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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (307)
  • GBV
  • 2015-2019  (307)
  • 2017  (307)
  • [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA  (307)
Datenlieferant
  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (307)
  • GBV
Materialart
Sprache
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 2015-2019  (307)
Jahr
  • 1
    Online-Ressource
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889450916
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (159 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: This e-book presents state-of-the-art research projects and opinions on using paleolimnology for lake restoration and managment. It illustrates the general idea that proposing adequate restoration and managment solutions must be based on the past. Knowing the natural and anthropic variations a water body went through defines the best ways for maintaining or restoring an ecosystem. By quantifying baseline conditions, paleolimnology provides a definite plan for restoration and management. This cannot be achieved without studying the past
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  • 2
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453276
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (183 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Invasive fungal diseases have increased many fold over the past 50 years. Current treatment regimens typically require prolonged administration of antifungal medications that can have significant toxicity. Moreover, our present potent antifungal armamentarium fails to eradicate fungal pathogens from certain compromised hosts. Additionally, invasive fungal diseases continue to have unacceptably high mortality rates. A growing body of work has focused on the utility of vaccines and/or immunotherapy as a powerful tool in combating mycoses, either for the active treatment, as an adjuvant, or in the prevention of specific fungal pathogens. Also, it is growing the interest over new drugs development as second choice for treatment when traditional chemotherapy fail. This Research Topic will detail the exciting progress in developing vaccines, immunotherapy and new drugs for fungi
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  • 3
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889450923
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Plant architecture is a major determinant of the resource use efficiency of crops. The architecture of a plant shows ontogenetic structural changes which are modified by multiple environmental factors: Plant canopies are exposed to natural fluctuations in light quantity and the dynamically changing canopy architecture induces local variations in light quality. Changing temperature conditions or water availability during growth additionally affect plant architecture and thus crop productivity, because plants have various options to adapt their architecture to the available resources. Meeting the challenge of ensuring food security we must understand the plant’s mechanisms for integrating and responding to an orchestra of environmental factors. ‘Virtual plants’ describe plant architecture in silico. Virtual plants have the potential to help us understanding the complex feedback processes between canopy architecture, multiple environmental factors and crop productivity. As a research tool, they have become increasingly popular within the last decade due to their great power of realistically visualizing the plant’s architecture. This Research Topic highlights current research carried out on modeling plant architecture in changing environments
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9782889453085
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (216 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Since the late 1800s, the discovery of new viruses was a gradual process. Viruses were described one by one using a suite of techniques such as (electron) microscopy and viral culture. Investigators were usually interested in a disease state within an organism, and expeditions in viral ecology were rare. The advent of metagenomics using high-throughput sequencing has revolutionized not only the rate of virus discovery, but also the nature of the discoveries. For example, the viral ecology and etiology of many human diseases are being characterized, non-pathogenic viral commensals are ubiquitous, and the description of environmental viromes is making progress. This Frontiers in Virology Research Topic showcases how metagenomic and bioinformatic approaches have been combined to discover, classify and characterize novel viruses
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  • 5
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451951
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (77 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: This Research Topic contains proceedings of the final conference for COST Action BM1101 “Network of dystonia syndromes”. The topic highlights consolidated knowledge and unmet needs in a field that is evolving very fast. This publication is based upon work from COST Action BM1101, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)
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  • 6
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889450985
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (167 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is traditionally viewed as an anatomic and neuropathological condition. Caring for TBI patients is a matter of defining the extent of an anatomical lesion, managing this lesion, and minimizing secondary brain injury. On the research side, the effects of TBI often are studied in the context of neuronal and axonal degeneration and the subsequent deposition of abnormal proteins such as tau. These approaches form the basis of our current understanding of TBI, but they pay less attention to the function of the affected organ, the brain. Much can be learned about TBI by studying this disorder on a systems neuroscience level and correlating changes in neural circuitry with neurological and cognitive function. There are several aspects of TBI that are a natural fit for this perspective, including post-traumatic epilepsy, consciousness, and cognitive sequelae. How individual neurons contribute to network activity and how network function responds to injury are key concepts in examining these areas. In recent years, the available tools for studying the role of neuronal assemblies in TBI have become increasingly sophisticated, ranging from optogenetic and electrophysiological techniques to advanced imaging modalities such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography. Further progress in understanding the disruption and subsequent reshaping of networks is likely to have substantial benefits in the treatment of patients with TBI-associated deficits. In this Frontiers Topic, we intend to highlight the systems neuroscience approach to studying TBI. In addition to analyzing the clinical sequelae of TBI in this context, this series of articles explores the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying network dysfunction, including alterations in synaptic activity, changes in neural oscillation patterns, and disruptions in functional connectivity. We also include articles on treatment options for TBI patients that modulate network function. It is our hope that this Frontiers Topic will increase the clinical and scientific communities’ awareness of this viable framework for deepening our knowledge of TBI and improving patient outcomes
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9782889452033
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (402 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: This Research Topic is de ...
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  • 8
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452774
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (131 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Increasing evidence supports the claim that stress changes play a fundamental role in triggering volcanic eruptions. Stress changes may vary in origin to include earthquakes, erosion and landslide processes, deglaciation, or tidal effects. The local stress can also change as response of magma influx from deeper reservoirs and an increase of the magma/gas pressure. The stress transfer may be of great importance in reawakening a dormant system. As an example, significant statistical correlation of large earthquakes and eruptions in time and space was suggested in many works. The interaction may be two-fold; where magma intrusions may change the stress at active faults and trigger earthquakes, while tectonic earthquakes may affect the magmatic system and change the eruption activity. The change in local tectonic stress has been claimed as trigger of large ignimbrite eruptions or for controlling the eruptive style of explosive eruptions. Sometimes volcano systems that are nested or closely located may become active in chorus; neighbouring volcanoes may interact in the sense that one volcano triggers its neighbouring volcano. However, although there is ample evidence of concurrence, the processes of interacting volcanoes and near- to far-field tectonic stress are not well understood. Some studies suggest that volcanic eruptions are triggered if compressive stress acts at the magma system and “squeezes” out magma. Other studies suggest that extensional stress fields facilitate magma rise and thus encourage eruptions, or that fluctuating compression and extension during the passing of seismic waves trigger eruptions. This research topic tries to address some of the important open questions in interaction between stress field and volcanic eruption, though both review papers and new contributions
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  • 9
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451890
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Enterobacteriaceae are spread worldwide and the diseases they cause may be fatal especially in immunocompromised patients. Moreover, the high prevalence of ESBL producing Salmonella and Shigella species diseases worldwide suggests major underlying safety issues. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 2015, approximately 220 million children contract diarrhoeal diseases every year and 96 000 die. As a result, the increase in single or multi drug-resistant foodborne bacterial pathogens is of major public health concern. Moreover, resistance to antimicrobials was found among Salmonella spp and Campylobacter spp from animals and food, and since fluoroquinolones became licensed for use in animal foods, especially for poultry, the rate of fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella spp and Campylobacter spp in animals and human food, and then in human infections, rapidly increased. To that purpose, the findings of the conducted studies in the book chapters, 1) highlight surveillance studies reporting the occurrence and distribution of resistance to antimicrobial agents, namely, to third generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones, 2) describe the mechanisms of transmission of resistance determinants from animals, food products and clinical specimens, that allow implementation of appropriate measures to control their spread and adopt appropriate therapeutic measures, and 3) provide treatment options, useful to medical practice
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  • 10
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452873
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Together with the microfilament, microtubule and intermediate-filament networks, septins constitute an integral part of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Historically identified as proteins critical for septum formation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, septin family GTPases are expressed and participate in the process of cytokinesis in most eukaryotes except higher plants. More than a dozen septin genes in mammals, together with various splice variants displaying tissue-specific expression patterns and flexible hetero-polymeric higher-order assembly achieve an unfathomable complexity superior to the other cytoskeletal components. Even though the initial studies in the septin field was restricted to their evolutionarily conserved role in cell division, strong expression of septins in the non-dividing cells of the brain generated great interest in understanding their role in neuronal morphogenesis and other aspects of cellular function. On one hand, recent developments indicate complex non-canonical roles for septins in diverse processes ranging from neuronal development to immune response and calcium signaling. On the other hand several lines of data including those from knockout models question the universal role for septins in animal cell cytokinesis. Mammalian hematopoietic cells seem to proliferate and efficiently undergo cytokinesis in the absence of pivotal septin proteins in a context-dependent manner. The lack of septin-dependence of hematopoiesis also opens the possibility of safely targeting septin-dependent cytokinesis for solid-tumor therapy. Thus the septin field is perfectly poised with novel roles for septins being discovered and the basic understanding on septin assembly and its canonical functions constantly revisited. The objective of this research topic was to provide an exclusive platform for discussing these rapid advances in the septin field. With a mixture of reviews and research articles encompassing diverse areas of septin research, ranging from the humble yeast model to human cancer, this ebook will be an interesting reading material for both experts as well as new comers to the septin field
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9782889451357
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (170 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Pathogenic Escherichia co ...
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  • 12
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453450
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (155 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Personality can be understood from at least two perspectives. One focuses on stable, between-person differences, or traits. The other perspective focuses on within-person differences and dynamics, i.e., fluctuations in personality in response to situations and across time. This Research Topic reflects recent developments in personality research to integrate both trait and dynamic perspectives. An integrated view on personality recognizes both stability in between-person differences and within-person change. Contributors are drawn from research teams across Europe, North America and Australasia, and from basic and applied fields, including organizational, educational, and clinical. The studies reported provide new evidence in support of an integrative approach, highlight currently active areas of research and propose new directions of research. Current streams of research include the study of contingent units of personality and within-person processes underlying traits, the comparisons of findings based on within- vs. between-person data, the conceptualisation and operationalization of perceived and objective change in situation variables, the malleability of personality and the potential for personality interventions. Integrative approaches using within-person designs provide new, bottom-up insights into general principles of personality that explain differences between people while reflecting the complexities of within-person personality dynamics at the level of the individual
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  • 13
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889450794
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Recent years have brought new insights to the understanding of Parkinson’s disease, impact of exercise and sound displays in rehabilitation and movement facilitation. There is growing evidence that auditory signals in the environment can provide a temporal template for movement and change the mode of motor control from intrinsic to extrinsic; habitual to goal-directed, enabling enhanced motor performance in patients. In addition, forced exercise rate studies show that exercising at the pace of healthy adults can have potential neuroprotective benefits for patients. Many research groups have explored the use of auditory cues (such as rhythmical auditory training) in improving gait and upper limb movement parameters. Cues are usually either intermittent (metronome) or continuous (dynamic sound displays). Similarly, dance based interventions suggest that patients benefit from additional sensory information (i.e. the temporal structure embedded in music and proprioceptive information from a dancing partner) that facilities movement. On the contrary, studies dedicated to auditory perception and motor timing report an impaired ability of patients to perceive and synchronise with complex rhythmical structures (i.e. causing an inability to play musical instruments). With the growth of modern technology and the increasing portability of hi-specification devices (such as smart phones), new research questions on the design of interventions are beginning to emerge as we strive for more efficient therapeutic approaches. In this Research Topic we wanted to bring together top scientists from the movement disorder, motor control and sound related studies along with therapists. That way, we can engage in cross-disciplinary and challenging scientific debate about future rehabilitation avenues and frontiers for Parkinson’s disease patients
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  • 14
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453467
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (177 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The formation of a complex multicellular organism from a single cell is one of the most amazing processes of biology. Embryonic development is characterised by the careful regulation of cellular behaviours such that cells proliferate, migrate, differentiate and form tissues at the correct place and time. These processes are genetically controlled and depend both on the history of cells, their lineage, and on the activities of signalling pathways, which coordinate the cell interactions leading to organogenesis. The aim of the Frontiers research topic “Signalling pathways in embryonic development” has been to provide a forum for experts in cell and developmental biology to share recent advances in the field of signalling during embryonic development. Sixteen articles in a variety of formats are united in this Topic, offering a valuable collection for researchers looking for an update in the knowledge of signalling pathways operating during embryogenesis. The works, focused mainly on vertebrates, explore different aspects of this theme from cell communication to organ formation and have implications for areas as distant as evolution or pathology. Understanding developmental signalling pathways is important for several reasons. It gives us information about basic mechanisms of cell function and interactions needed for morphogenesis and organogenesis. It uncovers the basis of congenital malformations, since errors at any step of cell signalling during development are a major cause of defects. This fundamental insight gives us clues to understand the mechanisms operating in evolution that explain diversity in form and function. And finally, it allows the identification of possible causes of disease in the adult organism (such as cancer or degenerative diseases) pinpointing possible targets for therapeutic approaches
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  • 15
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453405
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (135 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: This special issue review ...
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9782889451180
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (178 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Despite the centrality of ...
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9782889451159
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (255 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The onset of flowering is an important step during the lifetime of a flowering plant. During the past two decades, there has been enormous progress in our understanding of how internal and external (environmental) cues control the transition to reproductive growth in plants. Many flowering time regulators have been identified from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Most of them are assembled in regulatory pathways, which converge to central integrators which trigger the transition of the vegetative into an inflorescence meristem. For crop cultivation, the time of flowering is of upmost importance, because it determines yield. Phenotypic variation for this trait is largely controlled by genes, which were often modified during domestication or crop improvement. Understanding the genetic basis of flowering time regulation offers new opportunities for selection in plant breeding and for genome editing and genetic modification of crop species
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  • 18
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451289
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (195 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Big data is revolutionizing our ability to measure and study the human brain. New technology increases the resolution of images that are being study as well as enables researchers to study the brain as it functions. These technological advances are combined with efforts to collect neuroimaging data on large numbers of subjects, in some cases longitudinally. This combination of advances in measurement and scope of studies requires novel development in the statistical analysis. Fast, scalable, robust and accurate models and approaches need to be developed to make headway on these problems. This volume represents a unique collection of researchers providing deep insights on the statistical analysis of big neuroimaging data
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9782889452132
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: With the emergence of Sys ...
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  • 20
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889450671
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (173 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Tropical ecosystems are different in important ways from those of temperate regions. They are a major reservoir of plant and animal biodiversity and play important roles in global climate regulation and biogeochemical cycling. They are also under great threat due to the conversion of tropical ecosystems to other uses. Thus, in the context of global change, it is crucial to understand how environmental factors, biogeographic patterns, and land use changes interact to influence the structure and function of microbial communities in these ecosystems. The contributions to this Research Topic showcase the current knowledge regarding microbial ecology in tropical ecosystems, identify many challenges and questions that remain to be addressed and open up new horizons in our understanding of the environmental and anthropological factors controlling microbial communities in these important ecosystems.Tropical ecosystems are different in important ways from those of temperate regions. They are a major reservoir of plant and animal biodiversity and play important roles in global climate regulation and biogeochemical cycling. They are also under great threat due to the conversion of tropical ecosystems to other uses. Thus, in the context of global change, it is crucial to understand how environmental factors, biogeographic patterns, and land use changes interact to influence the structure and function of microbial communities in these ecosystems. The contributions to this Research Topic showcase the current knowledge regarding microbial ecology in tropical ecosystems, identify many challenges and questions that remain to be addressed and open up new horizons in our understanding of the environmental and anthropological factors controlling microbial communities in these important ecosystems
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  • 21
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452590
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Play is a ubiquitous and universal aspect of early childhood. Although it may take different forms throughout development and across cultures, decades of research have found play to be related to important, positive outcomes. Play provides children with valuable cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal learning opportunities. It can act as a mode of communication for young children and allows them to practice ways of managing complex interpersonal interactions. Specific aspects of play, such as children’s creativity in pretend play, have been associated with resilience and coping. The significance of play in childhood has led to its frequent use in the assessment of child development and in the implementation of child and parent-child psychological and educational interventions. Historically, however, the validity and efficacy of these interventions have not been rigorously evaluated. Further, few assessment and intervention models have included parents, teachers, and other key caregivers, but have focused only on the child. This Research Topic will bring together the most current literature on the use of play in child assessment and intervention
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  • 22
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453207
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (202 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: This Research Topic was focused on provision of novel medical technologies worldwide keeping in mind financial sustainability challenge. An exemplary area certainly are oncology pharmaceuticals where prices have increased 10-fold in recent years leading to concerns on affordability. The objective of this collection of studies was to reveal some of the hidden underlying causes of unequal access to the medicines. Another core issue is the growing proportion of out-of-pocket health spending in many world regions. In line with the joint efforts of the editors and authors we received an exceptionally high response worldwide. This E-Book attracted a total of 37 self-standing research submissions out of which 32 ultimately passed external peer review and got published. Base affiliations of the authors spread across academia, pharmaceutical and medical device industry, governmental authorities and clinical medicine. Their home institutions were situated in fifteen different countries inclusive of Japan, Israel, Russia, USA, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Spain, Malta, Serbia, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary and Malaysia. We frankly believe that authors succeeded to cover important literature gaps referring to these world regions. We solicit global professional audience to put our efforts to the test and read this contribution to the health economics literature
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9782889453719
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Oral health disparities are profound worldwide, and they affect the quality of life of individuals of all age groups. Disparities in oral health are seen in racial and ethnic minorities, at different socioeconomic levels and due to differences in environment and cultural factors. Several determinants of oral health have been identified at the population, community, family and individual levels. These determinants represent a complex interplay of the social, biological, cultural and economic factors that in turn affect the oral health behaviors, environmental exposures, health care utilization. To date, biological factors related to oral diseases have received much attention in oral health research; whilst social and cultural determinants have just started to receive recognition for their role in oral disease development and progression. This research highlights that interventions designed to reduce disparities should adopt a multi-level approach in order to identify the modifiable mechanisms and target all determinants of oral health disparities. In this Research Topic, we will focus on the role of social, environmental and cultural factors in the development and progression of oral diseases, their role in oral health disparities and interventions focusing on these factors to improve oral health and reduce disparities
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  • 24
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451098
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (134 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The interdisciplinary studies between neuroscience and information science have greatly promoted the development of these two fields. The achievements of these studies can help humans understand the essence of biological systems, provide computational platforms for biological experiments, and improve the intelligence and performance of the algorithms in information science. This research topic is focused on the computational modeling of visual cognition, body sense, motor control and their integrations. Firstly, the modeling and simulation of vision and body sense are achieved by 1) understanding neural mechanism underlying sensory perception and cognition, and 2) mimicking accordingly the structures and mechanisms of their signal propagation pathways. The achievement of this procedure could provide neural findings for better encoding and decoding visual and somatosensory perception of humans, and help robots or systems build humanoid robust vision, body sensing, and various emotions. Secondly, the modeling and simulation of the motor system of the primate are achieved by mimicking the coordination of bones, muscles and joints and the control mechanisms of the neural system in the brain and spinal cord. This procedure could help robots achieve fast, robust and accurate manipulations and be used for safe human-computer interaction. Finally, by integrating them, more complete and intelligent systems/robots could be built to accomplish various tasks self-adaptively and automatically
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  • 25
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453399
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (163 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are evolutionarily conserved in all eukaryotes and allow cells to respond to changes in the physical and chemical properties of the environment and to produce an appropriate response by altering many cellular functions. MAPKs are among the most intensively studied signal transduction systems. MAPK research is a very dynamic field in which new perspectives are continuously opening to the scientific community. Importantly, many MAPK inhibitors have been developed during the last years and are currently being tested in preclinical and clinical assays for inflammatory diseases and cancer treatment. In this research topic, we have gathered 14 papers covering recent advances in different aspects of the MAPK research area that have provided valuable insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics, the regulation and functions of MAPK pathways, as well as their therapeutic potential. We hope that this Research Topic helps readers to have a better understanding of the progresses that have been made recently in the field of MAPK signalling. A deeper understanding of the these pathways will facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic approaches
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  • 26
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451043
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (151 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Eukaryotic cells contain ...
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9782889451876
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (220 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Rehabilitation of cognitive functions is a primary goal in neurological and psychiatric settings. Cognitive treatments include individual and group exercises, as well as the use of computer programs and virtual reality. Besides, ongoing studies have been examining the clinical usefulness of non-invasive cerebral cortex stimulation in increasing the efficacy of cognitive protocols. Cognitive rehabilitation is based on neuroplasticity and affects brain morphological and physiological responses by integration of behavioral and cognitive changes. The brain correlates of rehabilitation-induced modifications can be investigated through magnetic resonance imaging, both at structural and functional macro-levels. Animal research can integrate such information providing data on axonal regrowth and reshaping of synaptic connectivity in response to treatment. Animal models of neurological and psychiatric conditions have been developed, and preclinical test batteries for the assessment of cognitive functions in animal models of such conditions have been created. The question is then: how does rehabilitation drive reorganization at the neuronal level? The focus of this Research Topic is on rehabilitation-induced cognitive and neural plasticity in adult humans and animal models. The goal is to provide an integrated picture highlighting what techniques have been proven to be effective
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9782889452682
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (203 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The current book addresses the development of mental state understanding in children with typical and atypical population, and reports new suggestions about the way to evaluate it and to support it through training. The presented frame is multifaceted. In respect to typical populations, the role of maternal reflective functioning, language, communication, and educational contexts has been deepened; and the association with internalizing/externalizing behaviors, performances in spatial tasks and pragmatics has been addressed as well. As to atypical populations, deficits in mental states understanding are reported for children with different developmental disorders or impairments, as the agenesis of the corpus callosum, Down Syndrome, preterm birth, Autism Spectrum Disorder, hearing impairment and personality difficulties such as anxiety. Overall, the papers collected in our book allow a better understanding of the mechanisms influencing mental state understanding and the effects of mental state comprehension on development
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  • 29
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451708
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Recent advances in environmental magnetism offer the opportunity to link the magnetic signature of marine and continental rocks to the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic settings that controlled their formation or deposition, as well as to post-depositional events, such as diagenesis, that can alter their primary signature. This Research Topic assembles studies that used state of the art rock magnetic techniques to unravel the causes and effects of catastrophic geological events, including tsunami, meteorite impacts, Archean oxygenation event, geomagnetic reversals, and global climate changes linked to large volcanic eruptions
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  • 30
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452392
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Poised at the convergence ...
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9782889452538
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (161 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Impairment of energy metabolism is a hallmark of brain aging and several neurodegenerative diseases, such as the Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Age- and disease-related hypometabolism is commonly associated with oxidative stress and they are both regarded as major contributors to the decline in synaptic plasticity and cognition. Neuroinflammatory changes, entailing microglial activation and elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines, also correlate with age-related cognitive decline. It is still under debate whether the mitochondrial dysfunction-induced metabolic deficits or the microglia activation-mediated neuroinflammation is the initiator of the cognitive changes in aging and AD. Nevertheless, multiple lines of evidence support the notion that mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation exacerbate each other, and these mechanistic diversities have cellular redox dysregulation as a common denominator. This research topic focuses on the role of a metabolic-inflammatory axis encompassing the bioenergetic activity, brain inflammatory responses and their redox regulation in healthy brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Dynamic interactions among these systems are reviewed in terms of their causative or in-tandem occurrence and how the systemic environment, –e.g., insulin resistance, diabetes, and systemic inflammation–, impacts on brain function
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  • 32
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452743
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (185 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The 1990’s was designated as ‘the decade of the brain’ and now, common mental disorders are described as ‘brain disorders’. Yet intense research interest on the brain has largely side-lined the body as a passive observer, disconnecting mental from physical health and contributing to further societal stigma on the nature of psychiatric illness and mental distress. The biopsychosocial pathway to premature mortality or longevity is a complex one, involving a host of closely intertwined mechanisms and moderating factors, some of which are investigated in this special issue. All the articles published here provide new insights into the pathways linking emotion, physical health and longevity, highlighting the tight linkage between mind, brain and body
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9782889451074
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (174 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Language learning also implies the acquisition of a set of phonetic rules and prosodic contours which define the accent in that language. While often considered as merely accessory, accent is an essential component of psychological identity as it embodies information on origin, culture, and social class. Speaking with a non-standard (foreign) accent is not inconsequential because it may negatively impact communication and social adjustment. Nevertheless, the lack of a formal definition of accent may explain that, as compared with other aspects of language, it has received relatively little attention until recently. During the past decade there has been increasing interest in the analysis of accent from a neuroscientific perspective. This e-book integrates data from different scientific frameworks. The reader will find fruitful research on new models of accent processing, how learning a new accent proceeds, and the role of feedback on accent learning in healthy subjects. In addition, information on accent changes in pathological conditions including developmental and psychogenic foreign accent syndromes as well as the description of a new variant of foreign accent syndrome is also included. It is anticipated that the articles in this e-book will enhance the understanding of accent as a linguistic phenomenon, the neural networks supporting it and potential interventions to accelerate acquisition or relearning of native accents
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9782889453245
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (74 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The present E-book consists of original articles and reviews published in our Research Topic on injuries to the spinal cord and peripheral nerves and presents a wide array of novel findings and in depth discussions on topics within the field of nerve injury and repair. Our aim with this Research Topic is to bring together knowledge spanning from basic laboratory studies to clinical findings and strategies within the field of spinal cord and nerve injury and repair. We hope this publication will provide a basis for accelerated knowledge exchange within the field and hopefully a subsequent increase in research efforts and collaborations
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9782889453023
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Multiple sclerosis is deg ...
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  • 36
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452057
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (154 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Competitiveness describes a key ability important for plants to grow and survive abiotic and biotic stresses. Under optimal, but particularly under non-optimal conditions, plants compete for resources including nutrients, light, water, space, pollinators and other. Competition occurs above- and belowground. In resource-poor habitats, competition is generally considered to be more pronounced than in resource-rich habitats. Although competition occurs between different players within an ecosystem such as between plants and soil microorganisms, our topic focusses on plant-plant interactions and includes inter-specific competition between different species of similar and different life forms and intra-specific competition. Strategies for securing resources via spatial or temporal separation and different resource needs generally reduce competition. Increasingly important is the effect of invasive plants and subsequent decline in biodiversity and ecosystem function. Current knowledge and future climate predictions suggest that in some situations competition will be intensified with occurrence of increased abiotic (e.g. water and nutrient limitations) and biotic stresses (e.g. mass outbreak of insects), but competition might also decrease in situations where plant productivity and survival declines (e.g. habitats with degraded soils). Changing interactions, climate change and biological invasions place new challenges on ecosystems. Understanding processes and mechanisms that underlie the interactions between plants and environmental factors will aid predictions and intervention. There is much need to develop strategies to secure ecosystem services via primary productivity and to prevent the continued loss of biodiversity. This Research Topic provides an up-to-date account of knowledge on plant-plant interactions with a focus on identifying the mechanisms underpinning competitive ability. The Research Topic aims to showcase knowledge that links ecological relevance with physiological processes to better understanding plant and ecosystem function
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  • 37
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452101
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (185 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: A conversation between two people can only take place if the words intended by each speaker are successfully recognized. Spoken word recognition is at the heart of language comprehension. This automatic and smooth process remains a challenge for models of spoken word recognition. Both the process of mapping the speech signal onto stored representations for words, and the format of the representation themselves are subject to debate. So far, existing research on the nature of spoken word representations has focused mainly on native speakers. The picture becomes even more complex when looking at spoken word recognition in a second language. Given that most of the world’s speakers know and use more than one language, it is crucial to reach a more precise understanding of how bilingual and multilingual individuals encode spoken words in the mental lexicon, and why spoken word recognition is more difficult in a second language than in the native language. Current models of native spoken word recognition operate under two assumptions: (i) that listeners’ perception of the incoming speech signal is optimal; and (ii) that listeners’ lexical representations are accurate. As a result, lexical representations are easily activated, and intended words are successfully recognized. However, these assumptions are compromised when applied to a later-learned second language. For a variety of reasons (e.g., phonetic/phonological, orthographic), second language users may not perceive the speech signal optimally, and they may still be refining the motor routines needed for articulation. Accordingly, their lexical representations may differ from those of native speakers, which may in turn inhibit their selection of the intended word forms. Second language users also have to solve a larger selection challenge—having words in more than one language to choose from. Thus, for second language users, the links between perception, lexical representations, orthography, and production are all but clear. Even for simultaneous bilinguals, important questions remain about the specificity and interdependence of their lexical representations and the factors influencing cross-language word activation. This Frontiers Research Topic seeks to further our understanding of the factors that determine how multilinguals recognize and encode spoken words in the mental lexicon, with a focus on the mapping between the input and lexical representations, and on the quality of lexical representations
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  • 38
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453184
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: During embryonic development there are many processes that must take place to produce a viable and healthy fetus. Alterations in the cellular and/or molecular interactions within any particular organ can cause catastrophic defects leading to defective organogenesis and death of the embryo. Even slight malformations of the organs can cause developmental reprogramming and increase the likelihood of adult onset diseases. The use of experimental animals with genetic mutations that mimic many human conditions has lead to significant scientific advancement of these complex and multifaceted diseases. Furthermore, the utilization of organ culture systems has made for profound insights into the formation of organs. Over recent years, the technology related to molecular profiling and imaging of developing organs has dramatically improved, leading to the identification of subtle genetic and phenotypic alterations. This research topic will focus on the area of organ formation and modeling of human developmental diseases
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  • 39
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889450503
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (282 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: In this volume we aimed to assess progress in determining the processes by which current patterns of tropical biodiversity were established and are maintained. Tropical regions are highly species-rich and we present studies that have improved our understanding of the generation of that diversity at local, regional and global scales. We demonstrate how diverse fields from molecular phylogenetics, phylogeography, palaeontology and palaeoecology continue to improve our understanding of the natural history of the tropics
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9782889452088
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (84 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The highlight of this eBo ...
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9782889453177
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (220 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The basal ganglia constitute a group of subcortical structures, highly interconnected among themselves, as well as with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other brain areas. These nuclei play a central role in the control of voluntary movement, and their specific pathology comprises the group of diseases known as movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, dystonia and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, among others. Additionally, the presence of a number of circuits within the basal ganglia related to non-motor functions has been acknowledged. Currently, the basal ganglia are thought to participate in cognitive, limbic and learning functions. Moreover, disorders related to the basal ganglia are known to involve a number of complex, non-motor symptoms and syndromes (e.g. compulsive and addictive behavior). In the light of this evidence, it is becoming clear that our knowledge about the basal ganglia needs to be revised, and that new pathophysiological models of movement disorders are needed. In this context, the study of the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia and the treatment of their pathology is becoming increasingly interdisciplinary. Nowadays, an appropriate approach to the study of these problems must necessarily involve the use of complex mathematical modeling, computer simulations, basic research (ranging from biomolecular studies to animal experimentation), and clinical research. This research topic aims to bring together the most recent advances related to the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia and movement disorders
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  • 42
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452286
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (117 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Changes in food composition and availability have contributed to the dramatic increase in obesity over the past 30-40 years in developed and, increasingly, in developing countries. The modern diet now contains many foods that are rich in saturated fat and refined sugar. People who eat excessive amounts of this diet are not only likely to become overweight, even obese, develop metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, some forms of cancer, but also undergo a more rapid rate of normal age-related cognitive decline and more rapid progression of neurological diseases such as dementia. A central problem is why people persist in consuming this diet in spite of its adverse health effects and when alternative food choices are available. As high fat / high sugar foods are inherently rewarding, eating for pleasure, like taking psychoactive drugs, can modulate reward neurocircuitry, causing changes in responsiveness to reward-predicting stimuli and incentive motivation. Indeed, the excessive ingestion in modern societies and the resulting obesity epidemic may be viewed as a form of food addiction. Thus, a diet high in palatable foods is proposed to impact upon reward systems in the brain, modulating appetitive learning and altering reward thresholds. Impairments in other forms of cognition have been associated with obesity, and these have a rapid onset. The hippocampus appears to be particularly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of high fat and high sugar diets. Recent research has shown that as little as one week of exposure to a high fat, high sugar diet leads to impairments in place but not object recognition memory in the rat. Excess sugar alone had similar effects, and the detrimental effects of diet consumption was linked to increased inflammatory markers in the hippocampus, a critical region involved in memory. Furthermore, obesity-related inflammatory changes have also been described in the human brain that may lead to memory impairments. These memory deficits may contribute to pathological eating behaviour through changes in the amount consumed and timing of eating. The aim of this eBook is to present up-to-date information about the impact of diet and diet-induced obesity on reward driven learning, memory and cognition, encompassing both animal and human literature, and also potential therapeutic targets to attenuate such deficits
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  • 43
    ISBN: 9782889450893
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (141 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The knowledge about the properties and importance of ionotropic glutamate receptor trafficking is ever increasing. Importantly, the pace of the progress has been accelerated in recent years. Here, our contributors provide a) reviews on specific topics that present an up-to-date overview of the field, as well as b) original articles with the relevant new findings
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9782889450602
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (407 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The field of proteomics h ...
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  • 45
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889450824
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The general process of lipid peroxidation consists of three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination. The initiation phase of lipid peroxidation includes hydrogen atom abstraction. Several species can abstract the first hydrogen atom and include the radicals: hydroxyl, alkoxyl, peroxyl, and possibly HO* 2. The membrane lipids, mainly phospholipids, containing polyunsaturated fatty acids are predominantly susceptible to peroxidation because abstraction from a methylene group of a hydrogen atom, which contains only one electron, leaves at the back an unpaired electron on the carbon. The initial reaction of *OH with polyunsaturated fatty acids produces a lipid radical (L*), which in turn reacts with molecular oxygen to form a lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH). Further, the LOOH formed can suffer reductive cleavage by reduced metals, such as Fe++, producing lipid alkoxyl radical (LO*). Peroxidation of lipids can disturb the assembly of the membrane, causing changes in fluidity and permeability, alterations of ion transport and inhibition of metabolic processes. In addition, LOOH can break down, frequently in the presence of reduced metals or ascorbate, to reactive aldehyde products, including malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (4-HHE) and acrolein. Lipid peroxidation is one of the major outcomes of free radical-mediated injury to tissue mainly because it can greatly alter the physicochemical properties of membrane lipid bilayers, resulting in severe cellular dysfunction. In addition, a variety of lipid by-products are produced as a consequence of lipid peroxidation, some of which can exert beneficial biological effects under normal physiological conditions. Intensive research performed over the last decades have also revealed that by-products of lipid peroxidation are also involved in cellular signalling and transduction pathways under physiological conditions, and regulate a variety of cellular functions, including normal aging. In the present collection of articles, both aspects (adverse and benefitial) of lipid peroxidation are illustrated in different biological paradigms. We expect this eBook may encourage readers to expand the current knowledge on the complexity of physiological and pathophysiological roles of lipid peroxidation
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9782889450695
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (206 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Over the last decades, nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an essential player in redox signalling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) also act as signals throughout all stages of plant life. Because they are potentially harmful for cellular integrity, ROS and NO levels must be tightly controlled, especially by the classical antioxidant system and additional redox-active metabolites and proteins. Recent work provided evidence that NO and ROS influence each other’s biosynthesis and removal. Moreover, novel signalling molecules resulting from the chemical reaction between NO, ROS and plant metabolites have been highlighted, including N2O3, ONOO-, NO2, S-nitrosoglutathione and 8-NO2 cGMP. They are involved in diverse plant physiological processes, the best characterized being stomata regulation and stress defense. Taken together, these new data demonstrate the complex interactions between NO, ROS signalling and the antioxidant system. This Frontiers in Plant Science Research Topic aims to provide an updated and complete overview of this important and rapidly expanding area through original article and detailed reviews
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  • 47
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451470
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (98 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Aftereffects generally occur after a prolonged exposure (adaptation) to a first stimulus possessing one given property followed by presentation of a stimulus bearing a neutral value of that property. The aftereffect consists in a change in appearance of the neutral stimulus following the adapter, compared to the appearance of the neutral stimulus when it is perceived without any previous exposure to the adapter. The transient phenomena of perceptual aftereffects are believed to depend on the activation of neuron populations that respond selectively to a given property of the stimuli. Studying how adaptation occurs (which stimulus properties are sensitive to it, which timings are necessary, whether individual differences modulate its occurrence) has thus become an indirect way to probe the plasticity of sensory functions in the nervous system, recently extending to more cognitive and representational aspects of neural coding. In the last two decades, indeed, it has been demonstrated that aftereffects occur not only for low-level properties of stimuli (such as motion, color, or orientation) but also for high-level properties. Many studies have proven that high-level proprieties of the stimuli, e.g. gender, identity, ethnicity, or age of a face or a voice, are sensitive to this phenomenon. It has been shown, for example, that the prolonged exposure to a female or male face produces a gender misperception in the opposite direction when an androgynous face is shown after the adapter. Furthermore, recent studies have also shown that aftereffects are not strictly contingent upon the physical features that make up stimuli, but they seem to run across the high-level proprieties subjects are adapted to. These evidences are supported by cross-category adaptation studies, which underlie how aftereffects occur even across stimuli that do not share physical features (e.g. bodies and faces) but that instead, share common higher-level properties, such as gender. Given the growing body of research focused on adaptation and aftereffects in high-level perception at the boundaries with perceptual learning, attention and cognition, the purpose of this topic is to provide a picture of the state of the art relative to the specific phenomena of adaptation in high-level perceptual processing
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9782889452552
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (121 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Since the discovery of mirror neurons, the study of human infant goal-directed actions and object manipulation has burgeoned into new and exciting research directions. A number of infant studies have begun emphasizing the social context of action to understand what infants can infer when looking at others performing goal-directed actions or manipulating objects. Others have begun addressing how looking at actions in a social context, or even simply looking at objects in the immediate environment influence the way infants learn to direct their own actions on objects. Researchers have even begun investigating what aspects of goal-directed actions and object manipulation infants imitate when such actions are being modeled by a social partner, or they have been asking which cues infants use to predict others' actions. A growing understanding of how infants learn to reach, perceive information for reaching, and attend social cues for action has become central to many recent studies. These new lines of investigation and others have benefited from the use of a broad range of new investigative techniques. Eye-tracking, brains imaging techniques and new methodologies have been used to scrutinize how infants look, process, and use information to act themselves on objects and/or the social world, and to infer, predict, and recognize goal-directed actions outcomes from others. This Frontiers Research topic brings together empirical reports, literature reviews, and theory and hypothesis papers that tap into some of these exciting developmental questions about how infants perceive, understand, and perform goal-directed actions broadly defined. The papers included either stress the neural, motor, or perceptual aspects of infants’ behavior, or any combination of those dimensions as related to the development of early cognitive understanding and performance of goal-directed actions
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  • 49
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452989
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) - characterized by heavy glomerular protein loss (proteinuria), edema, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia - has diverse causes and frequently leads to chronic kidney disease. This E-book encompasses articles on a variety of topics in NS, including a historical perspective on understanding and treatment of NS, followed by state-of-the-art reviews of the molecular pathomechanisms, clinical outcomes, as well as current and emerging treatment strategies for NS. We hope that this comprehensive review will help to reduce the gaps between the research and the day-to-day care of patients with NS and inspire new research efforts towards updating and expanding the treatment armamentarium for the future
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  • 50
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889450091
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (94 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The introduction of antipsychotic agents in the 1950’s substantially improved the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. However, clinical and functional outcomes are still far less than optimal for patients, and have not improved in recent years despite the development of several new antipsychotics. Efficacy rates are further compromised by medication non-adherence, which has been reported to affect more than half of patients. In response to these issues, several non-pharmacological interventions have been developed for the treatment of schizophrenia, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive remediation, social cognition training and metacognitive approaches. Although these interventions have produced promising results, there is still much controversy regarding their usefulness and applicability in clinical practice. A major impeding factor for their dissemination is possibly a lack of sufficient evidence regarding their specific indications, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, but also practical issues concerning the interpretability of respective clinical studies, such as the choice of outcome variables and control of confounding factors. The present Research Topic includes original research articles and reviews addressing these issues
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  • 51
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453788
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (174 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: It is now well appreciate ...
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  • 52
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451302
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (178 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: In the study of sensorimo ...
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9782889453535
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (133 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative bacterium found in water, plant rhizospheres, animals, and foods. It is associated with a variety of infections in humans, involving respiratory tract (most common), soft tissue and bone, blood, eye, heart, and brain. This opportunistic pathogen is of serious concern to the immunocompromised patient population, and it is also being isolated with increasing frequency from the respiratory tract of individuals with cystic fibrosis. The observed increase worldwide in antibiotic resistance and the ability of this organism to make biofilms on epithelial cells and medical devices make it difficult for health-care personnel to treat infections caused by this pathogen. Recently, several genomes of S. maltophilia have been sequenced, revealing high genetic diversity among isolates. This pathogen uses a variety of molecular mechanisms to acquire and demonstrate resistance to an impressive array of antimicrobial drugs. Research has also focused on the pathogenesis of S. maltophilia in animal models and the resulting host immune response. S. maltophilia is recognized as an important organism in the plant microbiome. This environmental bacterium uses a diffusible signal mechanism for controlling its colonization and interaction with other bacteria and plants. S. maltophilia has also gained considerable research interest for its biotechnological applications, with recent studies on enzyme production, anti-biofilm strategies, biodegradation, and bioremediation. This e-book focuses on the latest developments in the areas of physiology, genomics, infection and immunity, host-pathogen interaction, pathogenesis, antimicrobial resistance and therapy, molecular epidemiology, applied and environmental microbiology, bioremediation and biotechnology
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9782889452729
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (436 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Fleshy Fruits are a late ...
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9782889453504
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (243 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Natural Killer (NK) cells were discovered ca 1975, as the first group of lymphoid cells that were neither T cells nor B cells. Since then, the dissection of the biology of NK cells has been growing exponentially with many seminal discoveries from the identification of MHC class I-specific inhibitory receptors to the discovery of receptor-ligand pairs involved in NK cell activation and to the manipulation of NK cells in cancer. In this research topic, we asked a group of thought leaders in NK cell biology to review recent advances in their origins and biology, and their roles in cancer, infection and inflammation. Together, these 25 articles provide a timely survey of NK cells as critical immunologic components of health and disease. They will hopefully prompt further dialogue and developments in basic and translational immunology
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9782889450510
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (377 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Plant gene transfer achie ...
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  • 57
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    ISBN: 9782889450572
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (306 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: DNA damage is a major threat to genomic integrity and cell survival. It can arise both spontaneously and in response to exogenous agents. DNA damage can attack most parts of the DNA structure, ranging from minor and major chemical modifications, to single-strand breaks (SSBs) and gaps, to full double-strand breaks (DSBs). If DNA injuries are mis-repaired or unrepaired, they may ultimately result in mutations or wider-scale genome aberrations that threaten cell homeostasis. Consequently, the cells elicit an elaborate signalling network, known as DNA damage response (DDR), to detect and repair these cytotoxic lesions. This Research Topic was aimed at comprehensive investigations of basic and novel mechanisms that underlie the DNA damage response in eukaryotes.DNA damage is a major threat to genomic integrity and cell survival. It can arise both spontaneously and in response to exogenous agents. DNA damage can attack most parts of the DNA structure, ranging from minor and major chemical modifications, to single-strand breaks (SSBs) and gaps, to full double-strand breaks (DSBs). If DNA injuries are mis-repaired or unrepaired, they may ultimately result in mutations or wider-scale genome aberrations that threaten cell homeostasis. Consequently, the cells elicit an elaborate signalling network, known as DNA damage response (DDR), to detect and repair these cytotoxic lesions. This Research Topic was aimed at comprehensive investigations of basic and novel mechanisms that underlie the DNA damage response in eukaryotes
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  • 58
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451364
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (203 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Fungal natural products are friends and foes of humans such as deleterious mycotoxins, cytotoxic, carcinogenic compounds or beneficial compounds such as antibiotics, fungicides, insecticides, antiviral and antitumor metabolites. Understanding fungal diversity and estimation of fungal species on our planet poses a great challenge to researchers. This complexity is further multiplied by secondary metabolite diversity of fungi, which requires interdisciplinary studies. It is extremely important to understand the fungal secondary metabolism to stop human, animal and plant diseases caused by fungi and harvest their valuable metabolites. Furthermore, many secondary metabolite gene clusters are silenced under laboratory conditions. It is vital to develop effective methods to activate those clusters in order to discover novel potent metabolites. This e-book is a compilation of original review articles contributed by leading fungal secondary metabolite researchers with a wide range of expertise. Important aspects of fungal secondary metabolism, including regulation, genome mining, evolution, synthetic biology and novel methods have been discussed. This book will be a great source to those people, who are interested in understanding overall structure, diversity and regulation of production of these tiny but precious chemicals
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  • 59
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451142
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (244 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Face perception is a highly evolved visual skills in humans. This complex ability develops across the life-span, steeply rising in infancy, refining across childhood and adolescence, reaching highest levels in adulthood and declining in old age. As such, the development of face perception comprises multiple skills, including sensory (e.g., mechanisms of holistic, configural and featural perception), cognitive (e.g., memory, processing speed, attentional control), and also emotional and social (e.g., reading and interpreting facial expression) domains. Whereas our understanding of specific functional domains involved in face perception is growing, there is further pressing demand for a multidisciplinary approach toward a more integrated view, describing how face perception ability relates to and develops with other domains of sensory and cognitive functioning. In this research topic we bring together a collection of papers that provide a shot of the current state of the art of theorizing and investigating face perception from the perspective of multiple ability domains. We would like to thank all authors for their valuable contributions that advanced our understanding of face and emotion perception across development
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  • 60
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452422
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (165 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Grasses are diverse, spanning native prairies to high-yielding grain cropping systems. They are valued for their beauty and useful for soil stabilization, pollution mitigation, biofuel production, nutritional value, and forage quality; grasses encompass the most important grain crops in the world. There are thousands of distinct grass species and many have promiscuous hybridization patterns, blurring species boundaries. Resources for advancing the science and knowledgebase of individual grass species or their unique characteristics varies, often proportional to their perceived value to society. For many grasses, limited genetic information hinders research progress. Presented in this research topic is a brief snapshot of creative efforts to apply modern genomics research methodologies to the study of several minor grass species
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  • 61
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453573
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Articles within this e-book are focused on the health of children with disabilities. Various frameworks have been used to articulate the dynamic interaction of the individual, environment and the task as it relates to child health. A majority of the contributing authors in this special topic are researchers within the field of adapted physical activity. This field embraces a broad perspective of inclusiveness and attitudes of acceptance
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9782889452019
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (170 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
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  • 63
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452170
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (291 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Multiresistant bacterial pathogens pose a serious problem worldwide making the appropriate treatment of patients with healthcare-associated infections a challenge. The spread of antibiotic resistance is either mediated by mobile genetic elements (MGEs) or the dissemination of genetically-related groups of pathogens, “high-risk clonal complexes”. Interestingly most multiresistant healthcare-associated bacteria command just a few dominant international clonal complexes causing infections in various geographical areas. It is of utmost importance to identify the determinants associated with and promoting the spread of antibiotic resistance and the dissemination of these multiresistant pathogens. The Topic comprises mostly of population and epidemiological studies investigating antibiotic resistance mechanisms, MGEs and the impact of antibiotic resistance, and the production of virulence factors on the clonal dynamics of a diverse range of bacterial species. Though, the exploration of the mechanisms governing clonal dynamics and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance will remain a salient issue for a considerable time to come we believe that the papers published in the Topic have usefully contributed to the better understanding of some of the processes involved and supplement papers investigating the “non-bacterial” constituents of clonal mobility, like proper medical practice and compliance with hygienic standards
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  • 64
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453610
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (154 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Causality is one of the core concepts in any attempt to make sense of the world, and the explanations people come up with shape their judgments, emotions, intentions and actions. This renders causal cognition a core topic for the social as well as the cognitive sciences. In the past, however, research has been split into diverging paradigms, each pertaining to a distinct (sub)discipline and focusing on a specific domain, thus creating a rather fragmented picture of causal cognition. Furthermore, most of this previous research paid only incidental attention to culture as a possibly constitutive factor, leaving important questions unanswered: Is causality always perceived in the same way? Are causal explanations affected by the concepts to which people refer and/or the language they use? Is causal cognition domain-specific, and if so, how does it differ from agency construal? Is causal reasoning always based on the same cognitive mechanisms, or does the cultural background of people shape how they process respective information - and perhaps even their willingness to search for causal explanations in the first place? By soliciting contributions that address questions like these, this research topic aimed at assessing the extent to which causal cognition may vary across species, cultures, or individuals at various stages of their development, and at integrating different perspectives across a broad range of disciplines. Originating from the work of a research group funded by the Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF) at Bielefeld University, Germany, the scope of this research topic was broadened by inviting additional contributions from researchers with expertise in different fields of causal cognition, agency construal, and/or cultural impacts on cognition. In order to fully exploit the potential of cognitive science, we explicitly encouraged submissions from scholars from all its classic sub-disciplines (i.e., anthropology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology) as well as scholars from comparative psychology, cognitive archeology, economics, and any other discipline interested in causal cognition. We welcomed empirical findings as well as theoretical contributions, with an emphasis on those factors that do – or may – constrain, trigger, or shape the way in which humans and other primates think about causal relationships and inform us about both the diversity and the universality of causal cognition
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9782889451562
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (262 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: With global populations expected to exceed 9.2 billion by 2050 and available land and water resources devoted to crop production dwindling, we face significant challenges to secure global food security. Only 12 plant species feed 80% of the world’s population, with just three crop species (wheat, rice and maize) accounting for food consumed by 50% of the global population. Annual losses to crop pests and pathogens are significant, thought to be equivalent to that required to feed a billion people, at a time when crop productivity has plateaued. With pesticide applications becoming increasingly unfeasible on cost, efficacy and environmental grounds, there is growing interest in exploiting plant resistance and tolerance traits for crop protection. Indeed, mankind has been selectively breeding plants for desirable traits for thousands of years. However, resistance and tolerance traits have not always been those most desired, and in many cases have been inadvertently lost during the domestication process: crops have been effectively ‘disarmed by domestication’. Moreover, mechanistic understanding of how resistance and tolerance traits operate is often incomplete, which makes identifying the right combination for crop protection difficult. We aimed to address this Research Topic by inviting authors to contribute their knowledge of appropriate resistance and tolerance traits, explore what is known about durability and breakdown of defensive traits and, finally, asking what are the prospects for exploiting these traits for crop protection. The research topic summarised in this book addresses some of the most important issues in the future sustainability of global crop production
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9782889451623
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (325 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Grain legumes, together w ...
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  • 67
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453313
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (117 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The effective management of Cardiac remodeling(CR), remains a major challenge. Heart failure remains the leading cause of death in industrialized countries. Yet, despite the enormity of the problem, effective therapeutic interventions remain elusive. In fact, several initially promising agents were found to decrease mortality in patients recovering from myocardial infarction. Cardiac remodeling is defined as molecular and interstitial changes, manifested clinically by changes in size, mass , geometry and function of the heart in response to certain aggression. Initially, ventricular remodeling aims to maintain stable cardiac function in situations of aggression
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  • 68
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452668
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (139 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: This Research Topic has the aim to fill the gap of the many unresolved scientific issues on Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) that are still in need of investigation, Targeted treatments based on the understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of disease are still lacking. Further research is awaited and should be obtained through a significant effort on experimental treatment trials and neuroscience research. This Topic is divided in two main sections, one covering clinical issues and another on basic neurosciences of Autism Spectrum Disorders. A more detailed description of the contents of the articles is provided in the editorial at the beginning of the issue
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  • 69
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889199013
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (102 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: It has been long assumed that following the resolution of acute injuries, traumatic brain injury represents a stable neural entity. However, there is growing evidence that a single moderate-severe brain injury may instead trigger an ongoing deteriorative process that commences sub-acutely, and occurs regardless of age. For scientists and clinicians, it is critical to examine this body of evidence and to explore its implications. Do the findings represent a neurodegenerative process or can they be alternatively explained? What are the neural, behavioural and functional characteristics of this progressive deterioration? Such information is needed to develop treatments to prevent or mitigate decline, and to inform the clinical care of brain injured patients. Research and clinical practice are influenced by the assumption that moderate-severe TBI is non-progressive, with few studies exploring treatments to prevent progression, and rehabilitation typically concentrated in the early stages of injury. Brain injuries can never be fully prevented. However, understanding that such progressive deterioration occurs opens a novel area of research - prevention of secondary decline - offering new possibilities for the improvement of long-term outcomes in people with traumatic brain injury
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  • 70
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451616
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Predictive coding (PC) is a neurocognitive concept, according to which the brain does not process the whole qualia of external information, but only residual mismatches occurring between incoming information and an individual, inner model of the world. At the time of issue initiation, I expected an essential focus on mismatch signals in the brain, especially those captured by neurophysiologic oscillations. This was because one most plausible approach to the PC concept is to identify and validate mismatch signals in the brain. Announcing the topic revealed a much deeper consideration of intelligible minds of researchers. It turned out that what was of fundamental interest was which brain mechanisms support the formation, maintenance and consolidation of the inner model determining PC. Is PC a dynamic construct continuously modulated by external environmental or internal mental information? The reader will be delighted to get acquainted with the current views and understanding of eminent scholars in the field. It will be challenging to discover the realm of sleep where both physiological, energy preserving and mental qualia principles build on the inner models to shape and transform the self. And where neurophysiologic oscillations may both transmit external information and translate inner models from state to state to preserve the self-continuity and compactness
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  • 71
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    ISBN: 9782889451906
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (174 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The brief description of ...
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9782889452293
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (102 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
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  • 73
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451852
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (142 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Microorganisms have had a ...
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  • 74
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451814
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (138 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Multiple relationships exist between antimicrobial resistance and bacterial virulence, and the spread of clones combining multiple antibiotic resistance and a high virulence level is an increasing problem. It was previously described how mutation-driven or horizontally acquired resistance mechanisms can also have effects on virulence. It was also reported that mobile genetic elements often carry both resistance determinants and virulence-modulating genes, which favors the co-selection of both traits. In the present volume, we present a collection of articles which document additional aspects of the interactions between antimicrobial resistance and virulence in bacteria, and describe their potential therapeutic consequences
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  • 75
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889450657
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (173 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Supercomputing facilities ...
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9782889452323
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (421 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: By stimulating adrenal gland and corticosteroid synthesis, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plays a central role in response to stress. In this Research Topic, a particular attention has been given to the recent developments on adrenocortical zonation; the growth-promoting activities of ACTH; the various steps involved in acute and chronic regulation of steroid secretion by ACTH, including the effect of ACTH on circadian rhythms of glucocorticoid secretion. The Research Topic also reviews progress and challenges surrounding the properties of ACTH binding to the MC2 receptor (MC2R), including the importance of melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) in MC2R expression and function, the various intracellular signaling cascades, which involve not only protein kinase A, the key mediator of ACTH action, but also phosphatases, phosphodiesterases, ion channels and the cytoskeleton. The importance of the proteins involved in the cell detoxification is also considered, in particular the effect that ACTH has on protection against reactive oxygen species generated during steroidogenesis. The impact of the cellular microenvironment, including local production of ACTH is discussed, both as an important factor in the maintenance of homeostasis, but also in pathological situations, such as severe inflammation. Finally, the Research Topic reviews the role that the pituitary-adrenal axis may have in the development of metabolic disorders. In addition to mutations or alterations of expression of genes encoding components of the steroidogenesis and signaling pathways, chronic stress and sleep disturbance are both associated with hyperactivity of the adrenal gland. A resulting effect is increased glucocorticoid secretion inducing food intake and weight gain, which, in turn, leads to insulin and leptin resistance. These aspects are described in detail in this Research Topic by key investigators in the field. Many of the aspects addressed in this Research Topic still represent a stimulus for future studies, their outcome aimed at providing evidence of the central position occupied by the adrenal cortex in many metabolic functions when its homeostasis is disrupted. An in-depth investigation of the mechanisms underlying these pathways will be invaluable in developing new therapeutic tools and strategies
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  • 77
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453214
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (236 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Hemipterans encompass a large group of insect pests of plants that utilize mouthparts which are modified for piercing and consuming fluids from plants. In addition, hemipterans vector viral and bacterial diseases of plants. This book brings together a set of reviews and research papers that showcase the the range of activities being undertaken to advance our understanding of the multi-organismal interaction between plant, hemipterans and microbes
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  • 78
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451395
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (203 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The plant factory is a facility that aids the steady production of high-quality vegetables all year round by artificially controlling the cultivation environment (e.g., light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, and culture solution), allowing growers to plan production. By controlling theinternal environment,plant factories can produce vegetables about two to four times faster than by typical outdoor cultivation. In addition, as multiple cultivation shelves (a multi-shelf system) are used, the mass production of vegetables in a small space is facilitated. This research topic presents some new trends on intelligent measuring systems; environment controlled and optimization; favonoids; phenylpropanoids, transcriptomes, and bacteria
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  • 79
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451012
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (182 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Theory of Mind (ToM) or mentalization is the ability to understand and foresee the behavior referring to one’s own and others’ mental states (Premack & Woodruff, 1978; Wimmer & Perner, 1983). This capacity, which is considered the most representative mechanism of social cognition, is a multifaceted set of competences liable to influence – and be influenced by – a manifold of psychosocial aspects. Studies on typical and atypical/clinical development during life showed that ToM is frequently delayed (e.g. in deafness) or impaired in many clinical conditions (e.g. Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Schizophrenia, Borderline Personality Disorder, Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease) and, on the other hand, may not be unequivocally a positive experience. It is therefore possible to consider the existence of multiple kinds of Theory of Mind. In fact, ToM may vary along a quantitative and a qualitative continuum. As for the quantitative dimension, the continuum is constituted by the fluctuation between high and low levels of ToM ability in different clinical conditions. Along this continuum, impairment can mean “not enough” ToM (for example in Autism Spectrum Disorder) as well as “too much” ToM (for example in Schizophrenia and Borderline Personality Disorder). The qualitative dimension – highly interrelated with the quantitative one - regards the shift between adaptive (e.g. prosocial, nice ToM) vs. unadaptive (e.g. antisocial, nasty ToM) mental states content. The issue is discussed in light of recent evidence from outstanding researchers working on typical and atypical/clinical populations along the life-span. Findings from the fields of psychology, neuropsychology and neuroscience enrich the research topic argumentation
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  • 80
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451241
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (105 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Periodontitis is an infection-induced inflammatory disease of the tooth supporting tissues. Treatment of periodontal diseases and regeneration of the effected tissues can be possible only in the early diagnosis of the disease. If left undiagnosed or untreated, periodontitis leads to irreversible soft and hard tissue destruction and finally to tooth loss. Saliva is known to contain inflammatory mediators, host tissue and cell degradation products as well as microbial metabolites and enzymes, reflecting the health status of the oral cavity. In this topic, in collaboration with the well-known scientists working on the field of salivary diagnostics, we demonstrate evidence on monitoring periodontitis by salivary analysis
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  • 81
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452149
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory bowel disease resulting in considerable morbidity and reduced quality of life. Although still under intense debate, CD seems to result from an enhanced and uncontrolled immune response to the gut microbiota. CD is thought to be multifactorial depending on genetic and environmental determinants. In recent years, nearly 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with increased risk of developing CD (some of the SNPs also associated with susceptibility to ulcerative colitis, another type of IBD). These SNPs are mostly located in genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms, such as autophagy, expression of pattern-recognition receptors and citokine signaling. Epigenetics is also probably playing a role in CD susceptibility, as it is sensitive to environmental conditions and may mediate gene-environment interactions. Environmental factors possibly involved in CD development include diet, gut microbiota composition and infection with specific pathogens, of which the most consistently associated to CD are Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and adherent-invasive Escherichia coli. This Topic aimed at bringing together contributions covering different genetic, epigenetic, immunological and microbial processes involved in the development of CD, helping to drive forward the understanding of CD immunopahtology
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  • 82
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453047
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Oesophageal atresia-tracheoesophageal fistula (OA-TOF) is a congenital digestive malformation. With improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative care, survival rates now exceed 90% and OA-TOF is no more just a neonatal surgical problem, and the focus has now shifted from mortality to morbidity with focus on long-term survival and quality of life issues. The primary complications experienced by these patients include gastroesophageal reflux, peptic and eosinophilic esophagitis, anastomotic stricture, esophageal dysmotility, abnormal gastric function, feeding difficulties and respiratory disorders including tracheomalacia and “cyanotic spells”. Concerns in adults include oesophageal adenocarcinoma and epidermoid carcinoma which have been recently reported. This highlights the need for careful multidisciplinary follow up not only in childhood but also after transition to adulthood. Data regarding long-term outcomes and follow-ups are limited for patients following OA-TOF repair. The determination of the risk factors for the complicated evolution following OA-TOF repair may positively impact long-term prognoses. This e-book contains review articles and position paper on all aspects of management of this condition. The material presented in the following articles is primarily based on the presentations by world experts during the recent Fourth International Conference on Oesophageal Atresia held in Sydney in 2016
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  • 83
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452859
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (241 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) in the nervous system has been extensively studied both in the context of normal physiological function as well as abnormal pathological conditions. Although ubiquitin was used as a marker of brain pathology, the normal functions of the UPP were not studied much in the nervous system until the 1990s. The early investigations focused on synaptic plasticity which was followed by studies on the roles of protein degradation in the development of the nervous system. Research on the role of abnormal roles of the UPP follows a parallel trajectory. Since the 2000s, the field has grown to encompass many subareas of research and several model systems. Despite the progress made, many unanswered questions still remain. For example, there are many unknowns about the precise spatial and temporal control of protein degradation in the normal nervous system. With respect to the roles of proteolysis in brain pathology a major challenge is to elucidate the connection between impaired protein degradation and disease progression. In addition, in-depth studies of the roles of ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated proteolysis in neurodegenerative diseases are promising in identifying therapeutic targets. This ebook contains original research papers and insightful reviews that cover several aspects of proteolysis by the UPP and its physiological as well as pathological functions in the nervous system
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9782889452279
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (109 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Deforestation and land use change have led to a strong reduction of tropical forest cover during the last decades. Climate change will amplify the pressure to the remaining refuges in the next years. In addition, tropical regions are facing increasing atmospheric inputs of nutrients, which will have unknown consequences for the structure and functioning of these systems, no matter if they are within protected areas or not. Even remote areas are expected to receive rising amounts of nutrients. The effects of higher rates of atmospheric nutrient deposition on the biological diversity and ecosystem functioning of tropical ecosystems are poorly understood and our knowledge of nutrient fluxes and nutrient limitation in tropical forest ecosystems is still limited. Yet, it will be of paramount importance to know the effects of increased nutrient availability to conserve these ecosystems with their biological and functional diversity. During the last years, research efforts have more and more focused on the understanding of the role of nutrients in tropical ecosystems and several coordinated projects have been established that study the effects of experimental nutrient addition. This Research Topic combines results from experiments and from observational studies with the aim to review and conclude on our current knowledge on the role of additional nutrients in ecosystems
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9782889452927
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (130 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Organ transplantation is ...
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9782889452996
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (148 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Rabies is an ancient zoonotic viral disease that still exerts a high impact on human and animal health. The disease is almost 100% fatal after clinical signs appear, and it kills tens of thousands of people per year worldwide, particularly in Africa and many parts of Asia. Although the disease in humans can be prevented by timely post-exposure prophylaxis, its access and affordability is limited in rabies endemic countries. With 99% of infections in humans caused by rabid domestic dog bites, controlling the infection in this reservoir population has been proven to be most effective to reduce and eliminate human rabies cases. In this context, this Research Topic invited contributions on the control and elimination of dog mediated human rabies. Publications on epidemiological, educational, policy-related and economic aspects of dog and human rabies surveillance, implementation of control in dogs and humans and scientific documentation of success stories were consolidated. We hope that these articles contribute to reaching the ambitious goal, set by key players in global health, of the elimination of dog mediated human rabies by 2030
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  • 87
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451234
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (204 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: European Cooperation in S ...
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  • 88
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452484
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (177 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: One of the top four contr ...
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  • 89
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451326
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (766 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Successful speaking and understanding requires mechanisms for reliably encoding structured linguistic representations in memory and for effectively accessing information in those representations later. Studying the time-course of real-time linguistic dependency formation provides a valuable tool for uncovering the cognitive and neural basis of these mechanisms. This volume draws together multiple perspectives on encoding and navigating structured linguistic representations, to highlight important empirical insights, and to identify key priorities for new research in this area
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9782889452194
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (157 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Plants are typically colonized by numerous endophyte species symbiotically without any noticeable disease symptoms. These microbes are abundant, diverse and play critical ecological roles across natural and agricultural ecosystems. Endophytes have attracted the attention of researchers due to their various beneficial effects on plants, especially in agricultural crop species. Genomic tools will enhance our understanding on the growth and nutrition requirements of this host-symbiont relationship. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies and bioinformatic pipelines have allowed analyzing the plant microbiome and host-endophyte interaction more effectively with limited bias. Furthermore, various studies have employed and utilized transcriptomic and genomic tools to understand the role of endophytes and their interaction with plant hosts. This electronic book covers various research articles highlighting the important developments on endophytes using transcriptomics, next generation sequencing and genomic tools
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9782889452385
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (121 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Bacterial spore formers have been the focus of intense study for almost half a century centered primarily on Bacillus subtilis. This research has given us a detailed picture of the genetic, physiological and biochemical mechanisms that allow bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions by forming highly robust spores. Although, many basic aspects of this process are now understood in great detail, bacterial sporulation still continues to be a highly attractive model for studying various cell processes at a molecular level. There are several reasons for such scientific interest. First, some of the complex steps in sporulation are not fully understood and/or only are only described by 'controversial' models. Second, intensive research on unicellular development of a single microorganism, B. subtilis, left us largely unaware of the multitude of diverse sporulation mechanisms in many other Gram-positive endospore and exospore formers. This diversity would likely increase if we were to include sporulation processes in the Gram-negative spore formers. In addition, spore formers have great potential in applied research. Spore forming bacteria are becoming increasingly important in the areas of probiotics, vaccine technology and biotechnology. This Research Topic in Frontiers in Microbiology details the most recent advances in basic science of spore research and cover also emerging areas of scientific importance involving the use of spores
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  • 92
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889451227
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (123 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Understanding the link between individual behaviour and population organization and functioning has long been central to ecology and evolutionary biology. Behaviour is a response to intrinsic and extrinsic factors including individual state, ecological factors or social interactions. Within a group, each individual can be seen as part of a network of social interactions varying in strength, type and dynamic. The structure of this network can deeply impact the ecology and evolution of individuals, populations and species. Within a group social interactions can take many forms and may significantly affect an individual’s fitness. These interactions may result in complex systems at the group-level, such as in the case of collective decisions (to migrate, to build nest or to forage). Among them, social transmission of information has been studied mostly in vertebrates: fish, birds and mammals including humans. In insects, social learning has been unambiguously demonstrated in social Hymenoptera but this probably reflects limited research effort and recent evidence show that even non-eusocial insects such as Drosophila, cockroaches and crickets can copy the behaviour of others. Compared to individual learning, which requires a trial and error period every generation, social learning can potentially result in the stable transmission of behaviours across generations, leading to cultural traditions in some species. The study of the processes which may facilitate or prevent this transmission and the analyses of the relationship between social network structure and efficiency of social transmission became these recent years an emerging and promising field of research. The goal of this research topic is to present the genetic and socio-environmental factors affecting social interaction and information or pathogen transmission with the integration of experimental approaches, social network analyses and modelling. Importantly, we aim to understand whether a relationship between social network structures and dynamics can reflect the efficiency of social transmission, i.e. can we use social network analysis to predict the social transmission of information or of pathogen, collective decision-making and ultimately the evolutionary trajectory of a group?
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  • 93
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889452835
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (328 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Igneous oceanic crust is one of the largest potential habitats for life on earth, and microbial activity supported by rock-water-microbe reactions in this environment can impact global biogeochemical cycles. However, our understanding of the microbiology of this system, especially the subsurface “deep biosphere” component of it, has traditionally been limited by sample availability and quality. Over the past decade, several major international programs (such as the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations, the current International Ocean Discovery Program and its predecessor Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, and the Deep Carbon Observatory) have focused on advancing our understanding of life in this cryptic, yet globally relevant, biosphere. Additionally, many field and laboratory research programs are examining hydrothermal vent systems –a seafloor expression of seawater that has been thermally and chemically altered in subseafloor crust – and the microbial communities supported by these mineral-rich fluids. The Frontiers in Microbiology 3 September 2017 | Recent Advances in Geomicrobiology of the Ocean Crust papers in this special issue bring together recent discoveries of microbial presence, diversity and activity in these dynamic ocean environments. Cumulatively, the articles in this special issue serve as a tribute to the late Dr. Katrina J. Edwards, who was a pioneer and profound champion of studying microbes that “rust the crust”. This special issue volume serves as a foundation for the continued exploration of the subsurface ocean crust deep biosphere
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  • 94
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889450886
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: According to the World He ...
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  • 95
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889450152
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (274 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Traditionally, symbiosis research has been undertaken by researchers working independently of one another and often focused on a few cases of bipartite host-symbiont interactions. New model systems are emerging that will enable us to fill fundamental gaps in symbiosis research and theory, focusing on a broad range of symbiotic interactions and including a variety of multicellular hosts and their complex microbial communities. In this Research Topic, we invited researchers to contribute their work on diverse symbiotic networks, since there are a large variety of symbioses with major roles in the proper functioning of terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems, and we wished the Topic to provide a venue for communicating findings across diverse taxonomic groups. A synthesis of recent investigations in symbiosis can impact areas such as agriculture, where a basic understanding of plant-microbe symbiosis will provide foundational information on the increasingly important issue of nitrogen fixation; climate change, where anthropogenic factors are threatening the survival of marine symbiotic ecosystems such as coral reefs; animal and human health, where unbalances in host microbiomes are being increasingly associated with a wide range of diseases; and biotechnology, where process optimization can be achieved through optimization of symbiotic partnerships. Overall, our vision was to produce a volume of works that will help define general principles of symbiosis within a new conceptual framework, in the road to finally establish symbiology as an overdue central discipline of biological science
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9782889451456
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this Research Topic was to offer an interdisciplinary forum for researchers interested in the interplay of face, eye gaze, and body perception in the understanding of others, with an emphasis on behavioural and neural processing. The papers included in this topic come from cognitive, neuroscience and social psychology perspectives and shed new light on how facial and body cues interact with each other and with social, ecological and contextual factors (such as for example social identification and group membership) to form a unified representation that can guide our perceptions and responses to other people. Altogether, they provide an up-to-date picture of advances in this fascinating research field
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  • 97
    ISBN: 9782889453252
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this Frontiers Research Topic is to assemble a collection of papers from experts in the field of non-invasive brain stimulation that will discuss (1) the strength of the evidence regarding the potential of tDCS to modulate different aspects of cognition; (2) methodological caveats associated with the technique that may account for the variability in the reported findings; and (3) a set of challenges and future directions for the use of tDCS that can determine its potential as a reliable method for cognitive rehabilitation, maintenance, or enhancement
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  • 98
    ISBN: 9782889450541
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (306 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Plants are continuously e ...
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  • 99
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889453528
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (186 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: Silicon (Si) is gaining increased attention in the farming sector because of its beneficial effects observed in several crop species, particularly under stress conditions. The magnitude of benefits is predominantly observed in plant species that can accumulate Si above a certain threshold. Therefore, deciphering the molecular mechanisms and genetic factors conferring a plant ability to take up silicon is necessary. Along these lines, several efforts have been made to identify the specific genes regulating Si uptake and distribution in plant tissues. This information finds its usefulness in identifying Si-competent species, and could eventually lead to improving this ability in low-accumulating species. The successful exploitation of Si in agriculture depends highly on the understanding of different Si properties including plant-available Si from the soil, transport within tissues, deposition in planta, and Si effect on different metabolic and physiological processes. In addition, a better comprehension of external factors influencing Si uptake and deposition in plant tissue remains important. A plant can take up Si efficiently only in the form of silicic acid and most soils, despite containing high concentrations of Si, are deficient in plant-available Si. Consequently, soil amendment with fertilizers rich in plant-available Si is now viewed as an affordable option to protect plants from the biotic and abiotic stresses and achieve more sustainable cropping management worldwide. Articles compiled in the present research topic touch upon several aspects of Si properties and functionality in plants. The information will be helpful to further our understanding of the role of Si and contribute to exploit the benefits plants derive from it
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  • 100
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
    ISBN: 9782889450565
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Serie: Frontiers Research Topics
    Kurzfassung: To deal with the abundant ...
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