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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (28)
  • HeBIS
  • Agrawala, Shardul  (17)
  • International Energy Agency
  • Environment  (28)
  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264951983
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Umweltbewusstsein ; Umweltorganisation ; Umweltpolitik ; Energiekonsum ; Privater Konsum ; Indien ; G20-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; India
    Abstract: India, the Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE) initiative aims to encourage the adoption of sustainable lifestyles in India and internationally to tackle the challenges of environmental degradation and climate change. This report examines how India has integrated several policies in its energy transition strategy that are aligned with the LiFE initiative, highlighting the potential for behavioural change and consumption choices to help advance energy transitions globally. It then analyses the impact on energy consumption, costs and emissions of measures like those proposed by the LiFE initiative, such as buying an EV or taking public transport, if they were adopted globally. Finally, it considers how India’s first G20 Presidency could strengthen the LiFE initiative by anchoring it in the G20’s current framing of energy transitions and initiating processes to gather experience and best practices of policies and programmes that G20 members are already conducting.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264675650
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.)
    Keywords: Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Erdölindustrie ; Gaswirtschaft ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Today, oil and gas operations account for around 15% of total energy-related emissions globally, the equivalent of 5.1 billion tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions. In the International Energy Agency’s Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, the emissions intensity of these activities falls by 50% by the end of the decade. Combined with the reductions in oil and gas consumption in this scenario, this results in a 60% reduction in emissions from oil and gas operations to 2030. Fortunately, oil and gas producers have a clear opportunity to address the problem of emissions from their activities through a series of ready-to-implement and cost-effective measures. These include tackling methane emissions, eliminating all non-emergency flaring, electrifying upstream facilities with low-emissions electricity, equipping oil and gas processes with carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies, and expanding the use of hydrogen from low-emissions electrolysis in refineries. Upfront investments totalling USD 600 billion would be required to halve the emissions intensity of oil and gas operations globally by 2030. This is only a fraction of the record windfall income that oil and gas producers accrued in 2022 – a year of soaring energy prices amid a global energy crisis. This report aims to inform discussions on these issues in the run-up to the COP28 Climate Change Conference in Dubai in November and is part of a broader World Energy Outlook special report to be released later in 2023 focusing on the role of the oil and gas industry in net zero transitions.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264959972
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Tackling methane in the coal sector is a major opportunity for climate action that can also strengthen energy security. Experience shows that there are several steps countries can take today – using existing technologies and tools – that can lead to significant reductions in methane emissions from coal mining. This report highlights the lessons learned in different coal-producing jurisdictions to support the development of smart and effective methane regulation. It then provides detailed guidance on the process of designing, drafting and implementing new regulations. Finally, it discusses the different regulatory approaches currently in use for methane, with the aim of providing a comprehensive toolkit for policy makers.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (146 p.)
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The Clean Energy Transitions Programme 2022 (CETP) provides an overview of the programme’s major achievements in the last year. During this time, the CETP has driven forward an ambitious and impactful agenda, even as the world has contended with multiple overlapping crises. As just some examples, the CETP delivered the Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia , which ministers strongly welcomed at the G20, and has played a key role in shaping Indonesia’s landmark Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP). Similarly, the IEA has been able to take its engagement to a whole new level with various African countries, such as with its first-ever report on the Clean Energy Transitions in the Greater Horn of Africa , and provided policy advice that was directly accepted into China’s latest five-year plan. More broadly, it has also supported strategically important work on critical minerals, energy employment and clean energy investment. Overall, the CETP’s combination of data, insight, advice and capacity building is making a strong positive contribution to advancing clean energy transitions around the world – with a focus on emerging and developing economies. In the five years since its launch, the CETP has become the largest and most important programme at theInternational Energy Agency (IEA). It has been the main vehicle through which theIEA has established, deepened and strengthened partnerships with major nonmember countries – those countries that are at the forefront of the clean energytransition. The programme has also played a crucial role in enabling the IEA tostrengthen its global leadership role in clean energy transitions at a pace and scalethat would otherwise not have been possible, with great benefit to theprogramme’s focus countries and IEA member countries alike.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264778740
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Technology manufacturing plays a pivotal role in the energy transition required to meet climate, energy security and economic development goals. Deploying clean energy technologies at the pace required to put the world on a trajectory consistent with net zero emissions by mid-century will demand rapid expansion in manufacturing capacity, underpinned by secure, resilient and sustainable supply chains for their components and materials. The State of Clean Technology Manufacturing: Energy Technology Perspectives Special Briefing provides an update on recent progress in clean energy technology manufacturing in key regions. It focuses on five technologies – solar PV, wind, batteries, electrolysers and heat pumps – that will be critical to the energy transition. Manufacturing capacity for these technologies is expanding rapidly, driven by supportive policies, ambitious corporate strategies and consumer demand. The aim is to keep decision makers informed of investment trends and the impact that recent industrial strategies are having in these highly dynamic sectors. This special briefing was produced to support deliberations at the 2023 G7 Leaders' Summit in Hiroshima, Japan, from 19-21 May 2023. It builds on analysis in the latest edition of the IEA's flagship technology publication, Energy Technology Perspectives 2023 (ETP-2023), published in January 2023, to take into account the latest announced expansions in manufacturing capacity.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264756762
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.)
    Keywords: Dekarbonisierung ; Südostasien ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Institute of Energy Economic, Japan (IEEJ) have developed and published long-term decarbonisation pathways for Southeast Asia and Indonesia. This report provides a comparison of modelling approaches, quantitative drivers, and results from the IEA and IEEJ pathways, highlighting areas of agreement, as well as identifying and explaining differences, and thereby to derive implications.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.199
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Innovation is key to reducing the environmental impacts of plastics. However, literature is generally lacking in the field of environmentally relevant plastics innovation. This paper develops an innovative conceptual framework to document and map environmentally relevant plastics innovation. Using this framework, it develops plastics innovation metrics using patents and trademarks to quantify trends over time, across countries, and to establish preliminary empirical links between policies and innovation outcomes. Plastic waste prevention and recycling innovation has increased slightly more rapidly than overall plastics innovation. In contrast, innovation in bioplastics have witnessed a significant slowdown in recent years. Another key finding of this analysis is that environmentally relevant plastics innovation is concentrated in OECD countries and China and that top inventor countries are not specialized in the same technologies. Finally, the patent analysis shows some empirical evidence that recycling regulations may have triggered innovative activity in plastic recycling.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264900035
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Kohlepolitik ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Klimaschutz ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Coal and its emissions are a critical issue as the world contends with both the global energy crisis and the climate crisis. This report presents pragmatic, real-world guidance on how policymakers can achieve a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from coal without harming economies or energy security, outlining measures to finance energy transitions and address their social and employment aspects. It also explores the options for the power sector and other parts of the economy where coal plays a notable role. It examines a range of policy and technology areas, including the potential for carbon capture, utilisation and storage. And it addresses investment and financing needs, taking into account the importance of ensuring reliable and affordable energy supplies and of tackling the social consequences of change.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264534544
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (191 p.)
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Energieversorgung ; Resilienz ; Investition ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Growing climate change is putting global energy security at risk, threatening the reliable supply of fuels and resources. Climate change directly affects every aspect of the energy system, from the extraction, processing and transport of fuels and minerals, to the potential, efficiency and reliability of power generation, to the physical resilience of energy infrastructure, as well as impacting energy demand patterns. According to most scenarios, climate change disruptions are likely to increase in magnitude in the coming decades. A comprehensive understanding of climate effects on energy supply and demand is crucial to strengthening the resilience of energy systems. This report provides a comprehensive overview of the climate impacts and hazards facing energy systems, with projections up to the end of the 21st century. It also presents effective measures for energy suppliers, consumers and public authorities to enhance climate resilience, with cost-benefit analysis proving that investments in climate resilience bring long-term benefits.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264831674
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (145 p.)
    Keywords: Energiewende ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Ostafrika ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The future of Africa’s energy sector is important globally. The International Energy Agency (IEA) is actively supporting evidence-based energy policy making in African countries with the aim of achieving affordable and clean energy, in line with United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7. This includes ensuring universal access for all, promoting increased energy security and affordability, and accelerating the development of clean energy systems across Africa, through a sustainable and accelerated regional energy system transformation. The IEA is committed to developing clean, reliable and affordable energy systems, which are essential for achieving sustainable development objectives. It is also committed to helping African countries use energy sector transformation to cope with and recover from crises such as the Covid 19 pandemic and the Russian Federation’s (“Russia” hereafter) invasion of Ukraine, which have destabilised economies and energy systems. This can be done by improving data, informing decision making and guiding policy implementation, in collaboration with local, regional and international institutions. This report focuses on the eight countries in the greater Horn of Africa region, here defined as Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda. It recommends pathways to accelerate clean energy transitions and analyses energy trends across the region. It also highlights policy-relevant best practices for accelerating energy access, energy sector development and transition to cleaner energy sources. The report includes key policy recommendations and identifies opportunities that can help policy makers design clean, cost-effective and efficient energy systems for the future. This report is part of an IEA initiative to promote clean energy transitions in Africa through enhanced regional energy collaboration. The initiative focuses on three regions (North Africa, the Sahel and the greater Horn of Africa), and includes technical workshops and reports that assess energy sector conditions and propose pathways for accelerated transformation. A financial contribution by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs made this study by the IEA Clean Energy Transitions Programme possible.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789264663879
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Keywords: Energietechnik ; Forschungsfinanzierung ; Öffentliche Investition ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: A wide range of countries make efforts to track their entire national public energy research, development and demonstration (RD&D) activity on an ongoing basis, also sharing the collected data with the IEA through a standardised template. However, the approaches adopted to collect data vary significantly across countries. This roadmap describes the variety of country approaches, also identifying the most important common components: the institutional arrangements; the methods for collecting, classifying and validating the data; the data management and technology processes; and, finally, the dissemination. It is intended not only as a guide for countries near the beginning of their journeys towards the collection of energy RD&D, but also for countries with more advanced systems looking to strengthen specific areas. The roadmap is the product of interviews held with representatives of 20 governments between November 2021 and March 2022, and it is indebted to their generosity in sharing their experiences with tracking national energy RD&D spending. Case studies based on the interviews are used to highlight noteworthy methods, while complete national systems descriptions are included in the annex. It is hoped that this publication will serve as a reference and inspiration for experts in this important area of tracking clean energy transitions and that new experiences can be added in the future.
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 164
    Keywords: Stimulus package ; environmental policy ; policy evaluation ; policy design ; green growth ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper evaluates green stimulus packages that were introduced in response to the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2007-08 and draws lessons relevant for greening the recovery from the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis. The paper underscores the importance of building in policy evaluation mechanisms into green stimulus measures. It also provides evidence that the implementation of sufficiently large, timely and properly designed green stimulus measures can generate economic growth, create jobs and bring about environmental benefits. However, there are also trade-offs between competing economic, environmental and social policy objectives, which underscores the importance of proper policy design.
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (74 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 54
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Since the first OECD country published its national adaptation strategy in 2005, there has been a marked increase in national planning for climate change adaptation. This paper provides an overview of national adaptation planning activity across OECD countries and identifies some of the emerging lessons that have been learnt from their experiences. The analysis draws on three main sources of information: a survey of countries’ national communications to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); three country case studies (Mexico, England and the United States); and the results of a Policy Forum on Adaptation hosted by the OECD in 2012. It finds that twenty-six OECD countries have developed or are currently developing strategic frameworks for national adaptation and seventeen of those countries have also produced or are working on detailed national adaptation plans. Countries have made significant investments in building an increasingly sophisticated evidence base to support adaptation, and to build adaptive capacity. National governments have commonly established policies to mainstream adaptation into government operations and regulatory systems, and established co-ordination mechanisms to ensure action across government. Local and regional governments have also played significant roles in adaptation efforts, though less progress has been made in establishing systematic approaches to co-ordination between national and subnational governments. The development of strategies and plans has occurred recently, with implementation still at an early stage. Nonetheless, the case studies and OECD workshop revealed three key challenges faced by countries as they have started to implement their strategies and plans: overcoming climate information shortcomings and associated capacity constraints; securing adequate financing; and measuring the success of adaptation interventions. Action to address these constraints will be vital to ensuring that progress in planning translates into improvements in outcomes.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 14
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe National Adaptation Planning: Lessons from OECD Countries
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Depuis la publication de la première stratégie nationale d’adaptation par un pays de l’OCDE en 2005, les activités de planification nationale de l’adaptation au changement climatique se sont multipliées. Le présent document propose un panorama de ces activités dans les différents pays de l’OCDE et met en exergue un certain nombre d’enseignements nouveaux qui se dégagent de leur expérience. L’analyse met à profit trois principales sources d’informations : une étude des communications nationales à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC), trois études de cas nationales (Mexique, Angleterre et États-Unis) et les résultats du Forum sur l’adaptation au changement climatique tenu en 2012 à l’invitation de l’OCDE. Elle montre que 26 pays de l’OCDE ont élaboré ou sont en train d’élaborer des cadres stratégiques nationaux pour l’adaptation, et que 17 d’entre eux ont également produit des plans d’adaptation nationaux détaillés ou y travaillent. Les pays ont beaucoup investi pour constituer un socle de connaissances de plus en plus perfectionné, afin d’étayer leurs mesures d’adaptation et de renforcer leurs capacités en la matière. Les gouvernements nationaux ont généralement adopté des mesures visant à assurer une prise en compte systématique de l’adaptation dans leurs activités et dans les dispositifs réglementaires, et mis en place des mécanismes de coordination pour que des dispositions soient prises dans l’ensemble de l’administration. Les collectivités locales et les régions ont également joué un rôle important dans les efforts d’adaptation, même si la mise en place de cadres de coordination systématique entre les autorités nationales et infranationales a moins bien progressé. L’élaboration de stratégies et de plans est relativement récente et leur mise en oeuvre en est encore aux premiers stades. Les études de cas et l’atelier de l’OCDE ont néanmoins permis de constater que les pays doivent relever trois grands défis au moment de mettre en application leurs stratégies et leurs plans : surmonter le déficit d’informations sur le climat et l’insuffisance des capacités correspondantes, mobiliser un financement adéquat et mesurer l’efficacité des interventions d’adaptation. Il sera primordial de s’attaquer à ces difficultés pour faire en sorte que les avancées en matière de planification se traduisent par de meilleurs résultats.
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.40
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Adaptation et Innovation : Une analyse des données sur les brevets dans le domaine des biotechnologies agricoles
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Innovation in technologies that promote mitigation and adaptation will be critical for tackling climate change. It can decrease the costs of policy measures and provide new opportunities for the private sector. However, most discussions of innovation have focused on mitigation, while little attention has been paid to innovation for adaptation. This paper uses agricultural crop biotechnology as a case study of innovative activity. The agricultural sector is considered to be particularly vulnerable to climate change, in addition to facing the pressures of meeting the demands of a rising world population. Innovation in plant breeding to develop crop varieties that are more resilient to climate change impacts is one of several possible adaptation options for agriculture. This paper neither advocates nor discourages the use of biotechnology, but focuses on providing estimates of the level and trends of innovation in this field.
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  • 16
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Private Sector Engagement in Adaptation to Climate Change: Approaches to Managing Climate Risks
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La planification, le financement et la mise en oeuvre des mesures d’adaptation au changement climatique suscitent de par le monde un intérêt croissant. Jusqu’à présent, c’est surtout le rôle du secteur public qui a focalisé l’attention, le secteur privé étant principalement envisagé en tant que source de financement et d’investissements. En revanche, il a été assez peu question de la réaction du secteur privé aux risques et aux débouchés du changement climatique. La présente analyse vise donc à mieux comprendre le rôle du secteur privé. Dans ce document, on analysera les progrès accomplis par le secteur privé sur le front de l’adaptation au changement climatique, à partir d’éléments issus de seize études de cas relevant de différentes branches d’activité. Ce travail sera complété par une analyse générale des mesures d’adaptation à l’échelle de l’ensemble du secteur privé, à partir des réponses au questionnaire du Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) de 2009. Les études de cas contiennent des éléments sur le niveau de sensibilisation des entreprises aux risques et aux points de vulnérabilité potentiels au changement climatique, sur les progrès qu’elles ont pu accomplir dans l’évaluation des incidences spécifiques à leur activité du changement climatique et des réponses possibles, et sur les mesures et les stratégies d’adaptation qu’elles ont mises en oeuvre pour maîtriser ces risques. On examinera également dans quelle mesure les entreprises tirent parti des nouveaux débouchés amenés par le changement climatique. Ce travail met en lumière les facteurs qui peuvent motiver les entreprises à prendre des mesures d’adaptation et définit les éléments communs susceptibles d’influer sur la capacité des entreprises à agir pour l’adaptation, sur leurs motivations à agir et leur perception de la nécessité de l’adaptation. On cherchera à comprendre comment ces facteurs peuvent favoriser ou freiner l’adaptation, et on évaluera les rôles que peuvent jouer les pouvoirs publics pour éliminer les obstacles à l’action, pour encourager l’engagement du secteur privé et l’inciter à investir pour l’adaptation.
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  • 17
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Adaptation and Innovation: An Analysis of Crop Biotechnology Patent Data
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: L’innovation dans les technologies liées à l’atténuation et à l’adaptation sera capitale dans la lutte contre le changement climatique. Elle peut permettre de réduire le coût de l’action des pouvoirs publics et offrir de nouvelles opportunités au secteur privé. Cependant, la plupart des débats sur l’innovation portent sur l’atténuation, au détriment de l’adaptation. Le présent document se fonde, pour une étude de cas sur l’activité d’innovation, sur les biotechnologies agronomiques. Le secteur agricole, déjà sollicité pour répondre à la demande d’une population mondiale en augmentation, est en effet considéré comme particulièrement vulnérable face au changement climatique. Innover pour améliorer les espèces végétales et développer des variétés plus résistantes aux incidences du changement climatique est l’une des nombreuses possibilités d’adaptation qui s’offrent à l’agriculture. Le présent document n’a pas vocation à prôner ou décourager le recours aux biotechnologies, mais fournit des estimations sur le degré d’innovation dans ce domaine et sur les tendances qui se dégagent.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/16
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is a carbon reduction technology that offers permanent net removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. This has been termed 'negative carbon dioxide emissions', and offers a significant advantage over other mitigation alternatives, which only decrease the amount of emissions to the atmosphere. The benefits inherent within this technology are currently receiving increased attention from policy makers. To facilitate the development of appropriate policy incentives, this paper reviews the treatment of 'negative carbon dioxide emissions' under current and planned international carbon accounting frameworks. It finds that, while current frameworks provide limited guidance, proposed and revised guidelines could provide an environmentally sound reporting framework for BECCS. However, the paper also notes that, as they currently stand, new guidelines do not tackle a critical issue that has implications for all biomass energy systems, namely the overall carbon footprint of biomass production and use. It recommends that, to the best extent possible, all carbon impacts of BECCS are fully reflected in carbon reporting and accounting systems under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.24
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: National governments and development agencies have invested considerable effort in recent years to develop methodologies and tools to screen their projects for the risks posed by climate change. However, these tools have largely been developed by the climate change community and their application within actual project settings remains quite limited. An alternate and complementary approach would be to examine the feasibility of incorporating consideration of climate change impacts and adaptation within existing modalities for project design, approval, and implementation. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) are particularly relevant in this context.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.39
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: There is growing international interest in the planning, financing and implementation of adaptation to climate change. However, the discussion to date has primarily focused on the public sector’s role, with the private sector viewed primarily as a source of funding or financing. Relatively little attention has been paid to how the private sector is responding to the risks and opportunities from climate change. In this context, this analysis aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of private sector’s role. This paper examines the private sector’s progress in adapting to climate change by considering information from sixteen case studies, drawn from a range of industries across the private sector. This is complemented by a high-level analysis of broader private sector adaptation based on responses to the 2009 Carbon Disclosure Project questionnaire. The case studies provide insight into companies’ awareness of potential climate risks and vulnerabilities, their progress in assessing specific impacts on their businesses and possible ways to respond to them, and their implementation of adaptation measures and strategies to manage these risks. The analysis also examines how companies are taking advantage of new business opportunities arising from climate change. The paper explores companies’ motivations for implementing adaptation measures, and establishes common factors which can affect companies’ capacities to adapt, their incentives for action, and their perspectives on the need to adapt. The analysis considers how these factors can both encourage and impede adaptation, and assesses potential public sector roles for eliminating barriers to action, encouraging engagement and incentivising private sector investment in adaptation.
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.38
    Keywords: Environment ; Development
    Abstract: In the context of scaled up funding for climate change adaptation, it is more important than ever to ensure the effectiveness, equity and efficiency of adaptation interventions. Robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an essential part of this, both to ensure that the prospective benefits of interventions are being realised and to help improve the design of future interventions. This paper is the first empirical assessment of M&E frameworks used by development co-operation agencies for projects and programmes with adaptation-specific or adaptation-related components. It has analysed 106 project documents across six bilateral development agencies. Based on this, it identifies the characteristics of M&E for adaptation and shares lessons learned on the choice and use of indicators for adaptation. This analysis has found that Result Based Management, the Logical Framework Approach and the accompanying logframe are the most common M&E approaches used for adaptation. In applying these approaches, the long-term perspective of most adaptation initiatives means that it is particularly important to clearly differentiate between outcomes, outputs and activities. In addition, M&E frameworks for adaptation should combine qualitative, quantitative and binary indicators. The baselines for these indicators should include the effects of future climate change, particularly for projects with long-term implications, such as investments in infrastructure. Significant challenges remain in relation to dealing with shifting baselines, attribution and time lags between interventions and outcomes.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.15
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Much of the current policy debate on adaptation to climate change has focussed on estimation of adaptation costs, ways to raise and to scale-up funding for adaptation, and the design of the international institutional architecture for adaptation financing. There is however little or no emphasis so far on actual delivery mechanisms to channel these resources at the sub-national level, particularly to target the poor who are also often the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. It is in this context that microfinance merits a closer look. This paper offers the first empirical assessment of the linkages between microfinance supported activities and adaptation to climate change. Specifically, the lending portfolios of the 22 leading microfinance institutions in two climate vulnerable countries – Bangladesh and Nepal - are analysed to assess the synergies and potential conflicts between microfinance and adaptation. The two countries had also been previously examined as part of an earlier OECD report on the links between macro-level Official Development Assistance and adaptation. This analysis provides a complementary “bottom-up” perspective on financing for adaptation. Insights from this analysis also have implications for OECD countries. This is because microfinance is also being increasingly tapped to reduce the vulnerability of the poor in domestic OECD contexts as well and may therefore have the potential to contribute to adaptation. The paper identifies areas of opportunity where microfinance could be harnessed to play a greater role in fostering adaptation, as well as its limitations in this context. It also explores the linkage between the top-down macro-financing for adaptation through international financial mechanisms and the bottom-up activities that can be implemented through microfinance.
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 84 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.23
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Financing for adaptation is a core element in the ongoing international negotiations on climate change. This has motivated a number of recent global estimates of adaptation costs. While important from an agenda setting perspective, many of these estimates nevertheless have a number of limitations. They are typically static (i.e. estimated for one specific year), do not differentiate between investments in various types of adaptation or quantify the resulting benefits, and are delinked from policies and investments in greenhouse gas mitigation.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.6
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The present report seeks to inform critical questions with regard to policy mixes of investments in adaptation and mitigation, and how they might vary over time. This is facilitated here by examining adaptation within global Integrated Assessment Modelling frameworks. None of the existing Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) captures adaptation satisfactorily. Many models do not specify the damages from climate change, and those that do mostly assume implicitly that adaptation is set at an “optimal” level that minimizes the sum total of the costs of adaptation and the residual climate damages that might occur. This report develops and applies a framework for the explicit incorporation of adaptation in Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs). It provides a consistent framework to investigate “optimal” balances between investments in mitigating climate change, investments in adapting to climate change and accepting (future) climate change damages. By including adaptation into IAMs these already powerful tools for policy analysis are further improved and the interactions between mitigation and adaptation can be analysed in more detail. To demonstrate the approach a framework for incorporating adaptation as a policy variable was developed for two IAMs– the global Dynamic Integrated model for Climate and the Economy (DICE) and its regional counterpart, the Regional Integrated model for Climate and the Economy (RICE). These modified models – AD-DICE and AD-RICE – are calibrated and then used in a number of policy simulations to examine the distribution of adaptation costs and the interactions between adaptation and mitigation. Using the limited information available in current models, and calibrating to a specific damage level, so-called adaptation cost curves are estimated for the world. Adaptation cost curves are also estimated for different regions, although given the limited information available to calibrate the regional curves these should be considered as rough approximations of the actual adaptation potential in the different regions. These adaptation cost curves reflect how different adaptation levels will provide a wedge between gross damages (i.e. damages that would occur in the absence of adaptation) and residual damages. The analysis presented suggests that a good adaptation policy matters especially when suboptimal mitigation policies are implemented. Similarly, a good mitigation strategy is more important when optimal adaptation levels are unattainable. The rationale for this result is that both policy control options can compensate to some extent for deviations from the efficient outcome caused by non-optimality of the other control option. It should be noted, however, that in many cases there are limits to adaptation with regard to the magnitude and rate of climate change. The higher the current value of damages, the more important mitigation is as a policy option in comparison to adaptation. The comparison between adaptation and mitigation therefore depends crucially on the assumptions in the model, and especially on the discount rate and the level of future damages. The policy simulations also suggest that to combat climate change in an efficient way, short term optimal policies would consist of a mixture of substantial investments in adaptation measures, coupled with investments in mitigation, even though the latter will only decrease damages in the longer term. The costs of inaction are high, and thus it is more important to start acting on mitigation and adaptation even when there is limited information on which to base the policies, than to ignore the problems climate change already poses. Ongoing increases in expected damages over time imply that adaptation is not an option that should be considered only for the coming decades, but it will be necessary to keep investing in adaptation options, as both the challenges and benefits of adaptation increase. The results of these policy simulations confirm the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on the relationship between adaptation and mitigation as described in the Synthesis Report of the Fourth Assessment Report. The framework developed in this report opens the door for further simulations that examine adaptation cost issues within other, more complex IAMs. The model additions investigated in this report can also shed light on how the next generation of IAMs will look. These tools can also be further strengthened by the incorporation of more detailed regional knowledge on the impacts of climate change and of adaptation options.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264046870
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (154 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Economic Aspects of Adaptation to Climate Change; Costs, Benefits and Policy Instruments
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Economic Aspects of Adaptation to Climate Change: Costs, Benefits and Policy Instruments
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance
    Abstract: Le changement climatique pose un défi majeur au développement économique et social. Cette étude présente une évaluation critique des coûts et des bénéfices de l’adaptation dans certains secteurs clés mais vulnérables au changement climatique ainsi qu’à l’échelle nationale et mondiale. Au-delà de la problématique de l’estimation des coûts, cette analyse oriente le débat sur le potentiel et les limites des instruments économiques – par exemple, assurance et partage des risques, marchés et tarification de biens et services environnementaux, partenariats public-privé – visant à encourager les activités d’adaptation.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789264046214
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aspects économiques de l'adaptation au changement climatique ; Coûts, bénéfices et instruments économiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aspects économiques de l'adaptation au changement climatique : Coûts, bénéfices et instruments économiques
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Economic aspects of adaptation to climate change
    DDC: 363.73874
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Climatic changes Economic aspects ; Climatic changes Government policy ; Environment ; Governance ; Klimaänderung ; Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftspolitik
    Abstract: Climate change poses a serious challenge to social and economic development. This report provides a critical assessment of adaptation costs and benefits in key climate sensitive sectors, as well as at national and global levels. It also moves the discussion beyond cost estimation to the potential and limits of economic and policy instruments - including insurance and risk sharing, environmental markets and pricing, and public private partnerships - that can be used to motivate adaptation actions.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264031692
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Climate change in the European Alps
    DDC: 338.47914
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Tourismus ; Wintersport ; Katastrophe ; Alpenraum ; Climatic changes ; Tourism ; Hazard mitigation ; Environment ; Austria ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; Switzerland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Alpen ; Management ; Naturkatastrophe ; Klimaänderung ; Wintertourismus
    Abstract: This report assesses the implications of climate change on winter tourism and natural hazards management in the European Alps, with a particular focus on how these activities can adapt to climate change. The report presents the first systematic cross-country analysis of the effects of climate change on snow-reliability in the European Alps. It also examines the implications of climate change for a range of natural hazards prevalent in the Alps, with a particular focus on frameworks and financial mechanisms to manage natural hazards in three countries: France, Switzerland and Austria. Technological and behavioural adaptation measures, together with institutional structures and risk transfer mechanisms, are also reviewed.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264108325
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (323 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Climatic changes Economic aspects ; Greenhouse gas mitigation Economic aspects ; Environment ; Klimaänderung ; Auswirkung ; Bewertung ; Umweltschutz ; Externer Effekt ; Sozialer Ertrag ; Wohlfahrtseffekt ; Nutzen ; Quantifizierung
    Abstract: The Benefits of Climate Change Policies provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in assessment of the global benefits of climate change policies. It includes recent analyses and viewpoints from well-known scientists and policy analysts, including John Callaway (UNEP Risoe Centre), Henry Jacoby (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Sam Hitz and Joel Smith (Stratus Consulting), Roger Jones (CSIRO, Australia), Michele Pittini and Mujaba Rahman (UK government), John Schellnhuber (and other co-authors from Tyndall Centre, UK), Stephen Schneider (Stanford University), and Tom Wigley (NCAR).
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