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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,072)
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  • English  (1,072)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (1,072)
  • Basel, Switzerland : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
  • Finance and Investment  (1,072)
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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gender budgeting: The economic and fiscal rationale (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 22, no. 3 | volume:22 | year:2022 | number:3
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 22, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:22
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Gender gaps persist in the labour market, with women less likely than men to be in employment in all OECD countries. This paper highlights the economic and fiscal dividends that could be achieved from closing the gender employment gap. It shows that increasing women’s participation in the labour market can bring positive GDP and productivity gains, as well as improvements to fiscal sustainability. Increased participation of women in the workforce is particularly helpful in the context of the shrinking labour forces that many OECD countries are expected to face over the coming decades. The paper illustrates how gender budgeting can be used by governments to mobilise policy making to close gender gaps in the labour market and help realise these economic and fiscal gains.
    DOI: 10.1787/9ca9b221-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 102
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Using behavioural insights to inform budget policy making: Eight Israeli case studies (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 22, no. 2 | volume:22 | year:2022 | number:2
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 22, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:22
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This article summarises the Israeli experience with utilising behavioural insights in the work of budget officials and aims to assist budget officials in other OECD countries with integrating behavioural economics tools and evidence-based policy-making methods in their work. Behavioural economics has grown in recent years to become increasingly integrated in the work of public institutions, particularly those in the forefront of policy making. In the context of public budgeting, behavioural insights tools had initially focused on improving tax compliance. In this article we widen the scope of budget officials’ perspective, and responsibility, to develop behaviourally informed policies that are primarily citizen-focused. This approach harmonises and aligns the work of ministries of finance with public policy objectives more generally, and provides actionable “know how” based on the experience of the budget department in the Israeli Ministry of Finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/ff21d87f-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 103
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Public finances after the COVID-19 pandemic (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 22, no. 3 | volume:22 | year:2022 | number:3
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 22, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:22
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: OECD nations face particularly powerful fiscal pressures over the coming decades. To handle these pressures without lapsing into fiscally irresponsibility, they will need to make courageous decisions on both the expenditure and tax sides. This paper looks at the implications of this for budgeting. It focuses particularly on reallocation and expenditure discipline, including the role of spending review, and the design and implementation of expenditure ceilings. The question of the relevance of net worth as a fiscal policy measure is also discussed, as is the potential for efficiency savings to relieve the fiscal pressure on governments.
    DOI: 10.1787/f26b2a3b-en
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  • 104
    Online Resource
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    Budgeting in Romania 2022 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 22, no. 3 | volume:22 | year:2022 | number:3
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 22, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:22
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Romania
    Abstract: This journal article discusses budgeting in Romania in relation to the OECD Recommendation on Budgetary Governance. Over the past 20 years, Romania has undergone significant changes to its budgeting system and introduced measures to help improve budget and fiscal transparency and fiscal management and reporting. This article presents observations of Romania’s budget process and identifies opportunities for improving the country’s system for budgetary governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/24877232-en
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  • 105
    Online Resource
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    How budgeting systems can prepare better for national emergencies: Six lessons from the COVID-19 crisis (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 22, no. 1 | volume:22 | year:2022 | number:1
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 22, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:22
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This article discusses how budgeting systems can be better prepared for national (and global) emergencies such as COVID‑19, with special reference to the health sector. What spending modalities and flexibilities were introduced during the pandemic to provide emergency funding for health services? What are the emerging lessons? Which of these mechanisms should be sustained or refined in the future to enhance preparedness and responsiveness in health spending or other areas of budgeting?
    DOI: 10.1787/bdfca328-en
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  • 106
    Online Resource
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    Health budgeting and governance responses to COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean: Lessons for improving health systems’ resilience (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 22, no. 2 | volume:22 | year:2022 | number:2
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 22, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:22
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This paper analyses the budgetary and health governance responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries during 2020 and 2021 to identify good practices which could support countries improve the resilience of their health financing systems for future crises.
    DOI: 10.1787/d62fa6ef-en
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  • 107
    Online Resource
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    OECD Best Practices for Spending Reviews (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 22, no. 1 | volume:22 | year:2022 | number:1
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 22, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:22
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Spending reviews are widely used in OECD countries. They have become a core instrument for expenditure prioritisation and reallocation and a permanent feature of the budget process in many countries. Spending reviews provide governments with means to support the sustainability of public finances through systematic analysis of existing expenditure. This is particularly important as baseline expenditure has grown unsustainably in certain spending areas across OECD countries. This paper looks at how spending reviews are applied in OECD countries and presents best practices for using spending reviews. Every country is different and uses different approaches. However, there are common features to successful spending reviews where valuable lessons can be drawn from experiences across OECD countries which are reflected in the best practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/90f9002c-en
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  • 108
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    Evaluation Framework and Practices: A comparative analysis of five OECD countries (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 22, no. 2 | volume:22 | year:2022 | number:2
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 22, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:22
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This article provides a detailed analysis of policy evaluation frameworks in five OECD countries (Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States), with a focus on the institutionalisation, the quality and the use of evaluation across government. It discusses how the evaluation function is regulated and organised in these countries. In addition, the article provides insights on the relevant conditions to set up and develop a sound evaluation system, through capacity building activities, quality assurance and control mechanisms, data availability and the use of evaluations.
    DOI: 10.1787/911cc792-en
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  • 109
    Online Resource
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    Gender perspectives in spending review (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 22, no. 3 | volume:22 | year:2022 | number:3
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 22, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:22
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Public finances will be under increasing pressure in the medium term. Tools such as spending review, which help governments prioritise and reallocate spending, are likely to be increasingly important. Integrating a gender perspective will ensure that budget reprioritisation does not increase gender gaps, but instead supports the achievement of gender goals – which can bring economic and fiscal dividends. This paper highlights the different ways in which countries are experimenting with integrating a gender perspective to spending review, as well as some of the key considerations that should be taken into account in the process.
    DOI: 10.1787/4b676369-en
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  • 110
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    How can independent fiscal institutions make the most of assessing past economic forecasts? (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 22, no. 2 | volume:22 | year:2022 | number:2
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 22, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:22
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Forecasts of economic variables like GDP, inflation and unemployment are the starting points for budget planning. Most OECD countries have designated an independent fiscal institutions to scrutinise or endorse the economic forecasts prepared by finance ministries. Although external assessments of past forecast errors can help uncover systematic bias or underperformance in official forecasts, there are several conceptual and practical problems with doing so that limit their usefulness. This paper describes the limitations of ex post forecast assessments and offers some suggestions on how independent fiscal institutions can add the most value in providing them.
    DOI: 10.1787/5aa7765a-en
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  • 111
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    Green budgeting: A way forward (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 22, no. 2 | volume:22 | year:2022 | number:2
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 22, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:22
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Green budgeting refers to the integration of climate and environmental perspectives into a government’s budgetary processes. Based on the resources of the OECD’s Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting and experiences in OECD countries from implementing green budgeting, this paper identifies seven key areas to support the development of green budgeting practices in making progress toward climate and environmental goals. The key areas consider the institutional frameworks, budgetary tools, transparency and accountability arrangements and the enabling environment for budgeting in the public sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/dc7ac5a7-en
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  • 112
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    More than words: Potential roles for independent fiscal institutions (IFIs) in green budgeting (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 22, no. 3 | volume:22 | year:2022 | number:3
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 22, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:22
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2022
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Budgetary frameworks and instruments are increasingly being used to support and accelerate progress towards climate and environmental goals. This paper provides an overview of how OECD countries are implementing green budgeting and potential roles for independent fiscal institutions (IFIs) in monitoring these initiatives or in providing climate-related analysis as part of their existing mandates. It concludes with some key questions for the path ahead.
    DOI: 10.1787/6fcb2fb4-en
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  • 113
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    Strengthening FDI and SME Linkages in Portugal (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264336674 , 9789264860407 , 9789264561939
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (145 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; KMU ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Investitionspolitik ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Portugal ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This report assesses the enabling conditions for maximising the benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI) on SME productivity and innovation in Portugal. It looks at the quality of investment that Portugal attracts and the capacity of Portuguese SMEs to benefit from any knowledge and technology spillovers resulting from these investments. It studies the extent to which FDI-SME spillovers occur through value chain linkages, strategic partnerships, labour mobility, competition and imitation effects. The report provides an overview of Portuguese public institutions responsible for investment, SMEs, innovation and regional development policies, taking a close look at arrangements to ensure multi-level policy coordination, stakeholder consultation and evaluation of policy impacts. It then reviews the mix of government policies that are currently in place to support FDI-SME linkages and spillovers, noting areas for further policy reforms. The last chapter introduces a regional lens, focusing in particular on the regions of Norte and Alentejo. This report is part of a broader European Commission-OECD programme on strengthening FDI-SME linkages and serves as a pilot for future country assessments.
    DOI: 10.1787/d718823d-en
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  • 114
    Online Resource
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    Enabling Conditions for Bioenergy Finance and Investment in Colombia (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264589414 , 9789264954854 , 9789264463905
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (123 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Green Finance and Investment
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Condiciones propicias para el financiamiento y la inversión en bioenergía en Colombia
    Keywords: Bioenergie ; Finanzierung ; Investitionspolitik ; Kolumbien ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Colombia
    Abstract: To realise Colombia’s clean energy ambitions and enable the necessary mobilisation of finance and investment, the government has set forth a number of important policy strategies, including the 2018 Green Growth Policy, the 2019 National Circular Economy Strategy and the forthcoming 2022 Energy Transition Policy. These high-level policies all note the role clean energy solutions like sustainable bioenergy and waste-to-energy can play in supporting decarbonisation objectives. These solutions can also achieve a number of other socioeconomic ambitions, including improved reliability of energy supply, improved access to affordable and reliable energy in areas that are not connected to the national electricity grid, and reduced amounts of waste going to capacity-limited landfills. This report aims to support Colombia’s renewable energy ambitions, focusing on current clean energy trends, opportunities for bioenergy and measures that can increase finance and investment in those solutions. Through five case studies from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, India and Turkey, the report also considers the enabling environment and lessons learnt from bioenergy developments in different countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/20f760d6-en
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  • 115
    Online Resource
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    Assessing environmental impact of measures in the OECD Green Recovery Database (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Évaluation de l’impact environnemental des mesures de la base de données de l’OCDE sur la relance verte
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Energy ; Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Transport
    Abstract: This Policy Brief provides the key findings and policy insights from the April 2022 update of OECD Green Recovery Database, which tracks recovery measures with a clear environmental impact adopted by OECD member countries, the European Union and selected large economies. Since the previous update in September 2021, the budget allocated to environmentally positive measures increased from USD 677 billion to USD 1 090 billion, while recovery spending with ‘mixed’ impacts increased from USD 163 to 290 billion. The Brief also explores how well-designed green recovery plans can generate the double dividend of enhanced energy security and better environmental outcomes, in the face of energy security concerns triggered by the war in Ukraine.
    DOI: 10.1787/3f7e2670-en
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  • 116
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    Blended finance funds and facilities : 2020 survey results (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.107
    Keywords: Development ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Initially launched in 2017, the OECD annual Blended finance Funds and Facilities Survey compiles and analyses information on collective investment vehicles, one of the primary channels for blended finance. In 2020, the third annual edition captured 198 vehicles, representing USD 75 billion assets under management. The survey helps policy makers and private sector actors better grasp the size and shape of a segment of the blended finance market. By bringing together data of different development actors that, collectively, are a significant contributor to sustainable finance, this survey makes an important contribution to enhancing understanding and transparency. Transparency is increased through the data collection and analysis, and understanding is increased through the aggregation of the data that highlight the main investments trends. The quantitative analysis is complemented by OECD statistics on private finance mobilised by official development interventions, as well as by information provided by other specialised institutions. This new evidence confirms trends observed on the broader blended finance market in terms of priority sectors, geographical coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals targeted. This year’s edition also explores additional aspects such as investors, clients and investment instruments, and has a particular focus on gender.
    DOI: 10.1787/fb282f7e-en
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  • 117
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    Policy handbook on financial education in the workplace (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.07
    Keywords: Finanzwissen ; Betriebliches Bildungsmanagement ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The importance of financial education in the workplace continues to grow as working adults are constantly confronted with issues affecting their immediate and long-term financial resilience and well-being. This policy handbook provides insights for designing workplace financial education, such as understanding the audience, identifying appropriate delivery mechanisms, creating or finding appropriate content, incentivising participation, evaluating outcomes and learning from the experiences of others. It provides case studies and practical guidance to policy makers, employers and financial education providers interested in improving the financial literacy of employees.
    DOI: 10.1787/b211112e-en
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  • 118
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    OECD Debt Transparency Initiative : Trends, challenges and progress (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.03
    Keywords: Öffentliche Schulden ; Transparenz ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The economic consequences of the COVID-19 crisis, particularly for fragile countries, have renewed focus on debt transparency, prompting international organisations and national authorities to step up their efforts to improve the consistency, comparability, scope and frequency of debt statistics. The report offers guidance and recommendations to improve debt transparency and outlines sovereign debt trends of selected countries, with a focus on marketable debt.
    DOI: 10.1787/66b1469d-en
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  • 119
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    Blockchain at the frontier : Impacts and issues in cross-border co-operation and global governance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.04
    Keywords: Blockchain ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Global Governance ; Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Blockchain technology is expected to drive digital transformation in the way businesses, governments and societies interact in the years ahead, including at an international level. This paper considers current and emerging uses of blockchain to strengthen beneficial economic ties between countries, including in trade and supply chain transparency, portable credentials for people and organisations, and business financing and capital formation. It also explores key concerns about blockchain’s impact on global rules and multilateral policy objectives, particularly around climate impacts and uses for illicit finance. The paper underscores the value of deliberate international co-operation to realise the beneficial cross-border applications of the technology and address international challenges, and highlights existing instruments and approaches, and identifies gaps and priorities, towards a more consistent and coherent international policy environment for responsible blockchain innovation.
    DOI: 10.1787/80e1f9bb-en
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  • 120
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    FDI Qualities Review of Jordan : Strengthening Sustainable Investment (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264768048 , 9789264645745 , 9789264343399
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe مراجعة صفات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر في الأردن: تعزيز الاستثمار المستدام
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Investitionspolitik ; Jordanien ; Auslandsinvestition ; Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Investitionspolitik ; Jordanien ; Finance and Investment ; Jordan
    Abstract: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) provides an important source of financing in Jordan but its reform momentum needs to be sustained and deepened so that the benefits of investment can be shared more widely across society. This report examines how FDI can help Jordan meet Sustainable Development Goals in areas of productivity and innovation, job quality and skills, gender equality and decarbonisation. It provides an overview of the country’s institutional framework for investment and sustainable development and analyses arrangements to ensure policy coordination, stakeholder consultation and evaluation of policy impacts. It also examines the mix of government policies that are currently in place to attract the investment that contributes to sustainable development, noting areas for priority policy reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/736c77d2-en
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  • 121
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    Urban-Rural Linkages in Poland (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264786455 , 9789264443266 , 9789264981898
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (200 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Stadt-Land-Beziehungen ; EU-Strukturfonds ; Polen ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Poland ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The OECD report Urban-Rural Linkages in Poland analyses the potential of urban and rural territories for development and improved well-being. Urban and rural areas have different yet often complementary assets, and their better integration is important for socio-economic and environmental performance. The report argues that local governments need to engage in partnerships where all parties are equal, as a higher form of urban-rural co-operation. Building urban-rural partnerships in Poland would help territories enhance the production of public goods; achieve economies of scale in public service provision; co-ordinate decisions where cross-boundary effects are important and increase the capacity of the partners. Yet a lack of trust and of policy integration hinder the effectiveness of partnerships. The report found that the main incentive for Polish local governments to enter into a partnership is access to EU funds. However, while Poland has developed solid experience in the management of EU funds, it would benefit from deepening the integration and complementarity among funding streams. Moreover, the report argues that strengthening metropolitan governance will underpin efforts to facilitate the formation and management of urban-rural partnerships.
    DOI: 10.1787/94b5c782-en
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  • 122
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    Impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on financial market conditions and resilience : Assessment of global financial markets (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Krieg ; Kriegsfolgen ; Internationaler Finanzmarkt ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Ukraine
    Abstract: This report assesses the immediate impact of Russia’s war against the people of Ukraine on global financial markets, and the continuing potential for spillovers into those markets. While the war has not yet caused a number of existing vulnerabilities to fully crystallise, high levels of uncertainty remain, driven by heightened geopolitical tensions. The report reviews a range of interrelated channels which could transmit shocks from Russia’s war to global financial markets, from direct exposures across sectors, to the effects of higher commodity prices, and impacts on investor sentiment. In doing so, it underlines areas within the financial system where enhanced scrutiny from supervisors and policy makers may be necessary to manage the elevated risks arising from the war going forward.
    DOI: 10.1787/879c9322-en
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    Financial planning and financial education for old age in times of change (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.08
    Keywords: Altersvorsorge ; Finanzwissen ; Sparen ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper considers recent trends in the financial landscape, such as pension reforms, the impact of the COVID-19 crisis and the growing digitalisation of finance, and discusses their implications for old age financial planning and financial education polices, looking at financial decision making both in preparation for retirement and during old age. Building on recent examples of financial education policies and programmes that seek to address these challenges, the paper puts forward policy considerations to help the development of financial education policies and programmes that support financial planning for old age in times of change.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1d4878e-en
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  • 124
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    Responsible business conduct due diligence for project and asset finance transactions (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (89 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper provides a common framework for financial institutions – and particularly development finance institutions – on how to carry out due diligence to identify, respond to, and publicly communicate on environmental and social risks associated with projects and assets they finance. Financial institutions are increasingly being called to enable provisions of financing towards projects, infrastructure and other assets that will help achieve societal and development objectives, including the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement. Embedding responsible business conduct (RBC) into their activities and across their value chains can help them meaningfully contribute to these objectives. This paper is designed for financial institutions that wish to implement the recommendations of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises with respect to RBC due diligence in the context of project and asset finance transactions. It will provide practical recommendations to financial institutions on key aspects of the RBC due diligence process, including on stakeholder engagement, managing client’s confidentiality, providing for or contributing to the remediation process, etc.
    DOI: 10.1787/952805e9-en
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  • 125
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    Strategic Investment Pathways for resilient water systems (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.202
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Water infrastructure investments are typically capital-intensive and long-lived, involving significant costs and benefits. Their performance over operational lifetimes is highly dependent on the vagaries of the hydrological cycle and subject to the risks and uncertainties associated with climate change. The challenge is to make the best use of scarce financial resources to deliver desired water services in the context of these complicating factors. Ideally, planning for water-related investments should be robust to known hazards and flexible to adapt to an uncertain future. This paper presents a conceptual and analytical framework to sequence water-related investments along “Strategic Investment Pathways”. This approach considers a range of diverse investments over multiple scenarios and evaluates options relative to stakeholder-defined goals. It explicitly considers key dynamic processes, interdependencies and feedbacks within the water system. The aim is to inform investment decisions that contribute to water system resilience through effective and adaptive management over time.
    DOI: 10.1787/9afacd7f-en
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  • 126
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    Real estate finance and climate transition : Market practices, challenges and policy considerations (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.09
    Keywords: Immobilienfinanzierung ; Klimawandel ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of the various existing green real estate financing products and the state of the market for these products. After a decade of growth, green real estate finance markets remain small compared to conventional real estate finance markets. There are a number of challenges in aligning green real estate finance market practices with sustainability goals, including the lack of common definitions, standards and quality data that hinder the ability of market participants and regulators to identify, monitor and manage risks and opportunities. More efforts are needed to promote investments in real estate projects so as to transition to a low-carbon real estate and meet the climate objectives of the Paris Agreement. Drawing on a detailed assessment of these markets and products, this report puts forward policy considerations to elaborate principles and good practices that may contribute to supporting the decarbonisation of real estate assets.
    DOI: 10.1787/fa86b326-en
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  • 127
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    Institutional investors and stewardship (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.25
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The sustained growth of institutional investors’ assets under management, together with the growing use of passive investment strategies, raises the question of whether existing frameworks adequately address issues related to investor engagement and disclosure. There has been a growth in the regulation of institutional investors and market intermediaries to address conflicts of interest and to enhance their transparency. In parallel, the adoption of stewardship codes and the number of signatories to such codes has been increasing. Their proliferation and to some extent convergence offers insights on recognised good practices. The paper also explores the apparent increase in engagement among institutional investors with respect to environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues, their increasing reliance on ESG ratings and data services, and whether regulatory frameworks or guidance should evolve to take into account these new developments.
    DOI: 10.1787/1ce75d38-en
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  • 128
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    Evaluation of Luxembourg's COVID-19 Response : Learning from the Crisis to Increase Resilience (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264931817
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (250 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Évaluation des réponses au COVID-19 du Luxembourg : Tirer les enseignements de la crise pour accroître la résilience
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Krisenmanagement ; Coping-Strategie ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Luxemburg ; Education ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: As countries seek to learn from the COVID-19 crisis and increase their resilience for the future, evaluations are important tools to understand what worked or not, why and for whom. This report is the first of its kind. It evaluates Luxembourg’s responses to the COVID-19 crisis in terms of risk preparedness, crisis management, as well as public health, education, economic and fiscal, and social and labour market policies. While Luxembourg’s response to the pandemic has been particularly agile, preserving the country’s resilience will require maintaining high levels of trust in government, reducing inequalities, and laying the foundations for inclusive growth. The findings and recommendations of this report will provide guidance to public authorities in these efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/2c78c89f-en
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    Global Outlook on Financing for Sustainable Development 2023 : No Sustainability Without Equity (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264506800 , 9789264947979 , 9789264821576
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (188 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: Successive crises including COVID-19, Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the climate emergency are exacerbating inequalities between and within countries and stifling progress to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement. While developed countries deployed historic stimulus packages to build back better, developing countries lacked fiscal and monetary buffers to respond. Countries with the fewest resources face challenging trade-offs between short-term rescue and long-term financing for a sustainable recovery. The SDG financing gap in developing countries grew due to a drop in available resources called upon in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda coupled with rising financing needs. Official Development Assistance (ODA), or aid, played an important role to help narrow the gap, but could not do so on its own. Global crises open a window of opportunity for SDG alignment of broader resources to narrow the gap. Growing trillions in developed countries aim to reduce risks, including environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria. However, resources are not reaching the countries most in need. Urgent action is needed to remove bottlenecks for a more equitable and needs-based allocation of sustainable finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/fcbe6ce9-en
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    Tax Administration 3.0 and Electronic Invoicing : Initial Findings (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Forum on Tax Administration
    Keywords: Taxation ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The 2020 report Tax Administration 3.0: The Digital Transformation of Tax Administration identified electronic invoicing as one of the projects for further exploration. This report, Tax Administration 3.0 and Electronic Invoicing: Initial Findings, examines the current state of play on electronic invoicing based on a global survey. It also draws out some considerations that administrations exploring possible implementation or reform of such systems may wish to take into account. This report contains a number of case studies and examples from countries which have implemented electronic invoicing. This report was developed by officials from Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Hungary, Spain, and supported by the Secretariat of the OECD’s Forum on Tax Administration.
    DOI: 10.1787/2ffc88ed-en
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    Digital Services : Supporting SMEs to Get Tax Right (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Forum on Tax Administration
    Keywords: Unternehmensbesteuerung ; KMU ; Digitalisierung ; Finanzverwaltung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Digital Services: Supporting SMEs to get Tax Right, by the OECD Forum on Tax Administration (FTA), is the third report in the FTA’s Supporting SMEs to Get Tax Right Series. This report looks at how digital services can help SMEs comply with their tax obligations, leading to reduced burdens and increased compliance rates. In addition to a number of examples from tax administrations, the report also highlights two detailed case studies. The report was developed by the Canada Revenue Agency with the support of the Forum on Tax Administration’s Community of Interest on SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/7bd95d83-en
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    Aggregate Trends of Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2020 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264467347 , 9789264841390 , 9789264887046
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Climate Finance and the USD 100 Billion Goal
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Tendances agrégées du financement climatique fourni et mobilisé par les pays développés en 2013-2020
    Keywords: Klimaschutz ; Finanzierung ; Industrieländer ; Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The report Aggregate Trends of Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2020 adds figures for 2020 to the previously published 2013-2019 time series, providing an aggregate-level assessment against the initial target year of the USD 100 billion goal. It also includes an overview of climate finance provided and mobilised by climate theme, sector, financial instrument and regions for 2016-2020. A second complementary report provides further insights from disaggregated data analysis, as well as considerations on issues relating to enabling environments, impacts and effectiveness of climate finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/d28f963c-en
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    Catalysing collective action to combat corruption in infrastructure : Accountable and effective non-judicial grievance mechanism (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.17
    Keywords: Anti-Korruption ; Infrastruktur ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Infrastructure is vital for supporting economic growth, enhancing prosperity and well-being. G7 nations and other partnerships have committed to quality and sustainable infrastructure investments based on high standards and shared values to mobilise public and private investment. Unfortunately, infrastructure remains highly exposed to corruption and other irregular practices, and lacks sufficient accountability. New and innovative approaches to tackle corruption are needed to address these challenges. This policy paper focuses on collective action and multi-stakeholder non-judicial grievance mechanisms to support early detection, prevention and reporting of corruption. It highlights three mechanisms, namely, the National Contact Point for Responsible Business Conduct, the High Level Reporting Mechanism, and the Integrity Pact, which are well-suited to addressing corruption risks across the infrastructure lifecycle. As countries increase infrastructure investment and look to attract private financing, there is an opportunity to harness multi-stakeholder solutions that address corruption, de-risk projects and ensure finance meets its intended purpose.
    DOI: 10.1787/ce6d1b84-en
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    Enhancing Investment Promotion in Tajikistan (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264537378
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Повышение эффективности продвижения инвестиций в Таджикистане
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Tadschikistan ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Tajikistan
    Abstract: Tajikistan has identified Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) attraction as a critical component of its national development strategy, which could contribute to the achievement of several policy goals, including private sector growth, job creation, and economic diversification. As the COVID-19 pandemic has increased competition for FDI, the role of investment promotion agencies (IPAs) is growing around the world. Investment promotion and facilitation work carried out by a dedicated investment promotion agency can help attract FDI, when underpinned by measures to improve the overall investment framework.
    DOI: 10.1787/1e3a7c4f-en
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    Free trade zones and illicit gold flows in Latin America and the Caribbean (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.22
    Keywords: Sonderwirtschaftszone ; Goldmarkt ; Gold ; Illegaler Handel ; Lateinamerika ; Karibischer Raum ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Free trade zones (FTZs) are vulnerable to illicit trade; despite many governments and zone operators taking steps to mitigate these vulnerabilities, they remain especially acute in trading operations of specific goods. One of these is gold. High-risk gold originating in Latin America and the Caribbean is often laundered within the region before advancing to destination markets. This report examines the risks and vulnerabilities linked to financial crimes in gold trade through FTZs, focusing in particular on Colombia, Panama and the Dominican Republic.
    DOI: 10.1787/7536db96-en
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  • 136
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    Measuring the non-financial performance of firms through the lens of the OECD Well-being Framework : A common measurement framework for “Scope 1” Social performance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities no.03
    Keywords: Sozialer Indikator ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; Performance-Messung ; Unternehmenserfolg ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper presents a conceptual framework for understanding the non-financial performance of firms through the lens of the OECD Well-being Framework. Building on existing approaches for measuring non-financial performance, it proposes a measurement framework and indicator set for what may be referred to as “Scope 1” Social performance. This refers to the well-being of stakeholders that operate within the operational boundaries of the firm, namely employees, and the capital resources that a firm contributes to and depletes that are directly relevant to society as a whole. In line with the OECD Well-being Framework, this paper emphasises the importance of measuring the well-being outcomes of stakeholders alongside the resources that firms produce and deplete. The paper also emphasises the importance of aligning the measurement of the non-financial performance of businesses at the macro-level and sectoral level by national statistical offices (NSOs) with micro-level measures collected by firms themselves. Going forward, the OECD will continue to address the measurement gaps identified in this paper and to encourage further alignment of corporate and official measures of business non-financial performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/28850c7f-en
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    First lessons from government evaluations of COVID-19 responses: A synthesis (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Politik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Taxation ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: While the COVID-19 pandemic has hit different countries with varying intensity, responding to the crisis has presented an unprecedented challenge to most governments. In this context, evaluations provide critical tools to support real time sharing of lessons on what is working, what is not, what could work and for whom. This paper draws lessons from evaluations that governments have carried out themselves of their COVID-19 responses. It provides a synthesis of the evidence from 67 such evaluations produced in OECD countries during the first 15 months of the pandemic. These first evaluations show that many governments came to similar conclusions, and allow us to identify important insights that can feed into ongoing policy responses to the crisis – as well as increase future resilience.
    DOI: 10.1787/483507d6-en
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    International investment implications of Russia’s war against Ukraine (abridged version) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Russia’s war against Ukraine has triggered unprecedented policy responses around the globe, raising manifold implications for international investment policy, both immediate and longer term.
    DOI: 10.1787/6224dc77-en
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  • 139
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    International investment implications of Russia’s war against Ukraine (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Krieg ; Kriegsfolgen ; Auslandsinvestition ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia’s war against Ukraine has triggered unprecedented policy responses around the globe. These policy measures, as well as decisions by multinational companies, raise manifold implications for international investment policy, and capital and investment flows. This report provides an overview of the implications, both immediate and longer-term, in what remains a quickly evolving environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/a24af3d7-en
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  • 140
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    OECD blended finance guidance for clean energy (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.31
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Meeting the Paris Agreement goals will need a rapid acceleration of finance towards clean energy investments in emerging and developing economies. Blended finance is an important tool that can help mobilise commercial investment towards clean energy, whilst preserving scarce public resources for wider climate and development objectives. A systematic approach to the deployment of blended finance – that tailors instruments to the nature of underlying barriers to commercial investment, minimises concessionality, has a clear exit strategy, and is co-ordinated within a wider ecosystem of support and enabling measures – can help maximise its development impact and stimulate private sector development. This paper explores specific features of clean energy projects, and the wider transition, to draw lessons for donors, policymakers in beneficiary governments, and financial institutions on whether and how best to deploy blended finance in the sector. It revisits the OECD DAC's Blended Finance Principles, specifically Principle 2: designing blended finance to increase the mobilisation of commercial finance, and explores their applicability to clean energy. It also explores sector-specific considerations for the deployment of clean energy, setting out the considerations development practitioners can make to inform better decision-making on, and maximise the development impact of, blended finance interventions.
    DOI: 10.1787/596e2436-en
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  • 141
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    Policy brief on access to finance for inclusive and social entrepreneurship : What role can fintech and financial literacy play? (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2022/06
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This policy brief on access to finance for inclusive and social entrepreneurship was produced by the OECD and the European Commission. It presents evidence on the access to finance challenges faced by entrepreneurs from under-represented and disadvantaged groups and social entrepreneurs, and discusses how public policy could harness the potential of fintech to address these challenges. This covers crowdfunding, blockchain and the application of big data to finance for inclusive and social entrepreneurship. The policy brief also discusses the growing need for governments to strengthen financial literacy among the target groups of inclusive and social entrepreneurship policy, including with respect to fintech. Different policy approaches are discussed, including embedding financial literacy training in financial intermediation.
    DOI: 10.1787/77a15208-en
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    Climate-resilient finance and investment : Framing paper (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.196
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Achieving climate-resilient economies and societies will not only require increasing the billions of financial flows for adaptation, but also shifting broader -- public and private -- financial flows and investment away from potentially mal-adapted activities towards those that contribute to climate-resilient economies and societies. The goal of aligning finance with climate-resilient development is included in article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement, yet efforts to define and operationalise this concept are at an early stage. This framing paper summarises the current status of these efforts and outlines a way forward for defining, measuring and mobilising adaptation-aligned finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/223ad3b9-en
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  • 143
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    OECD Investment Policy Review: Bulgaria (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264581326 , 9789264722842 , 9789264545731
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (224 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Auslandsinvestition ; Bulgarien ; Finance and Investment ; Bulgaria
    Abstract: This review assesses the climate for domestic and foreign investment in Bulgaria and discusses the challenges and opportunities faced by the government of Bulgaria in its reform efforts. Capitalising on the OECD Policy Framework for Investment, the review includes chapters on trends in foreign investment and their socio-economic benefits, foreign investor entry and operations, the legal and institutional framework for investment protection, investment promotion and facilitation, public governance, and policies to promote and enable responsible business conduct. The review then highlights potential reform priorities to help Bulgaria fulfil development ambitions that align with its commitment to comply with the principles of openness, transparency and non-discrimination as a new Adherent to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises.
    DOI: 10.1787/6a0325b7-en
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    Assessing the climate consistency of finance : Taking stock of methodologies and their links to climate mitigation policy objectives (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.200
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper analyses existing methodologies developed by commercial services providers, research institutes or civil society organisations for investors and financial institutions, to assess the alignment of their assets and portfolios with the Paris Agreement temperature goal. The analysis is based on four main analytical dimensions: coverage of financial asset classes, choice of greenhouse gas (GHG) performance metrics, selection of climate change mitigation scenarios, and approach for aggregating alignment assessment for a given asset class and at portfolio level. Within these dimensions, the analysis highlights that a range of different and complex methodological choices, as well as current scope and data limitations, impact the environmental integrity and policy relevance of alignment or misalignment results. The paper provides suggestions for improved and more comprehensive financial sector alignment assessment. These include the development of different complementary methodologies to cover a broader range of financial asset classes than the current main focus on listed corporate equity, the development of more tailored mitigation scenarios by climate policy and science communities, better communication of uncertainties by all stakeholders, and the need for a series of indicators to assess progress and impacts that include but are not limited to GHG based alignment assessments.
    DOI: 10.1787/d12005e7-en
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    Business integrity in Eastern Europe and Central Asia 2022 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.11
    Keywords: Korruption ; Anti-Korruption ; Normbefolgung ; Osteuropa ; Zentralasien ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This study analyses measures that governments, companies and business associations are taking to prevent corruption in business transactions in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. This edition compares recent trends with those identified in the first study released in 2016, to identify areas of progress or regress, and shares updated best practices and policy recommendations for further promoting business integrity in the region.
    DOI: 10.1787/1ed3fe17-en
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  • 146
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    Competition trends in Latin America and the Caribbean 2022 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.10
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Tendencias sobre competencia en Latinoamérica y el Caribe 2022
    Keywords: Wettbewerb ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Karibischer Raum ; Lateinamerika ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Competition policy in Latin America and the Caribbean has grown significantly in the past two decades. This report presents some of the main competition enforcement trends in the region based on an analysis of data provided by 14 OECD and non-OECD jurisdictions about their competition enforcement activity from 2015-20. By providing multi-year data on competition enforcement indicators, this report informs policymaking and contributes to the continual improvement of competition law and policy in the region.
    DOI: 10.1787/472518b6-en
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  • 147
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    Enhancing gender diversity on boards and in senior management of listed companies (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.28
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: As part of a global effort to address existing barriers to gender equality in leadership and employment, countries around the world are taking steps to enhance gender diversity on boards, which can also have positive effects on board dynamics and governance. This paper takes stock of progress and existing policies and practices to enhance gender diversity on boards and in senior management of listed companies. Covering 50 jurisdictions, it focuses on the implications of quotas and targets as the main instruments used to foster gender diversity on boards, and considers the importance of complementary initiatives to strengthen the pipeline for leadership positions.
    DOI: 10.1787/4f7ca695-en
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  • 148
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    The role of board-level committees in corporate governance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.24
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This paper presents a review of the different committees set up by the boards of directors of companies to support their functions. It first focuses on the role of and trends in board committees, their contribution to corporate governance and their evolving role in light of the impact of the COVID 19 crisis and emerging issues. It then addresses the functioning, composition and accountability of committees, notably in terms of risk management and sustainability, and their impact on the effectiveness of boards.
    DOI: 10.1787/8a97a3f6-en
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  • 149
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    Framework for industry’s net-zero transition : Developing financing solutions in emerging and developing economies (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.32
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Kerangka kerja untuk transisi netralitas karbon sektor industri: Mengembangkan solusi pendanaan di negara dengan ekonomi berkembang pesat dan berkembang
    Keywords: Energy ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The manufacturing industry is a major source of global carbon dioxide emissions. Industrial production will continue to shift to emerging and developing economies. New investments are needed in low-carbon technologies to align industry’s growth with countries’ net-zero emission targets. In order to reduce the risks associated with the high cost and low maturity of the many needed low-carbon technologies, scaling up finance from both public and private financial sources will be crucial. OECD’s new “Framework for industry’s net-zero transition” is a step-by-step approach to assist emerging and developing economies in designing solutions for financing and to improve the enabling conditions that can accelerate industry’s transition. Outcomes of the Framework implementation in emerging and developing economies will contribute to the broader climate and finance policies and it can help to facilitate international co-operation for transition at scale.
    DOI: 10.1787/0c5e2bac-en
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  • 150
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    Financing Growth and Turning Data into Business : Helping SMEs Scale Up (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264935921 , 9789264443891 , 9789264856998
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (195 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
    Keywords: Mittelstandspolitik ; KMU ; Mittelstandsfinanzierung ; Unternehmenswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that scale up have long raised policy interest for their extraordinary potential in terms of job creation, innovation, competitiveness and economic growth. Yet, little is known about which firms could effectively become scalers, and what policies could effectively promote SME growth. This report is part of a series aiming to help policy makers unleash scalers’ potential. Building on new evidence from microdata work, it rethinks the nature and scope of scale up policies, suggesting the need for a broader and more cross cutting approach. The report then explores two thematic areas that are relevant for SME scaling up, i.e. SME data governance and their access to ‘scale up’ finance. Based on an international mapping of 369 institutions and 1174 policy initiatives across OECD countries, the analysis shows that SME and entrepreneurship policy is not among the core mandates of many implementing institutions, calling for sound coordination across the board and further mainstreaming of SME growth considerations in both policy areas. Moreover, national policy mixes vary significantly across countries, reflecting different approaches to promoting SME growth and to SME targeting, but also revealing possible policy blind spots.
    DOI: 10.1787/81c738f0-en
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  • 151
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    Bilateral Advance Pricing Arrangement Manual (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Forum on Tax Administration
    Keywords: Verrechnungspreis ; Finanzverwaltung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Dispute prevention is a fundamental tenet of tax certainty. Bilateral Advance Pricing Arrangements (“BAPAs”), in a growing number of cases, have successfully contributed to providing advance tax certainty to both taxpayers and tax administrations, ensuring predictability in the tax treatment of international transactions. However, stakeholders have identified obstacles that prevent an optimal use of BAPAs. In continuing with its commitment to advancing the tax certainty agenda, the FTA MAP Forum, in conjunction with the FTA Large Business International Programme, has developed the Bilateral Advance Pricing Arrangement Manual (“BAPAM’) which is intended as a guide for streamlining the BAPA process. The BAPAM provides tax administrations and taxpayers with information on the operation of BAPAs and identifies 29 best practices for BAPAs without imposing a set of binding rules. As part of the BAPAM’s development, tax administrations have committed to assessing whether implementation of these best practices is appropriate, considering the circumstances of their own BAPA programme and the unique features of each BAPA application, so that the best practices are applied appropriately and with enough flexibility to improve current BAPA processes. The BAPAM also highlights what tax administrations expect from taxpayers in the BAPA process to facilitate a cooperative and collaborative process.
    DOI: 10.1787/4aa570e1-en
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  • 152
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    OECD Competition Assessment Reviews: Brazil (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264634275 , 9789264591837 , 9789264545212
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (239 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Competition Assessment Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Relatórios de Avaliação Concorrencial da OCDE: Brasil
    Keywords: Wettbewerb ; Brasilien ; Finance and Investment ; Brazil
    Abstract: This review provides an analysis of regulatory barriers to competition in Brazil, specifically in the ports and civil aviation sectors, and makes recommendations for Brazilian authorities to mitigate harm to competition and foster long-lasting growth. It is based on a competition assessment conducted by the OECD in co-operation with the Brazilian Competition Authority (CADE) identifying rules and regulations that may hinder the competitive and efficient functioning of markets in the two sectors under review. The review also includes estimates of the impact that the implementation of certain specific recommendations could have on the economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/d1694e46-en
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  • 153
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    Equitable Framework and Finance for Extractive-based Countries in Transition (EFFECT) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264788350 , 9789264949096 , 9789264360761
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (258 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Tools
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Un cadre et un financement équitables pour la transition des pays reposant sur les industries extractives (EFFECT)
    Keywords: Rohstoffreichtum ; Fossile Energie ; Klimaschutz ; Klimaneutralität ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Energy ; Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: How can fossil fuel producers and mineral-rich developing countries design realistic, just and cost-effective low-carbon transition pathways? Taking into account the heterogeneity of low-carbon trajectories, the Equitable Framework and Finance for Extractive-based Countries in Transition (EFFECT) provides options for policy makers, industry and finance institutions in search of the answers. The report aims to help them seize the transformational opportunities linked to sustainable, low-carbon growth. It identifies ways of mitigating the transition’s impacts on fossil fuel industries, workers and poor households, and of preventing the risks of high-carbon lock-in and stranded assets. Recognising the shared responsibility of consuming and producing countries in reducing fossil fuel production and use, EFFECT advocates for transformative partnerships for technology transfer, green finance and capacity building. Ultimately, it supports an equitable sharing of the transition’s benefits and costs, both across and within countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/7871c0ad-en
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  • 154
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    Lessons from the crypto winter : DeFi versus CeFi (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.18
    Keywords: Virtuelle Währung ; Finanzmarkt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper analyses the mechanisms involved in the recent failings in crypto-asset markets, focusing on events in 2022 through September. The paper assesses the role of centralised finance (CeFi) and decentralised finance (DeFi), and the disproportionate impact the crypto market turmoil has had on retail market participants. It examines learnings of the recent crypto-asset market downturn, also know as the “crypto winter”, including high interconnectedness within the crypto-asset ecosystem; elaborate mechanisms of financial engineering that heavily use leverage and are built on the composability offered by DeFi (i.e., components of DeFi are pieced together to create new products); and increased market concentration. The paper also highlights the urgency for policy action and provides policy recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/199edf4f-en
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  • 155
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    Environmental impact of digital assets : Crypto-asset mining and distributed ledger technology consensus mechanisms (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.16
    Keywords: Virtuelle Währung ; Blockchain ; Digitalisierung ; Umweltbelastung ; Welt ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Crypto-asset markets are rapidly developing and reached USD 3tn in late 2021, yet the infrastructure supporting mainstream crypto-assets, such as the Bitcoin, use an enormous amount of energy. This paper explores the growing environmental impact of crypto-assets due to increasing institutional and retail investors participation in these markets. The use of energy-intensive transaction validation through Proof-of-Work consensus mechanisms and the corresponding carbon footprint create climate transition risks for market participants. Policy considerations and action are necessary given the carbon footprint and associated climate transition risks of certain digital assets when combined with negative externalities extending to the wider society.
    DOI: 10.1787/8d834684-en
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  • 156
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    Deteriorating conditions of global financial markets amid high debt (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.15
    Keywords: Internationaler Finanzmarkt ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Financial and commodity markets have been impacted by high inflation and a deteriorating growth outlook. The necessary tightening of monetary policy has cascaded through markets, contributing to rising yields, significant asset price corrections, and rising debt costs for sovereigns, households and corporates. Existing high debt levels in these sectors raise concerns about the prospects of debt servicing. In some emerging markets, tightening financial conditions combined with weak fundamentals and large outflows could accelerate debt distress. The growing potential for broad-based credit losses could affect the resilience of various financial intermediaries, with negative impacts on credit intermediation and economic growth going forward.
    DOI: 10.1787/89757fae-en
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  • 157
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    Long-term investing of large pension funds and public pension reserve funds 2022 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Pensionskasse ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung ; Private Altersvorsorge ; Portfolio-Management ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The scope of this report covers 88 public and private pension funds from 39 countries. This survey is based on a qualitative questionnaire sent directly to large pension funds and public pension reserve funds. It covers the infrastructure investment made by large pension funds and public pension reserve funds, but also their approach to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. It helps provide detailed investment information and insights which complement the aggregated data on portfolio investments gathered by the OECD at a national level through the Global Pension Statistics and Global Insurance Statistics projects.
    DOI: 10.1787/809eff56-en
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  • 158
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    Multi-dimensional Review of the Dominican Republic : Towards Greater Well-being for All (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264494510 , 9789264551916 , 9789264609785
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (290 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklung ; Dominikanische Republik ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Taxation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Finance and Investment ; Dominican Republic
    Abstract: The Dominican Republic has made strides on many socioeconomic fronts over the years. The country has been one of the leading economies in Latin America and the Caribbean in terms of GDP growth, reaching upper middle-income status in 2011. However, progress on the different dimensions of well-being has been insufficient. In particular, socioeconomic and territorial disparities are still important, and public institutions remain insufficiently solid. For the Dominican Republic to embark on a more prosperous development path, three critical dimensions must be tackled. First, providing quality jobs for all, with particular emphasis on boosting formalisation and productive transformation. Second, mobilising more public and private finance for development, with more progressive and effective taxation systems, more efficient public expenditure and deeper capital markets. Third, accelerating digital transformation to boost productivity, enhance inclusion and support job creation.
    DOI: 10.1787/560c12bf-en
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  • 159
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    Value for Money in School Education : Smart Investments, Quality Outcomes, Equal Opportunities (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264557987 , 9789264875609 , 9789264836068
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (175 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Bildungsfinanzierung ; Bildungsinvestition ; Bildungsertrag ; Qualität ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Policymaking has always been a matter of making choices, managing trade-offs and balancing multiple goals and priorities to make complex budgetary decisions. Yet, the past few years have seen a rising number of priorities facing policymakers, hence mounting pressure to enhance the efficiency of public spending. There is a strong case for public investment in high-quality education as it leads to a range of economic outcomes as well as broader social outcomes for both individuals and society. But while high-quality education will continue to enable individuals and societies to thrive and recover from disruptions, education ministries will need to rethink the way they invest in education to ensure that education systems deliver greater value for money. Following an introduction laying out the context, this publication first takes stock of the wealth of economic returns and broader social outcomes derived from high-quality education, making the case for continued public investment. It then turns to the examination of smart ways of investing in education and examines key policy levers that can help enhance value for money: governing and distributing school funding to make the most of education investments; achieving educational equity alongside greater efficiency; and planning, monitoring and evaluating the efficient use of school funding.
    DOI: 10.1787/f6de8710-en
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  • 160
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    The FinTech Ecosystem in the Czech Republic (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264575363 , 9789264800670 , 9789264688575
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (101 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Finanztechnologie ; Finanzsektor ; Finanzdienstleistung ; Tschechien ; Finance and Investment ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: This report describes the structure of the FinTech sector in the Czech Republic and the associated regulatory and supervisory frameworks. It analyses the enabling conditions for FinTech innovation as well as potential hurdles. The findings are based on responses from Czech FinTechs to an OECD survey which assessed market innovations, opportunities and obstacles, the access to and use of data, and the potential benefits of establishing a regulatory sandbox.
    DOI: 10.1787/068ba90e-en
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  • 161
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    Biodiversity and development finance : Main trends, 2011-20 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.110
    Keywords: Artenvielfalt ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the main trends in development finance with biodiversity-related objectives for the period 2011 to 2020, using available OECD statistical data, from various sources. The resources covered are: Official Development Assistance and non-concessional development finance, both bilateral and multilateral, from members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) as well as non-members, including South-South and Triangular Co-operation; private finance mobilised by public interventions; and private philanthropy. In addition, this paper assesses financing provided by bilateral DAC members that are Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, looking at how they fared collectively against the Aichi Target 20 on development finance. The paper was prepared by the DAC ENVIRONET Secretariat, with inputs from the OECD Environment Directorate, and with guidance from a group of DAC members.
    DOI: 10.1787/b04b14b7-en
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  • 162
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    Engaging citizens in cohesion policy : DG REGIO and OECD pilot project final report (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Public Governance no.50
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Transport ; Governance ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Italy ; Netherlands ; Poland ; Romania ; Spain
    Abstract: Around one-third of the European Union’s budget is dedicated to cohesion policy, which promotes and supports the overall harmonious development of its Member States and regions. The success of this investment relies on effective partnerships among governments, stakeholders, and citizens. Citizens have a key role to play in shaping decisions on public investment, as well as in making public authorities more transparent and accountable. From July 2020-December 2021, the European Commission and the OECD partnered to explore how five authorities across Europe could place citizens at the centre of their investment decisions. This report summarises lessons learned throughout this project and, particularly, the results of applying innovative citizen participation methods to cohesion policy more broadly.
    DOI: 10.1787/486e5a88-en
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  • 163
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    Building an Investment Tax Incentives database : Methodology and initial findings for 36 developing countries (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2022/01
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The OECD has constructed an Investment Tax Incentives database which compiles granular details on corporate income tax (CIT) incentives for investment. This paper presents the methodology used to develop the database and insights from an initial data collection in 36 developing countries. The paper describes a classification to structure quantitative and qualitative information on investment tax incentives across three dimensions: design features, eligibility conditions and their legal basis. The data reveal that tax exemptions are the most widely used CIT instrument across the 36 countries and identifies notable differences between the incentives used within and outside of Special Economic Zones (SEZs). In 80% of countries covered, at least one tax incentive supports an area related to the Sustainable Development Goals.
    DOI: 10.1787/62e075a9-en
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  • 164
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    Climate change and low-carbon transition policies in state-owned enterprises (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.05
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Umweltmanagement ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are significant actors across sectors that account for substantial sources of global greenhouse gas emissions, such as energy, transportation and infrastructure. To counter this, increasing numbers of state owners are incorporating environmental and climate-related goals in their SOE portfolios. These efforts go hand-in-hand with broader international commitments and an increasing awareness that governments as enterprise owners should “lead by example”. Using data collected from 32 jurisdictions, this report describes national approaches towards promoting climate change and low-carbon transition policies in SOEs based on the OECD Guidelines for Corporate Governance of SOEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/e3f7346c-en
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  • 165
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    Marketplace and FinTech lending for SMEs in the COVID-19 crisis (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.02
    Keywords: Mittelstandsfinanzierung ; Finanztechnologie ; KMU ; Coronavirus ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This report analyses the potential of the marketplace lending (MPL) model of online credit intermediation to finance small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) on a large scale, including the evolution of this model, its comparative advantage to banks and its benefits to borrowers, investors/funders and the market for SME financing. It also covers the risks this model presents, and limitations to its growth. Given the use of FinTechs to facilitate government support to SMEs throughout the COVID-19 crisis, the report analyses the involvement of MPL and FinTech lenders in the roll-out of government guaranteed loans in certain jurisdictions and the learnings from this experience. It then examines the benefits and limitations to their participation and derives lessons for future crisis support programmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/ff11697f-en
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  • 166
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    Institutionalisation of crypto-assets and DeFi–TradFi interconnectedness (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.01
    Keywords: Virtuelle Währung ; Institutioneller Investor ; Finanzmarkt ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This report examines institutional investor participation in markets for digital assets, including crypto-assets and decentralised finance (DeFi). It considers and tests potential drivers of growing supply and demand for such assets by institutional investors, analyses the potential for increasing interconnectedness between traditional finance (TradFi) and decentralised finance and identifies linkages between the two. The report then outlines the risks these growing markets may create, while also examining the potential benefits of the decentralisation of financial services, before putting forward policy recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/5d9dddbe-en
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  • 167
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    Managing and Financing Water for Growth in Thailand : Highlights of a National Dialogue on Water (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264568143 , 9789264931145 , 9789264353879
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Thailand ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Thailand
    Abstract: The National Dialogue on Water in Thailand was initiated in 2021 under the regional initiative with the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea (MoE), the Asia Water Council (AWC) and the OECD. The Dialogue covers two main topics selected by the Government of Thailand (ONWR). The first one is water demand management, with a focus on the Eastern Economic Corridor. The second one is financing water supply and sanitation. Both combine to support a sustainable and resilient development pathway for Thailand's fast-growing economy. The analyses and policy recommendations cover issues such as the design of economic policy instruments, water allocation regimes, increasing demand for reclaimed water, or benchmarking the performance of water utilities, and blended finance for water supply and sanitation services. They are informed by the expertise of Thai stakeholders, the OECD and the Asia Water Council. They can be a source of inspiration in other contexts in South East Asia and globally.
    DOI: 10.1787/839a4f70-en
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  • 168
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    Global Compendium of Land Value Capture Policies (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264843523 , 9789264690882 , 9789264693166
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (253 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Bodenpreis ; Bodenpolitik ; Welt ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The Global Compendium of Land Value Capture, a joint project by the OECD and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, is an ambitious undertaking to understand the full landscape of land value capture (LVC) instruments, how they are configured and deployed across the globe in OECD countries and non-OECD economies, and what it would take to unleash their full potential as a sustainable revenue source. Moreover, little systematic information is available about the LVC instruments that countries use and enabling frameworks at national and regional levels to guide local governments toward greater use. The report features an overview of the political contexts, legal frameworks, and LVC approaches used in 60 countries. Special attention is given to the differences and similarities between countries that have a mature LVC practice, versus countries that have nascent policies and allowances. This will help countries developing the capacity and competences for LVC to understand the opportunities, trade-offs, and pitfalls to avoid when configuring legal, governance, and planning frameworks and institutions to support the implementation of LVC policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/4f9559ee-en
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    FDI Qualities Policy Toolkit (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264389359 , 9789264836471 , 9789264606890
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (196 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Sustainable Development Goals ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important source of finance for governments looking to meet global commitments on sustainable development. But, beyond the quantity of FDI, its quality also matters. The FDI Qualities Policy Toolkit complements the OECD Policy Framework for Investment by providing more detailed and tailored guidance on priorities for policy and institutional reforms that can enhance the impacts of investment in four areas of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): productivity and innovation, job quality and skills, gender equality, and decarbonisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/7ba74100-en
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  • 170
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    Corporate Finance in Asia and the COVID-19 Crisis (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264538801 , 9789264833142 , 9789264695054
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Unternehmensfinanzierung ; Coronavirus ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Asien ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Asian corporations and their ability to access financing deserve special attention due to their importance in global markets, their integration into regional and global supply chains, and their ownership structures. This report covers some of the long-term trends observed in the listed corporate sector and capital markets in Asia. It also looks at how Asian companies used market-based financing during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the main fiscal and regulatory measures Asian authorities took to support the corporate sector’s access to finance during this period.
    DOI: 10.1787/87861cf0-en
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  • 171
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    Integrating responsible business conduct in public procurement supply chains : Economic benefits to governments (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Public procurement represents a major share of government spending. Even though adequate regulatory and strategic frameworks exist, the uptake of responsible business conduct considerations in public procurement is relatively low. Given the relevance of the economic argument for governments, this paper provides insights for policy makers and practitioners on the economic benefits of integrating responsible business conduct in public procurement supply chains. It analyses both direct and indirect economic benefits, and looks into the broader impact on businesses and individuals beyond national borders.
    DOI: 10.1787/c5350587-en
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  • 172
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    Policy guidance on market practices to strengthen ESG investing and finance a climate transition (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.13
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Impact Investment ; OECD-Staaten ; Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Impact Investment ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: While sustainable finance approaches are increasingly used by financial market participants, a number of challenges still undermine and hinder the efficient mobilisation of capital to support environmental, social and governance (ESG), and climate-related objectives. These challenges include limited transparency and comparability of climate transition and ESG methodologies and metrics. This document provides guidance for policy makers and market participants seeking to strengthen ESG investing and finance a climate transition through the use of quality metrics, ratings, targets and frameworks.
    DOI: 10.1787/2c5b535c-en
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  • 173
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    Recovering from COVID-19: How to enhance domestic revenue mobilisation in small island developing states (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Öffentliche Einnahmen ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Kleinstaat ; Insel ; Entwicklungsländer ; Taxation ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Antigua and Barbuda ; Cape Verde ; Cook Islands ; Cuba ; Dominica ; Dominican Republic ; Fiji ; Grenada ; Haiti ; Jamaica ; Kiribati ; Maldives ; Marshall Islands ; Mauritius ; Niue ; Palau ; Saint Kitts and Nevis ; Saint Lucia ; Seychelles ; Solomon Islands ; Tonga ; Vanuatu
    Abstract: Small island developing states (SIDS) have been acutely affected by the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper takes a broader perspective to explore how the revenue effects of this crisis in SIDS are connected to their unique financing and development challenges. It also suggests how SIDS governments and development co-operation providers can better partner together to strengthen mobilisation of domestic revenues – in particular tax revenues – in the recovery post-COVID-19.
    DOI: 10.1787/45f29680-en
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  • 174
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    Assessing tax relief from targeted investment tax incentives through corporate effective tax rates : Methodology and initial findings for seven Sub-Saharan African countries (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.58
    Keywords: Taxation ; Development ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Angola ; Botswana ; Eswatini ; Kenya ; Mauritius ; Senegal ; South Africa
    Abstract: Corporate tax incentives reduce investment costs for businesses, which may affect investment and location decisions. They apply through different designs and interact with countries’ standard tax systems, often making it difficult for tax policy makers and researchers to compare their generosity and assess their impacts across countries. This paper develops a methodology to calculate forward-looking corporate effective tax rates (ETRs) summarising tax relief from investment tax incentives into comparable indicators. It presents ETR indicators for seven Sub-Saharan African countries. Empirical results show that tax incentives substantially lower corporate taxation across these countries. On average, tax incentives reduce ETRs by 30% in the food and automotive industries compared to the standard tax treatment. ETRs often differ among taxpayers in a same sector and country - by up to 55%. The most generous tax treatment is typically offered within Special Economic Zones, where tax incentives can reduce ETRs to near zero.
    DOI: 10.1787/3eaddf88-en
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  • 175
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    OECD Guidance on Transition Finance : Ensuring Credibility of Corporate Climate Transition Plans (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264820593 , 9789264569041 , 9789264378582
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (113 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Green Finance and Investment
    Keywords: Umweltmanagement ; Klimaschutz ; Unternehmensfinanzierung ; Umweltpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This guidance sets out elements of credible corporate climate transition plans, which aim to align with the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. Such plans are needed to address the growing risk of greenwashing in transition finance and facilitate a global, whole-of-economy climate transition. Based on extensive stakeholder consultations, including an industry survey, the guidance provides market actors, policy makers, and regulators with a comprehensive overview of existing transition finance approaches, identifying the main challenges and solutions. The guidance is relevant to: (i) policy-makers and regulators seeking to develop or revise relevant policy frameworks or regulations; (ii) corporates developing transition plans and seeking to identify the most salient elements of existing initiatives; and (iii) financial market participants planning to provide finance for the implementation of net-zero strategies. The guidance emphasises greater transparency, comparability and granularity in corporate transition plans, and the need for adequate environmental and social safeguards. In light of challenges for some corporates, especially in emerging markets and developing economies, and the risk of excluding key actors from transition finance, the guidance highlights the need for policy-makers to take stronger action to bolster domestic enabling environments for transformative investments.
    DOI: 10.1787/7c68a1ee-en
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  • 176
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    Clean Energy Finance and Investment Roadmap of India : Opportunities to Unlock Finance and Scale up Capital (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264565852 , 9789264451803 , 9789264656574
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Green Finance and Investment
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Indien ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; India
    Abstract: India has achieved major progress in its energy sector over the last two decades. Still, investment needs to scale up considerably to meet the government’s ambitions to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy capacity and energy-intensity reductions of 45% by 2030. Targeted application of public funds, alongside international climate and development finance, can crowd in investors and channel private capital to meet India’s clean energy goals. The Clean Energy Finance and Investment Roadmap of India highlights key actions needed to accelerate the development of energy efficiency measures in micro, small and medium enterprises, offshore wind and green hydrogen production. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the initiatives to date and challenges to scale up investments. It also provides a number of tailored recommendations for the Government of India, development partners and the private sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/21b6e411-en
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  • 177
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    Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2016-2020 : Insights from Disaggregated Analysis (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264641426 , 9789264706309 , 9789264836860
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Climate Finance and the USD 100 Billion Goal
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Financement climatique fourni et mobilisé par les pays développés en 2016-2020 : Enseignements tirés d’une analyse désagrégée
    Keywords: Klimaschutz ; Finanzierung ; Industrieländer ; Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This report provides disaggregated data analysis of climate finance provided and mobilised in 2016-2020 across climate finance components, themes, sectors, and financial instruments. It also explores key trends and provides insight relating to the distribution and concentration of climate finance provided and mobilised across different developing country characteristics and groupings. The concluding chapter of the report provides further insights on the impacts and effectiveness of climate finance, as well as meaningful mitigation action and transparency on implementation. The findings complement the OECD report Aggregate Trends of Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2020.
    DOI: 10.1787/286dae5d-en
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  • 178
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    Financing SMEs for sustainability : Drivers, Constraints and Policies (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.35
    Keywords: Mittelstandsfinanzierung ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Welt ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Addressing the climate crisis requires the net zero transition of millions of SMEs globally. SMEs have a significant aggregate environmental footprint and need to adopt cleaner business models. As eco-entrepreneurs and eco-innovators, they also have a key role to play in devising innovative climate solutions. Access to finance is essential for SME investments in net zero, but small businesses face considerable challenges in tapping into the growing pool of sustainable finance. This challenge is likely to grow as financial institutions seek to comply with mandatory environmental reporting requirements. This policy paper examines the sustainable finance landscape for SMEs, the various actors in the ecosystem and the key drivers and barriers affecting the supply of and demand for sustainable finance. It provides an overview of the key policies and instruments in place to support SME access to sustainable finance and identifies considerations for future public support and policy making.
    DOI: 10.1787/a5e94d92-en
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  • 179
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    Trends, investor types and drivers of renewable energy FDI (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2022/02
    Keywords: Energy ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: As foreign direct investment (FDI) can help mitigate the repercussions of climate change, understanding what factors attract energy FDI is important. A large share of energy FDI originated from outside the energy sector, and given that renewable power FDI also comes from outside the energy sector, it is worthwhile to examine if drivers behind this type of FDI differ from what encourages investment by firms operating within the energy sector. This paper demonstrates that renewable energy FDI has been increasing, while FDI in fossil fuels is potentially slowing down. Results of the empirical analysis show that both the broader investment conditions and the strength of climate policies are vital for ensuring the favourable environment for renewable energy FDI, but the extent to which these factors impact investment decisions varies depending on where the investors come from: greenfield investors from outside the energy sector seem less responsive to the climate mitigation policies of host countries, whereas their location choices are tightly linked to the broader investment conditions in the destination economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/4390289d-en
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  • 180
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    The geography of foreign investment in OECD member countries : How investment promotion agencies support regional development (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.20
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Regionalentwicklung ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Investitionspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) can play a major role in supporting regional development, but it can also exacerbate existing regional disparities. This paper explores the geography of FDI disparities in OECD member countries, across countries and over time, as well as the role of investment promotion and facilitation. It reviews the governance settings, co-ordination mechanisms and strategic approaches used in national investment promotion agencies (IPAs) and presents classifications of countries based on the regional disparities of FDI and selected IPA characteristics.
    DOI: 10.1787/1f293a25-en
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  • 181
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    OECD Reviews of Pension Systems: Slovenia (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264320888 , 9789264950078 , 9789264838772
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (249 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Pension Systems
    Keywords: Altersvorsorge ; Slowenien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Slovenia ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This review provides policy recommendations on how to improve the Slovenian pension system, building on the OECD’s best practices in pension design. It details the Slovenian pension system and identifies its strengths and weaknesses based on cross‑country comparisons. The Slovenian pension system consists of a mandatory defined benefit pay‑as‑you‑go public scheme and supplementary private schemes. The review also describes the first layer of old‑age social protection in Slovenia and discusses possible ways to improve communication about pensions. The OECD Reviews of Pension Systems: Slovenia is the seventh in the pension review series.
    DOI: 10.1787/f629a09a-en
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  • 182
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    Mode Choice in Freight Transport (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282157626
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Research Reports
    Keywords: Verkehrsmittelwahl ; Güterverkehr ; China ; Kanada ; Niederlande ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Transport
    Abstract: This report examines why freight carriers and shippers choose one transport mode over others. It analyses the main determinants for using road, rail, inland waterways, coastal shipping or pipelines to move goods and assesses government policies to influence it. The study also reviews how shifting freight to more sustainable modes could reduce the contribution of goods transport to climate change and provides recommendations for more effective policies. The role of mode choice in alleviating congestion and making goods transport safer is also addressed. Three case studies from China, Canada and the Netherlands highlight modal-shift policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/3e69ebc4-en
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  • 183
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    ESG ratings and climate transition : An assessment of the alignment of E pillar scores and metrics (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.06
    Keywords: Umweltmanagement ; Klimaschutz ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Bewertung ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) products are increasingly being used as a tool to assess the alignment of company targets and objectives with actions to support an orderly low-carbon transition. Building on existing OECD research on ESG ratings, and particularly the environmental ‘E’ pillar, this report seeks to understand the underlying data and metrics developed by ESG rating providers and their alignment with lower carbon emissions as well as with climate frameworks and initiatives.
    DOI: 10.1787/2fa21143-en
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  • 184
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    The architecture of infrastructure recovery in Ukraine (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Архітектура відновлення інфраструктури в Україні
    Keywords: Infrastrukturpolitik ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Infrastruktur ; Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Ukraine
    Abstract: The policy brief argues that as donations are flowing into Ukraine to support its recovery, the country’s plan for infrastructure reconstruction needs to ensure that resources are spent efficiently by addressing priorities and focusing on affordability. The approach requires a masterplan that articulates clear objectives, in line with the State’s ambitions in strategic areas such as digitalisation and decarbonisation, and consistent with Ukraine’s future accession path to the European Union, with a list of reconstruction projects. In this context, devising strategies that minimise the risk of procurement failures will be a policy priority.
    DOI: 10.1787/d768a2e4-en
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  • 185
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    Impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on insurance markets (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Kriegsfolgen ; Versicherungsmarkt ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This note assesses the immediate impact of Russia’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine on global insurance markets. It addresses direct impacts of the war on the industry, such as losses arising in certain specialty lines and restrictions on the provision of insurance services, and indirect impacts, such as increased macroeconomic and financial market volatility, that in turn affects insurers.
    DOI: 10.1787/731d1305-en
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  • 186
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    The past and future of subnational fiscal rules : An analysis of fiscal rules over time (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.41
    Keywords: Economics ; Taxation ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Fiscal rules are increasingly used at state and local levels to promote fiscal sustainability in OECD countries. Following the Global Financial Crisis, multiple reforms to fiscal rule frameworks were made so that governments could better tackle crises and build buffers for future downturns. This paper examines recent trends in the adoption of fiscal rules across levels of government and empirically assesses their effects with the purpose of providing lessons for the post-COVID-19 period. Beyond addressing the deterioration in public finances after the pandemic, the challenges include addressing the impact of population ageing, climate change and the energy transition, as well as growing regional inequalities. Evolution of the rules employed at the central level are contrasted to those at the subnational levels, including design features and institutional elements, together with their goals and limitations.
    DOI: 10.1787/d2798c9e-en
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  • 187
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    The role and rights of debtholders in corporate governance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.23
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of developments in non-financial corporate bond markets over the past two decades with respect to their size and credit quality, as well as trends related to insolvency and restructuring. It then explores the role of bondholders in corporate governance, both in normal times and in times of financial distress, and the governance implications of longstanding increases in bond financing by the non-financial sector. In particular, challenges related to bondholder rights, corporate disclosure, the responsibilities of corporate boards, institutional investors and insolvency are discussed.
    DOI: 10.1787/d6b7cca5-en
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  • 188
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    Supporting women’s empowerment through green policies and finance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.33
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: It is increasingly recognised that women and girls tend to be disproportionately impacted by climate change and other environmental challenges, especially in developing countries. Yet, little research or policy action has focused on how gender equality and environmental goals can be mutually reinforcing. This policy paper examines linkages and synergies between these two policy agendas and explores the role of green policies, finance and infrastructure in supporting women’s empowerment and gender equality. The paper finds that while the interlinkages that shape the gender-environment nexus are starting to be acknowledged, further efforts are needed to foster synergies between gender and environmental goals in policy design, sustainable finance approaches as well as in infrastructure planning and implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/16771957-en
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  • 189
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    Corporate ownership and concentration (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.27
    Keywords: Eigentümerstruktur ; Unternehmenskonzentration ; Corporate Governance ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This working paper documents the trends in the ownership structures of listed companies around the world and the rise in ownership concentration. It identifies three major trends in corporate ownership: the dominance of company group structures, in particular in a number of emerging markets; the growth of state ownership through various state controlled investors; and the re concentration of ownership in the hands of large institutional investors, in particular investors that follow passive index investment strategies. The paper also discusses the implications for corporate governance of corporate ownership by private companies, states and institutional investors in global public equity markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/bc3adca3-en
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  • 190
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    Digitalisation and corporate governance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.26
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This paper addresses the implications of digitalisation on corporate governance. It focuses in particular on the potential for digitalisation to improve market supervision and enforcement of corporate governance related requirements and the efficiency of disclosure; its use for remote and hybrid participation in general shareholder meetings; the implications of digital security risks and the role of the board in their management; and how digitalisation can encourage the development of primary public equity markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/296d219f-en
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  • 191
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    Could insurance provide an alternative to fiscal support in crisis response? (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.40
    Keywords: Economics ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant economic disruptions and revenue losses for business impacted by workplace closure measures aimed at restraining the spread of the virus. Governments provided extensive monetary and fiscal support to address liquidity risks and mitigate the potential for mass insolvencies as few businesses had applicable insurance coverage for these types of losses. This paper examines the fiscal and insurance sector responses to the economic disruptions resulting from COVID-19 workplace closures, the challenges to the availability of insurance coverage for this risk and some of the challenges and risks related to large-scale fiscal support for businesses. It also includes a discussion of the potential contribution of a loss-sharing arrangement between governments and insurance markets for pandemic-related business interruption losses as a means of enhancing the contribution of insurance markets to providing financial protection in the context of future pandemics.
    DOI: 10.1787/4b3dd441-en
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  • 192
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    FDI Qualities Guide for Development Co-operation : Strengthening the Role of Development Co-operation for Sustainable Investment (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264633896 , 9789264689534 , 9789264848726
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Tools
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: This guide provides a framework to strengthen the role of development co-operation for mobilising foreign direct investment (FDI) and enhancing its positive impact in developing countries. The guide reviews a broad range of financial and technical solutions for enhancing the impact of FDI on sustainable development, and outlines ways donors can consider the impact of FDI on their strategies, thus supporting the design, implementation and monitoring of FDI-related assistance.
    DOI: 10.1787/7f251bac-en
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  • 193
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    Tax Incentives and the Global Minimum Corporate Tax : Reconsidering Tax Incentives after the GloBE Rules (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Internationale Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Steuervergünstigung ; Körperschaftsteuer ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: In October 2021, the international community agreed a landmark deal on the two-pillar solution to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation and the globalisation of the economy. As part of this plan, Pillar Two establishes a global minimum effective corporate tax rate of 15% for large multinational enterprises (MNEs) which has important implications for the use of tax incentives around the world. This report, prepared at the request of the Indonesian G20 Presidency, provides a number of concrete considerations for countries to take into account as they prepare for the implementation of Pillar Two. Wherever tax incentives drive an MNE’s effective tax rate (ETR) in a jurisdiction below 15%, the MNE would potentially be subject to top-up taxes under the GloBE Rules, a core component of Pillar Two. These rules may have an impact on the effectiveness of certain tax incentives. Therefore, the design of tax incentives will require careful reconsideration in a post-Pillar Two environment. The report considers the existing use of tax incentives in developed and developing countries, analyses key provisions of the GloBE Rules and shows how they may impact different types of tax incentives differently. The report concludes with policy considerations for countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/25d30b96-en
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  • 194
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    2022 Synthesis Report World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (165 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Länderfinanzen ; Gemeindefinanzen ; Finanzausgleich ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Welt ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Better understanding multi-level governance frameworks and the scale of subnational government fiscal space can help countries cope with the different crisis and shocks, including the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's aggression against Ukraine, but also address megatrends and persistent and long-standing spatial disparities. Increasing the knowledge on multi-level governance and subnational finance is also key to implement and monitor the Sustainable Development Goals. After two previous editions in 2016 and 2019, the OECD-UCLG World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment (SNG-WOFI) has become the largest international knowledge repository on subnational government structure and finance ever produced. It provides reliable and comparable information on multi-level governance frameworks, decentralisation and territorial reforms, subnational government responsibilities, fiscal decentralisation, and covers dozens of indicators on subnational expenditure, investment, revenue and debt. The 2022 synthesis report presents internationally comparable data and analysis for 135 countries and provides insights into ways to strengthen the resilience of subnational public finance. It also offers a specific focus on the impact of the pandemic on subnational governments, the territorial dimension of recovery plans, property taxation systems, innovative subnational budgeting practices, subnational public-private partnerships, and a special chapter dedicated to 31 Least Developed Countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/b80a8cdb-en
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  • 195
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    Anti-corruption compliance in times of crisis : Building resilience and seizing opportunities (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.19
    Keywords: Anti-Korruption ; Compliance-Management ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of crises, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing economic crisis, on anti-corruption compliance objectives, resources and operations. It evaluates whether the crisis generated challenges or opportunities for businesses in the area of anti-corruption compliance, and whether it led to long-term, structural changes. The paper offers recommendations for companies to improve their responses to corruption risks during times of crisis, and for governments to better support companies in this context.
    DOI: 10.1787/467cf791-en
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  • 196
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    Toolkit for raising awareness and preventing corruption in SMEs (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.21
    Keywords: Compliance-Management ; Anti-Korruption ; KMU ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper evaluates foreign bribery and corruption risks for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and offers an awareness-raising toolkit on the importance of adopting anti-corruption measures. Based on data collected through research, interviews with SMEs, business organisations and legal professionals in countries Party to the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention and others, the toolkit presents initiatives that will enable governments, business organisations and large companies to better support SMEs in preventing and fighting foreign bribery and corruption.
    DOI: 10.1787/19e99855-en
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  • 197
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    Green hydrogen opportunities for emerging and developing economies : Identifying success factors for market development and building enabling conditions (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.205
    Keywords: Energy ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Hydrogen is a cross-cutting energy vector that can help to decarbonise various end-use sectors. At least two-thirds of the global hydrogen production is projected to be green hydrogen by 2050, supporting the transition to a net-zero emissions global energy system. This paper presents a value chain approach to identify priority areas for developing national hydrogen strategies, focussing on emerging and developing economies. Further, the analysis highlights success factors for green hydrogen projects, based on eight case studies covering applications in industrial, transport and power generation sectors. The paper summarises the enabling conditions and financing solutions that can spur the green hydrogen market creation and growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/53ad9f22-en
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  • 198
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    Strengthening Asset-backed Pension Systems in a Post-COVID World (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264935433 , 9789264814905 , 9789264866447
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (194 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Altersvorsorge ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Pensionskasse ; Investmentfonds ; Coronavirus ; Regulierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Theorie ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This publication analyses the impact COVID-19 has had on asset-backed pension arrangements and the main policies countries have implemented in response to date. It then presents policy guidelines to help strengthen asset-backed pension arrangements and improve retirement outcomes in a post-COVID world. The publication also discusses the short- and long-term impact of COVID-19 on mortality, and the role that assets earmarked for retirement could play in the post-COVID recovery.
    DOI: 10.1787/288cb3cf-en
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  • 199
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    Weathering Economic Storms in Central Asia : Initial Impacts of the War in Ukraine (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264389038
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Wirtschaftslage ; Kriegsfolgen ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Zentralasien ; Ukraine ; Russland ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Trade
    Abstract: Russia’s war against Ukraine and the international sanctions introduced against the former have had an unexpectedly mild impact on Central Asia, despite the region’s deep economic dependence on its northern neighbour. Notwithstanding high inflation, the five Central Asian states – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan – have so far shown surprising resilience to the economic headwinds: remittances registered record-high figures in the first half of 2022, national currencies quickly rebounded to pre-war levels after an initial drop, and an influx of skilled workers boosted demand for services and hospitality. However, as the medium-term effects of the sanctions against Russia, the global cost-of-living crisis, and China’s economic slowdown start to unfold, Central Asia is faced with lingering uncertainty. This publication provides an assessment of the short-term effects of Russia’s war on Central Asian economies and the policy responses provided. It also analyses the challenges ahead and formulates policy recommendations to make Central Asian economies more resilient and diversified.
    DOI: 10.1787/83348924-en
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  • 200
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    Strengthening FDI and SME Linkages in the Slovak Republic (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264898738 , 9789264606371 , 9789264834132
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (199 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; KMU ; Investitionspolitik ; Spillover-Effekt ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Slowakei ; Finance and Investment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: This report assesses the linkages between foreign direct investment (FDI) and domestic small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Slovak Republic. It provides policy recommendations to national and subnational governments on how to foster productivity and innovation spillovers from FDI to the local economy. The report looks at the quality of investment the country attracts, the absorptive capacity of Slovak SMEs, and a broad range of economic, business and policy conditions that can strengthen knowledge and technology diffusion from FDI to domestic SMEs. It also provides a diagnostic assessment of the core FDI-SME spillover diffusion channels, namely value chain linkages, strategic partnerships, labour mobility, and competition and imitation effects. The report provides an overview of the Slovak policy arrangements for promoting international investment, SME performance and innovation, and regional development. It does so by taking a close look at multi-level coordination, stakeholder consultation and impact evaluation. It then reviews the policy mix in support FDI-SME linkages and spillovers and proposes concrete areas for further policy reforms. The last chapter introduces a regional lens, focusing on the regions of Banská Bystrica and Košice. This report is part of a multi-year European Commission-OECD project on strengthening FDI-SME ecosystems and is the second pilot review for future country assessments.
    DOI: 10.1787/972046f5-en
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