Abstract: Background: -All individuals and couples have a basic human right to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing, and timing of their child. However, the use of FP in Ethiopia has been limited to short-acting methods due to limited access to LAFPM, commodity shortages, and lack of skilled health care providers to offer services at the community level. The prevalence of LACMs use is 13% in the world and LACM use coverage is 2%, for Sub-Saharan Africa [6] and for Ethiopia, LACM use coverage is 3.7% [7] also the prevalence of implant in 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2016 show (0, 0.3, 3, 8) respectively but still the trend show slow improvement [8]. Objective: To measure the demand for long acting contraceptive methods and associated factors among family planning service users in public health centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017. Methods: Cross-sectional facility based descriptive quantitative study was conducted from July 1 - August 1, 2017 in selected government HCs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Multi stage sampling technique was used to select the 848 study samples. A pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done. Odds ratio from logistic regression was used to identify their association with demand of LACMs. P-value 〈0.05 was considered to show statistical significance. Result: The demand for LACM was 650 (76.7%). Among demanded LACM, 305 (36%) meet need and 345 (40.7%) unmet need. The multivariate analysis showed that being married [AOR: 0.562(0.335, 0.941)], primigravida [AOR: 0.402(0.228, 0.709)], ever heard about LACM [AOR: 2.762(1.529, 4.991)], knowledge on LACM [AOR: 2.210(1.298, 3.763)], attitude [AOR: 15.755 (9.628, 25.782)], perceived good quality service at health facility [AOR: 4.219(2.781, 6.40)] were found predictors of the demand for LACM in this study. Conclusion: the demand for LACM according to this study was high and the unmet need for LACM also high. Marital status, gravidity, information on LACM, knowledge on LACM, attitude on LACM and perceived quality of health facility service affect the demand for LACM in this study. Recommendation: - Based on this study the demand and unmet need for LACM was found high so it is better to utilize the opportunity to provide the service to meet

Abstract: This study tries to address the economy wide impact of technological shock on agricultural sector. In doing so, we employ a Sequential Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model. We also used econometric model i.e. panel data analysis to estimate the value of agricultural TFP of Ethiopia. For these purpose, we utilized the data of 2009/10 SAM of EDRI (Ethiopian Development Research Institute), different years of agricultural sample surveys of CSA, ministry of agriculture, WB, IMF and UNCTAD data. The estimation results panel data of this study shows that fertilizer usage, research & development, farmer training & extension have positive impact on agricultural TFP. But pesticide, irrigation and trade openness have negative impact on agricultural TFP. Despite the fact, in order to investigate the economy wide impact of agricultural TFP (technology) shock, three simulations were made turn by turn, which is induced agricultural TFP by 2.8%( simulation-1), 4.7%( simulation-2) and 5.7%( simulation-3). The results of all simulations were shows a considerable improvement on over all macroeconomics variables, sectorial performance, households income& expenditure, factor income and finally on the welfare of the households. At the end of the day to achieve the above results the paper were recommended the government and policy maker:- first the government gives more emphasis to enhancing agricultural total factor productivity; second, government give a special attention for determinants that driving agricultural total factor productivity (i.e. fertilizer usage, research & development, farmer training & extension) and finally, increasing the productivity of agricultural sector through improving TFP (technology) were prime and better mechanism rather than capital accumulation or land expansion.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine factors affecting consumers' purchase decision of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines from community pharmacies in Ethiopia. A quantitative research design, and descriptive and explanatory research approaches were used. Both primary and secondary data were collected. For primary data (questionnaire) and secondary data (related literatures and different documents) were used. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used to analyze the data. The study had a 96% response rate. According to the finding, pharmacist's recommendation, price, and country of origin of OTC medicines have positive and significant effect on consumers' purchase decision. Even though, past experience and families' and friends' recommendation also have positive effect on consumers' purchase decision of OTC medicine, their effect were not statistically significant. Consumers' decisions to purchase OTC medicines were influenced by pharmacist's recommendation followed by price and country of origin of OTC medicines. Past experience and families' and friends' recommendation did not show a statistically significant effect. Therefore; marketers of OTC medication could benefit from considering community pharmacists as main targets for their promotional activities, they could also benefit from pricing strategies to have competitive advantages and manage needs of their consumers, and marketers could also capitalize on the country of origin for their products in their marketing activities.

Abstract: This study is aimed to assess the level of customers' perception towards ethio telecom broadband service delivery practices by focusing on financial institutions in Addis Ababa as target population. The study adapted the framework developed by Muhammad, Mahmudul & Abdul (2012) which focuses on broadband customers' perception and buying intention against existing practice of broadband providers considering different dimensions like: service quality, technical and functional qualities and experience economy. Both descriptive and explanatory methods are applied to study the level of exiting service delivery practice of ethio telecom and the level of customers' perception. The result from the descriptive analysis shows that ethio telecom has good practices in communication level, competency and courtesy of its central broadband staffs and accessibility of its broadband support at shops and contact center. The result, on the other hand shows that, there is relatively poor practices in accessibility of broadband price and technology, maintenance delay, competency of field maintenance staffs, security level of broadband service, broadband speed, performance of access modems and broadband link outage. The result from correlation study shows that there is significant correlation between some of the ethio telecom service delivery practices and customers' perception. According to the result from multinomial regression analysis, there is no association or prediction between variables representing ethio telecom service delivery practices and overall perception of broadband customers towards ethio telecom service delivery practices. This study recommended conducting competency assessment and skill development for broadband field intervention staffs and to remove old DSL models from the broadband service delivery system. Further, to adopt new technologies and service models and work on customer experience and perception improvement than network oriented operations are also recommended by the study. More improvements required in the area of broadband outage and long-lasting maintenance delays.

Abstract: Introduction: Measles is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. An estimated 164,000 people died globally from measles in 2008 mostly children under the age of five. In Ethiopia, the expected case-fatality rate is between 3% and 6%; the highest case-fatality rate occurs in infants 6 to 11 months of age, with malnourished infants at greatest risk. The main aim of this outbreak investigation was to assess the magnitude and risk factor of measles infection in Wadera Woreda of Guji zone, Oromia Region, from 04-19/12/2016. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional followed by case-control study design was used to identify the risk factors. Unmatched case-control sample size determination with a ratio of 1:2 for cases and controls. Result: A total of 393 cases were reported. Six samples were taken and four of them were positive for measles. The Index case was female aged 20 years who was not vaccinated. We detected a period prevalence of 5.93/1000. In the variable analysis having previous measles infection and being vaccinated with measles vaccine has a protective factor with AOR=0.36,95%CI:0.16-0.76,P.value 0.008 and AOR;0.41,95%CI:0.17-0.97,P.value 0.043 respectively. while being under five years old and having contact history with measles cases are a risk factor for developing measles infection with AOR;2.83,95%CI(1.25-6.43),P. value 0.013 and AOR;6.75,95%CI(2.69-16.94),p. value 〈 0.0001 respectively. Discussion: Periodic measles outbreaks occur when a large number of susceptible accumulate in a community. Susceptible accumulate through time even in the setting of high routine measles vaccination coverage. Conclusion: The main factors contributing to this outbreak was the accumulation of large numbers of susceptible children over time in the Woreda. Recommendation: Ministry of health, Regional health Bureau and Zonal health department to use the second opportunity of Supplementary Immunization Activities and have conducted a catch up and several follow up campaigns to increase measles immunity by keeping data records at all levels.

Abstract: In many culture, traditional medicine used as one of primary health care refined over hundreds or even thousands of years. Historians from all around the world have produced evidence to show that apparently all primitive peoples used traditional medicine often in sophisticated way. In Ethiopia up to 80% of the population uses traditional medicine due to the cultural acceptability of healers and local pharmacopeias, the relatively low cost of traditional medicine and difficult access to modern health facilities. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess traditional medicine utilization and its determinants among parents of children, in Tole Wareda, South West of Oromia, Ethiopia, 2017. Method: A community based quantitative cross sectional study was employed among all parents who have children up to 18 years old. Data were collected using pre-tested structured interviewer administered questionnaire. The study was conducted among 267 households selected by systematic random sampling technique after pre assessment and numbering of 〈18 years children in the house hold. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present the data. Finally, odds ratio, binary and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the association between dependent and independent variables. Results: It was found that 85.9% of parents had used TM for their children. Herbal medicine, massage and religious/prayer therapy were (34.4%), 55 (25.9%) and 25 (11.8%) used major therapies respectively. Monthly income found medium (500-850) [AOR: 0.25(0.08, 0.78)], cultural belief [AOR: 3.01(1.16, 7.83)], religious belief [AOR= 3.17(1.26, 7.93)] and duration of illness [AOR=3.11(1.07, 9.02)] were associated with parental traditional medicine use for their children in this study. Conclusion and recommendations: Traditional medicine use is highly prevalent in the study area 85.9%. Therefore, the integration of traditional medicine as part of modern medicine should be strengthened. Community education and further research on efficacy and safety of TM should also be done. Key words: traditional medicine; children; parents; Tole wareda; Ethiopia

Abstract: There has been a strongly growing interest in considering micro financing as a viable strategy for the poor. Similarly speaking, Microfinance can be a critical element of an effective poverty reduction strategy especially for developing countries. More than ever after the success of the different MFIs, the system has been duplicated in the different parts of developing world. Ethiopia is also one of the countries where microfinance has been given due consideration as a safety net for the poor to help them overcome the adversities of poverty. The services provided by microfinance institutions is desired to enable the poor to smoothen their consumption, manage their risks better, build their assets gradually, develop their micro enterprises, enhance their income earning capacity, and enjoy an improved quality of life. Microfinance institutions, as mentioned above, are basically set up with the goal of poverty reduction. Subsequently, in order to investigate the above premises, this study has undertaken empirical evidence in Omo Microfinance Institution taking a sample of 120 clients from Qebena woreda , Gurage Zone , South Region nation and nationalities to discern its contribution towards poverty reduction. Consequently the objective of this study is to find out the impact of microfinance towards poverty with a particular reference to Omo Microfinance Institution. The research work employed both quantitative and qualitative methods such as questionnaires, key informants; focus group discussions, and observations to obtain primary data. In addition, secondary sources of data have also been collected from different literature and OMFI annual progress report. The contribution of Microfinance is analyzed based on income, living condition, asset accumulation, saving, decision making power, self-confidence, business management skills along with the strength and weakness of the institution among others. Though studies found positive impact of credit and unambiguous selection criteria, but ignored examining the suitability of the methodology focusing on performance analysis in terms of financial and operational sustainability and outreach, service delivery issues of microfinance in Ethiopia. Much of their focuses have been on the microfinance institutions rather than the program targets. Even if the studies were to focus on the beneficiaries of the program they were not far from investigating whether poor people are being reached or not. The finding indicates that OMFI scheme has made positive contribution to the clients in relation to observed variables. Nevertheless significantly higher number of the clients complained about the institutions high interest rate, too small loan size, repayment policy, problematic group dynamics. Therefore, as a pointer to future endeavors, the current services of OMFI need to amend the loan size and reduce the interest rate in order to resolve the issues at hand and to fit the financial problem of the poor in the sector Key Words: Microfinance Institutions, Microfinance, Microcredit, Poverty, Poverty Reduction

Abstract: Pharmaceutical enterprises are using different promotional techniques in order to get Physicians' attention. On the other hand, the healthcare regulatory authorities and other stakeholders in the healthcare industry are also working harder to balance the effect of pharmaceutical companies on physicians' prescription behavior. In this condition, to win the hard competition pharmaceutical companies are using innovative marketing strategies and promotional techniques. Currently, to have an effect on physicians' prescription decision pharmaceutical companies are using different promotional techniques. The purpose of this study is to assess the current prescription drug promotional techniques and assess its effect on prescribing behavior of physicians. Accordingly, the thesis assesses very important research questions on drug promotion in relation with prescribing behavior. Methodology used was all physicians practicing in green licensed private hospitals were considered as a study unit. A set of self-administered semi-structured questionnaires were distribute to those physicians. The findings revealed that the different promotional techniques that pharmaceutical companies are using have an effect on the physicians' prescription decision. The level of effect depends on factors such as price and quality of the drug, specialty of the physician, and other factors related to the characteristics of physicians. The study also revealed that physicians have a positive perception about the information they have got from medical representatives. The study findings indicate that to be on the competitive edge, pharmaceutical companies need to understand the healthcare environment and the need of physicians. The study is Quantitative research using numerical analysis of data collected through questionnaire. This study recommends for pharmaceutical companies, the best promotional item to influence physicians prescribing behavior is free medical sample, whereas the promotional aid that influences the most is sponsorship to attend CMEs.

Abstract: Every year, about 500 disasters do occur causing a death of about 75,000 people and affecting some 200 million people. The relevance of humanitarian organizations thus is unquestionable. By their very nature and as part of their mission, they play a significant role in rescuing people in such situations. In recent years, humanitarians have come under immense pressure from the donors, pledging millions in aid and goods, to prove that they are meeting their objectives in an efficient and effective way. Eighty percent of humanitarian organization's operations are spent on supply chain management that targeting an improvement in the practice would be a potential and justified approach to overcome the pressure. Supply chain challenges faced therefore worsen humanitarian operations creating a lot of uncertainty among humanitarian organizations. This study, therefore, conducted to assess the challenges of humanitarian supply chain management in Ethiopia. Specifically, the study had aimed at assessing the supply chain management practices of humanitarian organizations, identifying supply chain challenges facing humanitarian organization in emergencies and identifying supply chain practices that can be adopted to overcome the challenges and evaluate the effectiveness of national disaster risk management commission response rate in terms of timeliness, suitability and adequacy of relief quantities. The data was collected from experts who involved in early warning, supply chain logistic and warehouse professionals, Oromiya region, East shewa zonal and Adama district experts, and Adama woreda relief beneficiaries. This thesis examine the management of disasters by disaster risk management commission in the area of humanitarian supply chain in responds to the 2015/16 disaster and how satisfied drought victims were clustered at community based that EJeers Mersa, Bekoje Dewaro, and Chekawa dufa in Adama district is purposely selected. And the households were randomly selected the respondent in each communities from relief beneficiaries. The analysis was done by using Statistic Package for Social Science (SPSS) and presented using descriptive statistic, Likert scale, mean scores, standard deviation and ANOVA and presented in the form of tables' frequency and percentages. From the findings, challenges facing humanitarian organization grouped into management related challenges, financial related challenges and operating environment related challenges. It was interesting noted that beneficiaries were satisfied with the emergency responses for 2015/16 response rate in terms of timeliness, adequacy, and suitability of the delivery of relief items. The result of the study puts forth a simple framework of supply chain management techniques for management of disaster during relief operations and examines why governments and other humanitarian organization should considered their use. Key Word: Disaster Response Humanitarian Aids, Humanitarian Supply Chain Management, Logistics, Ethiopia.

Abstract: Beer is widely brewed in Ethiopia. The quality may deteriorate by oxidation. Determination of profile of antioxidant activity in Beer, and bitterness of Gesho are important. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the suitability of Rhamnus prinoides (Gesho) for beer production in Ethiopia. Beer fermentation was carried out using European-brewing technology methods. Rhamnus prinoides L. Herit or Gesho in Amharic is a plant which grows up to 6m which cultivated in Ethiopia and is an important commodity which is sold in almost every traditional market place. It has a potential to serve as a raw material for Brewing Industries. In this work, the malt analysis, antioxidant activity of Gesho, Rhamnus prinoides and imported hops, effect of process variables in beer bitterness, physico-chemical analysis of finished beer and microbiological analysis of beer were done. Bacteria almost disappeared at the end of the fermentation and pasteurization of the finished beer. Yeasts were dominated at the middle of phases. This phenomenon may be due to the synergic effect of Gesho antibacterial substance, alcohol concentration, reduction of pH (5.4 to 4.48) and antioxidant activity. Bitter taste value of 15.6Bu of Gesho being in the range of standard i.e.15-18Bu of hops was found to be comparable with the values of common varieties of hops. This should indicate that Gesho can serve as a substitute for hops used in the breweries. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Beer, Bitter taste, Herkule and Rhamnus prinoides.

Abstract: Gegenstand der Arbeit In der vorliegenden Bachelor-Arbeit Schön wär's! – Junge Frauen zwischen Idealvorstellung und Realität" befassen sich die beiden Autorinnen Mona Moos und Isabelle Tacheron mit dem aktuellen weiblichen Schönheitsideal der westlichen Gesellschaft und dessen Auswirkungen auf junge Frauen. Durch eine Auseinandersetzung mit der Entstehung des Ideals und möglicher Gründe für eine Orientierung daran möchten die Autorinnen der Frage nach dem Einfluss des Idealbilds auf die Entwicklung junger Frauen nachgehen, um anschliessend adäquate Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis der Soziokulturellen Animation ziehen zu können. Leitende Annahmen Die Autorinnen gehen davon aus, dass das aktuelle Schönheitsideal der westlichen Gesellschaft, beeinflusst durch diverse medial verstärkte Faktoren wie die Pharmaindustrie oder die Schönheitsmedizin, Auswirkungen auf den Alltag der Menschen hat. Der Körper erfuhr in den letzten Jahrzehnten eine starke gesellschaftliche Aufwertung und gilt heute als ein primäres Aushängeschild unterschiedlicher Kompetenzen. Aus diversen Gründen orientieren sich die Menschen, und insbesondere junge Frauen in der Entwicklungsphase der Adoleszenz, am gängigen Idealbild. Die Autorinnen möchten mit theoretischen Ansätzen aufzeigen, welche Auswirkungen diese Orientierung auf junge Frauen haben kann. Diese Abhandlung ist grundlegend für die anschliessende Ausarbeitung von Handlungsempfehlungen, welche einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung entsprechender Kompetenzen in der Soziokulturellen Animation leisten sollen. Resultate und Schlussfolgerungen Die Ergebnisse diverser Studien belegen den ernstzunehmenden Einfluss von Schönheitsnormen auf die Entwicklung und das Gemüt junger Frauen. Die Autorinnen sind zum Schluss gekommen, dass die Orientierung am Schönheitsideal zu Wahrnehmungsveränderungen führen kann. Dies hat nicht nur Auswirkungen auf das Körperbild eines Individuums, sondern auch auf dessen Identität und Handeln. Sie konnten einen Handlungsbedarf der Profession der Soziokulturellen Animation ausmachen und beschreiben mögliche Interventionsformen auf verschiedenen Ebenen. Besonders wichtig erscheint ihnen, dass das Thema der weiblichen Orientierung am Schönheitsideal nicht ausschliesslich mit jungen Frauen bearbeitet wird, sondern dass die Gegenpartei, junge Männer, unbedingt bei der Entwicklung von Alternativen miteinbezogen wird. Weiter eröffnete sich ein Blick auf weiterführende Thematiken wie den aktuellen Fitnesswahn junger Männer, die Anti-Aging-Bewegung und Phänomene der Körpermodifikation.

Abstract: This Master's Thesis presents a study of technological surveillance within the framework of the research organizations in the field of biotechnology, specifically within the National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC) Foundation. The main objective is to show the importance of information specialists in development of surveillance processes, based on the fact that information is the key element to starting any surveillance study. In addition, we will develop a methodological proposal and will study sources and resources of interest for this type of work. Regarding the methodology, it's a descriptive work, based on two main axes: one theoretical, which collects and reviews studies carried out on the subject of scientific and technological surveillance, and other practical, focused on the development and implementation of a methodology that serves the concrete needs and characteristics of the CNIC Foundation. Throughout this study we developed a methodology for a system of science and technology watch in this institution, describing the phases, as well as resources and databases that we consider most relevant from the Information's Science point of view. Then we apply this proposal to some case studies carried out in recent months in the center and present some results. This is also an example of the collaboration between the Technology Transfer Unit and the Library and Information Service. Finally, as a main conclusion we highlight that a technology watch and competitive intelligence system is a process that must be performed by a multidisciplinary and diverse group of professional, where the collaboration of the Information specialist is essential.