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  • Frobenius-Institut  (28)
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  • 2005-2009  (28)
  • 1970-1974
  • Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies  (28)
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  • Frobenius-Institut  (28)
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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 S. , Ill.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 84
    Keywords: Costa Rica Gewalt ; Kriminalität ; Identität ; Meinung, öffentliche
    Abstract: Crime, violence, and insecurity are among the most important social topics in contemporary Costa Rica. These three issues play a central role in the media, politics, and everyday life, and the impression has emerged that security has changed for the worse and that society is now threatened permanently. However, crime statistics do not support this perception. The paper thus asks why violence and crime generate such huge fear in society. The thesis is that the Costa Rican national identity—with Costa Rica constructed as a nonviolent nation—impedes a realistic discussion about the phenomena and their causes, and simultaneously provides a platform for sensationalism and the social construction of fear.
    Note: Zsfassung in dt. Sprache
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 Seiten
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 77 (May 2008)
    Keywords: Südafrika Simbabwe ; Diplomatie ; Hegemonie ; Macht
    Abstract: South Africa`s "quiet diplomacy" has been often used to reject the notion of South African leadership or regional hegemony in southern Africa. This article finds that this evaluation is founded on a misguided understanding of regional hegemony, which is based on conventional hegemony theories that are mostly derived from the global role of the United States after World War II. Alternatively, this article uses a concept of hegemony that, for example, takes into account the "regionality" of South Africa`s hegemony, which both allows external actors to impact on regional relations and allows South Africa to pursue its foreign policy goals on the global level of international politics. This concept helps to systemically analyze South Africa's foreign policy in the Zimbabwean crisis and to better integrate this policy into the broader framework of its regional and global ambitions. (Verlagsangabe)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 Seiten
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 79 (June 2008)
    Keywords: Regionalismus Hegemonie ; Führerschaft
    Abstract: Regional powers are often conceived of as "regional leading powers," states which adopt a cooperative and benevolent attitude in their international relations with their neighbors. The paper argues that regional powers can follow a much wider range of foreign policy strategies in their region. Three ideal-typical regional strategies are identified: empire, hegemony, and leadership. The paper is devoted to a theory-led distinction and clarification of these three terms, which are often used interchangeably in the field of international relations. According to the goals pursued, to the means employed, and to other discriminating features such as the degree of legitimation and the type of self-representation by the dominant state, the paper outlines the essential traits of imperial, hegemonic, and leading strategies and identifies subtypes for better classifying hegemony and leadership. (Verlagsangabe)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 72 (March 2008)
    Keywords: Mittelamerika Costa Rica ; El Salvador ; Nicaragua ; Gewalt ; Gewalt, sexuelle ; Recht ; Kriminalität ; Rausch- und Genußmittel
    Abstract: In Central America, legislation aiming to reduce violence and crime has become an important topic in the security debate. Focusing on Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, this paper analyzes laws and other legal texts regarding the trade in and consumption of drugs on the one hand, and gender-related violence on the other. It shows how the content and the wording of legal texts contribute to the social construction of stereotyped offenders, such as youth gang members, drug users, or foreign nationals. The legal texts in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua reflect both the hegemonic and the counter-discursive influences on each country`s legal discourse.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher, englischer und spanischer Sprache
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 83 (July 2008)
    Keywords: Zentralafrikanische Republik Elfenbeinküste ; Liberia ; Frieden ; Konfliktmanagement ; Macht ; Anthropologie, politische
    Abstract: Peace agreements form a crucial element of strategies to bring security from outside: they involve third-party mediators during the negotiation stage and often peacekeeping troops to guarantee the agreement at an implementation stage. Peace roundtables usually involve top politicians and military leaders, who negotiate, sign, and/or benefit from the agreement. What is usually and conspicuously absent from peace negotiations is broad-based participation by those who should benefit in the first place: citizens. More specifically, the local level of security provision and insecurity production is rarely taken into account. This paper reviews parts of the academic debate on power sharing and war termination, touching on some key findings by the main researchers working on the topic. The ambivalent African experience with Arend Lijphart`s four main ingredients of consociational democracy (grand coalition, minority veto, proportional representation, group autonomy) is summarized. Recent major African peace agreements (1999-2007) are analyzed, and their power-sharing content detailed. Most agreements contain some - though varying - power-sharing devices. Most striking is the variation regarding the important question of who is sharing power with whom. Obviously, only those present at the negotiation table can really count on being included in major ways. Finally, three country cases are analyzed over a longer time period: Côte d`Ivoire (2002-2007), Liberia (1994-2003), and Central African Republic (1996-2007). The conclusion focuses on the factors of failure of peace agreements that place a heavy emphasis on power sharing. (Verlagsangabe)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 70 (March 2008)
    Keywords: Afrika, Subsahara Religion und Politik ; Krisenbewältigung
    Abstract: Given the widespread focus on socioeconomic factors, it comes as no surprise that religion is neglected in most theoretical explanations of African civil conflicts. While scholarly interest is increasing in light of the civil wars in Sudan, Nigeria, and northern Uganda, no systematic empirical analysis has been undertaken to date. Hence, this paper aims to provide a preliminary assessment of the role of religions in sub-Saharan civil conflicts. Quantitative and qualitative analysis based on a newly compiled database including 28 violent conflicts show that religion plays a role more frequently than is usually assumed and that the effects of religions are principally ambiguous. Religious actors and institutions have escalating effects in many cases, yet more often they become active for peace. Religious identities and ideas seem to have a particular impact on conflict. Even though religion seems secondary when compared to classical "risk factors," the findings demonstrate that religious factors have to be taken seriously when analyzing civil conflicts in Africa.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher und englischer Sprache
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 Seiten
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 78 (May 2008)
    Keywords: Uganda Wirtschaft, informelle ; Kleingewerbe ; Wirtschaftsethnologie
    Abstract: Ugandan micro- and small enterprises (MSEs) still perform poorly. The paper util izes data collected in Uganda in March and April 2003 to analyze the business con straints faced by these MSEs. Using a stratified random sampling, a sample of 265 MSEs were interviewed. The study focuses on the 105 manufacturing firms that re sponded to all questions. It examines the extent to which the growth of MSEs is as sociated with business constraints, while also controlling for owners` attributes and firms` characteristics. The results reveal that MSEs` growth potential is nega tively affected by limited access to productive resources (finance and business ser vices), by high taxes, and by lack of market access. (Verlagsangaben)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher und englischer Sprache
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 71 (March 2008)
    Keywords: Iran Irak ; Krisenbewältigung ; Sicherheit ; OPEC
    Abstract: The remarkable stability of the cooperation among the members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has generally been explained by these members` mutual dependency on high and stable oil revenues. Since the OPEC countries, however, face the double security dilemma of both domestic and external security threats, they are not simply eager to secure (absolute) oil revenues for the sake of domestic stability; they are also sensitive to the (relative) oil revenues of their competing or even conflicting partners. The existing approaches of rational egoism and defensive positionalism have proven to be rather inadequate in explaining this kind of gain-seeking behavior. This paper therefore develops the new theoretical approach of "gain-seeking mentalities," with the objective of tracing variations in OPEC members` gain-seeking behaviors. Using this approach, the empirical assessment of Iran and Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War and Iraq during the Gulf War of 1990/91 shows the extent to which Iran and Iraq altered their gain-seeking behavior as a result of a changing constellation of threats.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher und englischer Sprache
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 Seiten
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 75 (April 2008)
    Keywords: Konfliktmanagement Entwicklungszusammenarbeit ; Europäische Union ; OECD
    Abstract: The concept of "structural stability" has been gaining prominence in development policy circles. In the EU`s and the OECD Development Assistance Committee`s (OECD DAC) understanding, it describes the ability of societies to handle intra-societal conflict without resorting to violence. This study investigates the preconditions of structural stability and tests their mutual interconnections. Seven dimensions are analyzed: (1) long-term economic growth, (2) environmental security, (3) social equality, (4) governmental effectiveness, (5) democracy, (6) rule of law, and (7) inclusion of identity groups. The postulated mutual enhancement of the seven dimensions is plausible but cannot be proven. The most significant positive relationship appears between "democracy" and "rule of law," respectively, on the one hand and the dependent variable "violence/ human security" on the other hand. This points to the usefulness of the political concept of structural stability to promote development policy agendas in this area at least. Applications that reach beyond these initial findings will, however, require further research. (Verlagsangaben)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher und englischer Sprache
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 Seiten
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 80 (June 2008)
    Keywords: Mittelamerika Costa Rica ; El Salvador ; Nicaragua ; Gewalt ; Jugendlicher ; Kriminalität
    Abstract: The paper analyzes the social construction of youth violence in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and El Salvador on the one hand, and the related security policies of the three states, on the other. In each country, there is an idiosyncratic way of constructing youth violence and juvenile delinquency. Also, each country has its own manner of reaction to those problems. In El Salvador youths are socially constructed as a threat to security, and the state implements predominantly repressive policies to protect citizens against that threat. In Nicaragua and Costa Rica, where the social discourse on youth violence is less prominent, the state's policies are neither very accentuated nor very coherent, whether in terms of repressive or nonrepressive measures. There are strong relations and mutual influences between the public's fear (or disregard) of youth violence and the state's policies to reduce it. (Verlagsangabe)
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 73 (April 2008)
    Keywords: Südkorea Presse ; Massenmedien ; Mobilität ; Mobilität, soziale ; Soziale Medien ; Demokratisierung
    Abstract: This article aims to further develop the field of innovation studies by exploring the emergence of citizen journalism in South Korea`s social movement sector. To achieve this aim, the framework of innovation theory has been extended to innovations in social fields beyond technology and the economy. Our findings show that the emergence of citizen journalism resulted from brokerage activities among journalists, labor and unification activists, and progressive intellectuals. Despite different cultural visions and structural interests, these groups succeeded in building coalitions and constituted a sociocultural milieu which promoted reciprocal learning by allowing actors to realize new ideas and to exchange experiences. The empirical part of the study is based on a social network analysis of social movement groups and alternative media organizations active in South Korea between 1995 and 2002.
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 31-36Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 Seiten
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 74 (April 2008)
    Keywords: Indonesien Politik und Gesellschaft ; Politische Partei ; Politisches System ; Wahl ; Konflikt, sozialer ; Geschichte, politische
    Abstract: The basic patterns of the initial Indonesian party system have reemerged after more than four decades of authoritarianism. The cleavage model by Lipset and Rokkan is well-suited to analyzing the genesis of and the most salient features of this party system. However, in applying the approach, some adjustments have to be made. For instance, the national and industrial revolutions have to be conceived of differently. Moreover, it is useful to distinguish critical phases in the formation of parties. The four cleavages have to be reinterpreted and additional ones need to be identified. In Indonesia, economic cleavages are hardly significant in conflicts between political parties (especially the "capital" versus "labour" cleavage) or are expressed in terms of religion or allegiance to political leaders based in a specific region ("urban" versus "rural"). In addition, in comparison with 1999 and particularly with the 1950s, today's cleavages are less marked. Thus, the Lipset- Rokkan model has to be combined with other approaches which underline the importance of clientelism and the dealignment of parties. (Verlagsangabe)
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 Seiten
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 81 (June 2008)
    Keywords: Mittelamerika Costa Rica ; El Salvador ; Nicaragua ; Alltag ; Soziale Bedingungen ; Soziales Leben ; Gewalt
    Abstract: Central America has the reputation of being a violent region with high crime rates, youth gangs, drug traffic, and ubiquitous insecurity. Politicians, the media, and social scientists in and outside the region often claim that the societies are in complete agreement with their judgment of the situation and that all society members are calling for law and order and social segregation. Focusing on Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, the paper analyzes the social perception of violence and crime. On the basis of essays written by secondary school students and interviews with citizens from all walks of life in the three countries, the paper points out how elite arguments on violence and crime are translated into everyday life, and what society members suggest be done to deal with these problems. The sources prove that there are noticeable hegemonic discourses on violence and crime in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. Simultaneously, a majority of the respondents call for social and integrative solutions rather than the so-called "iron fist." The repressive trend in Central American policies therefore does not necessarily receive the presumed affirmation asserted by many authorities on and in the region. (Verlagsangabe)
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 69 (February 2008)
    Keywords: Afrika, Subsahara Entwicklungsländer ; Politische Partei ; Politisches System ; Legitimität ; Demokratisierung
    Abstract: The institutionalization of political parties is said to be important for democratic development, but its measurement has remained a neglected area of research. We understand the institutionalization of political organizations as progress in four dimensions: roots in society, level of organization, autonomy, and coherence. On this basis we construct an Index of the Institutionalization of Parties (IIP), which we apply to 28 African political parties. The IIP uses extensive GIGA survey and fieldwork data. Initial results reveal a more differentiated degree of institutionalization than is commonly assumed. In addition to illustrating overall deficits in party institutionalization, the IIP highlights an astonishing variance between individual parties and - to a lesser extent - between national aggregates. Further research on party institutionalization remains necessary, particularly regarding its causes and consequences.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher und englischer Sprache
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 Seiten
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 76 (May 2008)
    Keywords: Mittelamerika Gewalt ; Forschung (Projekte) ; Anthropologie, soziale ; Methodologie
    Abstract: Taking as its point of departure debates on the value of criminal statistics and victimization surveys, this article explores the methodological challenge of an alternative approach to Central American violence(s). How can we collect qualitative data that help address the social construction of (in)security? The research project "Public Spaces and Violence in Central America" used multiple data sources, including guided interviews and pupils` essays. Drawing on research experience in Nicaragua, this paper asks, How can we collect data that reveal lifeworld experiences as well as hegemonic and counter-discourses on violence? Why is it crucial to keep a research diary? What is a "failed" or a "good" interview? This article argues for a research design based on theoretical considerations, impulsiveness and, most notably, constant self-reflection. (Verlagsangaben)
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 85 (September 2008)
    Keywords: Nordafrika Naher Osten ; Arabische Staaten ; Politische Ökonomie ; Wirtschaftlicher Aspekt ; Entwicklung, sozio-ökonomische ; Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche ; Anthropologie, politische
    Abstract: When comparing the speed and extent of economic development in different geographic regions of the world over the past 20 years, the under-average performance of Arab coun tries in general and Arab Mediterranean countries in particular is striking. This is despite an overall favorable geo-strategic situation at the crossroads of three continents, with ex cellent connections to sea and waterways and in direct proximity to the European Union, one of the world`s economic hubs. It is also despite the minor importance of negative fac tors such as a high-burden diseases or high levels of ethnic fractionalization. In this paper, I focus on identifying the most important constraints on Arab Mediterranean economic development. I use state-of-the-art econometric tools to quantify constraints that have been identified through economic theory and studies of the political economy charac teristics of the region. The empirical results offer support for the central hypothesis that limited technological capacities and political economy structures are the primary con straints on economic development. With a view to international structural adjustment ef forts, my findings imply that the limited success of the Euro-Mediterranean policy to stimulate the economic development of the Arab Mediterranean countries might be be cause structural adjustment efforts do not tackle - or at least do not sufficiently tackle - these constraints. (Abstract)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 55
    Keywords: Japan Wahl ; Politisches System
    Abstract: Electioneering for the Japanese Lower House has undergone significant changes in recent years. Not only institutional but also other environmental changes are pushing political actors in Japan to complement the hitherto dominant vote-mobilisation approach by vote-chasing strategies. Such strategies target in particular unaffiliated voters and emphasise party leaders. Yet, the notion of an `Americanisation` of campaigning in Japan seems premature at best. Notably, electioneering for the Lower House has become more party-oriented in the course of introducing new voter chasing strategies. It remains to be seen though whether specific campaign instruments and tactics used in recent general elections, such as the manifesto approach, can generate value-added in the longer term. (Abstract)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 60
    Keywords: Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche Rohstoff ; Entwicklungsländer ; Wirtschaftlicher Aspekt
    Abstract: Scholars of institutional design attribute large importance to the choice of new institutions. The comparative analysis of how Rwanda and Zambia crafted their new electoral systems and the systems of government regards procedural, structural and rational choice variables which may influence the option for particular solutions. External influences and the type of transition are determinants that can decide which actors make their interests prevail. The degree of innovation or conservatism of new institutions is mainly a result of the speed of the process and the kind of actors involved. However, rational reflections on how to produce legitimacy and minimize personal risks which take into consideration the state of conflict in the country decide on the speed and on innovative outcomes. The structured analysis of only two cases uncovers already that it is rather difficult to realise the transfer of design recommendations into reality.
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 22-24
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 56 (August 2007)
    Keywords: Lateinamerika Karibik ; Kuba ; Politisches System ; Politischer Wandel ; Macht ; Castro, Fidel [Leben und Werk]
    Abstract: For theories of political succession and charismatic authority, the almost half-century long rule of Fidel Castro presents an extraordinary test case since Fidel in July 2006 handed over power "temporarily" to his deputy and brother Raúl. On the background of Max Weber's work on charismatic rule, the paper analyzes the way in which the Cuban leadership has responded to the succession question and identifies four aspects in which it differs from the succession problems typically attributed to charismatic rule: Cuba's longstanding exceptionalism regarding the "second man" behind the leader; the succession during the life-time of the leader with a sui generis modus of "cohabitation" between the outgoing and the incoming leader; the routinization of charisma which domestically allows a bureaucratic succession model with the Communist Party, rather than any individual, being postulated as Fidel Castro's heir; and as a correlate to the latter, the ritual transmission of Fidel's charisma to a heir beyond the nation-state, Venezuela's Hugo Chávez, as the new charismatic leader to continue Fidel Castro's universal revolutionary mission. Für Theorien politischer Nachfolge und charismatischer Herrschaft stellt die fast ein halbes Jahrhundert währende Herrschaft Fidel Castros in Kuba einen denkbar prominenten Testfall dar, seit Fidel Castro im Juli 2006 die Amtsgeschäfte "vorübergehend" an seinen Vize und Bruder Raúl übergab. Max Webers Werk über charismatische Herrschaft aufgreifend, analysiert der vorliegende Artikel, wie die kubanische Führung auf die Nachfolgefrage geantwortet hat und identifiziert dabei vier Aspekte, die den kubanischen Fall von den typischerweise charismatischer Herrschaft zugeschriebenen Nachfolgeproblemen unterscheiden: Die Ausnahmerolle in Bezug auf den "zweiten Mann" hinter der Führungsperson; die Amtsnachfolge zu Lebzeiten mit einem ungewöhnlichen Modus der "Cohabitation" zwischen scheidendem Führer und designiertem Nachfolger; die Routinisierung des Charismas, die auf nationaler Ebene ein bürokratisches Nachfolgemodell ermöglicht, bei dem die Kommunistische Partei an Stelle eines individuellen Politikers das Erbe Fidels antritt; und schließlich, als Korrelat des vorangehenden, die rituelle Übertragung des Charismas Fidels zu einem Erben jenseits der nationalen Grenzen in Gestalt des venezolanischen Präsidenten Hugo Chávez, der als neuer charismatischer Führer zum Träger der universellen Revolutionsmission Fidel Castros erhoben wird.
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 26-28Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 45
    Keywords: Sambia Ethnizität ; Wahl ; Politik ; Politische Partei
    Abstract: Conventional wisdom holds that ethnicity provides the social cleavage for voting behaviour and party affiliation in Africa. Because this is usually inferred from aggregate data of national election results, it might prove to be an ecological fallacy. The evidence based on individual data from an opinion survey in Zambia suggests that ethnicity matters for voter alignment and even more so for party affiliation, but it is certainly not the only factor. The analysis also points to a number of qualifications which are partly methodology-related. One is that the degree of ethnic voting can differ from one ethno-political group to the other depending on various degrees of ethnic mobilisation. Another is that if smaller ethnic groups or subgroups do not identify with one particular party, it is difficult to find a significant statistical correlation between party affiliation and ethnicity - but that does not prove that they do not affiliate along ethnic lines.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 61 (November 2007)
    Keywords: Ägypten Tourismus ; Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche ; Wirtschaftlicher Aspekt
    Abstract: This article challenges claims that liberalising state regulated markets in developing countries may induce lasting economic development. The analysis of the rise of tourism in Egypt during the last three decades suggests that the effects of liberalisation and structural adjustment are constrained by the neo-patrimonial character of the Egyptian political system. Since the decline of oil rent revenues during the 1980s tourism development was the optimal strategy to compensate for the resulting fiscal losses. Increasing tourism revenues have helped in coping with macroeconomic imbalances and in avoiding more costly adjustment of traditional economic sectors. Additionally, they provided the private elite with opportunities to generate large profits. Therefore, sectoral transformations due to economic liberalisation in neo-patrimonial Rentier states should be described as a process, which has led to the diversification of external rent revenues, rather than to a general downsizing of the Rentier character of the economy.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 59 (September 2007)
    Keywords: Mittelamerika Krisenbewältigung ; Frieden ; Sicherheit ; Politisches System
    Abstract: The termination of war is mostly seen as a basis not just for recovery but for a fundamental transformation or change in development paths towards peace, stability and development. The Central American peace processes of the last decades were one of the first laboratories for the liberal peace-building paradigm which assumes that the threefold transformation to peace, democracy and market economy is a self-strengthening process leading to sustainable development. Although none of the three countries slipped back into war, serious deficits remain. This paper introduces an analytical framework that aims at interrelating the threefold transformation with the impact generated by four processes. These include the repercussions generated by the international system on a country`s society, its historical, cultural and social foundations, the legacies of violence and the peacebuilding initiatives the country concerned has witnessed. The comparative analysis of changes in the public security sector, the political system, conflict resolution and the use of resources show why there is so much path dependency that can explain the deficits of transformation.
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 25-28Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 50
    Keywords: Beziehungen, internationale Postmoderne ; Hegemonie ; Krise ; Kulturwandel
    Abstract: The paper tries to shed light on the conceptual link between international crises like the one following September 11, 2001, the Asian financial crisis of 1997/1998, the end of the Cold War or major international conflicts, and processes of change in the international system. It argues that cultural structures rest on their continuous instantiation through social practices, thereby making them coterminous with process. Process is constituted by meaningful acts of social agents, and can thus only be grasped by analysing meaning. Meaning is transmitted by language. Meaningful language is never reducible to individual speakers; it is a social act. In the paper, I call this process discourse. Linking Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with the theory of hegemony developed by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, I will finally be able to show how hegemonic discourses serve as the nexus between crises and cultural structures and how they make cultural change possible.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 40
    Keywords: Afrika, Subsahara Politische Partei ; Politisches System ; Ethnizität ; Wahl ; Demokratisierung
    Abstract: Starting from controversial findings about the relationship between party systems and the prospects of democratic consolidation, this article argues that problems can only be properly addressed on the basis of a differentiated typology of party systems. Contradictory research results do not pose an `African puzzle` but can be explained by different and inadequate approaches. We argue that a modified version of Sartori's typology of party systems provides an appropriate method for classifying African party systems. Based on Sartori's framework, a preponderance of predominant and dominant party systems is identified. This can partly be explained by the prevailing authoritarian nature of many multiparty regimes in Africa as well as by the ethnic plurality of African societies. High ethnic fragmentation is not transformed into highly fragmented party systems. This phenomenon can be attributed to the most frequent `ethnic congress party` which is based on an ethnic elite coalition. (Abstract)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction -- 2 Political Party Systems -- 3 Electoral System and One-party Dominance -- 4 Social Cleavage and (Pre-)dominant Party Systems -- 5 Conclusion
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 23-25Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 44
    Keywords: Südostasien Indonesien ; Philippinen ; Thailand ; Politik ; Politische Partei
    Abstract: It is generally acknowledged that a higher degree of party and party system institutionalisation is positively correlated with the consolidation of democracy. It is, thus, useful to compare different levels and types of institutionalisation. In this article the distinction made by Levitsky (`value infusion` vs. `behavioural routinisation`) with reference to party institutionalisation will be employed. Moreover, institutionalised party systems are characterized, according to Mainwaring and Torcal, by `stability of interparty competition`. The empirical research of this paper finds that the early organisational consolidation of social cleavages, such as in Indonesia, enhances institutionalisation. Furthermore, the relation between central and local elites appears to be essential: strong bosses or cliques undermine institutionalisation in the Philippines and in Thailand respectively. Most Indonesian parties are better institutionalised than those in the Philippines and Thailand with reference to `value infusion`. In addition, the party system in Indonesia is better institutionalised in terms of `stability of interparty competition`.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 51
    Keywords: Syrien Europa ; Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
    Abstract: The effect of `locking-in` economic reform and enhancing its credibility is generally re-garded as one of the most important potential effects of regional integration. Based on a detailed review of the theoretical debate, this paper develops a general framework for as-sessment to evaluate the ability of RIAs to serve as effective mechanisms for `commit-ment` and `signalling`. In the second part, this assessment framework is applied to the case of the Syrian-European Association Agreement (AA). Syria initialled an AA with the European Union in October 2004, but two and a half years later, this agreement is still pending formal signature. The empirical findings of this study show that despite several shortcomings, the Syrian-European AA, if it were to come into force, should be able to deliver an appropriate mechanism for signalling and commitment and thus to improve the credibility of the Syrian process of reform at home and abroad. A major loophole of the agreement, however, is represented by its lack of incentives to increase the `rewards for good policy`.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 53
    Keywords: Südafrika Beziehungen, internationale ; Außenpolitik ; Hegemonie
    Abstract: Regional powers can be distinguished by four pivotal criteria: claim to leadership, power resources, employment of foreign policy instruments, and acceptance of leadership. Ap-plying these indicators to the South African case, the analysis demonstrates the crucial significance of institutional foreign policy instruments. But although the South African government is ready to pay the costs of co-operative hegemony (such as capacity building for regional institutions and peacekeeping), the regional acceptance of South Africa`s leadership is constrained by its historical legacy. Additionally, Pretoria`s foreign policy is based on ideational resources such as its reputation as an advocate of democracy and human rights and the legitimacy derived from its paradigmatic behaviour as a `good global citizen`. However, the Mbeki presidency is more successful in converting these resources into discursive instruments of interest-assertion in global, rather than in regional bargains. In effect the regional power`s reformist South-oriented multilateralism is challenging some of the guiding principles of the current international system.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 49
    Keywords: Westafrika Migration ; Europa ; Handelsbeziehung
    Abstract: The number of migrants from conflict regions in Africa has been increasing dramatically. The European Union shares dual responsibility for the continuing migration pressure: First, because it fostered over decades corrupt and autocratic regimes with dire disregard to principles of `good governance`. The aftermath of these regimes is still felt today and constitutes one of the underlying factors for politically motivated migration. Second, the EU contributed to Africa`s economic misery due to its selfish external trade policy. Nevertheless, the prevailing perspective of the EU and of its member countries concerning African immigration remains to be focused on security, the foreclosure of its external borders and prevention. Current EU programs and concepts to fight African migration are questionable. Even development-oriented approaches are bound to fail, if not backed by sustainable immigration policies.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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