complaints at year-end has continued to decrease, from 89 in 2018 to 60 in 2019 and to 43 in 2020. The EIB-CM managed to close most long-overdue cases during the year. A number of highly complex cases were closed in 2020, including Nenskra HPP (Georgia), Réseau Ferroviaire Rapide (Tunisia) and Cairo Metro Line (Egypt). The key achievements are reflected in the annually published Complaints Mechanism Activity Report, which gives an overview of how through its actions the EIB Group remains accountable to the public
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 57
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    Regional Cohesion in Europe 2020-2021 : Insights from the EIB Investment Survey (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: International relations
    Abstract: EU Cohesion Policy aims to strengthen economic, social and territorial cohesion across the European Union and to correct imbalances between countries and regions. The green and digital transition are key priorities of Cohesion Policy for the next years. Cohesion support 2021-2027 is focused on five key policy objectives to support growth: A more competitive and smarter Europe A greener, low-carbon transition towards a net zero carbon economy A more connected Europe by enhancing mobility A more social and inclusive Europe A Europe closer to citizens by fostering the sustainable and integrated development of all types of territories. EU funds will support investment across these policy objectives with a particular focus on a smart and green Europe. However, the COVID-19 pandemic risks deepening divergences between citizens, territories and firms. Firms across the EU will need to adapt to the post-pandemic environment and megatrends, notably digitalization and climate change, to stay competitive looking ahead. The EU has committed to a joint recovery centered on fostering the transition towards a greener and smarter economy across the EU. The extent to which this will mitigate the risks of rising inequalities and divergences across firms depends not least on support for cohesion. Data coming from the EIB Investment Survey (EIBIS) provides a unique tool to gain insights on how non-financial corporates in cohesion and non-cohesion regions are behaving. EIBIS information sheds new light on investment needs and gaps, financing requirements as well as firm activity on innovation, digitalization and climate change
    Note: English
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  • 58
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    Carbon Footprint Report 2020 : Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from EIB Group internal operations (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Climate change
    Abstract: This report provides a comprehensive breakdown of EIB Group greenhouse gas emissions arising from internal operations at head office locations in 2020. It also analyses comparatively against performance in previous years dating back to the 2007 baseline. As a result of the teleworking arrangements during the COVID-19 pandemic, the EIB Group’s net emissions in 2020 were more than 70% below 2019 levels
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 59
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    A Partnership with Africa : How the European Investment Bank delivers on EU policies in Africa and our future plans for development and partnership across the continent (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: Africa is embarking upon a period in which its political, economic and social outlook will transform. The European Investment Bank is a key part of the EU toolbox that for decades has helped make the partnership between Africa and Europe stronger. We aim to maximise our potential as the EU bank, so that we can join our African partners in addressing today’s critical challenges together and embrace our opportunities. This publication lays out our track record in Africa and our vision for our future partnership with the continent
    Note: English
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  • 60
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/08 - Do capacity constraints trigger high growth for enterprises? (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: High-Growth Enterprises have a large economic impact, but it is notoriously hard to predict when firms will experience episodes of high growth. This paper proposes that firms reaching critically high capacity utilisation levels reach a ‘trigger point’ involving either broad-based investment in further growth, or shrinking back to previous levels. It analyses EIBIS survey data (matched to the ORBIS database) which features a question on time-varying capacity utilisation. Overcapacity is a transitory state. Firms enter into overcapacity after a period of rapid growth of sales and profits, and the years surrounding overcapacity have higher employment growth rates. Firms operating at overcapacity make incremental investments (e.g. capacity expansion, process improvements, and modern machinery) rather than investing in R&D and new product development. The analysis finds support for the ‘fork in the road’ hypothesis: for some firms, overcapacity is associated with launching into massive investments and subsequent sales growth, while for other firms, overcapacity is negatively related to both investments and sales growth
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 61
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    Carbon Footprint Report 2020 : Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from EIB Group internal operations (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149290
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Climate change
    Abstract: This report provides a comprehensive breakdown of EIB Group greenhouse gas emissions arising from internal operations at head office locations in 2020. It also analyses comparatively against performance in previous years dating back to the 2007 baseline. As a result of the teleworking arrangements during the COVID-19 pandemic, the EIB Group’s net emissions in 2020 were more than 70% below 2019 levels
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 62
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/10 - The simpler, the better : Measuring financial conditions for monetary policy and financial stability (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150883
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: In this paper we assess the merits of financial condition indices constructed using simple averages versus a more sophisticated alternative that uses factor models with time varying parameters. Our analysis is based on data for 18 advanced and emerging economies at a monthly frequency covering about 70% of the world’s GDP. We assess the performance of these indicators based on their ability to capture tail risk for economic activity and to predict banking and currency crises. We find that averaging across the indicators of interest, using judgmental but intuitive weights, produces financial condition indices that are not inferior to, and actually perform better than, those constructed with more sophisticated statistical methods
    Note: English
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  • 63
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    Annual Report 2020 on EIB Activity in Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Overseas Countries and Territories (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149511
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The European Investment Bank is helping African, Caribbean and Pacific countries in parts of society that are sometimes forgotten — young people, women and girls, small companies, rural villages. We are creating opportunities for everyone. In this report, you can meet the people who are making a difference for themselves and for others. There are stories on the COVID-19 pandemic as well as a wider range of healthcare challenges. We speak to the head of the United Nations Development Programme about the Sustainable Development Goals. There are stories about female entrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic and the financing of farmers in Malawi. What all the people and places have in common is the need for good advice and investment. Please read this annual report in conjunction with the financial statements
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 64
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/12 : Complementarities in capital formation and production (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286151514
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Using macro and firm-level data, this paper investigates the complementarities between investment in different types of tangible assets such as machinery and buildings, and intangible assets such as software, training of employees, and business process improvements. It finds that investment in different assets types tends to be complementary, improving firm performance. Policy measures should address investment bottlenecks arising from market imperfections, while leaving it to the firm to find the most appropriate mix of assets
    Note: English
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  • 65
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/07 - Can European businesses achieve productivity gains from investments in energy efficiency? (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150487
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: When they consider investing in energy efficiency measures many firms focus only on direct energy savings and do not consider non-energy benefits that include increased labour productivity. To date, due to lack of high-quality data, few studies have attempted to quantify the effects of energy efficiency investments on firm-level outcomes other than reductions in energy consumption. This paper overcomes this barrier by using novel data from the EIB Investment survey of firms in the EU and the United Kingdom for the years 2018-2019. It studies the relationship between the energy efficiency investment and the labour productivity of European firms, utilising an instrumental variables methodology to account for potential endogeneity. The results show a positive and causal relationship between energy efficiency investment and labour productivity. The findings of the paper suggest that firms can benefit much more from the energy efficiency investment than what is often assumed, and highlight a need for government policies that would increase firms' awareness of these non-energy benefits
    Note: English
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  • 66
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/03 - Assessing climate change risks at the country level : the EIB scoring model (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150340
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The EIB Climate Change Risk Country Scoring Model provides a way to comprehensively assess the climate change risks faced by more than 180 countries. The two sets of scores for physical and transition risks aggregate exposures to various risk factors, taking into account the adaptation and mitigation capacity of each country. The scores confirm that climate risk is a relevant challenge for all countries. However, low-income economies are more vulnerable to physical risk — in particular to acute events, rising sea levels and excessive heat — and in parallel have lower ability to mitigate the challenges posed by the energy transition. High-income economies generally face higher risks from the transition to a low-carbon future. Countries more dependent on fossil fuel revenues are also among the most exposed to transition risk. This paper provides insights into the model as it is currently being developed. Understanding the relative climate risks faced by countries support the management of climate risks at the country level, as well as helping to understand the environmental and policy conditions faced by firms in each country. It can also help to identify mitigation and adaptation priorities and related financing needs. Taken together, a better understanding of the risks and the consequent adaptation and mitigation needs will help to ensure that opportunities to enhance climate resilience are not missed
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 67
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/04 - Aggregate productivity slowdown in Europe : New evidence from corporate balance sheets (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150357
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Using firm balance sheet data, this paper shows the impact of credit constraints on allocative efficiency and productivity growth. Allocative efficiency is the extent to which resources, including labour, are distributed to firms with the highest growth prospects, or “stuck” in less productive firms. This paper uses firm balance sheet data to analyse the role of financial constraints in the relatively muted post-crisis rebound in productivity in 2014-17, compared to previous upturns in Europe. It shows that the level of financial leverage played an important role in explaining the change in aggregate productivity growth in Europe between 2004 and 2017. Focusing on Northern and Western Europe, it also shows that the productivity potential could not be fully exploited due to constraints on access to credit. It estimates that reducing collateral bottlenecks could more than double the effectiveness of financial leverage in spurring productivity growth in this region between 2014-17
    Note: English
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  • 68
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    The EIB Climate Survey 2020-2021 - The climate crisis in a COVID-19 world : calls for a green recovery (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150210
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: The third edition of the EIB Climate Survey shows that COVID-19 has changed people’s perception of the climate emergency. Most Europeans now consider the pandemic to be the greatest challenge facing their countries, but climate change remains a crucial issue. Europeans say: the economic recovery from the crisis must address climate change governments should promote growth that emits less CO2 and makes societies more resilient to climate change modifying personal habits to address climate change is important technological innovation should be used to fix climate problems climate action and the transition to green economies must take into account social inequalities These findings are particularly important today because the climate and a green recovery are top priorities in the European Union and many other regions of the world. Read the latest survey to find out what people see as the most effective way to address the climate emergency, what people are willing to give up, what they expect from government policies, and how COVID-19 influences our views
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 69
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/06 - Efficiency and effectiveness of the COVID-19 government support : Evidence from firm-level data (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150401
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: We utilize several unique firm-level datasets in order to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the government support aiming to curb the economic consequences of the coronavirus (COVID- 19) pandemic. The results, drawing on the experience of a small open European country (Slovakia), suggest the distributed COVID-19 subsidies save non-negligible number of jobs and sustain economic activity during the first wave of the pandemic. General distribution rules designed on the fly may bring close to optimal results, as relatively more productive, privately owned, foreign-demand oriented firms are prioritized and firms with a higher environmental footprint or zombie firms record a relatively lower chance of obtaining government funding. By assuming constant cost elasticities to sales, we show that the pandemic deteriorates strongly firm profits and increases significantly the share of illiquid and insolvent firms. Government wage subsidies somewhat mitigate firm losses and have statistically significant effect, but relatively mild compared to the size of the economic shock. Our estimates also confirm that larger firms, receiving smaller relative size of the support, have more space to cover their additional liquidity needs by increasing trade liabilities or liabilities to affiliated entities, while SMEs face higher risk of insolvencies
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 70
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    EIB Group Sustainability Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149221
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: Supporting sustainable and inclusive growth is at the heart of the EIB Group’s lending. The EIB Group 2020 Sustainability Report looks at the impact of our global activities and our own corporate responsibility efforts. The Sustainability report should be read in conjunction with its two annexes: the GRI and SASB disclosures
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 71
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    European Investment Bank Activity Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286148750
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Our flagship report highlights the European Investment Bank’s key contribution to combatting the COVID-19, climate change and development challenges that dominated 2020. It tells the stories of our crisis solutions. Built around 20 stories profiling 30 of our projects or programmes, the report’s “Solutions” sections explain how the EU bank responded swiftly and decisively to a year of crises and laid the foundations for future innovation and growth. The stories take you through the Bank’s work in innovation, infrastructure, small and medium-sized enterprises, and climate and environment inside the European Union and beyond the EU’s borders. Figures are expected outcomes of financed new operations signed in 2020 for the first time based on available data at this stage. All figures are unaudited and provisional
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 72
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/02 - The birth of new high growth enterprises : internationalisation through new digital technologies (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149931
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Internationalisation and the adoption of new digital technologies play an important role in the formation of new high growth enterprises. This paper examines this relationship for high growth enterprises in Europe and the UK, using data from the EIB Investment Survey and ORBIS. Its results highlight the complex influence of exporting and foreign direct investment on the capacity to become a high growth enterprise and the role of new digital technologies in this process
    Note: English
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  • 73
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    EIB Investment Report 2020/2021 : Building a smart and green Europe in the Covid-19 era (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286148118
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The European Union's massive efforts to rebuild after the coronavirus pandemic present a unique opportunity to transform its economy, making it more green and digital – and ultimately more competitive. The Investment Report 2020-2021 looks at the toll the pandemic took on European firms’ investment and future plans, as well as their efforts to meet the demands of climate change and the digital revolution. The report’s analysis is based on a unique set of databases and data from a survey of 12 500 firms conducted in the summer of 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis. While providing a snapshot of the heavy toll the pandemic took on some forms of investment, the report also offers hope by pointing out the economic areas in which Europe remains strong, such as technologies that combine green and digital innovation
    Note: English
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  • 74
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    EIB Impact Report 2020 : Climate action, environmental sustainability and innovation for decarbonisation (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150821
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Investments supported by the European Investment Bank help achieve EU and international policy goals. The report specifically measures the effectiveness of our investments in three key areas: Additionality: the EIB's role is to step in where the market has failed to deliver. Specifically, the EIB examines how our support for a project strengthens it compared to what would have happened without our involvement. Impact: The EIB now measures how its investments contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By doing so, the EIB is signalling its commitment to supporting the United Nations' Decade of Action to create peace and prosperity for people and the planet. Climate: The 2021 report focuses on barriers to investment in climate action, environmental sustainability and research and development and innovation for the decarbonisation of energy-intensive industries
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  • 75
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    EIB Investment Survey 2021 - EU overview (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150944
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Corporate finance
    Abstract: This unique insight into the corporate investment landscape in the European Union examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2021 edition delves into the massive shock produced by the COVID-19 crisis, and the response and recovery programmes put in place by the European Union and by national governments. The report assesses the extent to which European firms are addressing the need make their businesses more green and digital. The survey is based on interviews with 12 000 companies across the 27 European Union countries, and it includes a benchmark sample from the United Kingdom and United States. This overview provides the aggregated results for the European Union. Results for individual countries will be published in January 2022
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  • 76
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    EIB Fraud Investigations Activity Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150326
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: This Fraud Investigations Activity Report describes the activities of the Inspectorate General’s Fraud Investigations Division (IG/IN) in 2020, giving an overview of IG/IN’s work to prevent, detect, investigate and remedy Prohibited Conduct affecting EIB Group activities. In particular, the report provides: A chapter dedicated to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on IG/IN’s investigations; Relevant statistics and analysis on the number of allegations received and investigations conducted; A number of internal and external case studies reflecting the range of allegations handled by investigators as well as the findings and lessons learned; An overview of the fraud detection tools and methodology developed by IG/IN as well as relevant case studies showcasing how on-the-ground Proactive Integrity Reviews are performed; An overview on deterrence and rehabilitation activities; and Information on the policy work undertaken by IG/IN, such as fraud and corruption training and awareness initiatives for EIB Group staff members, and continued efforts in outreach and global partnerships
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 77
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    EIB Complaints Mechanism Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149252
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Any concerns about an EIB Group activity or project? The Complaints Mechanism listens to citizens and ensures their voice can be heard. Have a look at its Activity Report for 2020. 2020 was a particularly challenging year amid the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The EIB Group Complaints Mechanism (EIB-CM) had to find innovative ways to not only handle complaints but also interact with its key stakeholders. In 2020, the EIB-CM registered 77 new cases, handled 137 cases and closed 94 of them. The number of outstanding complaints at year-end has continued to decrease, from 89 in 2018 to 60 in 2019 and to 43 in 2020. The EIB-CM managed to close most long-overdue cases during the year. A number of highly complex cases were closed in 2020, including Nenskra HPP (Georgia), Réseau Ferroviaire Rapide (Tunisia) and Cairo Metro Line (Egypt). The key achievements are reflected in the annually published Complaints Mechanism Activity Report, which gives an overview of how through its actions the EIB Group remains accountable to the public
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 78
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    Regional Cohesion in Europe 2020-2021 : Insights from the EIB Investment Survey (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150807
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: International relations
    Abstract: EU Cohesion Policy aims to strengthen economic, social and territorial cohesion across the European Union and to correct imbalances between countries and regions. The green and digital transition are key priorities of Cohesion Policy for the next years. Cohesion support 2021-2027 is focused on five key policy objectives to support growth: A more competitive and smarter Europe A greener, low-carbon transition towards a net zero carbon economy A more connected Europe by enhancing mobility A more social and inclusive Europe A Europe closer to citizens by fostering the sustainable and integrated development of all types of territories. EU funds will support investment across these policy objectives with a particular focus on a smart and green Europe. However, the COVID-19 pandemic risks deepening divergences between citizens, territories and firms. Firms across the EU will need to adapt to the post-pandemic environment and megatrends, notably digitalization and climate change, to stay competitive looking ahead. The EU has committed to a joint recovery centered on fostering the transition towards a greener and smarter economy across the EU. The extent to which this will mitigate the risks of rising inequalities and divergences across firms depends not least on support for cohesion. Data coming from the EIB Investment Survey (EIBIS) provides a unique tool to gain insights on how non-financial corporates in cohesion and non-cohesion regions are behaving. EIBIS information sheds new light on investment needs and gaps, financing requirements as well as firm activity on innovation, digitalization and climate change
    Note: English
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  • 79
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    Finance in Africa : for green, smart and inclusive private sector development (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150630
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Africa’s recovery from the COVID-19 crisis will depend on private firms sustaining and creating jobs. But even previously thriving enterprises have been badly hit by the crisis. This report outlines the consequences of the health crisis in Africa, the potential cost of the recovery and the willingness of banks to support green investments as they look to the future
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 80
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/09 - Market finance as a spare tyre? Corporate investment and access to bank credit in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150777
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Investment & securities
    Abstract: We estimate a FAVAR with Bayesian techniques in order to investigate the impact of loan supply conditions on euro area corporate investment and its financing structure. We identify shocks to overall demand and loan supply with sign and impact restrictions. Although tightened financial conditions have adversely impacted corporate investment during and after the sovereign debt crisis, the resulting impediments in loan supply, illustrated by lower loan volumes and higher spreads, have been partly alleviated by strengthened corporate debt issuance. We show that (1) part of the protracted increase in debt to loan ratio since the crisis reflects bottlenecks in the provision of bank credit and (2) the tightened loan supply has been more adverse for small corporations with limited market access. Overall, our analysis of macro-financial developments suggests the need for policy actions to deepen the European corporate debt market and enhance market access for smaller corporates
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 81
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    A Partnership with Africa : How the European Investment Bank delivers on EU policies in Africa and our future plans for development and partnership across the continent (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150135
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: Africa is embarking upon a period in which its political, economic and social outlook will transform. The European Investment Bank is a key part of the EU toolbox that for decades has helped make the partnership between Africa and Europe stronger. We aim to maximise our potential as the EU bank, so that we can join our African partners in addressing today’s critical challenges together and embrace our opportunities. This publication lays out our track record in Africa and our vision for our future partnership with the continent
    Note: English
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  • 82
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/01 - Towards a new growth model in CESEE : Convergence and competitiveness through smart, green and inclusive investment (Volume 2021/01) (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149368
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The factors behind the pre-crisis growth model of the Central, Eastern and South-Eastern European EU countries (CESEE) region – skilled yet affordable labour force, foreign direct investment, imports of productivity-enhancing technology – are having less effect, but are yet to be substituted. This paper proposes a new growth model centred around a shift towards more home-grown innovation, digitalisation, climate change mitigation and a strong focus on skills, labour and social inclusion, to leave the middle-income trap behind for good and to boost economies’ growth prospects in a post-COVID world. Based on analysis of firm-level data, it highlights the prerequisites of making this transition happen
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 83
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    The European Fund for Strategic Investments : The Legacy : The European Fund for Strategic Investments as a game-changer for future economic stimulus programmes backed by EU public financing and for the European Investment Bank (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286148200
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The inside story of the European Fund for Strategic Investments from 2015 to 2020 told through interviews with the Managing Director, Deputy Managing Director, members of the Investment Committee and final beneficiaries across Europe.The architects of this €500 billion-plus programme, the head of the EU bank and the president of the European Commission, describe the genesis of this financial pillar of the Investment Plan for Europe. Then the people who ran one of the biggest economic stimulus programmes in history detail how they did it—and what the lessons are for policymakers responding to new crises, including the economic shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.The European Fund for Strategic Investments has been one of the good news stories to emerge in a decade of economic uncertainty. It has gone well beyond its highly ambitious target of €500 billion in mobilised investments. The Juncker Plan has made a strong contribution to the 14 million jobs created in the EU between 2015 and 2020. It has become a success in co-financing projects that otherwise might not have been carried through. It has also charted the path towards new ways of financing. This is not only the case in relatively conventional areas, such as infrastructure, but also in sectors like research and innovation or the contribution to climate change mitigation. This is exactly what makes EFSI so ground-breaking: responding to the needs of the market through continuous financial innovation.The principle of the European Fund for Strategic Investments is here to stay. It has paved the way for its successor, the InvestEU programme, which is to be deployed under the 2021-2027 multiannual financial framework. This publication details why the programme was such a success
    Note: English
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  • 84
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/05 - The impact of bank loan terms on intangible investment in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150364
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Using EIBIS data, this paper investigates the effects of different loan conditions on firms’ propensity to invest in intangible assets. When firms face restriction in how much they can borrow, this has a strong effect on how much they invest in intangible assets. Using European firm-level data from the EIB Investment Survey, this paper shows that, by contrast, unfavourable interest rates, maturity and collateral requirements have no significant effects on the probability to invest in intangible assets, provided firms are satisfied with their loan size. These terms however, do have a negative impact on the probability to invest in multiple intangible assets, undermining the ability of firms to benefit from the complementarities of these assets. The paper documents the effect of loan conditions on investment intensity, as well. The effect of quantity rationing on the amount invested in intangible assets is found to be limited. Other loan conditions however, like cost, maturity and collateral requirements, have significant effect on investment intensity
    Note: English
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  • 85
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    European firms and climate change 2020/2021 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150616
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance ; Finance and the finance industry ; Business & Economics
    Abstract: The European Union’s COVID-19 recovery plan could be the impetus businesses need to invest in climate measures and prepare for the transition to a net-zero carbon economy. Our newest climate report looks at how firms’ view these twin challenges and their preparedness to meet them. Firms are more aware of the physical risks posed by climate change, but less aware of the risks caused by the transition to clean energy. Almost half of EU firms surveyed are investing in climate change measures, compared with roughly one-third of US firms. Uncertainty over regulation and taxation continues to hamper climate investments. To green its economy, Europe needs a comprehensive strategy that will provide businesses with the guidance they need to invest in climate preparedness and the energy transition
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
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  • 86
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    Digitalisation in Europe 2020-2021 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150418
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance ; Finance and the finance industry ; Business & Economics
    Abstract: Taking an early lead on digitalisation is crucial to Europe’s lasting competitiveness. Our newest digitalisation report sheds light on the state of digitalisation in European countries: The adoption of digital technologies by firms in the European Union is improving, but it has not yet closed the gap with the United States; While some EU countries are at the global forefront of digital transformation, others risk being left behind. Digitalisation provides a unique opportunity to improve European firms’ global competitiveness. To close the digital divide, Europe needs to increase investment and to create ecosystems that support innovation
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
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  • 87
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    The state of local infrastructure investment in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149542
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance ; Finance and the finance industry ; Business & Economics
    Abstract: Europe’s COVID-19 recovery strategy calls for large-scale public investment to “building back better.” Municipalities account for 45% of all public investment – which makes them a key partner in recovery efforts. As poles of social and economic activities, municipalities will also be critical to addressing climate change and to improving digitalisation. Our municipality report analysis the findings of a survey of 685 municipalities conducted in the summer of 2020. We look at the types of projects municipalities are prioritising and which areas they think need more investment. We also analyse their ability to secure funding for key projects. In addition, the report provides important insights into regional investment gaps and the effect the pandemic had on investment priorities
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
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  • 88
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/08 - Do capacity constraints trigger high growth for enterprises? (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150500
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics ; Business & Economics ; Free Enterprise & Capitalism
    Abstract: High-Growth Enterprises have a large economic impact, but it is notoriously hard to predict when firms will experience episodes of high growth. This paper proposes that firms reaching critically high capacity utilisation levels reach a ‘trigger point’ involving either broad-based investment in further growth, or shrinking back to previous levels. It analyses EIBIS survey data (matched to the ORBIS database) which features a question on time-varying capacity utilisation. Overcapacity is a transitory state. Firms enter into overcapacity after a period of rapid growth of sales and profits, and the years surrounding overcapacity have higher employment growth rates. Firms operating at overcapacity make incremental investments (e.g. capacity expansion, process improvements, and modern machinery) rather than investing in R&D and new product development. The analysis finds support for the ‘fork in the road’ hypothesis: for some firms, overcapacity is associated with launching into massive investments and subsequent sales growth, while for other firms, overcapacity is negatively related to both investments and sales growth
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
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  • 89
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    The genome e-volution$Ivan Đikić ; European Investment Bank (2020)
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office of the European Union]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286146732 , 9286146736
    Language: English
    Pages: (1 Online-Ressource 46 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Big ideas
    Keywords: public health ; nanotechnology ; medical diagnosis ; therapeutics ; health service ; epidemic ; health risk ; AIDS ; disease prevention
    Abstract: "We have made great progress, but we are still vulnerable and our common commitment to fight global health challenges is not yet strong enough. Despite our knowledge, despite new technologies, without concentrated and global efforts we are limited in our success. Today we see it clearly." The sequencing of the human genome at the beginning of this millennium marked a new era in biomedicine. Nanotechnology and robotics have created innovative tools and powerful diagnostic techniques. Major therapeutic advances have enabled us to control HIV, and more tailor-made therapies are being implemented to treat cancer. Nonetheless huge challenges remain, not only in the field of cancer, but also with respect to neurodegenerative and other diseases. At the same time, international travel and mobility, as well as globalised trade, are affecting our living conditions and promoting the spread of infectious diseases and new viruses, like the COVID-19 coronavirus, all over the world. The Croatian physician and scientist Ivan Đikić analyses the challenges of contemporary medical research, the emerging threats, like pandemics, and the role played by health systems. This is the twelfth essay in the Big Ideas series created by the European Investment Bank
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  • 90
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    EIB Statistical Report 2019 (2020)
    Luxembourg : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286145803 , 9286145802
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p)
    Keywords: Economics ; Business & Economics / Finance ; Electronic books
    Abstract: The Statistical Report presents in list form the projects financed and borrowings undertaken by the EIB in 2019, together with a list of the EIF's projects. It also includes summary tables for the year and over the last five years
    URL: View this content on Open Research Library
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  • 91
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    Why are women entrepreneurs missing out on funding? : reflections and considerations : executive summary (2020)
    Luxembourg : EIB
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286146466 , 9286146469
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 online resource)
    Keywords: financial risk ; capital market ; female work ; entrepreneur ; entrepreneurship ; economic growth ; innovation
    Abstract: The executive summary provides a short overview of access-to-risk-capital conditions for women-led and women-founded companies in Europe, the US and Israel and summarises the findings and recommendations of the study. The study assesses the access-to-risk-capital conditions for women-driven companies in Europe in comparison to the US and Israel to contextualise emergent cross-country and regional barriers and gaps. The study finds that while women-led companies still account for a small portion of deal flow and overall volume invested the rate of growth has increased across all the examined regions. Nevertheless, structural inequalities and persistent biases both on the supply of and demand for finance for women-driven companies still hinder the transition to a more balanced, more accessible and ultimately better functioning funding environment. For this reason the study puts forth and analyses a number of options and considerations - both financial and policy related - that could help accelerate this transition. As multiple evidence-based studies and data points show, women's economic empowerment makes not only ethical but also economic and business sense. InnovFin Advisory carried out the study with support of PitchBook, complementing market data with interviews of market practitioners of the European Venture community and other stakeholders
    DOI: 10.2867/884404
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  • 92
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    EIB Group Carbon Footprint Report 2019 (2020)
    Luxembourg : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286146879 , 9286146876
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics ; Business & Economics / Finance ; Electronic books
    Abstract: The EIB Group has been measuring and managing the environmental impact of its operations since 2007. In that time we have grown to meet the needs of European citizens (and beyond) by providing sustainable finance to tackle Climate change across the globe. In 2019 the EIB Group has improved its Carbon footprint and reduced emissions resulting from its internal operations. In 2019, the relative carbon footprint per employee fell by 6.0% to 5.41 tCO2e per employee. At the same time, the Group's total net carbon footprint decreased by 4.4% to 21,434 tCO2e. This reduction is mostly driven by a decrease in business travel, commuting and data centres (Green IT)
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  • 93
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    European Investment Bank Financial Report 2019 (2020)
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office of the European Union]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286145759 , 9286145756
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial report 2019
    Keywords: audit ; European Investment Bank ; financial statistics ; public finance ; activity report
    Abstract: In 2019, the Bank's lending signatures amounted to EUR 63.3 billion. This report includes the 2019 financial statements and audit report both for the EIB and the EIB Group
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  • 94
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    The EIB Climate Survey 2019-2020 (2020)
    Luxembourg : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286146442 , 9286146442
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p)
    Keywords: Economics ; Business & Economics / Finance ; Electronic books
    Abstract: The European Investment Bank has launched a large scale survey across Europe, China and the US. Goal of the survey was to find out about: Citizens' perception about the extent of climate change Citizens' individual commitments to fight climate change Citizens' solutions for climate change Responsibility for fighting climate change The findings are particularly relevant at a time when climate is one of the top priorities in the EU's agenda, and following the EIB's adoption of a new, fossil-fuel free energy lending policy and a new climate roadmap. Conducted in partnership with market research firm BVA, the survey aims to inform the broader debate on citizens' attitudes and expectations in terms of climate action in the European Union, the United States and China. "Listening to citizens' attitudes is key for us to make sure we address their concerns, while leaving no one behind", Vice-President Emma Navarro
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  • 95
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    EIB Group Carbon Footprint Report 2019 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The EIB Group has been measuring and managing the environmental impact of its operations since 2007. In that time we have grown to meet the needs of European citizens (and beyond) by providing sustainable finance to tackle Climate change across the globe. In 2019 the EIB Group has improved its Carbon footprint and reduced emissions resulting from its internal operations.In 2019, the relative carbon footprint per employee fell by 6.0% to 5.41 tCO2e per employee. At the same time, the Group’s total net carbon footprint decreased by 4.4% to 21,434 tCO2e. This reduction is mostly driven by a decrease in business travel, commuting and data centres (Green IT)
    Note: English
    URL: OAPEN Library: download the publication
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  • 96
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    EIB Working Paper 2020/07 - The growing digital divide in Europe and the United States (Volume 2020/7) (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Using the EIBIS Digital and Skills Survey on digitalisation activities of firms in the EU and the US, this study confirms the trend toward a growing digital divide in the corporate landscape with, on one side, many firms that are not digitally active, and on the other side, a substantial number of digitally active firms forging ahead. Old small firms, with less than 50 employees and more than 10 years old, are significantly more likely to be persistently digitally non-active. We show that these persistently non-digital firms are less likely to be innovative, increase employment or command higher mark-ups. These trends are likely to exacerbate the digital divide across firms in the EU and the US
    Note: English
    URL: OAPEN Library: download the publication
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  • 97
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    Who is prepared for the new digital age? : Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: In the fight against the Coronavirus, digital technology is playing an unprecedented role in the maintenance of daily life and economic and social activities, as well as the recovery of industries and business activities. The Coronovirus-pandemic could become a tipping point for digitalisation - a dawn of a new era - by accelerating the maturity of digital technology: What was once a ‘nice to have’ could now become a ‘crucial to have’. This report analyses investment in and adoption of digital technologies by firms in the EU and the USA and provides evidence on better performance of digital firms compared to non-digital ones. The report draws from two unique sets of data, including the European Investment Bank Survey (EIBIS) 2019, and the EIBIS Start-up and Scale-up Survey 2019
    Note: English
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  • 98
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    The EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021-2025 : November 2020 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021-2025 outlines our goals for climate finance that supports the European Green Deal and helps make Europe carbon-neutral by 2050. It maps the next stages in the journey to a sustainable planet and provides a framework to counter climate change
    Note: English
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  • 99
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    EIB Operations Inside the European Union 2019 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Every year, the EIB takes a hard look at the work we do across Europe. We want to see if we are meeting goals for innovation, small businesses and the climate. We want to be sure that our projects are making a big difference in people's lives. One day our work might involve investments in better trains that encourage people to use fewer cars or new rockets that help Europe stay competitive in space. Another day, we might help the expansion of high-speed internet in people’s homes or improve scientific research in a university. Take a peek inside this report to see more examples of how we improve lives
    Note: English
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  • 100
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    Global reach : The impact of the EIB beyond the European Union 2019 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The greatest challenges we face to today are global. This is true for climate change and the need to build new models of sustainable and resilient development. It is equally true for the coronavirus pandemic that threatens to erode some of the progress made on poverty reduction around the world.As the world’s largest multilateral development bank, the European Investment Bank (EIB) has the means, and the experience, to help nations outside of Europe meet these challenges. Our report, Global Reach: The Impact of the EIB beyond the European Union, looks at our projects outside of Europe that bring clean water, green energy, new infrastructure and funds for small and female-owned businesses.Our projects provide the kind of support societies need to advance, and to advance in a way that will last well into the future
    Note: English
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