Abstract: 1. The Problem and the Purpose -- Notes -- 2. Lamarck in Perspective -- Notes -- 3. The Central Paradox of Immunology -- The Cell Involved -- The Response to the Unexpected -- Antibody Diversity at the Molecular Level -- Antibody Diversity at the Cellular Level -- Nature versus Nurture -- The Problem with Rabbit Idiotypy -- Notes -- 4. The Somatic Selection Hypothesis -- The Tacit Constraints -- Somatic Ordering of Genetic Mutations -- Flow of Genetic Information in Living Systems -- Recapitulation -- Parallel Evolution 40 A Prototype Experimental Plan in the Immune System -- Rabbit Idiotypy Revisited -- Summary of the Hypothesis -- Notes -- 5. Implications and Conclusions -- Boundaries, Difficulties, Corollaries -- Implications for Immunology -- High Rates of Spontaneous Mutation -- Parallel Evolution and Jerne’s Hypothesis -- The Phenomenon of Regression -- Inheritance of Acquired Autoimmune Disease? -- The Endogenous Vector -- Emergence and Extinction -- Notes -- 6. Speculations on Man, Mind and Matter -- The Genetic Future of Man -- The Growth of Knowledge -- Downward Causation -- Notes -- Appendix: On the Relevance of the RNA Tumor Viruses to the Somatic Selection Hypothesis -- Exchange of Genes between Viruses and Cellular DNA -- (a) Capture of Host Cellular RNA Molecules Not Covalently Linked to Viral RNA -- (b) Covalent Capture and Transduction of Host Cellular Gene Sequences -- Speculation on Gene Selection and Integration.

Abstract: The origins of the idea to write this book are impossible to trace. What I can say with some certainty, is that the book would not have emerged without the pleasing interplay of two contingent pleasures which occurred in the summer of 1978. The first was the penetrating sense of awe experienced when I finished reading Koestler's recent book' Janus A Summing Up', 1978. His philosophy provided that necessary inspiration to tackle, in a rational way, a long held dissatisfaction with the . conven­ tional Darwinian explanation of evolution. The second was the more subliminal pleasure of camping and exploring that beautiful panorama of the lake district of Northern Ontario. The book, written in an argumentative style, reviews the case for the inheritance of acquired characteristics and proposes a simple, feasible mechanism to drive this process. It is written from the narrow perspective of an experimental Immunologist with an interest in the evolution of multicellular organisms. Much attention is given to current ideas in Immunology, and at times we dive deeply into its heartland to grasp those threads relevant to a general theory of evolution. In these excursions, I take pains not to lose the general reader (although I run the risk of annoying some Immunologists), I do this so that the argument is understood by Biologists as a whole. This narrow approach path, however, eliminates areas of interest to some Biologists, e. g.

Abstract: 1 Diagnosis Techniques and Methodologies for Digital Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diagnostic Data Generation Theory -- 3. Diagnostic Execution -- 4. Applied Fault Diagnosis Techniques -- 5. Some Problems for Further Research -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 2 Design for a Distributed Information Network -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hardware Systems -- 3. Software Systems -- 4. Selected Applications -- References -- 3 Modeling and Design of Distributed Information Systems -- 1. General Introduction -- 2. Modeling Distributed Computer Systems -- 3. A Design Procedure for Distributed Computer Systems -- 4. Modeling Distributed Databases -- 5. Intelligent Coupler -- 5.1. Locating Information -- 5.2. Query Formulation and Test Run for Queries -- 5.3. Query Languages -- 5.4. Security -- 5.5. Locking in Distributed Information Systems -- 5.6. System Recovery -- 5.7. Performance Measurements and Evaluation -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- References and Suggested Further Reading -- 4 Hardware, Firmware, Software Technology in Microcomputer Systems -- 1. Hardware Organization -- 2. Firmware -- 3. Software -- 4. What Computing Has Come To -- 5 Data Structures and Pattern Recognition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Pattern Recognition Problem -- 3. The Data Structure Concept -- 4. Pictorial Pattern Recognition and Image Processing -- 5. Review of Applications to Pattern Recognition -- 6. Line Drawings and Chain Codes -- 7. Histograms and Integral Projections -- 8. Medial Axis Transformation -- 9. Generalized Cones -- 10. Syntactic Methods -- 11. Trees in Analysis: Text, Speech, and Line-Drawing Data -- 12. Webs and Trees in Applications -- 13. Structure Learning -- 14. Conclusion -- References.

Abstract: Information systems science is advancing in many directions with rapid strides. Many diversified ideas, methodologies, and techniques have been conceived and developed for improving the design of information systems and for inventing new methods for solving complex information problems. This volume, the seventh of a continuing series on information systems science, covers five timely topics which are in the mainstream of current interest in this growing field. In each chapter, an attempt is made to famil­ iarize the reader with some basic background information on the advances discussed, so that this volume may be used independently or in conjunction with the previous volumes. The emphasis in this volume is centered upon diagnosis for digital systems, distributed information networks, micro­ computer technology, and data structures for pattern recognition. In recent years, digital systems have found widespread applications in on-line real-time processing. Such applications demand high reliability, availability, and serviceability. Reliability may be improved through the use of highly reliable parts. Improvement in integrity may be accompanied by retry operation and redundant configuration. Serviceability may be improved by making use of fault diagnosis techniques. Chapter 1 is devoted to this important subject. Fault diagnosis techniques are developed to improve serviceability and to shorten mean time for repair. Kitamura, Tashiro, and Inagaki discuss many recent methods for fault diagnosis and explain them with illustrative examples.

Abstract: Innovation in Enzyme Engineering -- Session I. New Methods of Stabilizing and Immobilizing Enzymes and Whole Cells -- The Immobilization of a Stable Esterase by Entrapment, Covalent Binding and Adsorption -- Liquid-Membrane Hollow Fiber Enzyme Reactors -- Synthesis of Organic Acids and Modification of Steroids by Immobilized Whole Microbial Cells -- Immobilization of Enzymes by Reductive Alkylation -- Development of Immobilized Urease for the Owens-Illinois BUN Analyzer -- Immobilization of ?-Tyrosinase Cells with Collagen -- Stepwise Thermophotochemical Crosslinking for Enzyme Stabilization and Immobilization -- Session II. Enzyme Engineering -- Mass Transfer Problems with Immobilized Oxidases -- Mass Transfer and Reaction with Microcapsules Containing Enzyme and Adsorbent -- Enzymatic Regeneration of ATP from AMP and ADP: Kinetic Studies with the Coupled Enzyme System -- Cofactor Regeneration in Artificial Enzyme Membranes: Potentialities for Analytical and Reactor Applications -- Optimal Operations of a Batch Enzyme Reactor: Isomerization of D-Glucose to D-Fructose -- Physicochemical Aspects of Immobilized Enzyme-Matrix Interactions -- Coupled and Multienzyme-Nylon Tube Reactors -- Short Reports: Kinetics and Stability of Immobilized Glucose Oxidase and Catalase -- Kinetics of D-Glucose to D-Fructose Isomerization -- Efficiency of Two Immobilized Enzymes Acting in Sequence -- Photocontrol of Enzyme-Collagen Membrane Activity -- Enzyme Immobilization in Collagen Films Adhered to Semi-Rigid Supports: The Enzymatic Sponge Reactor -- Hollow Fiber Enzymatic Reactors: An Engineering Approach -- Session III, Enzyme Engineering and Enzyme Purification -- Genetic Engineering with Nitrogen Fixation -- The State of Enzyme Isolation Technology -- Unit Operations of Enzyme Purification -- Scale-Up of Enzyme Purification -- Carbon Dioxide as a Reagent for Proteins -- Application of Computers to Enzyme Recovery -- Studies on Immobilized Trypsin in High Concentrations of Organic Solvents -- A Tapered Fluidized Bed as a Bioreactor -- Short Reports: Induction of Phenol Hydroxylase in Yeast -- Session IV. Affinity Chromatography and Enzyme Cofactor Immobilization, Application and Regeneration -- Analysis of Ligand-Macromolecule Interactions by Quantitative Affinity Chromatography -- Affinity Chromatography: Interferences and their Prevention -- Immobilized Cofactors and Cofactor Fragments in General Ligand Affinity Chromatography and as Active Cofactors -- Purification of Dehydrogenases and Kinases by Affinity Chromatography -- Factors Concerning the Effectiveness of Affinity Chromatography Using Immobilized Cofactors -- Hydrophobic Chromatography and Its Potential Use in Biotechnology -- Purification of Proteinases by Affinity Chromatography Techniques -- Covalent Affinity Chromatography of Acetylcholinesterase -- Salt-Stable Hydrophobic Versus Salt-Reversible Electrostatic Effects in Adsorptive Protein Binding -- Strategy for Pure Hydrophobic Chromatography -- Short Reports: High Turnover NAD Regeneration in the Coupled Dehydrogenase Conversion of Sorbitol to Fructose -- Microencapsulated Multi-Enzyme Systems as Vehicles for the Cyclic Regeneration of Free and Immobilized Coenzymes -- Session V. Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes -- Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes: A Review -- Refixation of Solubilized and Purified Microsomal Enzymes: Towards an Extracorporal Detoxification in Liver Failure -- Immobilized Enzymes in Tubes and Hollow Fibers for Clinical Applications -- The Cholesterol Electrode: Use of the Polarographic Oxidase Anode with Multiple Enzymes -- Medical Applications of Affinity Chromatography -- Studies on the Thermal Enzyme Probe -- Prospects for an Assay Technique Based on Volatile Enzyme Products -- Short Reports: Enzymatic Catalysis of a Three Step Steroid Conversion -- Enzyme-Thermistor Assays of Cholesterol, Oxalic Acid, Glucose and Lactose in Standard Solutions and Biological Samples -- Session VI. Industrial Applications of Immobilized Enzymes -- Industrial Production of L-Malic Acid by Immobilized Microbial Cells -- Production of 5?-Mononucleotides Using Immobilized 5?-Phosphodiesterase and 5?-AMP Deaminase -- A New Method for the Production of Optically Active Aminoacids -- Development of an Adsorbed Lactase Immobilized Enzyme System -- Studies on the Isomerization of D-Glucose by Immobilized Glucose Isomerase -- Macrokinetics and Reactor Design for the Industrial Application of Enzymes in L-Aminoacid Production.. -- Recent Trends in Enzyme Engineering in Japan -- Short Reports: Pilot Plant Production of Glucose from Starch with Soluble a-Amylase and Immobilized Glucoamylase -- Production of High-Fructose Syrup Using Glucoamylase and Glucose Isomerase Immobilized on Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin -- Reduction of Lactose in Milk by Entrapped ?-Galactosidase. IV. Results of Long Term Experiments with a Pilot Plant -- Use of ?-Galactosidase, ?-Galactosidase, Glucose Isomerase and Invertase in Hollow Fiber Reactors -- Appendix I. Recommendations for Standardization of Nomenclature in Affinity Chromatography -- Appendix II. Matters Arising from the Nomenclature of Immobilized Enzymes -- List of Participants.

Abstract: The recent worldwide explosion of interest in enzymes as cata­ lysts in industrial processes has arisen primarily because of the potential of major innovative advances which have taken place over the last two decades, foremost among these being novel methods of enzyme immobilization and affinity chromatography for rapid enzyme purification. This interest is now being further stimulated by the remarkable commercial success of several enzyme-based industrial processes, particularly the production of high-fructose syrup in the U. S. and amino acid production in Japan. With the initiation of these and other processes, together with the readying for commercial­ ization of several other enzyme-based operations, interest has ex­ panded in other areas in which enzymes may playa useful role, particularly in medicine and analytical chemistry. The development of this technology has required the cooperative efforts of practi­ tioners of several disciplines, primarily chemical engineers, bio­ chemists and other life scientists. Indeed, from this cooperation is arising the new interdisciplinary field of Enzyme Engineering. To stimulate communication, information exchange and advance­ ment of knowledge in this new field on an international level the Engineering Foundation, through the efforts of Lemuel B. Wingard, Jr. , initiated in 1971 a series of international conferences on Enzyme Engineering to be held biannually. The first two conferences were held in Henniker, New Hampshire, in the summers of 1971 and 1973, respectively, while the third conference, from which these proceedings derived, was held in August 1975 in Portland, Oregon.